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ZC_~< Ò H". O~ *# =#, O~ ` =#
J~~`. `#fl Hn `H=Ok ZC_ qye`<
=O@Ok. J^ =O Ò, =Q` kQ, O~kQ H=OQ
=O^ Q` =O@Ok. *<xH, `xH ^.
^xfl QiOz `HO> JO` `#fl@=Ò^, J^ |
*#=x |"^ K`~. JO> ~fi[` |*#O w@~#fl
=@. Hx, P |xfl `#fl "~=fi~ ~. Jk Wn Jx K#
"~ ~. XHi |^~#O K# "~ ^xfl QiOz ~`~ K`
W`~O`# ~fiA "~. Hx, J Z#fl_ [~Q^. ^<fl
îOz#@ =_` ^~xH` aOK^. ^xfl QiOz# *#"<
H=kHO Q qH O k. *#=O` "` WOH `H=Ok =O_^ .
*# ^# P^xHQO |î OO^`#fl H< =#O
# JO@<flO. Jk *#^##, `q+~}# `~O K_"
HH, qt+O _ KO k. = #Oz "" # q_Q\ KOk. ~ O\h
q_=~z q=iOzOk. JO^= =#O = =Q ux
JkQqOz ""# QOKe. Ò "qH=#fl `xfl QiOKe.
JO^= ^xfl J~O KH"<fl # =`" ^#==Òk
Qx =~n ^#O H*^. =`, =O`Ò`, =iH``fi
`^< H*=.
20
`"Ô J, J~
##, `"^xfl q#~ OKxfl J~O KH=_xH

=~ ^#" ^. D<\ =~ J@=O\ #`# ^<xfl Z=~
Hx\# ^Y =. U<\H< ## qOz# ^<xfl =#=_
Hx@Q_#H=_xH _ P~O HxOK^.
# == H _=, "_, Z`, |~= =O\ ^qH
H}# =`" `HQQÒ^x, K^#O, "`^#O, O^~O
=O\ P#+OyH H}#, Q}# ` H*^x =~ "^#
qxOk. J@=O\ P#+OyH H}# `H_xH `~
q^<# QO, H
=O\ "\ P^~_ < K# _ "i "Ô
=Ok.
"=O D "^# ~HOQ =iH ``fixfl, =```fixfl `
#fl> qOK=K. JxflO\h H=_xH XH q^"# =}O_=.
Q J#`# H=_^. q=iOKx J~O KH"e. JO^=
== P#+OyH Q}Q}# iQ uaOaOK KH=K.
OwÒ QiOz q=iOK#fl _ # "\x OHuHOQ q_n
Ow` iH~ #O_ "=_ | `~O Q#, "\ i=} `_#
q=iO^ Qx OwÒ = P#O^" HQÒ^< q+xfl
q=iOK^x JO@<fl~. JQ O^~ q+O _ JO` #O@<fl~,
D "^#x efl ijeÔ.
s~ H x~}x qt+ H } # # K =~
q=iOKQQÒk. s~H x~}Ox `_=< ^$ =}k
O@## QOK_O `_ HQ`<fl~. "\x J#u
KO^_O JO`~ U~_`<fl~. D JO`~#, `_# #
q=iOKQ^. K^#O, "`^#O =O\ "\x _ Jk q+OKQ^.
O^~O =O\ P#+OyH Q} ^#OQ =QÒ H#fl
=HQ`". = Ja~K q^ P^~_# W@=O\ JOhfl =HH,
=HH qkOK=K. = WK x KO@Ok. P =x
Q= g~#fl
21
*#~x |\, J"@# |\ Ja~K =iÒ\~. XHiH

#zOk =~HiH #KH=K. JO^H =#+# qt+"# =Q
Qi~. JO` =Ò K` ## =^Hx Q#, H#
P~OK=# x^.
# K x q+ #xfl\ h Q, H q=iOz
KQ=#_O i J|Ô. J~O KHQey#Ô`, q=iOKQey#Ô`
" J=Òk. xH `=flO ^. Q, H xH
`=flO H*=. Q ^fi~, H ^fi~ #`# `
Pq+iOK|_#@ Ki`H^~ aOK_O ^. Q ^fi~,
H ^fi~ Z<fl<fl J^`, =` [iy#@, #`# `
Pq+iOK|_#@ K=hfl H\ ~}H^ =O\ H@H^Qx
"" H=.
=#=_ `# YO` HO, $+O K#fl J<H<H JO
Q, H =O\q _ L<fl~. "\x q<^ ^<Q
qxyOKH=K< Qx, ` ^<Q iQ}OK_xH =Ò
gO_^. W J#flO^= "\x u~iOz#@ H^. ^fi+Oz#@
JO`H< fl H^. "\ <# =kO " _O xH `=fl OQ
Qx, O HO> JkHOQ Qx "\x iQ}OK_xH g ^x =`"
J~ O K H"e. = = , "\ H } , "~ =#=
WOk` xflH~`fiO Ok#_ U ~H O^# U qÔQ
HQ`, UqÔQ HQ_xH gO^, U `=fl =~
^fi~ "\x H$u=OQ Ò HeOK_xH gO^ # q=iOKQ^.
Qs` îOK#Q^.
# `# H#QO@Ok Qx q=# x~~ OK^ < =~
P~} =Ok. JO> # q+# q+O^ Qx Uk =Oz, Uk
K_, Uk hu, Uk Jqhu J< q= q+O `@OQ =O@O^x
"i LÔ. Wk _ iQ J~ [x`".
22
`"Ô J, J~
q= =# =z#_ =x+ |uH =O__" XH q=

J=Òk. ZO^HO> J`_ Uk kOK<fl =O^Q rqOz =O_e.
JO^H ` "# J`x LxH q=Q =~`#flk. JO`HH J`x =#Q_
[O`~ =#Q_ H^. rqOKO> fiKQ rqOK< J~O. JO^H
rqOK< "OK ZO`Q `", JO`Q< Jk q= _. JO^=
`xH, q= ^fi~=O ^. "\ =^ ''x ^fi~"xfl
=OK_O =< # q=# x~~OK^< J [xOzOk.
fiKQ rqOK_" =#=_H ^#O H|\, fiK =eH q=
J=`#flk. qQ` q=hfl fiK #O_ x+#fl=". q=#
P~QxH O|OkOz# q=Q, =lH r=<xH O|OkOz#
q=Q, WOH W`~ q^Q# qlOKH=K. "\ a<fla
O_=K. J~` # q=# x~~OKQ^<k "=O.
+H~O P~Qxfl "~Q ~O^< `xfl "Ô
K|Òk. Hx P~Qxfl "~Q ~ KH"O> +H ~O fH"x
# `HOz P^tOK^ H|\ # q=# x~~OK ^#_O
q_~O J=Òk. JQ xO`$`fiO ~+OQ =O^x,
*fi=O L#fl`"O^x ~[HO q+Oz KÒk Hx P
~O_O\ < q^<xfl \OK_O =Oz^x `HOz K^ H|\
^xH q=` O|OÔ ^#_O J#zÒ.
JO^= # `# q+ O K_O `< Py^x, Jk q=#
_ xOÔQ x~~OKQ^x ~A==`#flk.
`"Ô qfi x= u~O. JO^H qfi x=xfl
`= H =eH fi~OQ iQ} < flO. qfi=O`\ JOMH" #
x= xK<fl~. JO^H qfixfl x=|^"#kQ q<flO.
qfiO x=|Ô H=_O =< ^x Oq#fl O@##
=#O J~O K HQQ`<flO. Z=~< D qfixfl, JO^x O @##
J~O K H"O> P^~O JO^x x=. D x=# ijeOz,
Q= g~#fl
23
ikOz, J^#OK, J=Q# KH=_" Pk=#=_ #O_

P^xH =#=_ =~ JO^~ J=Oa#fl UHH q^#O.
D H =#O Q#fl qfi x= =# *#OQ
~O^`<fl~. D qÔQ `"Ô *# ^#==`#flk.
qfi x= ^~xfl P~Oz =O\~. ^~O` ~`"#
D x==< [~Q`#fl O@# i}=H=xfl =#O J~O
KHQQ`<flO.
=# OHO qfixfl, JO^x O@## =O^k
YQ qlOKx "\H "~ "~ ~ @<flO. YQO,
r=O, ~#O, =#`fiO "II ~` =#O J^#O
K#flk qfix=<.
g\ Hxfl x= OQ J~==Ò> =iHxfl
OH+OQ=O_ [\OQ =O@<fl~. J~< x~O`~ `<fi+, *#
# =#=_ ZO`\ OH+"# JO#fl~<, ZO`\ [\"#
q+#fl~< ijeOKO_, ikOKO_ =ke@^. x~O`~O
`# `<fi+}# y< =<fl_.
qfiO Q"# =#=_ qfi x=#xfl\h O~OQ
`Hx, WH `H=O^g qQH=@=<k J^ O, JO= O.
JO^H *#O H=O@<flO. J~` Jk =Q` kQ }O
K#fl^x =#O Q=x<flO.
"=OQ LxH =#flÔ` uH "qH` (physical reality).
^~=<fl, ^==<fl, HJ<fl J=hfl uH "qH`# uaOaOK".
qfi ^~= O` x~O`~ i}=O =#flk. i}=~ `" # k
qfiO <^. XH" LO^#<fl Jk =#QOH =K
J=HO^. *# ÔÒ (Epistemology) D q+xfl ^$=~#flk.
24
`"Ô J, J~
D i}=xfl H=OQ J~O KH"O> =O^Q P

x=# J^#OK J=Q# KH"e. JC_ U ^~O U
i` Z@=O\ =~# Q~=Ò^ =# H~==Òk.
D x~O`~ i}= H =# OHO i}=xfl
z#fl z#fl O@#Q qlOKO@<flO. P O@# ~fi
~# ijeOz JO^ ~q_ =#fl x=# `Q
~OkOKO@<flO.
D ` a#flOQ<, q~ÔQ< i}=O OqOz#@
=#O Q=xOz#_ J@=O\ i}= H~}# ijeOz,
J^#O KO. P H=O "QK iH` x=# QiOz,
P "~ ~fi"~~K#fl `# =iOKO\O. D H=O
PyO_ x~O`~O H#Q` =O@Ok. W^ q^#O.
JHO_ =#O XH<\ `< @Hx "_`, "\H
a#flOQ =#Hxfl ~A= Z^~< QOKO_, `^#Q}OQ `
Ja# =iOKHO_ =<^fi~# ="O> JC_
Ja =fi=H $ `" H~ _Q\ O aOz`~. J O aOz~#
XH<\ Ja <_ =# a#fl=` ~O ^~#q<fl~.
D q+hfl `"Ô ^qH q+. g\x QiOz
`"^q` ZO` qOQ J<H QO^ q=iOK_O [iyOk.
`"Ô ^#OQ =q"^==x, =O^Q =#+
" =~# kOKO_ =[Ox U ~OQO# Qux
kOK=x, JO^H =O^Q "*xH QuH, =lH^xH
J_Q xez=#fl JO^qfi# `yOK= =O@O^x q<flO.
P H=O `"^ OO, =YOQ PO^, Q` =_^Q
`# H$+x H#y<=Ok.
Q= g~#fl
25
D H=O QOQ< `"Ô qa#fl=~"~ K#fl

P~}# ijeOz, "\H =^< K _O^fi~ `"Ô QiOz
K~==`#fl J#, J~# `yOK==Ok.
ùfiHOQ, ìHOQ Hxfl Z`Q_ xfl, lqK
=l HO` QO^~Qxfl, P=`fixfl $+OK_O^fi~ HO^~
=` <^# =iO`Q \+~K_xH ufl<fl~.
=O^Q K#fl =`"^ "^## QiOz `H"e.
JC_ HOî <H#fl J, J~ `y~ q+
O|OkOz =iO` +"# J=Q# U~_Q^.
`"Ô, ^$HÔ J=~" Hx `q+~} Jq
K=x, H=# `xH # XH> ^#O H^x, # J~O Kx
O Kxfl J~O K H=_xH
`~ ^` P^~_ < "^"
H\
qx#flk.
D"Ô WOH W H#QÒk. ^ u ^fi~ `HQeyOk
Juiq`=x, `H~x^ J#O`=x, H=# O `#
Ò@O^#_O `C Jx.
z=iH"Ô ZH_^H ÒÔ> - =~"# "qH `xfl
" H^, =#=x HO^@ =O_ U XH *#H U<\H
`H*^x f~xOk.
A_, y, HH~_ Z=i OKO "iH Ò, Z=i
J#=O "iH Ò: XHi Ò "~HiH è=# xÔ@On
"Ô.
H K_xH D "Ô `"Ô H#fl Q^#"ÔQ HxOk.
`q+~} # =`" HH J<H ^< <fl < ^xfl |\ ##
qOz# "ÔQ# HxOk. D "^xfl q+ JO^x ``
=# J=Q`==`~.
26
`"Ô J, J~
# J~O Kx OKxfl J~O KH_xH `~

^` P^~_x XH" "k< =~" " H^, =#=x
HO^@ =O_ U XH *#H "qH*<xfl U <\H
`H*^#_O ~~ q~ÔQ ^?
U XH *#H "qH *<xfl U<\H `H*^x
f~xOK<flH OKxfl J~O KH_xH O g^<, `~
^` g^< P^~_#_O ZO^H?
*#=~# `~ ^` P^~_#fl_ P
`~ ^` *<xfl =iOz > =~O =#fl^< J~O
iOk. U XH *#H, "qH*<xfl U<\h `H
*^#fl_ xHQx, `~ ^<Qx J@=O\ =~O
^x J~==Òk. D ~O_ u^# ~~ q~^"#=<k
+==`< =Ok. D "~^xfl H# _` D "Ô =#fl
`"=~< |@_Ò^" KÔ.
*# =~# "H> K^<fl~ QOk. ZO^HO>
=#"q~=O [iy#\ #O_ D<\ =~ *#^#OQ =O@
=# flk " Qx =~H\ H^x =#= qH i}= Ki` x~ # flk.
=#=_ `H=# ^x` #fl_ è#k Ju
fi=x ^_Òk. ^_ HQÒk. J@=O\ O^~O
*# =~# "HH W`~ ^< _ =O> WOH Z=Q
*<xfl =#=_ PiOK<"_Q^ J< P _ HQÒk.
J~` J@=O\ P#, HiH# =#O QO`= HiH JO\O.
*<xfl QiOz, *# ^<# QiOz Hh J=Q# =#fl"iH=iH<
J@=O\ P, HiH HQ=. ## QiOz, `"Ô QiOz
i# J=Q# x"~ J@=O\ QO`= H~ = zx
HQO@ +"^# $+O\~.
Q= g~#fl
27
`~ ^<, `~ ^` ^fi~ `xfl `

H=K##H=_O =i`"# ="Qx =~H\ H^. ""xH
`"^ ^hfl Q_Q =u~HOK_O Qx, Q_Q #q J#iOK_O Qx
K~. JO`Q^ #`# `# PfixOK_O "~ JOîHO>
=O^=~ =O\~.
WO` `q+~} "~ ukOK `~ ^<
Uq@#O@<fl~? H, QO, =Ò ZO` Q ^<!!
`"^, =#="^ WO` Q ^<# QiOz `HH
=_O, J@=O\ `~ ^`# J=OaOKH=_O ZO`
KhO !!
## QiOz, `"Ô QiOz gi#fl Ja K
Oz`"#q H=_O =< "s~H"# _^~} _`<fl~.
""xH `"^xfl, ##, Jxfl ~OQ, Jxfl JO
=iOK=K. Wq xKH` J@=O\ O^~ W`~ ^<
xK_xH J=H" ^. `"Ô, #, giH xH~O_
=_xH J H~}O Jq ~+"#q H=_O H^. H,
Q, =` "^Q "\g^ gi#fl `H"# ^~a=#".
D H=O ijeOz#_ Z<.q. |OQ~ ~zOz# HO
''H q"Ô `"k u"Ô `"^xfl QiOz#
J K K@K#fl@ Q=xOK=K.
"i#fl Ja# `Q zuOK_xH Hxfl #`#
"^# $+O z#@ J~O K H= =O k. DH=O ijeOz#_
N Z<.q. |OQ~ ~zOz# HO 'H q"Ô `"k
u"Ô `"^xfl QiOz# J K K@K#fl@
Q=xOK=K. "i ^$+ HH~_, y Z@=O\"_ D kQ=
"H K_O_.
28
`"Ô J, J~
'H$ux H~_ q"H ~ J~O KO> HH~_

L^fiQ~ J~O KO\_.
'H$ux J=Q# KH=_O QO XH~x \,
QO =~~x \Ok.
A
_ , HH~_, y, Z=i ` O "ik. XHi ` O "~HiH
è=# x^x_ f~x<fl~.
Z=i Ò "i^< "Ô J~O xk. =#O *Q`Q ije D
"Ô xH U=Ò i_^. ` ~fi XH ~HOQ
^~#q~ ` XHHiH XH~HOQ HxOK=. û [i
Q ZH_, ZC_, Z=~ [i< XH~H"# e`x `
a#fl e`x=fi=. JO^H ` qfi[h#`# OìOKx,
~fi"^QOQ x<fl~.
Z=i ` O "i^< "Ô =`"^xH iQ iÒk. ZO^HO>
=`"Ô =#flxfl "~^# =#"H_ K_=. =`"^
'` XH =`xH XHqÔQ =O\~. JO`H^ XH =Òx
"iH_ =x+ =x+H 'Ò =~Ò@Ok. JO^H "\x =#O
=` `#=, =` qfiO\O.
H$ux H~_ q"H~ J~O KO> HH~_
L^fiQ~ J~O K O\_#_O Ô. ^#fl~<, Z=~< J~O
KH_xH H=Ok q"H"Qx L^fiQO H^. L^fiQO H$ux J~O
K< J=H" =O_^. J@=O@C_ L^fiQ~ HH~
Hx> Ò_=. JO^= HH~ `, A `,
=` `<q q_q_Q =O_=.
`xfl îOK_xH q"H"H> i# ^#OQx H,
Q =Q~ ^< H=, H*=.
Q= g~#fl
29
H$ux J~O KH=_O QO XH~x \, QO

=~~x \ O ^#_O J|Ô , J~~ Ò. Jk QxH Q~x
H@ >
\ `flO. "" xH Q, HH~ 'Hx\# `
<q Ug=.
"k O=`~ =#=Ki` HH~Qx, Q Hx
U XH `xfl Hx\# ^Y =. J~< "ix ` ^Q
zuOK|#_O "i q"H~x è*Ok.
H
q<^^< Qx, ` ^< H=. JO^= H
^fi~
` H`~O [~Q^. ""xH q<^ ^<# H _ Ja=$k
KO^_xH LQ_k `. L^~# ~ HH~_
K ~ @ "#H xK#flq # `Hx "~q H=. P
` P^~OQ< J`_ P @# J^ÒQ îOz JOîh
P#OkO*<fl_. nxfl|\ =#H~=^q@O> H_
*#" <k J=ÒkHx, xH H <kH=x. D ""xfl
`HO^Q K K_xH =H K<fl~.
''"" OQ == ^q HQ }# =`" Q Oz, "\
P#+OyH Q}# Q}#H fHH=_O< HH `
~<. JO> Jq HHOQ J` _ J~<#fl =>. (H
q"Ô `"k u"Ô - r - 8)
JO> ""Ox ^qH Q}# QOz,
P#+OyH Q}# Q OK= < P~}. J@=O\ P#+OyH Q}#
QOKk H Jx ``~O.
''xH HO = H} H` (_=, |~=) =O\
^q H Q}# ikOK@"#h, H`HO^x ("`# , K# "^# )
J#+OyH Q} xH "O ^h, XH" =<fl "\x H`
i+x HOkOKQ "~H#h Q_ qOK<flO. (H.q... r - 39)
30
`"Ô J, J~
q*#O H=OQ, x~O`~OQ qH, qi#fl@ q*#

Ki`# ije =# H~==Òk. JO`H^ =#=x HO^@
=#fl UHH *#^# O " . P O Hx\# `` U<_ O`$ _
Py^. J PyO_ x`#`#"# `` =O^ y`
=O@Ok. P H=O =#\ HO> Z= `# Ò@,
"\ P^~OQ =#"o Q_qÔQ Z<fl =H~
K =#flk.
D q+ xfl q iOz O H =O H` O Kx H
iq`" # ^x P~OK_O J~~ Ò. Jxfl\h H` ik W=__xH
O U<_ uflOK^. =#=_ `# q"Hxfl LyOz
`H_xH Zxfl =~<fl "@xfl\x O _ =iOk,
qxyO k. J@=O@C_ O _=, |~= =O\ ^q H Q}<
QOk Qx "`#, K# =O\ P#+OyH Q}# QOK^#_O
J J=Òk.
Jxfl\h H=#=~O ^. H=Q"\x H==K. H=x
"\x *<Ok O` J#qOz `H=K. J^#
=K~O, J^# J#=O` =##fl ` "# Z\HC_
=iOKO@ y=K. W^ `"^ q^#O.
'H q"Ô `"k u"Ô HO |OQ~
`"Ô g^, `"^ g^ K# q=~, P~} Jhfl
`^~. P HO# =iHxfl "# Q=xOKO_.
''`"^ û ^#k ^#O. ûH Hk
_ =YO. Wk H ^$+` K<.
^$+H `"^ û ,

û XH> (H.q... r. 8).
''H#H `"^ ûx q=iOKO> ûx q=iOK
#fl@ H^. Hx ûx q=iOKO> JO^x XH JOQOQ
`"^ ûx q=iOK#fl> (H.q... l. 5).
Q= g~#fl
31
`"^ û, û - D ~O_O\#fl O|O^xfl

|OQ~ =HHiOz K`<fl~. `"^ û û XH
JOQO H<H^. ""xH ^` `"^ û XH QO.
=#=_ J<kQ xK =#flk `"^". Jk H=OQ Ja=$k
KOk# Hk J<H ~OQx q+# H=OQ J~O KH_xH
=#=_ ~OkOK#fl H û. û `
x~~}HO ~fi[<"^QOQ, |bOQ ~Ok# qt+ H.
` x~~}
<_
û x qOz# =~ H Ô > Ju H
H^.
`"^ û #Oz Pq~q Oz# H
û . JO^=
û `"^ û Q==Òk. Hx `"^ ^`

û Q==Ò_#_O `"^xfl iQ J~O KHH=_<fl
zOk.
JQ `"^ û '^#k ^#=x, û
Hk _ =Y=#_O `"^ûx Oz`~K_xH K#
`flOQ< qOK= =O@Ok. `"^ û < ^# k` @
Hk _ ~q_=Ok. `"^ HO =#="^ =#_O JO^H.
PqÔQ H^< =^ =#fiO _ =Ok.
O, H QiOz |OQ~ J^ HO WOH W
q=i<fl~.
''^ #OQ H JO`~O Q H$ uh, O |~OQ H$ uh Ja=HO
KO\~. (H.q... l.27)
''HH~xk K, A_k |\K. HH~xk JO`~
*#O. A_k *#O. (H.q... l.28)
H JO`~OQ H$uh, O |~OQ H$uh Ja=HO KO\
#_O `C. O JO`~OQ H$uh, |~OQ H$ux _ =HO
32
`"Ô J, J~
KOk. O JO`~OQ H$ux Ja=HO K^#H=_O H=O J

=`".
H$ ux JOMH" # JO`@ =#=_ JO`~O Q H$ ux
è* q^#O O ^? LOk. ^x< =#O =< q*#OQ
iQ}<flO. JO^= JO`~OQ H$ux Ja=HO Kk H =`"
J#H=_O ZO` `^~" +==`< =Ok.
HH~xk K, A_k |\ K J#_O _ `.
HH~xk JO`~*#O. A_k *#=#_O P q+@
"i#fl J=Q< ~`<fl zOk.
" q~Ô Q =~K@ H QiOz "i "M<
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72
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73
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74
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uH"qH`. ^~O HQ#, H ^~OQ# ~O`~O KO^Q=.
^~O (H) $+O|_^, <#O K|_^ J<k Hx``fiÒ.
(Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed. This is the law of conservation of mass and energy)
qfiO x=|Ô (Universe is law governed). =#O U ==#
f<fl, U O@## f<fl qfiO x=|^=< q+O
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i }=xH (=~ ) #=` #fl^ < q+ O q ^ = =` Ok.
i}=~`"# ^~O ^, =O_^.
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75
^~ *#O iy` P "H P ^~xfl =# J#OQ,

[#H~OQ LyOKH=_xH g HQÒk. JO> P "~
=# fiKi^ q$`==`~.
D qÔQ uH"qH` (Physical Reality) Q =#fl qfiO Ò.
D `xfl `#fl_ =# *#"~_Òk. `èÒQ =x+
fiK O#fl_=`_. P "~ J`_ =[O H~ =O`
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76
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1820 "~ J< Oz "` ~# QÔ #@<
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Q= g~#fl
77
^ ~# QO ~@O|O z=i Q=<fl J~=O_

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Z =O@O^ #@< ÔÒ H~O HOK_. `~"` Q J<
ij_ ^~^~x O` << J< Qxfl QiOz, Jk =s
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J^qÔQ #@< Ô`# qfiO`~ J#fi~Oz
K#_ Jq i_^x S<< H Ô`# ukOK_.
Jq `=x `~. D qÔQ # ~= ` `=O_^.
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qOKe. ^ H ZC_ He =O\~. q_q_Q "\H J~"
=O_^. =#O U ==# f<fl Jk =_ H` Hey =O@Ok.
_=, "_, Z` ^ `. J~` u == i}=O KO^`<
=O@Ok. H|\ D i}=" <Q= H`. ^x< H=O@<flO D
qÔQ qfiO ^H H#yO Jx S<< ~<fl_.
# ~#fl qÔQ H# J=Q# K#flC_ H=
O, H=O HO J<q =O_=x J~==Òk. JO> ^~~`"#
Ô Hx, i}=~`"# ^~O Hx =O_=x `Òk. LxH
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JfÒQ, =~ O_ Un =O_^. W\ =~ =#O q=iOK#fl
q+ # |\ =#O U q^" # ùfiH x~
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qfiO ^~=O, uHO. Jk $+O|_^, <#O H^. ^~O, H
~O _ =O@Ok. ^~ xi`"# qfiO $+O|_^. JQ
78
`"Ô J, J~
<#O _ H^. qfiO J<k Ô, J=O, x=|Ô, x~O`~

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x=|^=x P^xH q*#O _ x~OzOk. qfiO U ^~xfl,
^ ==# f<fl, U O@## ijeOz< J=hfl Hxfl `H
x= |_ [~Q`#fl@ èOk.
J=hfl x=|^"#O^ =< "\x =#O QOz J~O
KHQQ`<flO. qfiO qi#fl@ è_O` XHC_ qfiO
zOK~# H;QO Q =O_, P QO =~ 1370 H@
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è_O` ~H~H qfiÔ` U~_~. O^# qfiO, û
qfiO, qiOK qfiO =O\ qfiÔ` |^~~.
Zxfl Ô`<fl ^=Ô`xfl ~A= Kk XH\ ^. P^xH
q*#O q=i# fl qfi``fi O ^= Ô`xH J=H" ^ . ="^xH,
JuH "^xH P~O ^. JO^= ^="Ô J*#O g^, qfiO
g^ =`" P^~_Òk. J~< P, ="^ ^
^= "^ K "^##, K ^$O`# x+H ÒQ, `|Ô Q
ijeOz KÔ. ^=_O> Uq\? J< fl XH =^#O HH, J<HO
qx<fl~. J@=O\ "\ $+H~, qfi_, ~fiO`~q,
~fiA_, ~fi=~_ J< =^< H#fl~` " ^=O, `"
^=O, =#=`fi" ^=O J<q =iHxfl.
# H~O Un $+ K _xH g#_ $+H ~ =<fl_# H=_O
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=<fl_#O>, $+H ~fi" J`_ =<fl_#H"e =Ok. #O
#O_ $+ [iyO^#H"e. ^~ x``fixfl, ^ H # =#O H=OQ
J~O KO> $+=#, $+H~ =# H=O Jx Òk.
Q= g~#fl
79
^==#, $+ =# OK=O`\ XH =. =`xfl |\,

=` Y# |\, J<H ~HQ =<fl~. ~~ "~^` _
=<fl~. ~Q}` =#+~Ox =HQ` ^=O =#fl@ K~O
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x~}
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, q,
H~=H@H, ^_ _#, JH$`, ^+$`, ^~~ QiOz
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=~_ H_. è x"iOKQey _ x"iOKH` x~_,
~_ J=`_. ^=_H JkOz# ~H~H H}hfl He`
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Ò, =, =#=`fiO =O\q ^=O H*=. ^=_< =# Jf`
H` #, J^` =``# =__ =#flO^= "\x ~A=
JfÒQ qOz qfi<fl~. x ~A=# =#fl@Q =OKx,
H@H^# HeOz K~O K=<fl~. L^~} fi~O, #~HO =O\
~H. Jxfl =` Hxfl `_` fi~#~H# qfifl~.
Jf`, =` WO`=~ ~A= H^. x=|^"#
qfiO Jf`, =` J=H"^. =`Q ~<
O@## ijeOz K J=hfl H$u x= |_ [iQ"#x
`Òk. H$u x= q~ÔQ U O@< [~Q^. [iy#@
=#O Q=x ^#~O ^~ x= iH` x= xK#fl>.
JO>, P "~ ikOz iH` x=# `H=_O ^fi~ =iO`
Ja=$kx kOK_".
#~# ÔÒ, H~ÔÒ =O\q _ ^=_<fl_x ~A=
K_xH =#=_ HeOK#fl". D<\ =~ #~# ÔÒQx,
H~ ÔÒQx ~A= H^. JO^= "\^fi~ ^=_<fl_x
qOK_xH g HO_ ~Ok. `<fi+} K =` _#
==~O. qfiOK_O =x YO. qfi J*#O Mxfl "uH`,
80
`"Ô J, J~
`<fi+ q*#O` P#O^xfl J#q_. D PH <H K~ =#=

*u =#flO` =~ Q`< =O@Ok.
r=O-P`
=# JO`|@x JHH, JuH, Jf` H Ô "tOK_O
=< r=O U~_Ò^x, Jk ^ xfl q_z "_ O `< rq xs===Ò^<
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qOK"\x ^fi```fi JO\~. nxH a#flQ # ~#fl"\ =^
UH`fixfl îOKk UH`fi "Ô. r=O _ ^~xfl P~Oz =O_ ^~ ".
^~O XH qt+ OQO =#fl _ U~_ H}
" r=O. r=O O KO
=#fl ^~O, xs= OKO =#fl ^~O XH> H|\ r=OKO _
uH x= |^"#x, uH`~O J<k ^x P^xH q*#O
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=O_@O qq^ r=O ~_\xH J#"# i` =O_@".
460 H@ O=`~ HÒ q U~_#_ q g^ r=O^ . ^^
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r=, |H}r=,
K@, [O`=, z=~ =#= L^qOK~. Hi iy ~O_
=H=Òk. "#=# =HK =H rq~. |Ax Zxfl
=H K Jxfl q_ QQ ~Q`~. P` "^ nxH=O\~?
s~ H} #O_ HxOQ H ^fi~ H$u=OQ Q [O`=#
$+<fl~. g@xfl\H P` ZH_ #O_ a~. H= =#fl =HH
P`=#fl\, #\? W Zxfl fl<< OkOK=K. g\H P`"^
=^< K~.
=x+ Qex, =x+ h_#, JÔ =x+ uaOxfl, =x+
=##, K`<xfl P`Q qOK~. Hx, J"q P`H^x èOk.
Q= g~#fl
81
P^xH q*#O "^_ K x< =#O@Ok. (The function of the

Brain is called Mind). =#, H |k ^ ^~
". JO^= ^ O`@
"^_ , ^x` @ i~ $ ~QÒk. ` HOz "^_ Ja=$k
KO^x JÒ` Hr=# i~ $$# Q=xOK=K.
Hi XH" +H ^~#, =~ " q+^~# =Oz` Jk
q+ ^~
#O_ ^~OQ [~Q@
O, +H ^~
" KeOK@O K_=K.
nx< ~xH K#O (chemotaxis) JO\~. Hr = Q D $#
(consciousness) JÒ` ^qH ~H KOk# =# L^~}Q
K H=K. ^ =O =#g^, =# =O ^ O g^ =O\~.
Jq ~~ q`. rq HxOK ^~ =~ uiy H\Ò
HO_ ` ^<fl =~}O (death) JO\~. J# i` #_
JO^x r=O H\
` O H^. JQ Hi J# i` ~ _Q<
r= H}
xfl î OK=K. O` K_ q_ Q# H`Q J=i
QK #_Oz#> =#+ J=" _~#_ _ QO_,
HO, =Ò_ =O\ J<H J="# J=i xK~<flO.
*x\H WO[hiOQ ^fi~ r= [#= (genes) =~@O ^fi~ H`~ H
r=# $+OKQQ`<flO. ~QH~H [#=# `yOK@O ^fi~
~Q# ~O_ KQQ`<flO. [#O|O^ # =iOK
QQ`<flO.
=$H H~}[# OQH (Photo synthesis) ^fi~ Qex
H~<_PH_# x O_^~xfl `~ KO\~. xs=
^~"# "\ #O_ Ok ^~"# O_ ^~# `~
K O@<fl~. JO> xs= ^"xfl r=^=OQ =~< H r=Ok.
''=# P~O f< QHA r~O Ki ZO*=` fHiOK
^H xs= ^=OQ< iQ} =<fl_ . M` r=" ` *.a.Z.< .
r==O> i~` fHiOK` =$kKO k, `# PH~xfl H_O@,
#HH =` _# r= #~ù ^fi~ `#Q}Q}# K=~
82
`"Ô J, J~
`# O`xH JOk, =~ KO^\xH J=HO Q #~ù O^

== Jx `Òk. (Life is mutable, heritable reproductive system
capable of reacting with the environment). rqÔ ^qH H}xfl
r=H}O JO\O. Jq =x+ Ô =~ 1014 (H\H@) =<flx
JOK<. r=xfl\# He W\H 1500 ~xH ^~#
H#Q<fl~. r=^=Ox ^#"# =H P~.Jq-Q, _[<,
PH[<, <\[<, ~, QO^HO. r=H} Hxfl=O^ ZO*"
O\~. g\x |H@eO\~. XH ZO*" XH H# =~
100 ~=}=# `~ KQ^x JOK<.
r=O =~ ^<O"# #~ùH Hi r=H} HO^HO
(#H). D #H< r= H}# x~iOK r#O\~.
JÒ` z#flHi #H< 1012 a@ =O\~. JO^x
=K~xfl H_HiOK_xH 10 H@ r J=~==`~.
xs= ^~O #O_ r=O U~_O^x "^@Q ukOz#"~
\.K.Hb, *< \O_~. J~` P i}=O Z [iyO^ "~
q=iOKH ~. D i}=xfl
OQ q=iOK\xH ^= OQ
uflOz#"~ ~ + < A _ U.q.Xi< , a\ + " `
*.a.Z.<. (1929).
q U~_# "^\ "`~=}O ^ #OQ g^< , J"x,
h\ Pqi =O_q. xs="# E@~ Q O D<\H WO\ "`=~}"
=O^ x 1932 H # Q#_ O D "^xH |xflzOk. h\ Pqi,
H~<_H_, <\[<` _# "`=~}O q U~_# ~O_
"`=~}OQ iQ} ~ . qH ^Q~
=#fl |^, H Q WO\
"`=~}" W\H =#fl@ i^# ``<fl~.
1950 < < |=u Q` "efi< Hefi< ~_îH
J}= =HO H~<_
H _, h\ Pqi =^ ~xH H
Q= g~#fl
83
[iy iH P_, ~__ "^#q `~=`x Q

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`"k H*_. `"Ô *u =` ^`@ =~ ^hfl,
=~ "^hfl u~iOk. xO`$`fixfl =u~HOk. JO^= HiH
=~ xO`$`fixfl P"kOK H=x U~HOQ# `"^
H*~. H=x Q `"^#H=_O `"^ fi~
fi"# H=OQ J~O KHH=_".
=#=_ , OH = xH, fiKO H q=xz, "\x
kOK_xH LQ_k J^==Òk. JO`Qx =~O ~`,
PiH =#`fixfl Z~E, HiH =~ ~[H xO`$`fixfl OK
H=x ÔÒ iQ `"^ =u~H"#^.
^ J ^ "k, ^ `"k, ^ <H " k, ^ O~}"k
=*xfl, Ki`#, =#= q`#, <QiH`# q_q_ J^Q
=`" K~x, =H "~x, "`xfl QOK~x P~OK~
~=KO^Q~.
J^q\? u H=x Q J^"k Jx iH\ Wz#
~=KO^Q~ `"^, <H"^`@ J^"k _
=*xfl Ki`# iQ J~O KHÔ@<fl~. Qu`~=O> W^<"!
H=x =*xfl, <QiH`#, =#=^#Ok# Q=<xfl
QuìH uH "^ (Dialectical materialistic) ^$H}O K~x
iQ< K~ ~=KO^Q~. H=x ÔÒx ^# O
_ Qu ìH uH "^" J< q+xfl =O^Q J~O KH"e.
126
`"Ô J, J~
Qu`~=<^xfl [~< ="^ ``fi"` Q #O_ fiHiOK_

H~= ~. `HO^Q =#fl QuìH ="^xfl u~Qu ^x H
x@_ O ^fi~ QuìH uH "^" O ^x q=~} _ WK_ =~.
"~^ `~" Qu`~O. 'O\_iOQ, '_HH P <K~ J<
QOÔ UOy Qu `~xfl q=iOK_. UOy Qu ìH `#
=_Q `_.
1) i}=`H, Q}`H ~~ i}= Ò.
2) "~^ JOÒQ= Ò.
3) J= J= Ò (Negation of negation)
D `# r=O , Q}` O , ``fi O =O\ "\H, Ki`
J#fi~Oz "\ ~=< Z =O\ _ q=iOK~. P
q=~}hfl P # J~O KH=_O= ^"#". QuìH
`g
"# q H=. JO^ U XH `hfl P^ xH q*#
P"kOK=.
J@=O\ QuìH uH "^xfl ''Jxfl `k ``~=x
(consolidated crux of all sciences), q* # q + ~ = x
(Extract of sciences) qOK_O q*## JO K_"
J=Òk. ` q~^"# Qu`~xfl =ux `~OQ qOKe. J~`
H=x =Ò D =ux Qu`~" Q`~Ok.
=#= O|O^hfl Lù O|O^h, Lù O|O^ PiH,
~[H O|O^# x~th, P Lù O|O^ Lù ^<
Z=i J[=~+ =<fl#fl Ò P^~OQ =O\h H=x
ÔÒ.
J^qÔQ uH i` Jxfl\x x~~x K# H=x
ÔÒ P uH i` # PiH i` iqÒ KO k. P qÔ Q
Q= g~#fl
127
Jk PiH xu"Ô (Economic determinism)Q =iOk. =*xH

PiH == <kQ =O@O^x, ~[H, =`, "^=
=Q~ Jhfl PiH <k g^ U~_# Li` JOh H=x ÔÒ
K|Òk.
J~` H=x K|`#fl D Ô`hfl `x Ki` ~A=
KOk. =`Qx, "^=Qx PiH <k g^ U~_# Li`
JO H=. P<\ Ô #O_ D<\ `"Ô ^H H#y#
"^=g PiH <k #O_ U~_^x Z=iH< J~==Òk.
H=x ÔÒ H~O PiHxH |_ =O_=# ~[H
PiHO< x~tOz xOu<fl~. ~[HkH~xH PiHkH~O
=_QO KOk.
D qÔQ H=x ÔÒ `C `_H ÔÒQ =`"
qye~Ok. H=x K|`#fl"g PK~} ~A= H^.
=~ =Oz# qÔQ @|_^s =* HiH=~ q"
q[=OÒ H^ . ^xH iQ a#flOQ [iyOk. ~[O JOìOz^ .
iH^ K H= OÒQ ` ~ O k. =~ ~\ e ÒQ =~~ ` =[O
U~ _ ^ . Ki` H Jx"~ OQ HiH q " [iy, HiH = ~
xO`$`fi U~_^ . XH=@ KO> H=x Ô`
~#fl"g [~Q^. Jq [iQq H=.
D qÔQ xO`$`fixfl ukOK H=x ^x`xH
fiK"ÔQ =#fl `"^xH ="^. J#fl\h =~ ^$HÔ`
K H=x Ô`xH, =#=# *u =` =~k Oz`
"YiH a#flOQ =#`fi =#` K `"^xH O`#^. Hxfl
kOK_xH Z@=O\ `C_ =~# J#iOz< `C ^<
H=x Ô`xH, =Oz Hxfl kOKO> =~O _ =Oz^
=O_x qOK `"^xH eH^ L#flÔ` "~^".
128
`"Ô J, J~
H=# U qÔQ K< H=x ÔÒ `"Ô HO>

Q^x qOK_xH J=H" ^. 'H=x `"^H<fl
Z<fl ~@ JQQ}x QeOK_O "i J=Q<~`xH x^~#
==Òk.
<H`fiO, `"Ô, =#="Ô =O\ JO Q_ uH,
=~ O=`~ HÒ ~OQ<H=, .q. =O\ H=x =^
=u~HOQ, J#OQ "^"^ K~Q~. P O^~OQ
~OQ<H=Q~ '<H"Ô, `"Ô, #==#="Ô, 'h_`
Ô J< ~O_ H ~~. "\H =^<Q .q.Q~
`"^ <H^=O ~OQ<H= =^#O, '`"^
<H^=O ~OQ<H= =m =^#O J< H ~~.
"i~=i "^# YO_ '`"Ô =i[O J< Hxfl
=x ^$HÔ` <# "#. JO`HH =i[O, =x[O,
`"Ô, <H`fiO g^ ~q_ "OH\kQ~ J<H QO^ ~~.
P ~` q_q_Q <Q O\ _ "=_~. i J=Q#
# ~#fl Jxfl QO^# OkOK=K.
`"^xH, <H"^xH, `"^, H=x"^
=#fl Ô J~O H"O> P "^ ùfiH <Ô =O^Q J~O
H"e.
Jxfl "^ <kQ =O_ `"^xH HO =#="Ô.
=#="Ô =#=_x HO^#O xe, JÒ` q=xKk. =#=_
, fiK ^#`xKk. J`x OH q"H, ",
huH q=xK ÔÒ.
P^ xH q*# <kQ Q =#="^" <\ O K= [O
Z^~O@#fl =lH, JiH, ~[H = i# i~
=~# zOKQ^. =eHOQ =#=_ " ="#
129
Q= g~#fl
=~~x^ =[Ox U ~OQO# PtOz# =~ ÔH=.

JO^H =#= =`", =_qfi zHx =#flO`HO
""# QOK~. J^xfl kOK~. JO^H `"^
"` _# =q= " <\ `H}
=~= x QiOKe. J@=O\ ùfiH
"^=H H$+ K#fl `"^, <H"^, =#="^
xOOQ x["# J^"^=`~.
QuìH K@O zHx, PiH xu"^xfl #q =~ ~\#
H#y, ~[HkH~xfl H=O KH_xH <<~H Z`Q_#
J#i =#fl H=x s [, Ô`xH u^Hez,
HQ~ O He`<fl <k H^#x "= O. ~=KO^ Qi`
H=xO^~ D ""xfl QiOz, P"~ `= "#
=~HQ~x PtÔ.
(`"k, #=O|~ 2011)
130
`"Ô J, J~
Q= g~#fl
131
[O`= *` (Instincts) Q#, =#=_ qKH} ~O#

uaOa#flk. JO^H =#+O^~ `"^ J=`<fl~.
`"Ô - =#="Ô
"Knowing is a matter of logically tracing the lines of physical casuality
=# K@=#fl H$u, i~ x~O`~O [~Q`#fl i}=xfl

=# O HO O@#Q (events) qlOKO@<flO. "\x
H~H~} ~O J~O K H_xH ufl < flO. D H=O< JO^~O
`"^xfl J=OaO\O.
from the contents of immediate experience outwards. Percepts are purely

empirical entities. Concepts are synthetic. The former are automatically given.
The latter are consciously constructed. Knowledge is a conceptual scheme
born out of the insight into the nature of things., gained through critical
examination, rational coordination and logical deduction of perpetual data."
M.N.Roy. In science and philosophy.
`"^xfl QiOz `H_xH, ^x fi~ fi"# QiOz

`H_xH =O^Q ^x x~fiK<xfl `H"e. `"^ x~fiK<
a\+ ~ +#e J +< "iz# x~fiK#O =O[OQ, J``= OQ
HxOk. 1899= O=`~O "~ `"^xfl D qÔQ x~fizOK~.
'~+#e[O J< WOw+ ^xH =<~HOQ `Q '`"Ô J<

^xfl "_`<flO. `"^=<k q $`" # J~xflK Ô . x*xHk "^=
H^. Ô`= H^. J^H PK< q^#O. =#+Oî#
uaOa#fl =#H"Yi.
"Rationalism may be defined as the mental attitude which unreservedly
qfiO J#OÒ, xì}=jO, x=|Ô. qfi i}= H=

U~_# ~@O|O Q "H\ . ^^ 460 H@ O=`~
~fiO U~_# q =~ =O^ H@ O=`~~ Q xs= ^~
i}= ^< =O_~Ok. q g^ =#fl # i` =
=~ 350 H@ O=`~ HÒ =^ [ Pk= r=O U~_#@
P^xH q*#O ^=izOk.
P qÔQ q g^ r"q~=O [iy# `~"` r= i}=O H`
O` `HOk. Jq =O\ UHH} r= #O_ ~O"# r=i}=O
H ~H =$H*`, [O` *` ^fi~ }Oz, z=~ Hxfl H
O=`~ HO^@ " < J< =#= *u Pq~=O =~ H#yOk.
D H=O< qfiOx x=|^` (Law governdress) r=
"t OzOk. J^ =#=_ ``fiOQ (Rationality) # flk. ``fiO
accepts the supremacy of reason and aims at establishing a system of philosophy and ethics verifiable by experience and independent of all arbitrary assumptions or authority".
''`= ~fikHxfl xifl|OÔQ P"kOK =#H "Yi. Jxfl

J`H " =} ^~OQ =O_, J#= O ^fi~ =`" x~~}
KH_xH g~# ``fi*<xfl, hu xfl xiOKH=_" ^x H O
Jx `"^xfl x~fizOK=K.
D x~fiK#O =_ =eH"# JO<fl~. "^\ k `=
H ~fikH `# Z@=O\ +~` , x|O^# O_ P"kOK =#H
"Yi. ~O_=k J#=O ^fi~ =`" x~~} KH_xH g~#
``fi*<xfl, hu xfl xiOKH=_O. =_=k Jxfl ~H J`H
", x~O q^< ^~OQ =O__O.
^qHOQ =#+O^~ `"^ J#fl_ =#+Oî#
`=# =~=OÒQ qxyOKQ H =~<flx =O. J~`
=# =[O =# K@=#fl PK~ O^ =## `~`~Q
132
`"Ô J, J~
qÒ K#flO^= =#O "\H |On~`<flO. xQ

=~`<flO. =# [ÔQ =#fl ``fixfl x Kx=fiO_
x^K`<flO. P qÔQ `"^xH u^Hez J`H"# "\x
PîOz, PKi<flO.
D<_ =[O Jxfl~OQ =_ qfi qÒ_=O
K<fl~. ^xH H~}O =#=O` =#=#fl ``fixfl H=OQ
qxyOKHH=_". `"Ô ~fiq+ =iOK JO". J~`
D<_ HO^~ `"^xfl Hxfl q+H iqÒ K Oz`
~<fl~. =i HO^~ `"^xfl <H`fiOQ iQ}<fl~. JO`=~H
iqÒ K<fl~.
""xH `"Ô K q $`"#k. ^xH i^# x~~Oz,
iq`# qkOK=. Pk =#=_ #O_ P^xH =#=_^H H#y#
H O=`~ }O =#=_ J ^ xH ^Ô KO k J`xx
``fi" Hx =~H\ H^. J^ J`xx q"HxH, qKH} *<xH <kQ
=iOk.
=#=_ XH<_ `# JO`@x , J~O Hx J<H JO H~}OQ
J<H =Ok ^=#, Jf` # =Oz, $+OK<fl_. `^#O`~O
`# ij#, i^#, J#=O è# "" J#Q}OQ `#
Ja# =iOKO@, =~O@ =K_. Wk "k O=`~Q
=#= *u H#Q`#fl H. J^ `"^ q^#O.
Q= g~#fl
133
riOKHx P<\ =` ^ QQ \~. ''~x x\ qx

^x K@ uC`#fl hK# |OkOz, tHOK=x L`~fi *s K~.
^x H~O HiflH, Qbe, |< =O\ Q A H qkOz,
zÒ \~. |<# H..1600 O=`~O r=OQ ^#O
K~. W ZO^~ "` =`=_xH |~. J~< "`
U<_ "#HO["^. q*# O U<_ Py^.
K~ _ifi<, J~ S<< =O\ Q "` ~H` q*# O
H` O` `HOk. _ifi< r=i}= ÔÒ, S<< H ÔÒ
~ O QO q" `H" # =~# `K~. D<_ O Jxfl ~OQ#
J#"# q[# k, JuÒQ =O^ y`#flk.
JOìHO Q O`~
< ^ _ `<fl~. r=~ O QO, "^ ~OQO
kOz# q[ J~fiO, J^Ò. OHuH q=O = iqH Qu
"~@ iyOk. =K~ q=O q*<xfl =# JO^@H
`zOk. HO@~, < ~H` OK fi~" =i~Ok.
D q[ "#H ^y# ~ "q\ Jx tflOKO> =# aOK
=^#O XH>. =#=_ ^y# ``fiO, OHO, l* nxH H~}=x
+OQ J~==Òk. D `"^ H " =#="Ô.
WO^ a#flOQ #`# ` Jq+~} [iy# `~"` _ "\x

P"kOK O_ =O__O , P "~ `= Ja, PK# =~
KHH=_O = ` " ==H~} O^`<fl~. JO`QH P
" J^xH J_ Q_Q =~`<fl~.
=#="^xfl K=Ok =#=`"^ O Q q < fl~ .

=#=`"^xH, =#="^xH =eH"# `_ =Ok. =#"`"Ô
(Humanitarianism) =#= [ ÔQ =O_ *e, ^, H~} =O\
JOH iq`" =O@Ok. H =#fl"ix K *e__O, K`<#
#flOkOK_O, ~H~O =#=`"ÔQ iQ}OK=K. Jk P
O^~ =#+Oî# "_ `èH O^# =`". JO^
ÔÒQx, +"# H OQx =O_^.
XHC_ qfixH " HO^=x qOK~. `~"` HiflH

(H..1473 - 1543) ~H` ~HO^ ÔÒ =zOk. D "xfl
=#=`"^xH a#fl"#k =#="Ô (Humanism). =#="Ô

=x+H ^#` =O@Ok. =#=_ `# `< H =x =~ HxH
134
`"Ô J, J~
^#O H^x =#="Ô qOk. =H fiK, =H JÒ`

^<xflK k =#="^ ==Òk. =#="^xfl D qÔ Q x~fizOK=K.
''=HH ^= <xflz, fiK Q O^Q rqOK =#= # QiOK
=#H "Yi, ``fi" =#="Ô. =#=_ Jxfl\ H =}O (Man is the
measure of all things) J<k ^x =eH Ò.
=#=_ `# HO, YO` HO J<H Ô`#
~OkOK<fl_. J<H O# xiOK<fl_. ùfiH, =lH, PiH,
~[Hk ~OQ Z<fl<fl =rb# ^@` =K_.
ùfiH~OQO ="Ô (Idealism), uH"Ô (Materialism),
PH"Ô (Theism), <H"Ô (Atheism), J*"Ô (Agnosticism),
J#u"Ô (Existentiatism), Qu ìH uH "Ô (Dialectical
Materialism), J^ fiÒ
(Non-dualism), UH`fi "Ô (Monoism), uH"q H
"Ô (Physical Realism) =O\ Ô`# U~~Kx y`<fl_.
`# #q# ùfiH Ô` `# ^$H^xfl x~~<fl~. P ^$HÔ
H~" u q+xfl x~iOKO\_. ^x H~" #_KO\_.
=x+ ùfiH ^$HÔ g^ P^~_ J`x =lH, PiH, ~[H
" =O\~.
=[O <_ Hx # fl J=#`, J<, ^_ ^~<
=[O x=#fl ~ H~}=x Òk. u =x+ `# H~,
=~# `< ^` =OKe. =#="Ôx =MO q^. =#=_
Ki` x~`. J`x q`"xH, =OzK_ J`_ H~_.
=#="Ô q= JÒ` ^#` =O@Ok. rqOz =O_<
HiH }xfl\H =eH" # HiH. P H~O =#= =#=Q rqOK<
HiH fiK ~O. =#= r=# ~O fiK. fiK JO> x~O^
~Ò. q=xfl\ H q= fiK.
Q= g~#fl
135
=x H =~ qHxfl x~kOK P@OHhfl H=OQ

J^$O H=_" fiK . PHe^C #O_ fiK PiH ~OQxH O|OkOz#^` ,
J`H"#, x~O^ i`"# PK~ O^ #O_ fiK =lH
~OQxH O|OkOz#^=Òk. ^qH # J#qOK_O ~[H
~OQOx fiK. fiK JO> q$OY`fiO H^. =# fiK W`~ fiK
P@OHO HeyOK~^. =lH HO fiK fiKOÔQ Hxfl
`|^"# iq`# qkOKH"e.
=#="Ô =~ =MOO ~ hu. u =x+ W`~@
Z =i<fl_< JOO< hu L`#fl==Òk. W`~ =# @ U
qÔ Q =iOK _^# O\" =#O W`~ @ P qÔ Q =iOK O_
=O_e. W^ <uH `xH =O. W`~ =## OOK~^
J##fl_ =#O W`~# OOKO_ =O_e. hu J<k =#=_
``fiO #Oz U~_Ok. Jk r= i}= H=O =#=
OHqOzOk. JO^H Jk ~ hu J=Òk. =#=_ *# O#fl_#
Hn J`x <uH q= L#fl` =}# JOÔ\~. J`x
fiKi^ q $`==`~.
H ^< =^ =#fi =O_<k =#="Ôx =YÒ.
=Oz ^#O ^fi~< =Oz Hxfl kOKQO Qx K_^#O ^fi~
=Oz Hxfl K~=O@Ok =#="Ô. JO> K_ H~H^fi~
è`# kOK=. `C_ q^<^fi~, `C_ ^` ^fi~
i# Q=# K~H=.
=#="Ô =HH JÒ` ^<xflOk. JO^= =H fiK,
OQO HeyOK "\#xfl\ h Jk x~HiOz, u~iOk. =
=[ x~`. = a#flOQ, JfÒQ =*xfl =OK= . JO^=
=[ ZC_ =H ` =__ =O@Ok. P qÔQ XH
=[O J ^ H~" O ^, H^ Jx x~~ OKO> "= OQ P =[O
136
`"Ô J, J~
x=#fl u =H J^xfl H|^Q fH"e. = U "~

Ja=$k KOk` P "~H P =[O Ja=$k KOk#@ qOKe.
=#+# "sQ , =`"sQ, =~"sQ qlOz "i
=^ q^fi# $+OK_O, P"# ~KQ@_O J`HO, J=#+O.
g\xfl\ H JfÒQ =#+O` XH> J< =#`fi "xfl, qfi[h#``fixfl
=#="Ô Òk. =#+ =^ ~~ H~ "xfl
OOkOk. =# YO` =# K@=#fl "i YO``
=__ =<flx QiOz, JOî =^ SH`"xfl <HÒk. =`
=*xH <Ok eH, <^ <~~Ok.
=#="Ô *fi="xfl ~[H =~H iqÒ K^.
fiK, =#`fiO, `$`fi=< *fi= "# =#=_ r=#
~OQxfl\ # uaOaOKx PtO k. [# K` # =O`# K _xH
q"H=O`"# q^ XH> i# =~OQ qOk. [ K`# =O`
`= =# `" i+iOK< "ix fik^Òk. JO^=
=#="Ô` [ ^~H~Q, ~HQ =O_~. =#="^
[ fl`Q, ``fi"`Q, =~^~Q =`" =O\~.
=#O ~*OQO u ~_ \OK=# ^qH q^#
(Fundamental Duties) O^~K<flO. JO^ JiH 51 (Z) (K)
W "<flO.
It is the Fundamental duty of every citizen of India to develop
scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of enquiry and reform.
JO> ``fixfl, =#="^xfl, qK~}jxfl, O~}#

OOkOK_O u ~f ~_ ^qH qk.
J~` WO` +O Q =#O ~*OQO ~#fl \H PK~}
=Ò
JO^~O nxH q~ÔQ =iOK_O KhO.
Q= g~#fl
137
JO^~O O JOk#fl H H~# ~Q J#q<flO.

PK~} =Ò ``fixH, ^$H^xH u^He<flO.
`kfi~ÔQ =_ qfi#, J`H "#, J~O x PK~
O^# `< flO. J ^ xH J_Q _# $+O KO@<flO.
=O^" O=`~ Q_z < H$u="# J`H" # =` Ta #O_
|@ _H `<flO.
D H+ i` #O_ |@_O> `"^ "` _#
= q="H> ~}O. =[O U =~ ~"<fl =O^Q P =~
=#+ = ~"e. JO> =O^Q =# " ="#
=~ ~"e. " =~ ~=_<fl =q= O JO\O. =#Hxfl K\<fl
Jq H=OQ J= HH=_xH H~}O =# "< =Ok. D "
H~} `" # =# ùfiH ^$HÔ < =Ok. JO^= =#O P^ xH q*#O
JOkOK ùfiH ^$H^xfl,
^$H^xfl =O^Q J=~K H"e. JC_
=# =lH, O $uH r=#O i# =~ K@ KHQ=.
=#=O` J@=O\ `"^ = q" xH, =#="^ q=H z` k`,
SHOQ H$+ KÔ.
(Y*< HY fi~`= OzH, |=i 2009)
D H+ i` #O_ |@_O> `"^ "` _#

=q= "H> ~}O. =[O U =~ ~"<fl =O^Q P =~
=#+ = ~"e. JO> =O^Q =# " ="#
=~~"e. " =~ ~=_<fl = q= =O\O. =#Hxfl K\<fl
Jq H=OQ J= HH=_xH H~}O =# "<=Ok. D "
`"Ô J, J~
Q= g~#fl
H~fl l, #O^=~O =O_O, <Qk<fl Q=O 1952 "
22# [##O. ZqQ#~ q^# JOK~. Lx
qfiqÔ #O_ ZO.Z., Z.Z.a. \ f<fl~. PO^ ^
~+ `fi >[s JO_ JHO\ _~"O\ xK J_+# _~H~Q
2010 " ^g q~=} K~.
1974 #O_ H=x, <H^=O xK, 1980 #O_ `"^
=#="^ L^ = H#Q ` <fl~ . ~ ` ` "^ O xH
L^ Q =<fl~ . 2010 E< #O_ PO^ ^ `"^ O J^ Q
H#Q`<fl~.
`"Ô =q=O (1984), `"Ô =i[O (1987), #=
=#="^g<\ @ (1996), fiK (2001), `"Ô fi~ fi"
(2007), ~f O$u ``fi O (2008 \ j~= `Q qfiqÔ
K~}) =#flQ fiÒ` ~K# K~. ~_H =x[O, Qu ìH
uH "Ô =?, =#=*uH =`"O^?, PO^^ =#="^
L^=O =O\ J#"^ ~K# K~.
`"^ " "H H$+ K#O^Q# \ j~= `Q
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Hetuvadam Apohalu Apardhalu E-Book

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