CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Industrial training is basically a field-based practical training experience that students go through to prepare themselves

for the tasks they are expected to perform on completion of their undergraduate studies. Though it is called currently Industrial Training in the faculty of Engineering, it (or its equivalent) is known by several other names in different schools and/or colleges in Kyambogo University including; internship, school practice, Community Based Education and Services (COBES) etc. This training is usually conducted at the end of the end of the second semester and ideally lasts at least eight (8) weeks per year. The students are posted to various firms, companies, organizations and/or government departments where they get hands-on training on site or in office and they are supervised by an on-site supervisor and an academic supervisor who is a member of the faculty at their respective college/school. 1.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING The objectives of Industrial Training are: To enable students get hands-on experience in real-life situation where they are expected to work once they graduate To provide an opportunity for students to apply the principles and techniques theoretically learnt into real-life problem solving situations To provide an opportunity for students and academic staff to interact with the different stakeholders and potential employers to appreciate field situations that will also generate information for curriculum review and improvement To develop student understanding of work ethics, employment demands, responsibilities and opportunities To enhance and strengthen linkages between Kyambogo University and various stakeholders. 1.2 EXPECTED BENEFITS FROM THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING Industrial Training is implemented through partnership between the University and other stakeholders who either form the Universitys products and services, or consume them. These stakeholders namely are: the University, the students and the University partners who are the firms, companies, organizations and government departments where students are posted to do their training. Commitment to this partnership largely depends on mutual benefits for all the key partners. The expected benefits of the training for the different stakeholders are outlined below: 1.2.1 To the University Partners They are expected to: Get an opportunity to be involved in the training and review of programs at Kyambogo University Be exposed to a pool of potential employees from which to select Reduce on the costs of induction/orientation of new employees Get additional human resource for effective and efficient service delivery 1.2.2 To Kyambogo University The University is expected to: Get opportunity to appreciate client demands and the quality of graduates required to fulfill these demands. Have the potential for research enhanced and developed with the various partners as a result of the cooperation. Get opportunities to access training facilities and resources that are not available at the University. 1.2.3 To the Students It is expected that the students will; Learn the ways of industry and develop talent and attitudes necessary for an all-round career while embracing the responsibilities and ethics of a professional. Understand real life situations at work place and enhance the learning process and how knowledge acquired in lecture rooms translates into the real world. Recognize that financial and economic factors play important roles in all science and technological activities.

Execute more informed judgments at work place and accept the responsibility for it hence improving their confidence in problem solving. Understand that the problems encountered in the industry have unique solutions and there is need to gain experience for selecting the optimal solutions for the many problems. Have the opportunity to relate to different categories of people likely to be met in real-life situations. Get opportunity to meet and work with potential employers while exploring employment opportunities.

CHAPTER TWO. FLOW WORK ON SITE The flow of work at the site is as shown below.

CLIENT

ARCHITECT

ENGINEER

FOREMAN

Carpentry

Masonry

Plumbing

Electrical

CHAPTER THREE. SITE LAYOUT. 3.1 Security house. This was a small structure that was made up iron sheets that housed the security officer and his activities such as gadgets for maintaining order on the site like cases of theft of site materials by the workers, discipline among them as well. The structure was located on the left hand side at the entrance gate where inquiries for accessing structural engineer, quantity surveyor of the structure could be done before accessibility of the persons required.

3.2 Store. The store was found next to the ongoing construction of the hospital and it mainly housed building materials such as hammers, timber, pick axes, cement, nails, saws, wheel barrows, binding wire etc. It also housed small powered plants such as electric drills for boring holes into the timber masonry, electric hammers, back fill tampers for compacting loose spoils that were returned as back fill in the small excavations, vibrators, water pumps, compactors, power float that was used to produce smooth, level surface finish to the concrete beds and slab casting and rollers for consolidating filing materials especially during the excavation of strips. It neighbored latrines for use by the persons that were on the site.

3.3 Hoarding.
Materials that were used. Wood poles. Nails Iron sheets.

Tools used.

Saws. Hammers. Pick axes.

Construction of hoarding. The site area was first demarcated using pegs after which holes were made using pick axes and the wood poles 4 meters high were fixed into the holes as they were made stable by burying filling back the murram into the spaces around the poles together with the small stones stumped as the poles were fixed 1 meter a part. Horizontal walings were nailed to the poles and finally, 32 gauge iron sheets had to be nailed on to the walings that formed fencing around the site. This type of fencing was opted since: It could be easily erected and the materials could also be used on the site as fire wood for the case of small pieces. It was a cheap form of set up since it does not require a lot of skills.

4.4 Main office. It was at the extreme corner of the site as one accessed the site and headed by the site engineer Mr. Martin, the quantity surveyor Mr. Kirunda who effected the costs of evaluation for the materials that were needed on the site, the structural engineers structural drawings and Mr. Bate who was the assistant on site in supervision activities

CHAPTER FOUR. SETTING OUT.

Tools that were used to set out. Hammers Hoes Pick axes.

Equipments used. Total station. Builders square.

Materials used. Profile boards. Nails. Sand.

4.1 Procedure that was under taken during setting out. A first corner peg was established that acted as a reference point. This was followed by setting out of other corner pegs using a total station and the water level was used to transfer levels of these pegs. Profile boards were then set on to which the size of the building was marked i.e. (width and length of the foundation together with the working space of 2000mm on either side.) Setting of the building lines was done on which the foundation trenches were to be marked on using nails. A builders square was in this case used to check the diagonals of the corners. Finally, sand was applied following building lines so that the foundation could be excavated.

Marking of sizes on profile boards

Spread sand before excavation

CHAPTER FIVE. EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION: In excavation of foundation, activities such as surface stripping, leveling were done using mechanical plants like scrappers were used to excavate and transport soil where surface stripping, site leveling and cut and fill activities were done. Graders were employed for finishing to fine limits areas of ground which had been scraped or bulldozed to the required formation level. A tractor shovel did the scooping of loose soils that were then discharged into the attendant lorries and dumpers as well.

Rollers had to be hired for consolidating filling materials and did the compacting of the ground that flat surface finishes had to be obtained on to which excavation of both pads and strips could be done.

5.1 Excavation of pads. Tools that were used to excavate: Pic axes Spades

Pads were excavated to a depth of 3000mm where soils were loose for the upper sections while at lower sections, excavation was done to a depth of 1500mm due to soils being firm. After excavations, pads were blinded to a thickness of 50mm with weak mix to avoid contact between the bars and the soil. Column bases were laid in a network format using Y16, Y12 and rings of 8mm on to which starter bars for the columns were hooked with mass concrete casted to a thickness of 150mm.

Starter bars in the column pits 5.2 Excavation of strips: Strips were excavated to a depth of 6000mm for the upper section and to 8000mm due to variations in the sections. This was followed by blinding and finally, reinforced mass concrete with BRC was placed with block work and mortar bed in the ratio of 1:3 (cement sand) for proper bonding in the excavations. The plinth wall was built to a depth of 150mm with blocks, mortar mix in the ratio of 1:3 (cement, sand) for bonding in the strips after which, murram was filled in the partitions with thorough compacting using a roller and finally, there was hard core parking, sand blinding to flash with the plinth wall in order to reduce on the amount of concrete as well as absorbing water.

Murram filling in the strips

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CHAPTER SIX, GROUND BEAMS. Steel reinforcement for beams was always placed after the formwork had been completed and well-oiled. The reinforcement consisted of horizontal bars (main bars) and rings. The major bars Would serve to take on tensile loads while the rings hold them together to minimize distorting movements even during casting of concrete. The rings also serve to prevent shear failure in the beams. The concentration of reinforcement bars was more at the bottom of the beam than at the top since tensile forces occur mostly at the bottom of the concrete.

Rings being spaced on a beam cage 6.1 Concrete mixing. Battens and cleats were first made from 300mm25mm timber pieces for the beam forms that had to be painted with a releasing agent that allowed a homogeneous shape for easy stripping off that prevented bonding of concrete when timber boards were being removed. Spacer blocks of 25mm thick were suspended on to the beam cages to avoid exposure of the bars to agents such as moisture and corrosion. Already mixed concrete was supplied to the site in specially designed truck mixer which was a basically mobile mixing drum mounted on a lorry chassis. Concrete was loaded at the depot with dry batched materials plus the correct quantity of water. The truck mixer was used to complete the mixing process at the depot before it could leave for the site.

Ready mix in truck mixer

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6.2 Casting process. During transportation to the site, the mix was kept agitated by the revolving drum and on arrival; the contents were remixed before they were discharged. This was vibrated thoroughly with a poker that helped the concrete to consolidate by minimizing voids.

Pipe that supplied the mix CHAPTER SEVERN, GROUND SLABS. There was murram filling that was poured in successive layers of about 300mm using wheel barrows and spades and this was compacted using a roller and a jumper to achieve a firm ground that had to be filled with hard core that aided in reducing the amount of concrete and absorption of water.

A jumper in operation 7.1 casting of ground slabs.

A roller being driven while compacting

A 50mm sand blinding was added on to the hard core that was rammed using wooden mallets avoiding sharp edges of blinded stones on top of which was placed a DPM that was to prevent sweating of the floor. BRC mesh was laid on top and was held by spacer blocks of 25mm thickness as cover to reinforce the concrete that was to be casted. The slab was casted using concrete pumps that moved large volumes of concrete using a pump and pipe lines.
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This method was opted for since: Concrete was transported from point of supply to placing position in one continuous operation. No shock loading of form work was experienced. Generally, the net cost of placing concrete was reduced.

A poker in wet concrete wet slab before setting 7.2 Curing.

A straight edge passed on

Curing was later done to prevent drying of concrete which could result in contraction crackers and this was done for a period of 3 days before block work started. Curing also helped in preventing rise in temperature on account of the heat of hydration that could develop during hardening of cement.
CHAPTER EIGHT: BLOCK WORK.

Materials that were being used:

Blocks (450230230) mm. Mortar mix in the ratio of 1:3 ( cement and sand) Tools that were used: Trowels. Water level. Plumb bob. Building lines.
Spirit level.

8.1 Procedure that was undertaken in block work.

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Mortar mix in the ratio of 1:3 (cement and sand) by batch box was first spread on the damp proof course being laid on the ready casted slab after which first course was set by placing a block at the extreme end using a building line as the rest of the blocks (450230230) mm in between were placed while checking horizontality of the courses that follow. The rest of the courses were done in conjunction with the firs one using a trowel for picking up mortar from the wheel barrows, spreading it and slight knocking of the blocks while they were being placed having the plumb bob in controlling their verticality as the spirit level did the horizontal alignment. The blocks were constructed on a stretcher bond with use of scaffolds that provided a safe platform from which to work, hoop irons after every two courses with alternate joints not forming longitudinal joints along the wall length ensuring maximum strength with joints of 30mm thick between blocks. Water level was used to transfer levels of the courses for partitions as the wood floats used to reduce on the wasted mortar that fell off by the masons. Curing of block work was done after every four courses and for a period 14 days to prevent crack in the joints as well as easing setting of partitions.

Put log scaffold for raising block work

CHAPTER NINE. ERECTION OF COLUMNS: 9.1 Rectangular columns

Column form works consisting of four shutters made from boards were nailed securely to cleats and held together by a series of yokes of 75100mm to form a column casing. This was erected strutting on three sides of the box with which the fourth side was fixed in 900mm sections which facilitated hand tamping of concrete to be casted.

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During casting, pouring of concrete was followed with vibration using a poker which was immersed in to the wet concrete and having a high rate of vibration; it induced the concrete to consolidate while the voids were minimized.

9.2 Circular columns A kicker is a form of plinth that was first casted at the base of the column to accurately position its formwork as well as preventing the loss of grout from the bottom edge of the form. Circular column forms were built up of narrow vertical boards called staves that were shaped to the correct curve and fixed by adjustable yokes. The latter are normally in to two halves that had to be secured by 16mm bolts that aided in clamping together the pieces as shown in the illustrations on the next page. Adjustable yokes were in this case used since: They reduced the amount of timber works that was required. Have a long life compared to timber forms. They could be easily fitted and dismantled.

Kickers being casted before erecting columns CHAPTER TEN: FORM WORKS

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The form work was introduced for slabs, beams, as indicated to give concrete form by
casting in mould and it is a term which covers all types of mould for cast in situ concrete. The form work was required during the construction due to the following factors being considered: Support its own weight, the weight of the wet concrete and the reinforcements that were placed upon it, weight of the men and any transporting equipment which was being used for the work. Resists the pressure of the wet concrete pushing it outwards which depends upon its stiffness, and wind pressure. It was constructed and designed so that it could be easily removed or stripped without damaging it or to the hardened concrete.

10.1 Beam forms. Timber battens of 100mm50mm were joined to form rails at 600mm centers to which beam sides built up of 25mm boards are nailed on to and in erection, the bottoms of 50mm thick were first placed in position between column boxes and were supported by the steel props. To the top of which cross pieces were fixed about longer than the width of the beam. The beam bottoms were carefully leveled by means of wedges that were placed between the lower ends of the steel props and the cill pieces on which they rested on. The bottom board was given a slight camber of 6mm in 3m of length to allow for deflection. The sides were then placed in position and nailed to the edges of the bottom and braced apart to the correct width by temporary strainers. The free side of an outer beam was braced at the top by struts off the ends of the cross pieces.

Tying of beam cages with binding wire

Beam forms supported by side brackets

Spacer blocks of 25mm thick were then put to the bottom and sides of the cages to ensure adequate durability by providing protection to the reinforcements with sufficient thickness of concrete around bars to develop the necessary bond resistance between the steel and the concrete.

10.2 Floor shuttering.

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This was made up of boards or decking on which the concrete was to be placed supported by joists, ledgers and steel props. The boards were made to run the length of the floor panels so that they did not require cutting into short lengths and joists could span across the shortest dimension. The joists were supported on ledgers that were fixed to the beam sides. To minimize the size of the joists, intermediate ledgers were sometimes used carried on steel props. Adjustable steel props were used in this case since they are easy to install, efficient, they are of low weight, not easily affected by insects, easy to maintain and transport.

Erecting of props 10.3 Setting out of a stair case.

Floor shutter supported on props

First and fore most, the position of the first landing was demarcated after which, side shutters were formed and then fixed. A known distance was measured using a tape measure from the first landing that whose position was got to the first going which was then divided into the number of risers. Reinforcement works were then done by tying longitudinal bars of Y16 and Y12 at a spacing of 200mm center to center using binding wires that formed a waist of 150mm thick.

Risers being set along the effective span

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10.4 Stair form. 300mm25mm shutters were carried on cross joists and raking ledgers. The risers of 50mm thick were fixed after which reinforcements were placed and beveled at the bottom that permitted the whole of the tread faces to be trowelled. The treads were left open to permit concreting hand in hand with vibration to remove voids. The timber pieces were supported at the bottom and top by 75mm25mm cross pieces at a spacing of 600mm centers to promote its strength ready for concreting. The stair case was cast with longitudinal bars protruding into the surface of the slab. At the lowest point, form work was made to receive reinforcement concrete for stair. The following were the measurements making it a quarter turn stair case. Waist = 175mm high, risers = 154mm high, going = 150mm, treads = 300mm and a half landing of 1200mm wide.

10.5 Placing of max pans for suspended floor: A line was first established using max pan at the extreme end and the max pans in between were placed with respect to the line for uniformity bearing the size of the max pans being 350mm300mm180mm. The 350mm sides were laid to the shortest span, 300mm sides on the longer span. 350mm sides were laid in such to pave sections for the ribs that were 50mm for the reinforcement bars of 8mm size waiting for the concrete to be vibrated in the ribs. Max pans were considered in this case compared to the solid slab due to the following advantages: Max pan tend to reduce the total dead weight of the loadings to the foundation structure together with the slab since they are lighter and economical. They have a greater fire resistance due to being hollow hence low thermal conductivity. They also play a very vital aspect of minimizing the volume of concrete to be placed when being casted.

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Placing of max pans on floor

10.6 Making of spacers as reinforcement covers: The timber pieces of 10050mm were nailed to form a frame. A damp proof membrane was first placed on the flat surface on to which the frame was placed that could no allow water from escaping. Mortar mix in the ratio of (1:3) cement and sand with a proportionate amount of water was placed in the frame to a thickness of 50mm using a trowel from the wheel barrows. Criss crosses were then made in the mortar with the help of the bar line for horizontality. Binding wires to act as hooks were fixed in to the mortar patches which were then left for setting for 2 days after which curing was done. This was done to prevent drying of mortar which results contraction crackers as well as providing resistance against fire.

Wet concrete placed on the DPM

Wire hooks placed in concrete

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CHAPTER ELEVEN. FIRST FLOOR BEAMS.

Materials that were used. Stone aggregates. Lake sand. Portland cement. Water.

Tools that helped on work. Mechanical hoist. Wheel barrows. Spades Hoes.

11.1 Mixing of the concrete. Concrete mix in the ratio of 1:2:4 (cement, sand and stone aggregate) using batch boxes of 300mm300mm300mm was put in the concrete mixer using spades where the tilting drum was already revolving with fixed blades inside for lifting the mixture at a certain point in each revolution that allowed the mixture to drop to the bottom to recommence the cycle. The required proportion of mix was then put into the hoists trough which was transported vertically upwards to the required position by the system of pulleys at the extreme ends of the vertical jib which was being driven diesel engine as shown in the illustration below.

Diesel engine

vertical jib with a pulley

11.2 Placing of beams.

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During placing, the wet mix was transported on wheel barrows to area of placement and this was distributed in the beam cages which had longitudinal bars of T20, T25, T32 and Y12 with links of R08 andR10. The cages had spacer blocks of size 50mm thick as covers to the reinforcements. The concrete was vibrated using a poker to minimize voids which made the concrete to consolidate after which the beams were left to set and thereafter, curing was done to prevent cracks and reduce the rate of drying out as well. 48 hours after which, the timber cleats were stripped off carefully with the hammers that left the beams to dry as shown on the next page.

Transported concrete in to beam cages

vibration of beams to consolidate

When the beams had set properly, stripping off was done carefully by removing the form works which had earlier on been painted with oil using hammers where the timber cleats were then re used for other purposes like propping of beam sides, use as paths on which wheel barrows could move on while concrete was being transported to final destination.

Stripping off the beam forms

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CHAPTER TWELVE. SUSPENDED SLABS. 12.1 Casting of the suspended slabs. On top of the gauges was passed a string line and this was done together with the water in transferring the same depth all throughout all gauges so that the thickness of 150mm was obtained.

Concrete gauges in place

Concrete mix in the ratio of 1:2:4 (cement, sand and stone aggregates) using batch boxes of the dimensions as above while discussing beams into which mix was put into the mixer as shown below.

Tilting of the drum while mixing concrete

Mixed concrete in the required ratio was then offloaded into the trough which was driven by the pulleys and the engine to the position of placement with which there was BRC laid on top to act as transverse distribution

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reinforcement and porters had to spread the wet mix on both top of the max pans and the ribs using the spades and hoes as well before it could set. The solid reinforced slab was to be casted at some section purposely to hold the septic tanks. It had conduits that were connected to the main circuit box where power had to be channeled from that helped in distributing power to the consumer units such as sockets from the main power supply and this was demarcketed using white chalk.

Conduits fixed in the slab before casting

12.2 Fixing of the toilet drainage system.

The drainage system had components like water closets fixed, floor traps in toilets that help in preventing smell from circulating in the environment since the tops are sealed with water after use especially from the contents and these had to be connected by a system of PVC pipes and 90 bends that assist in flexibility and easy movement of content where they found gully traps that send used water to the man hole covers that were yet to be fixed as shown in the illustration below.

Pipes connected with PVC glue

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12.3 Placing of the slab.

Scooping was done and the vibrating was by the tamper that consisted of the engine fixed on to the tamping board for consolidating the wet concrete to induce that helped to minimized in reducing the voids.

Fresh joints were first wetted with water mixed with cement to allow proper bonding of the already casted beam with the one to be casted and the wet concrete was planed to the uniform horizontality using the wooden mallet with handles at the extreme ends that was tamped on the slab by the two men before it could set. This was followed by curing for some time and then it was covered with wet papers for two days that helped to reduce the rate of setting so as to minimize cracks in the slabs as well as preventing drying out.

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DECLARATION
I OJAMBO DENIS declare that all that is contained in this report has been of my own effort and has only been done by me and not any other student in this university. Signature . Date

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APPROVAL
This report has been completed and submitted with both I and my supervisors approval. Supervisor: Mrs. Auma Jane Odwory Signature

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ABSTRACT
The industrial training officially started on 4 June 2012 up to 10 Aug 2012 where I have been training my building construction in Enscon engineers limited company as subcontractors. The following below are some of my objectives for training: To get a way of acquiring technical skills, knowledge and information that is applicable in the day today s construction industry outside class work. To gain field experience as a quantity surveyor and probably work in line with other engineers, architects valuers. To be able to effect costs of evaluation i.e. costs of building materials (quantize) and be able to draw bills of quantities.
th th

This report majorly covers the overview about Enscon limited and how it operated in the construction of the proposed health Centre in Naguru barracks. There is a study of my participation in some activities as a trainee in Enscon. The report covers relevant illustrations for the activities I took part in as seen in the subsequent chapters.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and fore most, I give glory to the almighty Lord who made it possible for me to accomplish my training session well. I greatly thank the site engineer Mr. Martin for the efforts he labored to put in to help me gain the necessary skills as far as my training was concerned. Lastly, I forward my sincere appreciation to my supervisor for the knowledge and time she sacrificed for I and the rest of my colleagues.

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to my parents, Auma Topista and Wafula John who have always struggled that I achieve my goals. I also take this opportunity to thank Barasa Ereneous Nahadu and his family whose love I greatly treasure and my prayer is May the almighty God bless the work done by their hands.

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KYAMBOGO

UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUILDING ECONOMICS

A REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION OF A PROPOSED NAGURU HEALTH CENTRE FUNDED BY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FOR UGANDA POLICE

NAME: OJAMBO DENNIS REG.NO: 10/U/4061/EBE/PE SITE SUPERVISOR: MORI MARTIN UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: AUMA JANE ODWORY

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BACK GROUND
Enscon engineers limited took the construction as a subcontractor from Farapeyma Company which was being funded the Islamic republic of Iran and the clients were the Iran embassy in Kampala. The project manager of the company being Transann limited with structural engineer as Eng.RobertKakiiza and the Architect was Mubiru Geoffrey.

RECOMMENDATION Generally, there was a lot of practical work in the field of construction that one could learn and I really thank the university for coming up with this idea that aids students in different fields of study to be able to apply the knowledge of class in the day today life as far as technology of science is concerned.

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CHALLENGES Actually, I faced a challenge of learning to be knowledgeable in almost the activities that I participated since I only knew class work and here came work on ground like setting out, how to use a theodolite to set pegs and others which actually I can do to my perfection after being assigned some of the hard tasks.

ACCRONYMES BRC DPM DPC British Reinforcement Concrete Damp Proof Membrane Damp Proof Course

Y-bars High yield steel reinforcement bars

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R-bars Round mild steel reinforcement bars

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRDUCTION1, 2 1.1 Purpose and objectives of industrial training ..1 1.2 Expected benefits of industrial training1, 2 CHAPTER TWO: FLOW OF WORK ON SITE..3 CHAPTER THREE: SITE LAY OUT ............................................................................................................................................ 3.1 Security house ..3 3.2 Store .3 3.3 Hoarding 4 3.5 Main office..5 CHAPTER FOUR: SETTING OUT 4.1 Procedure that was under taken6 CHAPTER FIVE: EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION7 5.1 Excavation of strips..8 5.2 Excavation of pads.8 CHAPTER SIX: GROUND BEAMS9 6.1 Concrete mixing..9

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6.2 Casting process9 CHAPTER SEVEN: GROUND SLABS..10 7.1 Casting process.10 7.2 Curing process..10 CHAPTER EIGHT: BLOCK WORK11 8.1 Raising of block work11 CHAPTER NINE: ERECTION OF COLUMNS..12 9.1 Rectangular columns12 9.2 Circular columns.12 CHAPTER TEN: FORM WORKS13 10.1 Beam forms13 10.2 Floor shuttering..13 10.3 Setting out of stair case.14 10.4 Stair forms.15 10.5 Placing of maxpans.15 10.6 Making spacer blocks 16 CHAPTER ELEVEN: FIRST FLOOR BEAMS 17 11.1 Mixing concrete 17 11.2 Placing of beams17, 18 CHAPTER TWELVE: SUSPENDED SLABS.................................................................................................................................19 12.1 Casting of slabs19 12.2 Fixing of toilet drainage system20 12.3 Placing of the max pan hollow solid slabs20, 21

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