COMPOSTING METHOD Chinese rural composting The pit method Generally, composting is carried out in a corner of a field and

in a circular or rectangular pit. Rice straw, animal dung (usually pig), aquatic weeds or green manure crops are used and often silt pumped from river beds is mixed with the crop residues. The pits are filled layer by layer, each layer being 15 cm thick. Usually, the first layer is of a green manure crop or water hyacinth, the second layer is a straw mixture and the third layer is of animal dung. These layers are alternated until the pit is full, when a top layer of mud is added; a water layer of about 4 cm depth is maintained on the surface to create anaerobic conditions which help to reduce losses of nitrogen. Approximate quantities of the different residues in tons per pit are: river silt 7.5, rice straw 0.15, animal dung 1.0, aquatic plants or green manure 0.75 and superphosphate 0.02. Three turnings are given in all, the first one month after filling the pit and, at this time, the superphosphate is added and thoroughly mixed in. Water is added as necessary. The second turning is done after another month and the third two weeks later. The material is allowed to decompose for three months and produces about eight tons of compost per pit. High temperature compost This form of compost is prepared mainly from night soil, urine, sewage, animal dung, and chopped plant residues at a ratio of 1:4. The materials are heaped in alternate layers starting with chopped plant stalks and followed by human and animal wastes; water is added to optimum amount. At the time of making the heap, a number of bamboo poles are inserted for aeration purposes. After the heap formation is complete, it is sealed with 3 cm of mud plaster. The bamboo poles are withdrawn on the second day of composting leaving the holes for aeration of the heap. Within four to five days, the temperature rises to 60-70oC and the holes are then

sealed. The first turning is usually done after two weeks and the moisture is made up with water or animal or human excreta; the turned heap is again sealed with mud. The compost is ready for use within two months. In some locations, a modified method of high temperature composting is used. The raw materials, crop stalks (30%), night soil (30%) and silt (30%) are mixed with superphosphate at the rate of 20 kg superphosphate per ton of organic material. The compost heaps have aerating holes made by inserting bundles of maize stalks instead of bamboo poles.