Analog Integrated Circuit Design

A video course under the NPTEL Nagendra Krishnapura

Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai, 600036, India

National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nagendra Krishnapura: Introduction

www: http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/nagendra e-mail: nagendra@iitm.ac.in

Website has reference material, problem sets from other analog courses, and other resources

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Modern signal processing systems

Sensor(s)

Digital Processing

Actuator(s) ...

...0100011011...

DSP

...
Continuous-time Continuous-amplitude

...

Discrete -time Discrete -amplitude

Continuous-time Continuous-amplitude

Interface Electronics (Signal Conditioning) (A-D and D-A Conversion)

Picture source: Prof. Shanthi Pavan

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Analog circuits in modern systems on VLSI chips

Analog to digital conversion Digital to analog conversion Amplication Signal processing circuits at high frequencies Power management-voltage references, voltage regulators Oscillators, Phase locked loops The last two are found even on many digital ICs

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Analog circuits in modern systems on VLSI chips

Analog to digital conversion Digital to analog conversion Amplication Signal processing circuits at high frequencies Power management-voltage references, voltage regulators Oscillators, Phase locked loops The last two are found even on many digital ICs

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Image sensor

Chip Micrograph
Voltage Regulator Column CDS circuits

703 x 499 pixels (VGA format)

Timing Generator I/O circuit Chip size: 4.74mm x 6.34mm

10b pipelined ADC

H. Takahashi et al., A 3.9 m pixel pitch VGA format 10b digital image sensor with 1.5-transistor/pixel, IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, vol. XVII, pp. 108 - 109, February 2004.

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Wireless LAN transceiver

M. Zargari et al., A single-chip dual-band tri-mode CMOS transceiver for IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN, IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, vol. XVII, pp. 96 - 97, February 2004.

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

DRAM
64 I/Os ADDRESSES AND CONTROL 64 I/Os

BANK 3 ROW DECODERS BANK 2 COLUMN DECODERS

DATA LINES

BANK 1

1088 SENSE AMPS 512K ARRAY

BANK 0

VPP PUMP
K. Hardee et al. A 0.6V 205MHz 19.5ns tRC 16Mb embedded DRAM, IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, vol. XVII, pp. 200 - 201, February 2004.

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Analog IC design in India

Many companies starting analog centers Multinationals and Indian start ups Big demand for skilled designers Interesting and protable activity

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course goals

Learn to design negative feedback circuits on CMOS ICs Negative feedback for controlling the output Ampliers, voltage references, voltage regulators, biasing Phase locked loops Filters

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course prerequisites

Circuit analysis-small and large signal Laplace transforms, frequency response, Bode plots, Differential equations Ideal opamp circuits; Opamp nonidealities Single transistor ampliers, differential pairs

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course contents

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course contents-Negative feedback ampliers

Ampliers using negative feedback Stability, Frequency compensation Negative feedback circuits using opamps Opamp models

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course contents-Opamps on CMOS ICs

Components available on a CMOS integrated circuit Device models-dc small signal, dc large signal, ac small signal, mismatch, noise Single stage opamp Cascode opamps Two stage opamp with miller compensation

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course contents-Fully differential circuits

Differential and common mode half circuits, common mode feedback Fully differential miller compensated opamp Fully differential feedforward compensated opamp

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course contents-Phase locked loop

Frequency multiplication using negative feedback Type I, type II loops Oscillators Phase noise basics PLL noise transfer functions

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course contents-Design of opamps

Single stage opamp Folded, telescopic cascode opamps Two stage opamp Fully differential opamps and common mode feedback Applications: Bandgap reference, constant gm bias generation

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Course contents-Applications

Bandgap reference Constant current and constant gm bias generators Continuous-time lters Switched capacitor lters

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

What is design and how do I learn it?

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Design versus Analysis

Design: Create something that doesnt yet exist Analysis: Analyze something that exists

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

To be able to design

Knowing analysis is necessary, not sufcient Multiple ways of looking at building blocks Trial and error approaches Approximations Intuitive thinking/understanding Curiosity Open mind Thoroughness

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Intuition

Intuitive thinking is not sloppy thinking! Relate problems to other problems already solved Use boundary conditions, dimension checks etc. Build your intuition
Solve many problems Think about why the answer is what it is Come up with the form of the solution before applying full blown analysis

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Using these lectures

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Using these lectures

Take notes as you watch Work out all the steps in solving a problemDont just watch it being solved Expect to spend about three hours to understand an hour long lecture

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Brief overview of prerequisites

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Circuit analysis

Nodal analysis-Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) at each node Solve N simultaneous equations for an N node circuit Mesh analysis-Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) around each loop Solve M simultaneous equations for a circuit with M independent loops

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysis

i11 (v ) + i12 (v ) + . . . + i1N (v ) = i1 i21 (v ) + i22 (v ) + . . . + i2N (v ) = i2 . . . iN 1 (v ) + iN 2 (v ) + . . . + iNN (v ) = iN

ikl : Current in the branch between nodes k and l ikk : Current in the branch between node k and ground vk : Voltage at node k ; v = [v1 v2 . . . vN ]T ik : Current source into node k ikl can be a nonlinear function of v
Nagendra Krishnapura Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysisLinear circuits

g11 v1 + g12 v2 + . . . + g1N vN g21 v1 + g22 v2 + . . . + g2N vN gN 1 v1 + gN 2 v2 + . . . + gNN vN

= i1 = i2 . . . = iN

gkl : Conductance between nodes k and l gkk : Conductance between node k and ground vk : Voltage at node k ik : Current source into node k
Nagendra Krishnapura Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysisIndependent voltage source

. . . gk 1 v1 + gk 2 v2 + . . . + gkN vN vk = ik . . . = Vo node k

node k

Ideal voltage source Vo connected to node k

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysisVoltage controlled voltage source

. . . gk 1 v1 + gk 2 v2 + . . . + gkN vN vk kvl = ik . . . = 0 node k

node k

Voltage controlled voltage source vk = kvl driving node k

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysisControlled voltage source

gk 1 v1 + gk 2 v2 + . . . + gkl vl + . . . + gkN vN vk gk 1 v1 + gk 2 v2 + . . . + + . . . + gkN vN Rm gl 1 v1 + gl 2 v2 + . . . + glk vk + . . . + glN vN v gl 1 v1 + gl 2 v2 + . . . k + . . . + glN vN Rm

= ik = ik = il = il

node k node k node l node l

Current controlled voltage source vk = Rm ikl driving node k

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysisControlled current source

gk 1 v1 + gk 2 v2 + . . . + gkl vl + . . . + gkN vN gk 1 v1 + gk 2 v2 + . . . + gkl vl gm vl + . . . + gkN vN

= ik + gm vl = ik

Voltage controlled current source i0 = gm vl driving node k

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysisIdeal opamp

. . . gm1 v1 + gm2 v2 + . . . + gmN vN vk vl = im . . . = 0 node m

node m

Ideal opamp with input terminals at nodes k , l and output at node m

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysissolution
g11 g12 . . . g1N g21 g22 . . . g2N . . . i1 v1 i2 v2 = . . . . . . iN vN gN 1 gN 2 . . . gNN Gv v = i = G 1 i

gkl : Conductance between nodes k and l gkk : Conductance between node k and ground vk : Voltage at node k ik : Current source into node k Modied terms for voltage sources or controlled sources Matrix inversion yields the solution
Nagendra Krishnapura Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Nodal analysissolution

g11 g12 . . . i1 . . . g1N g21 g22 . . . i2 . . . g2N . . . vk = gN 1 gN 2 . . . iN . . . gNN g11 g12 . . . g1k . . . g1N g21 g22 . . . g2k . . . g2N . . . gN 1 gN 2 . . . gNk . . . gNN Cramers rule can be used for matrix inversion

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Circuits with capacitors and inductors

I1 (s) V1 (s) Y11 (s)Y12 (s) . . . Y1N (s) I2 (s) Y21 (s)Y22 (s) . . . Y2N (s) V2 (s) = . . . . . . . . . IN (s) VN (s) YN 1 (s)YN 2 (s) . . . YNN (s) Y(s)V (s) = I (s) V (s) = Y1 I (s)

Conductances gkl replaced by admittances Ykl (s) Roots of the determinant of Y(s) are system poles

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Laplace transform analysis for linear systems

Input X (s) e e
st

Output H (s)X (s) H (s)est H (j )X (j ) H (j )ej t |H (j )| cos ( t + H (j )) (Steady state solution)

X (j )
j t

cos( t )

Linear time invariant system described by its transfer function H (s) H (s) is the laplace transform of the impulse response s = j implies a sinusoid of frequency
Nagendra Krishnapura Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Laplace transform analysis for linear systems

Transfer function H (s) (no poles at the origin) H (s) = Adc = Adc Single pole at the origin H (s) = u s
M k =1 1 + s /zk N k =2 1 + s /pk

1 + b1 s + b2 s 2 + . . . + b M s M 1 + b1 s + b2 s 2 + . . . + b N s N
M k =1 1 + s /zk N k =1 1 + s /pk

All poles pk must be in the left half plane for stability

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Frequency and time domain analyses

Frequency domain Algebraic equations-easier solutions Only for linear systems Time domain Differential equations-more difcult to solve Can be used for nonlinear systems as well Piecewise linear systems occur quite frequently (e.g. saturation)

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Bode plots

Sinusoidal steady state response characterized by |H (j )|, H (j ) Bode plot: Plot of 20 log |H (j )|, H (j ) versus log approximated by straight line segments Good approximation for real poles and zeros

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Simulators

Very powerful tools, indispensable for complex calculations, but GIGO! Matlab/Octave: System level analysis (Frequency response, pole-zero, transfer functions) Spice: Circuit analysis Maxima: Symbolic analysis

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design

References

Recorded lectures: http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/nagendra/videolectures Behzad Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill, August 2000. Hayt and Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw Hill, 6/e. B. P. Lathi, Linear Systems and Signals, Oxford University Press, 2 edition, 2004. Sergio Franco, Design with operational ampliers and analog ICs, Tata McGraw Hill.

Nagendra Krishnapura

Analog Integrated Circuit Design