Remember from last lecture, single element (2 nodes) matrix can be written as follows

u1e F1e ke 2e Element e u2e

k
F2e

1e

-k e

e u1 e u1

e e k u 2 = F1 e = k ue F 2 2

-k e

e u1 e u1
1

e 2 F1 e = ke ue F 2 2
2 1

e e k u=

The stiffness matrix from:

1 2

ke - ke

- ke ke

Lets write the individual matrix for each element

Element (e) 1 2 3 4 Nodes 1, 2 2, 3 3, 4 4, 5
Node 1 R1
R1 unknown reaction force

K1(u2 u1) K1(u2 u1)

Node 2

K2(u3 u2) K2(u3 u2)

Element 1

k1 e k1
e

k1 k1 e
3

4 This is a plain matrix 5

Node 3

K3(u4 u3)

K3(u4 u3)

Node 4

K4(u5 u4)

1
u1

k1
u2

ele. 1
2

k2
u3

ele. 2
3

k3
u4

ele. 3

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

k4
K4(u5 u4)

ele. 4

1 2 3 4 5

Node 5

5
P applied load

Element 1

k1 e e k1

k1 e e k1

R1 Node 1

R1 unknown reaction force

K1(u2 u1) K1(u2 u1)

Node 2

1
u1

k1
u2

ele. 1
2

Element 1 is elated to nodes 1 & 2 So we can place this matrix in the plain global matrix at the 1 intersection of nodes 1 & 2 0
0 0 0 0

K2(u3 u2) K2(u3 u2)

k2
u3

ele. 2
3

Node 3
2 3 4 5

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

K3(u4 u3)

1 2 3 4 5
K3(u4 u3)

k3
Node 4

ele. 3

K4(u5 u4)

k1 e k1 e 0 0 0

k1 e k1 e
0 0 0

K4(u5 u4)

u4

k4

ele. 4

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

1 2 3 4 5

Node 5

5
P applied load

Element 2

k2 e e k 2

k2 e e k2

R1 Node 1

R1 unknown reaction force

K1(u2 u1) K1(u2 u1)

Node 2

1
u1

k1
u2

ele. 1
2

Element 2 is elated to nodes 2 & 3 So we can place this matrix in the plain global matrix at the 1 intersection of nodes 2 & 3 0
0 0 0 0

K2(u3 u2) K2(u3 u2)

k2
u3

ele. 2
3

Node 3
2 3 4 5

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

K3(u4 u3)

1 2 3 4 5
K3(u4 u3)

k3
Node 4

ele. 3

K4(u5 u4)

3
e

K4(u5 u4)

u4

k4

ele. 4

0 0 0

k2 k2 e
0 0

k2 k2 e
0 0

0
e

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

1 2 3 4 5

Node 5

5
P applied load

Element 3

k3 e e k3

k3 e e k3

R1 Node 1

R1 unknown reaction force

K1(u2 u1) K1(u2 u1)

Node 2

1
u1

k1
u2

ele. 1
2

Element 3 is elated to nodes 3 & 4 So we can place this matrix in the plain global matrix at the 1 intersection of nodes 3 & 4 0
0 0 0 0

K2(u3 u2) K2(u3 u2)

k2
u3

ele. 2
3

Node 3
2 3 4 5

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

K3(u4 u3)

1 2 3 4 5
K3(u4 u3)

k3
Node 4

ele. 3

K4(u5 u4)

K4(u5 u4)

u4

k4

ele. 4

0 0 0

0 0

k3 e k3 e
0

k3 e k3 e
0

0 0 0 0 0

1 2 3 4 5

Node 5

5
P applied load

Element 4

k4 e e k 4

k4 e e k4

R1 Node 1

R1 unknown reaction force

K1(u2 u1) K1(u2 u1)

Node 2

1
u1

k1
u2

ele. 1
2

Element 4 is elated to nodes 4 & 5 So we can place this matrix in the plain global matrix at the 1 intersection of nodes 4 & 5 0
0 0 0 0

K2(u3 u2) K2(u3 u2)

k2
u3

ele. 2
3

Node 3
2 3 4 5

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

K3(u4 u3)

1 2 3 4 5
K3(u4 u3)

k3
Node 4

ele. 3

K4(u5 u4)

K4(u5 u4)

u4

k4

ele. 4

0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0

k4 e k4 e

0 0 0 k4 e k4 e

1 2 3 4 5

Node 5

5
P applied load

The final global matrix of the system is obtained simply by assembling or adding the individual element matrices 1 2
e

3
e

k1 k e 1 0 0 0
k1 k1 0 0 0

k1 e e k1k 2 k2 e
0 0
k1 k1 + k 2 k 2 0 0

0 k2 e
e e k2k 3

0 0

k3 e 0
0 k k
2 +

k3 e ee kk 34 k4 e
0 0 k 3 k3
+

0 0 0

k4 e k4 e
0 0 0

1 2 3 4 5

The overlapping K will be added in the system global matrix

The assembly of the above matrix gives the global matrix of the system

k3

k3 0

k
4

k 4 k4

This method gives the same matrix which we have developed from individual equilibrium equation for each node

To calculate the stiffness of any element

b c b wall a A 2 a B 3 a D 4 F C 1

k = stiffness E = Modules of elasticity A = cross sectional area ( width x thickness ) l = length of the element

Example 1
For the suspended plate which is fixed to the roof as shown in Fig. below a. Model the plate in suitable FE form. b. Calculate the stiffness of each element, ke c. Write the element nodes table. d. Set the global stiffness matrix of the model. e. Solve for the elongation in each element
E = Modulus of Elasticity = 100 GPa All dimensions in mm t = thickness of the plate = 1mm a = 20 mm
200 a a a a a

100

10 kN

Example 1
Model the plate in suitable FE form.
Element(e) 1 2 3 4 Nodes 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 2, 3
10 kN a a a a a 100

1
Element 2 Element 3

Element 1

200

2
Element 4

3 10kN

To calculate the stiffness

k = stiffness E = Modules of elasticity A = cross sectional area ( width x thickness ) l = length of the element

Since elements 1, 2, & 3 have the same area. Module of elasticity & length, hence their stiffness are equal K1 = K2 = K3

E = 100 GPa t = thickness of the plate = 1mm a = 20 mm

Individual matrix of each element

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
e
Element(e) Nodes 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 2 2 3

k1 e k1
e

k1 k1 e
2

k2 e k 2
e

k2 k2 e

k3 e k3
e

k3 k3 e

1 2 3 4

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 1 0 2 0 3

Element 4

k4 e e k 4

k4 e e k4

ee e e e k k 21 k3 2 k1k3 e ee e e e e k k e k 2 1 k 3 2k1k 3

0 e k4 k4 e e k4 k4

k1 +k2 +k3 k1 k2 k3 0

k1 k2 k3 k1 +k2 +k3 +k4 k4

0 k4 k4

 k1 +k2 +k3 k1 k2 k3 0

k1 k2 k3 k1 +k2 +k3 +k4 k4

0 k4 k4

Substitute the above k values into the developed global matrix gives

KG

6 = 10 7 6 0

6 11 5

0 5 5

Remember from last lecture So we can write the matrix as

[ K G]

{ u } = { FG }
Zero because its a fixed point

6 10 7 6 0 6 10 7 6 0
11 10 5
7

6 11 5 6 11 5

0 u1 0 5 u 2 = 0 5 u3 10000 0 u1 0 5 u 2 = 0 5 u3 10000

In any matrix if there zero then the column and row of the zero will be cancelled

U1=0 because its a fixed point

5 u 2 0 u = 5 3 10000

7 11 10 5

5 u 2 0 u = 5 3 10000

We get from this matrix two equations

Multiplying the matrices (refer to matrix lecture slides) gives

Two equations with two unknowns can be easily solved and get U2=0.167mm U3=0.367mm U1=0

Example 2: The beam shown in the figure below is cantilevered at one end and is pulled by a force of 100 N at the other end. Calculate the total elongation of the beam.
h1 = 0.0425m h2 = 0.0275 m

E1

h1

h2 E2

100 N

0.1m

0.1m E= 200000 Pa

38

Ex 2: Solution
Use 2 uniform cross section elements.
h1 = 0.0425m h2 = 0.0275 m

E1

h1
39

E2 h2

100 N

Two Elements Stiffness Matrix

E1

E2

100 N

R1 k1
Node 1 Node 2

100 N k2
Node 3

By using the method to assemble the global matrix from individual elements matrix. The resulted global stiffness matrix for the system is:

K=

Ex 2: Solution
Since this is a uniaxial 1-D problem, the elements can be simplified as 2 springs in series.
R1 k1
Node 1 Node 2

100 N k2
Node 3

h = 0.0425 m h = 0.0275 m

E1

E2

100 N

with element stiffness, ki = E * Ai / L Where Ai=2h (cross section area is square) k1 = [(200000*0.04252)/0.1] = 3612.5 N/m 42 k2 = [(200000*0.02752)/0.1] = 1512.5 N/m

Ex 1: Solution
Global Stiffness Matrix**:

K=

43

Ex 2: Solution
Arranging the problem in matrix form (K*x = F) yield;

A known solution, u1 = 0. Thus the problem can be reduced to (by eliminating first column & first row):

44

Ex 1: Solution
-1 Option 1 solution: Using the inverse matrix method, x = K * F ;
-1

= = =

Refer to previous matrix lecture slides

45

Option 2 solution: Use two equations solution

Two equations with two unknowns can be easily solved and get U2=0.027 U3=0.093 U1=0