Melendrez, Bernadette Pauline F. 26, 2013 Group No. 4 Exercise No.

1 Structural and Molecular Organization of Cells

July

SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS 1. Why is liver the most appropriate organ for cellular fractionation? - Liver is the most appropriate organ for cellular fractionation because liver has the most number of mitochondria. 2. Given that the organelles obtained with this method are not absolutely pure, can you suggest an additional or alternative method to better purify these organelles? - Another method to purify fractions is equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation, which separates cellular components according to their density. The impure organelle fraction is layered on top of a solution that contains a gradient of a dense nonionic substance, such as sucrose or glycerol. 3. What does the endosymbiotic theory suggest? - The theory of Endosymbiosis explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membranes. In this theory, there are two prokaryotic cells where one cell engulfs the other cell which a double membrance can be found inside.

References: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21492/ http://biology.kenyon.edu/HHMI/Biol113/the%20endosymbiotic%20theory.htm

Melendrez, Bernadette Pauline F. 26, 2013 Group No. 4 Exercise No. 2 Mitosis and Meiosis

July

SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS 1. Why is it more accurate to call mitosis "nuclear replication" rather than "cellular division"? - It is more accurate to call mitosis a nuclear replication rather than cellular division becaus in mitosis, only the nucleus divides. However, in cytokinesis, it is the division of the cytoplasm which involves the replication or sharing of organelles. 2. Explain why the whitefish blastula is selected for a study of mitosis. - The blastula is an early stage of embryo development. The dividing cell have a large and easily seen chromosomes. Because of this, cells can be easily found in each stage of mitosis. On the other hand, human chromosomes are not clearly visible in high power magnification. 3. In what way are the proteins Cdk (cyclin dependent kinase) and p53 different? In what way they are similar? -

References: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_it_more_accurate_to_call_mitosis_nuclear_r eplication_rather_than_cellular_division http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/kmarr/biology%20211/Labs%20and %20ALEs/B211%20Labs/B211%20Labs/Onion%20and%20Whitefish %20Mitosis/Whitefish%20Mitosis/Whitefish%20Mitosis.htm

Melendrez, Bernadette Pauline F. 26, 2013

July

Group No. 4 Exercise No. 3 Genetic Variation

SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS 1. Most human traits are a result of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Name some traits that might fall into this category and explain why you think they do. 2. Discuss some of the benefits of human genetic variation. What are some of the potential problems that it can cause? Benefits of human genetic variation: - It can provide resistance to diseases or other beneficial characteristics. - There is a bigger range of characteristics, so the best traits allow those members to survive longer and therefore mate more. Potential problems: 1. Blood transfusions. You have to be type-matched with a donor to get a transfusion. 2. Organ transplants. You have to be type-matched with a donor to get a transplant.

References: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_human_genetic_vari ation https://www.google.com.ph/search? q=benefits+of+human+variation&oq=benefits+of+human+variation&aqs=c hrome.0.69i57j0l3.5020j0&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8