ASCE 77-10 Seismic Provisions

Time-History Scaling for 3Time3-D Dynamic Analysis Liquefaction Provisions

SiteSite -Response Analysis for Liquefaction

Model Calibration Array Data & Results

C. B. Crouse URS Corporation

2008 USGS SS and SI Maps in ASCE 7 7-10 will be

Max Sa
H1 t a H2 t 1d d.o.f. f
Acc. in H1 direction (g) Acc. in H H2 direction n (g)

H1 H2

2002 USGS SS and SI Ground Motion Maps in ASCE 7-05 7 05 are

S 1*S Sa Sa2 (geometric ( t i mean) )

Geometric Mean =

Sa1 * Sa2 Response Spectra

Sa

Accelerogram Horizontal Components

a H1 t a H2 t

H1 T H2 T

Sa1 Sa Sa2 Ti Ti

Geomean Sa vs Max Sa Bedrock Response Spectra

x 1.1 Based on: Sa x 1.3 Max Sa Geomean Sa

1.0 T (sec)

TimeTime -History y Scaling g for H1 and H2 components p 3D Analysis

ASCE 7-05
ave. SRSS Sa of scaled a(t) records Sa 1.3 x Target Sa

ASCE 7-10
ave. SRSS Sa of scaled a(t) records - R > 5 km or ave. Sa of scaled FN comp. of a(t) records - R < 5 km

Target (geomean Sa) 0.2 T 1.5 T Period (sec) 0.2 T

Target (max Sa) 1.5 T Period ( (sec) )

GroundGround -Motion Records

Design g Ground Motion Library y

Transform FN & FP a(t) into X & Y a(t)

Fault

Liquefaction Assessment

ASCE Standard 7-05

GroundGround -Motion Parameter SS / 2.5

7-10

PGA (geomean) f for or Site Class

MCE Geometric Mean PGA, %g, Site Class B

Site Coefficients FPGA

Site Class Mapped Ma Maximum im m Considered Geometric Mean Peak Ground Acceleration, PGA PGA < PGA = PGA = PGA = PGA > 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 A B C D E F 0.8 0 8 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.5 0.8 0 8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 0.8 0 8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.8 0 8 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 0 8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9

See Section 11.4.7

Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of PGA.

Site Response Analysis Liquefiable Soils

1964 M7.5 Niigata, g , Japan, p , Earthquake q Damage g from Liquefaction

1964 M 7.5 Niigata Earthquake

Liquefaction Onset ~ 8-10 sec after start of strong shaking

Onset

2003 M 8 8.3 3 Tokachi Tokachi-oki, oki Japan, Japan Earthquake

HKD 086

Fault Rupture

2003 M 8.3 Tokachi Tokachi-oki Earthquake HKD 086 NS Comp Comp.

0.6 0.4 0.2

liquefaction onset upper 10m fine sand

a-g
0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

25

30

35

40 t - sec

45

50

55

60

= 5%

2.9 g @ T = 0.36 sec

Sa-g
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

0.5

1.5

2 T - sec

2.5

3.5

Acceleration Response to HKD 086 NS Comp. Comp

4 3 2 1 a-g 0 -1 1 -2 -3 -4 25 0.6 0.4 0.2 a-g 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 25 30 35 40 45 t - sec 50 55 60 30 -2.9g 35 40 45 t - sec 50 55 60 2 9g 2.9g

T = 0.36s = 5%

Soil Properties Liquefied Layer

or G (or Vs), d constants

Ground-Motion Data GroundSiteSite -Response Calibration

Port Island, Japan. 1995 Kobe M 6.9 Wildlife Array, CA. 1987 Superstition Hills M 6.6

Port Island, , Japan p Vertical Accelerometer Array

-10 -20 -30 Depth (m) -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 0 20 40 600 200 400 SPT N values VS (m/s)

Ref: Elgamal et al. (1996)

Port Island Array y EW Records 1995 M 6.9 Kobe Earthquake

Ref.: Davis & Berrill (1998)

Port Island 1995 Kobe Earthquake q VS versus Time

Depth p 0m Dis splacement (m m)

16 m

32 m

Ref.: Davis & Berrill (1998)

Port Island 1995 Kobe Earthquake q VS versus Time

400 VS (m m/sec) 300 200 100 0 0

Ref: Elgamal et al. (1996)

10

20 30 Time (sec)

40

Location Map of Wildlife Array

Ref.: Holzer & Youd (2007)

Wildlife Array Instrumentation

VS (m/sec) 99 116 116-141

168

Ref: Bennett et al. (1984) Holzer & Youd (2007)

Wildlife NS Accelerograms g 1987 M 6.6 Superstition Hills EQ

200 cm m/sec/sec Acc celeration

Surface

-200 200

Downhole

-200

10

20

30

40 50 60 Ti Time ( (sec) )

70

80

90

Ref.: Zeghal & Elgamal (1994)

Wildlife 1987 Superstition p Hills EQ VS versus Time

VS (m/sec)
Ref.: Zeghal & Elgamal (1994)

Estimation of Material Damping p g Ratio () Liquefied Soil

a(t) records from Port Is. & Wildlife ~ 20%

Wildlife Site Surface Accelerograph Station

USGS El Centro Station 6

Y 1.22 m 0 2 1.14 m Depth - m 4 6 8 10 free ee field ed a (t) Z () recorded a(t) 0.10 0.15 X 12 14 0 100 200 300 400

0.51 m

VS m/sec

Experimental Transfer Function (low strain)

2 Station 6

Recorded Free Field 1

10

20

30 f - Hz

40

50

60

Ref. Crouse & Hushmand (1989)

Approximate pp Transfer Function (liquefaction) ( q ) VSliq = 1 VSlow strain, Pad Thickness = 6 10

2 Station 6

Recorded Free Field 1

3 f - Hz

Approximate pp Transfer Function (liquefaction) ( q ) VSliq = 1 VSlow strain, Pad Thickness = 12 10

2 Station 6

Recorded Free Field 1

3 f - Hz

Site Response p Analysis y (liquefaction & nonnon-liquefaction cases)

o Sa

Ratio,

o Sa

i Sa

non-liquef.

i Sa

1
liquef.

Summary
New Seismic Provisions in ASCE 77-10 1. 3-D Dynamic Analysis Accelerogram Scaling Scale SRSS to Target Sa (not 1.3 X Target Sa) 2. Ground-Motion Parameter for Liquefaction Geomean PGA (not SDS / 2.5 2 5 or SS / 2.5) 2 5)

Summary (cont.) (cont )

Liquefied Soil Parameters for Equivalent Linear SiteSite -Response Analysis Use Vertical Accelerometer Array Data VS = 15 30 m/s ~ 20% w/o soil-pad interaction Port Island & Wildlife