Name: AP Chemistry Summer Homework Chapter Three Stoichiometry Stoichiometry deals with what three broad topics?

DUE JULY 31st

3.1 Molecular Masses and Formulas and Formula Masses What is molecular mass? Exercise 3.1A Calculate, to three significant figures, the molecular mass of P4 N2O4 H2SO4

CH3CH2COOH

Exercise 3.1B Calculate, to five significant figures, the molecular mass of Phosphorus pentachloride dinitrogen pentoxide

butanoic acid

methyl butyl ketone

What is a formula mass? How is a formula mass different than molecular mass? Exercise 3.2A Calculate, to three significant figures, the formula mass of Li2O Mg(NO3)2 Ca(H2PO4)2

K2SbF5

Exercise 3.2B Calculate, to five significant figures, the formula mass of Sodium hydrogen sulfite ammonium perchlorate

Chromium (III) sulfate

copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

3.2 The Mole and Avogadros Number What is a mole? What is the abbreviation for a mole? Why isnt it M or m?

NA = ________________s number = 6.02 x ______ Amadeo Avogadro .a) was a sexy beast b) makes me cry to look at him c) both

When MsD writes something absurd in the middle of my AP assignment, I should a) get all annoyed and curse her name for being so unprofessional b) get confused and overstress trying to figure our exactly which answer is correct c) chillax and move on What is the unit for Avogadros number? Look at Figure 3.2 on page 79, which shows one mole each of four elements. Do all of these samples have the same mass? Explain. Exercise 3.3 A

Exercise 3.3 B

3.3 The Mole and Molar Mass Exercise 3.4 A

Exercise 3.4 B

Exercise 3.5 A

Exercise 3.5 B

3.4 Mass Percent Composition from Chemical Formulas What is the mass percent composition of a compound? If methane and butane are both hydrocarbon fuels, why does one produce less carbon dioxide when burned? Looking at the top of page 84, list the steps to be followed to calculate the mass percent composition of a compound.

Exercise 3.6 A

Exercise 3.6 B

Exercise 3.7 A

Exercise 3.7 B

Exercise 3.8 A

Exercise 3.8 B

3.5 Chemical Formulas From Mass Percent Composition List the steps to follow to determine the empirical formula of a compound.

Exercise 3.9A Cyclohexanol, used in the manufacture of plastics, has the composition 71.95% C, 12.08% H and 15.97% O by mass. Determine its empirical formula.

Exercise 3.9 B

Exercise 3.10 A

Exercise 3.10B

If the empirical formula is known, what additional step must be taken to determine the molecular formula? Exercise 3.11 A

Exercise 3.11B

3.6 Elemental Analysis: Experimental Determination of Mass Percent Composition In this section, the authors of this book decide to consider only compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Why is it acceptable for them to only use these three elements in these examples? Describe the apparatus used to analyze a substance by combustion and explain how it works.

When a hydrocarbon burns, all of the carbon atoms end up as ________________________ and all of the hydrogen atoms end up as _________________________. Once we determine the mass of carbon and hydrogen atoms, how can we determine the percent of oxygen atoms present in the compound?

Exercise 3.12 A

Exercise 3.12 A

3.7 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations A chemical equation is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction, using _____________ and __________ to represent the elements and compounds formed. This shorthand description, based on experiments, shows _____________________________, identifies_______________________________ and establishes _____________________. A + means. A means ________________ appear to the left of the arrow and ___________________ appear to the right. How are the states of matter shown in a chemical equation?

A means

What do we mean when we say that a reaction is balanced?

To balance an equation, one should place ___________________ in form of the formulas in a chemical equation. We should NEVER change the ________________ because

What simple strategies can you use to help you balance chemical equations?

On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following exercises: Exercise 3.13 A Exercise 3.13 B Exercise 3.14 A Exercise 3.14 B Exercise 3.15 A Exercise 3.15 B Exercise 3.16 A Exercise 3.16 B

3.8 Reaction Stoichiometry The number of ___________ relates the quantities of atoms or molecules to one another. Conversion factors formed from the stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation are called mole _________, and are the key facto in solving stoichiometry problems. Exercise 3.17 A a) b) c) Exercise 3.17 B a) b) c)

Can molar amounts be measured directly? How can we convert between grams of substance A and moles of substance A? How can we convert between moles of substance A and moles of substance B? How can we convert between moles of substance B and grams of substance B? How can we convert between grams of substance A and grams of substance B? Looking at example 3.18, list the steps to be followed for problems that require you to convert from grams of one substance to grams of another substance.

On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following exercises: Exercise 3.18 A Exercise 3.18 B Exercise 3.19 A Exercise 3.19 B

3.9 Limiting Reactants What is a limiting reactant? True or false: The limiting reactant is the one present in the smallest quantity. Explain.

On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following exercises: Exercise 3.20 A & Exercise 3.20 B 3.10 Yields of Chemical Reactions Explain the difference between the theoretical yield and the actual yield.

What are some of the reasons that the actual yields might be less than expected?

Yields are usually expressed as percentages, which is.. On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following exercises: Exercise 3.21 A & Exercise 3.21 B Exercise 3.21 A & Exercise 3.21 B 3.11 Solutions and Solution Stoichiometry The components of a solution are the _______________________ - the substance being dissolved and the _______________________ - the substance doing the dissolving. The ___________________ of a solution refers to the quantity of solute in a given quantity of solvent. A ______________ solution contains relatively little solute in a large quantity of solvent. A ______________ solution contains a relatively large amount of solute in a given quantity of solvent. The most widely used concentration unit is molarity, abbreviated ____, which is.. Complete Exercise 3.23 A & B, 3.24 A & B, 3.25 A & B, 3.27A & B, 3.28 A & B End of chapter problems 19, 29, 31, 37, 43, 45, 53, 63, 73, 81, 85, 95 On the webpage, under Chapter three, complete the self quiz. After you click on submit answers for grading, at the bottom of the page, you be shown how to email your results. Send these to me at k.dwyer@mrhsd.k12.mo.us and also send a copy to yourself to save.