Basic Principles Matter: anything that occupies space and has weight Element: a substance that cannot be decomposed

any further by chemical action Compound: a combination of two or more elements Molecule: smallest particle that a compound can reduced to before it breaks down into its elements Atom: smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the properties of the element Name Proton Electron Neutron Charge Positive Negative No charge Mass kg. 1.672x10^-27 9.107x10^-31 1.672x10^-27

Valence Electron: electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an atom Atomic Number: represents the number of electrons or protons of an atom Atomic Mass: represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom Element Copper Aluminum Germanium No. of electrons 29 13 32 No. of protons 29 13 32 No. of neutrons 34 14 41 Valence electron 1 3 4

Coulomb: unit of electric charge, which is equivalent to 6.25x10^18 electrons or protons. Named after the French physicist Charles A. Coulomb Potential: the capability of doing work Volt: unit of potential difference, which is equal to one joule of work done per one coulomb of charge. Named after the Italian physicist Alessandro C. Volta Ampere: unit of charge flow equal to one coulomb of charge past a given point in one second. Named after the French physicist and mathematician Andre M. Ampere Ohm: practical unit of resistance. Named after the German physicist Georg S. Ohm Specific Resistance or resistivity : resistance offered by a unit cube of the material Circular mil CM: area of a circle having a diameter of one mil

CM = d2

1000mil = 1inch

1MCM = 1000CM

Conductance: is a measure of the materials ability to conduct electric current. It is equal to the reciprocal of resistance Siemens or mho: unit of conductance. Named after the German engineer Ernst Werner von Siemens DC Electric Circuits Ohms Law: states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the impressed emf applied to the circuit and inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit. Named after the German physicist Georg S. Ohm Electrical Power: rate of using or consuming the electrical energy Watt: unit of electrical energy equal to one joule of energy consumed in one second. Named after the British engineer and inventor James Watt Energy: the capacity to do work Kilowatt-hour: unit in which electrical energy is sold to a customer Network Laws and Theorems Current Law : the algebraic sum of the currents at any junction or node of an electric circuit is zero Voltage Law : the algebraic sum of the emf and the resistance voltage drops in any closed loop of an electric circuit is zero Kirchhoffs Law: Named after the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Electrostatics First Law of electrostatics: Like charges repel each other and unlike chargers attract each other Second law of electrostatics: The force of attraction or repulsion between charges is directly proportional to the product of two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them Electrostatic potential : the electric potential resulting from the location of charged bodies in the vicinity Electric field intensity : the force per unit charge that will act at a point in the field on a very small test charge placed at that location Capacitance: is a measure of how well a capacitor can store electrical charges

Capacitor [old name Condenser] : any device on which charges can be stored so as to posses electrical potential. It consist of two conducting plates separated by a layer of an insulating medium called dielectric Farad: unit of capacitance when one coulomb of charge given to its plates raises its potential difference by one volt. Named after British physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction Michael Faraday Elastance: is the reciprocal of capacitance Electromagnetic Induction Faradays first law of electromagnetic induction : Whenever the flux linking a coil or current changes, an emf is induced in it. Faradays second law of electromagnetic induction : The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages. Faradays principle : A voltage can be developed in a wire by moving the wire across a magnetic field so that the flux cutting results Inductor or choke coil : a two terminal device that consist of a coiled wire wound in common core or in free air Henry: unit of inductance, Named after the American physicist Joseph Henry Mutual Induction: is the condition of inducing emf in a coil or conductor by a magnetic flux lines generated in another coil or conductor Mutual Inductance : the amount or degree of mutual induction that exist between two coils or windings

1phase AC Circuits Frequency: number of cycles produced per second or Hertz. Named after German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Period: time needed in seconds to produced one cycle. Wavelength; length of one complete cycle Alternation: equal to one-half of a cycle Instantaneous value: magnitude of the wave at any instant of time or angle of rotation

RMS or effective value of sinusoidal wave: the rms value of a sinusoidal wave is that which when applied to a given circuit for a given time, produces the same expenditures of energy when DC is applied to the same circuit for the same interval of time Average value of sinusoidal wave: the mean length of all the instantaneous values of one-half cycle Form factor: ratio of rms value to the average value of an alternating quantity Peak factor: ratio of maximum value to the rms value of an alternating quantity Reactance: property of an inductor or a capacitor to oppose current flow in a given circuit Impedance: the joint effect of combining resistance and reactance in an AC circuit Resistance: takes a current that is in phase with the voltage across it Ideal Inductor : takes a current that lags the voltage across it by 90 electrical degrees Ideal Capacitor : takes a current that leads the voltage across it by 90 electrical degrees Unity pf: the voltage and current are in phase Lagging pf: the current lags the voltage by an acute angle Leading pf: the current leads the voltage by an acute angle Zero pf: if the voltage and current are out of phase by exactly 90 degree Admittance: defined as the reciprocal of impedance Siemens: unit of admittance Resonance: a circuit phenomenon wherein the circuit power factor becomes unity Series resonance : total impedance is minimum, total current is maximum Parallel resonance : take the inverse of series resonance Instruments and Measurements Ammeter shunt [shunt resistance]: used to increase the range of an ammeter Potential divider [series resistance]: used to increase the range of a voltmeter Wheatstone bridge: is used to determined the ohmic value of an unknown resistance Slide-wire Bridge: is a simplified wheatstone bridge

Varley loop test: this is used to locate accidental ground point in cables Murray loop test: this is used to locate faults with very low resistance loop DC Generator Lap winding: it forms a loop as it expands around the armature core Wave winding: it forms a wave as it expands around the armature core Separately excited: the field winding is of the generator is excited from a separate source usually a battery Self excited: the field windings of the generator is supplied or excited from its own generated emf Voltage regulation: percentage rise in the terminal voltage of the generator, when the generator load is removed Efficiency: ratio of output power to the input power. Maximum efficiency: occurs only when the constant or rotational losses are made equal to the variable losses DC Motor Pony brake test of a motor : this test is used to determine the output horsepower of the machine Speed reversion of a self-excited dc motor : by interchanging the armature terminals, by interchanging the field terminals Speed control of a self excited dc motor : by inserting a rheostat in the armature circuit, by inserting a rheostat in the field circuit, by using a potentiometer to vary the supply voltage applied to motor Alternators Short circuit test: the armature terminal are short circuited while a small field current is applied Open circuit test: the armature terminals are open circuited and the field current is made equal to the field current during the short circuit test Voltage regulation: percentage rise in the terminal voltage of the alternator when the alternator load is removed Transformers A transformer is ideal if its core is loss less, has no leakage flux and has no copper losses

Maximum efficiency: will occur only when the core loss and the copper loss are equal Autotransformer: is a transformer with only one winding common to both the primary and the secondary sides Current transformer: to be used in conjunction with an ammeter to measure very high current Potential transformer : to be used in conjunction with a voltmeter to measure very high voltage Scott or t-connected transformer bank: this connection is used to transform three phase system to two phase system or vice versa. It consist of two identical single phase transformers, one having a 50% tap and the other an 86.6% tap on their primary