Casing and Tubing Slides

ENM201 Wells
Casing and Tubing

Prepared and presented by Owen Jenkins.
Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
Casing
Casing
Pipe usually made of steel A type of OCTG Oil Country Tubular
Goods
Other types include Tubing Line pipe and Drill pipe
Held together with threaded couplings

Both standard and premium proprietary types are available
Casing
Commonly used specifications:
API Spec 5CT/ISO 11960 Specification for
Casing and Tubing, Petroleum and natural gas industries Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells (includes Errata dated April 2006) 8th Edition, July 2005
Up to 20 OD
ISO 13680:2008 Petroleum and Natural Gas

Industries - Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Seamless Tubes for Use as Casing, Tubing and Coupling Stock - Technical Delivery Conditions. 2nd. Edition.
Up to 339.73 mm OD (=13 3/8)
Functions of Casing
Prevent caving of the wellbore Prevent formation breakdown from high mud
weight Isolate zones of abnormal pressure Seal off lost circulation zones (thief zones) To provide a means of completing and producing the well efficiently Provide structural support for wellheads and blow-out prevention equipment
Different Casing Strings
Casing Programmes

Casing: considerable part of the overall well cost (<20%) Must withstand expected loadings Availability of different casing types Cost of material / casing-type options Operational problems in running the casing Handle expected formation pressures Be functional for the anticipated lifespan of the well Allow additional string to be run if operational difficulties encountered With a view to ultimate abandonment
Cementing Casing
Casing is cemented
in place to: Seal the casing in the wellbore Ensure a competent pressure control system Provide structural support for the casing
Inner Casing String
Outer Casing String
Cement Sheath
Cement being injected
Types of Casing
Conductor (or stove pipe) Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Production Casing Liner
Getting smaller
Conductor Casing or Pipe

Conductor: the first casing string to be run
Often driven into the formation using large hydraulic jackhammers or pile-drivers.
Consequently has the largest diameter Protects seabed formations from washouts through
erosion Protects surface formations which may have low frictional strength
Could be exceeded by hydrostatic pressure exerted by drilling fluid when drilling a deeper section of the wellbore
Provides a conduit for mud returns

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Surface Casing
The main functions are: To seal off any fresh water sands Provide structural support for the blow-out
preventer (BOP) and wellhead equipment Where abnormal pressures are expected the setting depth is important If the casing is set too high the formation strength at the shoe may be too low to handle a kick when drilling the next section
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Intermediate Casing
Intermediate, or protection casing Used to isolate any troublesome formations which
would/could cause drilling problems in the wellbore e.g. sloughing shale lost circulation high pressure zones
Several strings of intermediate casing may be required

Depending upon the number of problems encountered If rock formations are stable, drilling can be undertaken for relatively long periods of time prior to the setting of casing
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Intermediate Casing
The setting depth depends on a
knowledge of pore pressures and fracture gradients
During drilling operations the mud weight

controls pore pressures, but must not exceed the fracture strength of shallower, un-cased zones
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Pore Pressure
The pressure of fluids within the pores of a reservoir
(usually hydrostatic pressure) or the pressure exerted by a column of water from the formation's depth to sea level When impermeable rocks (such as shales) form as sediments are compacted, their pore fluids cannot always escape and must then support the total overlying rock column, leading to anomalously high formation pressures
14
Pore Pressure and Pressure Gradient
Diagram courtesy of Schlumberger
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Production Casing
Usually the last string of CASING to be

run in the wellbore May run through the pay zone (reservoir) May be set just above the pay zone
For an open hole completion Or Reservoir may have a LINER set across it.
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Production Casing: Purpose

To isolate the production interval from
other formations such as water bearing sands To protect the completion tubing
Through which the reservoir fluids will be transported to the surface
Production casing should be thoroughly

pressure tested.
17
Production Casing: Testing
Usually pressure tested to around

60% of its specified burst (internal yield) pressure If casing withstands that pressure it is expected to be capable of withstanding higher pressures
18
Liner
A liner is a string of casing which does not extend back
to the surface. It is run back inside the previous casing string to provide some overlap May be used either as an intermediate or production string Much cheaper than a full length casing string If required, a tie back string can be run to extend the liner back to the wellhead A liner is usually less than 5,000 feet long. Overlap typically 200500 feet Liner overlap (liner lap) must be gas tight
19
Casing vs. Bit Size (illustrative)

Casing Size ~20 ~133/8 ~95/8 ~7 ~ 5
Bit Size
(Typical)
24 to 26
16 to 17
121/4
83/8 to 97/8
~ 6
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Casing Setting Depth

The initial selection based on anticipated pore
pressures and fracture gradients
PP - Pressures at which fluid will come out of the formation FG - Pressures at which pumped fluid will fracture the formation.
Consider relevant offset data in the estimating

pore pressures and fracture gradients Also effect of hole angle on offset fracture gradient
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Casing Setting Depth

The total depth of the well, and hence the
setting depth of the production casing or liner, is driven by logging, testing, and completion requirements. The shoe must be set deep enough to give an adequate sump for logging, perforating, and to enable testing of the reservoir fluids
22
Selecting Casing Setting Depth
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1) Draw the mean pore pressure gradient curve along with the lithology, if available
24
2) Draw the mud weight curve. The mud weight curve should include a 200 to 400 psi trip margin
25
3) Draw the predicted fracture gradient curve
26
4) To determine initial estimates of casing setting depths First: Enter the mud weight curve at Point A (Total Depth (TD))
27
4.2) Move up to Point B which determines the initial estimated setting depth for the intermediate casing (actually run it 300400 feet deeper)
28
4.3) Move across to Point C which identifies the mud weight requirement for that depth
29
4.4) Move up to Point D which determines the preferred setting depth for the surface casing/ intermediate string
30
4.5) Move across to Point E to identify the mud weight required at that depth
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4.6) Point E is the normal pressure range and no further casing is required to withstand the associated mud weight. However, a structural and conductor casing are required, and the setting depth criteria for 32 Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010 those strings are discussed later
Other Factors Affecting Casing Programme

If shallow gas zones are encountered whilst drilling,
operations must stop and casing must be set If lost circulation zones are encountered:
Drilling should stop Mud returns should be checked Lost Circulation Material (LCM) pumped downhole before the mud is conditioned to a more suitable rheology The zone will then need to be drilled before casing can be set
Formation stability: if the formation is sensitive to the

mud weight over time, casing may have to be set
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Other Factors
Directional well profile: Important to line out the well trajectory
before setting casing Attempt to achieve a consistent survey ahead of a tangent. Long open hole sections may require casing to reduce the risk of stuck pipe and the level of torque
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Other Factors
Side-tracking requirements
As specified in the drilling programme. For example: the 13-3/8 casing may be
set high enough to allow 9-5/8 casing to be cut and pulled, enabling a side-track in 12-1/4 hole
35
Other Factors
Fresh water sands: Need to protect drinking water, and not
contaminate it with drilling fluid. Hole cleaning: Particularly if a long section of 17-1/2 hole is required.
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Other Factors
Salt sections High pressure zones; Casing shoe should be set in competent
formations
Uncertainty in depth estimating Require a margin related to confidence limit
when setting close to a permeable formation. Best source for this information is offset well data or area experience, but this should be documented
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Kick Tolerance
Once the initial casing setting depths are selected, the
kick tolerance associated with those depths should be determined. Start from TD up to the surface to determine the kick tolerance and preferred setting depth for each casing string. The acceptability of kick tolerance values of less than 100 bbls should always be justified
By review of the type of well Capacity of rig equipment for kick detection Operator/Drillers experience, area experience and geology
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Design Bottom-to-Top AND Top-to-Bottom

A design should be developed by well planning that
provides for economic production from the pay zone consistent with safety requirements. The pay zone should be analysed for its flow potential and likely drilling problems. The well should be designed initially from bottom-to-top.
The opposite approach may result in a well that limits the production capacity
Also necessary to work the other way around: it is
essential to have a well design which is do-able with the rigs and equipment available.
39
Design of the Completion Tubing

Must be able to transport oil or gas to the surface at
economical rates. Small diameter tubing tends to choke the flow rate due to high frictional pressures
Large diameter strings are usually preferable for good flow rate BUT may be more prone to slugging depends upon GOR and nature of fluids Small completion tubing can also lead to operational problems due to reduced radial clearances
The completion design must be taken into account when

designing the casing string
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Further Reading
Bourgoyne, A.T., Jr., Chenevert, M.E., Millheim,
K.K., Young, F.S., Jr. 1986, Applied Drilling Engineering (Society of Petroleum Engineers)
Chapter 7 Casing Design
Devereux, S., 1998, Practical Well Planning and

Drilling Manual (PennWell)
Chapter 1.4 Casing Design Chapter 2.6 Casing Running Program
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Helpful Websites
http://www.slb.com/content/services/resources/index.asp
Make sure you register for Premium Content with your Aberdeen University email address.
http://www.halliburton.com/ps/Default.aspx?navid=184&
pageid=663&prodid=PRN%3A%3AIYFX5Y2B7
Everyone needs the Halliburton Red Book you can download it as interactive software.
http://www.bakerhughesdirect.com/cgibin/bhi/resources/ExternalFileHandler.jsp?path=private/ BHI/public/bakerhughes/resources/index.html&bookmark able=Yes&channelId=-3000083

Mustnt forget Baker Hughes!
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ENM201 Wells
Casing and Tubing

Acknowledgement: The foregoing slides were largely developed from material supplied by colleagues at RGU.
OWEN S. JENKINS LTD.

4, Charlton Avenue, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, AB34 5GL, Scotland. Tel. +44 (0)13398 87779. Mobile phone: +44 (0)7803 296779. Email: owen@osjl.co.uk Website: www.osjl.co.uk
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Casing and Tubing Slides

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ENM201 Wells

Casing and Tubing

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Held together with threaded couplings

ISO 13680:2008 Petroleum and Natural Gas

Different Casing Strings

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Outer Casing String

Cement being injected

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Conductor Casing or Pipe

Provides a conduit for mud returns

Several strings of intermediate casing may be required

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

During drilling operations the mud weight

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Pore Pressure and Pressure Gradient

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Diagram courtesy of Schlumberger

Usually the last string of CASING to be

Production Casing: Purpose

Production casing should be thoroughly

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Production Casing: Testing

Usually pressure tested to around

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Casing vs. Bit Size (illustrative)

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Casing Setting Depth

Consider relevant offset data in the estimating

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

3) Draw the predicted fracture gradient curve

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Selecting Casing Setting Depth

Other Factors Affecting Casing Programme

Formation stability: if the formation is sensitive to the

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010

Uncertainty in depth estimating Require a margin related to confidence limit

Design Bottom-to-Top AND Top-to-Bottom

Also necessary to work the other way around: it is

Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010