False friends

eventuell refers to possibility, which is why it can be translated by may/might; eventual(ly) (cf. In the event) refers to the passing of time, specifically to a longer period of time than would normally be expected aktuell refers to time, whereas actual refers to truth or fact konsequent and the English translations strict and consistent imply sticking to the same frame of reference or rules. Accordingly can only be used when a frame of reference has already been implied (cf. dt. entsprechend): He wanted to be treated like any other star entertainer and be paid accordingly. consequently refers to the results of an action or given circumstance. chef = Kchenchef, head chef = Kchenchef, Chefkoch, master chef = Meisterkoch, Leibkoch = personal chef, Personalchef = personnel manager, human resources manager recipe consists of a list of ingredients and instructions for combining them both for the cook and the pharmacist. prescription refers to a different function of the doctors text, namely the order given to the patient recipe: likely to result in: a recipe for success, chaos, disorder remedy (also: cure) a drastic remedy for lawlessness and disorder pushy: 1. showing forceful determination to get things done and make people accept ones wishes 2. assertive: Hes not really pushy enough to succeed in business. (nicht selbstwebusst genug sein, nicht genug Durchsetzungsvermgen haben) sensible, empfindlich: sensitive (to sth): skin sensitive to sunlight sensible: vernnftigt committed: innerlich beryeugt involved: aktiv beteiligt engaged: verlobt, angestellt, Theater: verpflichtet a committed communist = a dyed-in-the-wool communist engaged, active (engagiert), engaged would men: how much work youve taken on to devote a lot of energy to sth (a.g. a club) to put a lot of work into a project: engagiert arbeiten an genial (ideas): ingenious, brilliant genial (people): (full) of genius, inspired, brilliant ein genialer Einfall: an inspired guess/suggestion genial begabt sein: to be a natural genius, be gifted with geniusfraction: Bruchteil faction: Fraktion, (Splitter)gruppe uninterested: desinteressiert, nicht interessiert disinterested: uneigenntzig, neutral (impartial) Ich brauche aktuelle Zahlen! Diese sind von gestern! I need up-to-date figures! These are yesterdays!

Ob wir dieses jahr wieder nach England fahren ist momentan nicht aktuell. Whether well go to England again this year is of no interest at the moment. Die Gleichberechtigung fr die Frau ist immer noch ein aktuelles Thema. Equal rights for women is/are still an important issue. ein brandaktuelles Thema: a burning issue eine brandaktuelle Neuheit: the very latest thing Der eigentliche/tatschlicher Grund seines Beruches war der, Ann zu sehen. The actual reason for his visit was to see Ann. Ich wei zwar das genaue Datum ihrer Hochzeit nicht, aber ich glaube, es ist irgendwann im Mai. I dont know the actual day of their wedding, but I think its some time in May. Er ist noch kein richtiger Professor, aber er ist dabei einer zu warden. He is not an actual professor yet, but he is on his way to becoming one. Wir knnen eventuell in Mnchen bernachten. We could possibly/perhaps spend the nicht in Munich. Eventuell auftretende Trbungen haben keinen Einfluss auf die Wirksamkeit dieses Prparates. The efficacy of this product is not affected by anz slight cloudiness which may occur. Eventuell hart gewoordenene Farbe kann durch Zusatz von Wasser wieder streichfhig gemacht warden. (Any) paint that has become hard can be made usable again by adding water. Das Endergebnis ihrer Bemhungen war ein Hut der aussah wie ein Vogelnest. The eventual result of her efforts was a hat that looked like a birds nest. Schlielich erreichen wir den Gipfel. Eventually we reached the summit. Eines Tages werden wir ein eigenes Haus haben. Eventually well have a house of our own. Beim Schach muss man konsequent planen. In chess you have to plan logically. The meaning of the German word Chef is very much wider than the English equivalent chef which is restricted to the person in charge of a restaurant kichen. Wenn ich eine Minute zu spat zur Arbeit komme, meckert der Chef sofort. If Im a minute late to work, the boss complains at once. Personalchef = personnel manager, human resources manager, Leibkoch= personal chef, Chefarzt = senior consultant, Polizeichef = chief constable Umtausch nur gegen Quittung! Goods can only be exchanged on production of a receipt! sensitive to sth: e.g. heat/blame/criticism/sunlight sensitive about sth: e.g. ones accent/weight Mr Walker is the most sensible man I#ve ever met. cf. level-headed Jetzt sei doch nicht so schrecklich sensible! Du kannst doch nicht bei jeder kleinsten Kritik gleich heulen! Dont be so touchy! You cant burst into tears at the slightest little criticism/ the moment anyone says anything against you! Sche has always been a committed Christian. cf. a devout Christian In retrospect, P. was an artist (full) of genius. cf. with the benefit/wisdom of hindsight to transpire: become known to perspire: give out sweat graceful means attractive or pleasant and is used specially to describe bodily movements or form: a graceful dancer, a deer running gracefully through the forest. Graceful can also be used of peoples manners, especially when they are saying they are sorry for sth or accepting

defeat: He admitted gracefully that he was wrong. The lusing candidate accepted the result of the election gracefully. Gracious is used of peoples manners and suggest an important person being polite so sb less important. self-confident: having confidence in os self-conscious 1. nervous or awkward because one is shy, ebarassed 2. strongly aware of what or who one is human = characteristic of people humane 1. having or showing sympathy, kindness and understanding 2. causing as little pain as possible solvent: not in debt liquid: clear and clean like water, not gas or solid vital 1. essential to existence, success or operation of sth 2. (attributively only) connected with or essential to life 3. full of energy exciting and attractive moral: a practical lesson that a story, etc teaches morals: principles of right and wrong; standards of behavior morale: confidence, enthusiasm, determination to float: stay on or close to the surface of a liquid and not sink to swim: move the body through water to infest: (sth dangerous or unwanted): to be present in large numbers, or to a great degree: Mice infested the house. shark-infested waters Her supper had been a few broad beans swimming in oil, with stale bread. Note: If food is swimming in a liquid, there is a lot of liquid on it where there should be only a little or none at all. to borrow (sth from sb) take and use sth that belongs to sb else to lend (sth to sb) gibe sth to sb on the understanding that it will be returned A shadow can be cast by people, animals etc or any bridgt object such as a candle, a fire, a sporlight. A shadow usually has a clear shape. shade refers to the light of the sun and protects from strong light or heat; it has no particular shape. Shade is any place shelterd from the sun. prospectus: a printed document giving details of and advertising sth prospect: the chance or hope that sth will happen policy 1. a plan of action, a strategy 2. the herms of a contract of insurance politics: political affairs an life to insulatesth: protect sth by covering it to isolate os/sb/sth from sb/sth: separate, put or keep apart from sb/sth continuous means without interruption, int implies an unbroken action continual means with occasional interruptions, it implies an action that is regularly repeated, it often refers to unpleasant actions masterly soggest in the manner of a master. it is synonymous with skillful, accomplisched, expert masterful suggest acting like a master. It is synonymous with bossy, commanding, domineering. profitable: bringing profit or advantage rentable: available or suitable for renting

passionate: caused by or showing strong geelings impassioned: showing strong deep feeling pathetic 1. causing one to feel sadness or pity 2. useless, worthless to check: examine sth in order to make sure that it is correct to control: have power or authority over sb/sth to monitor: wach sth over a period of time

Phrasal nouns set-up = Organisation whiz(z) kid: a person who is very successful at an early age, esp. in business, usually because of great natural skill and cleverness to whizz: to move very fast, often making a noisy sound as if rushing through the air: Cars were whizzing past. The days seemed to whizz by. a whizz: 1. a whizzing sound 2. sb who is very fast, clever or skilled in the stated activity: Hes a whizz at cards booze-up: Besufnis take-off/ takeoff: Imitation, Nachahmung to do a take-off of sb walkover: leichter Sieg, Spaziergang turnover: Umsatz punch-up: Schlgerei set-backs/setbacks: Rckschlge let-down/letdown: Enttuschung layby: Parkbucht, Rast-, Parkplatz write-off: Verlust, als Totalschaden abzuschreiben to escape unscathed: ungeschoren davonkommen pile-up/pileup: Massenkarambolage,- zusammensto black ice: hard slippery ice that does not appear different from the surface of the road it covers (Glatteis) let-up/letup: Pause, Nachlassen write-up: Kritik, Presse(bericht) to get good/favourable reviews a review copy: sent to a magazine for review (purposes) Besprechungs-, Rezensionsexemplar She did some reviewing for the Times. The play was well reviewed. set-to: Streit, Wortgefecht drawbacks: Nachteil breakthrough: Durchbruch to achieve/effect/make a breakthrough a dramatic/major/significant breakthrough clampdown: Durchgreifen, Vorgehen use ones authority against, or to suppress or prevent sth, deal firmly with, to control esp. to limit (sth bad), sudden, usually official limitation or prevention of doing or saying sth The government has decided that a clampdown on the sale of foreign cars is to the countrys advantage. showdown: entscheidende Kraftprobe, endgltige Auseinandersetzung comedown: sozialer Abstieg, ganz schn tief sinken dropouts/drop-outs: Aussteiger climb-down: Rckzieher, Kleinbeigeben lay-abourts/layabouts: Arbeitsscheuer, Faulenzer, Nichtstuer flyover: berfhrung

cf. underpass: Unterfhrung lie-in: ausschlafen washout: Pleite, Reinfall, Misserfolg layout: Aufbau, Anlage, Gestaltung handhand-out/handout: Handzettel, Handout, Informationsmaterial get-together: Treffen hold-up/holdup: Stau; tailback: stau (brit.) check-in: Abfertigung, Einchecken stand-by: Ersatz saccharin tablets saccharine: very unpleasantly sweat, too friendly, kind; a saccharine love story/smile/music look-in: konnte nichts ausrichten, war hoffnungslos unterlegen brush- up: Erfrishung dressing-down: eins auf den Deckel/das Dach kriegen take-off: Start, Abflug send-off: Abschied bereiten build-up: Truppenmassierung sell-out: Ausverkauf hold-up oder stick-up: berfall look-out: auf der Suche cast-offs: alte Sachen, Klamotten go-between: Mittelsmann left-overs: (ber)reste washing-up: Abwasch dropping-off: Rckgang, Flaute blast-off: Start, Abschuss count-down: Countdown break-down: Panne make-up: Makeup get-away: Flucht break-up Ende, Auseinanderbrechen goings-on: Vorgang, Ereignis stopover: Zwischenlandung crack-down: Standpauke, hartes Durchgreifen rip-off: Nepp slip-up: Schnitzer foul-up: Durcheinander, Schlamassel run-down: bersicht, Zusammenfassung to give a run-down on sth follow-up: Fortsetzung turn-about: Kehrtwendung to do/make a turnabout back-up: Untersttzung, Hilfe

hang-over: Kater whip-round: Sammlung, den Hut herumgehen lassen walk-on: Statistenrolle blow-up: Vergrperung fall-out: Niederschlag, Fall-out fill-up: tanken get-up: Aufzug, Aufmachung go-ahaed: grnes Licht hang-up: Komplex run-down: Bericht, Zusammenfassung toss-up: es ist vllig offen run-up: Zeit vor der Wahl break-away faction: Splittergruppe crack-up: Zusammenbruch, breakdown spin-offs: Nebenprodukt stand-in: double, zweitbesetzung shoot-out: Schieerei look-over: Musterung, Untersuchung pay-off: Bestechungsgeld break-in: Einbruch hang-out: Treffpunkt vagrant: sb who has no home or work, esp. sb who begs hang-over: berbleibsel knock-on: Folgewirkung; spin-off effect shake-up: Umbesetzung; cabinet reshuffle shut-down: Schlieung, Stillleggung slip-up: Schnitzer telling-off: Standpauke halten, ausschimpfen; dressing-down botch-up: Murks, Pfusch to botch up: to spoil, mar, through inattention, carelessness, etc to botch up sth to make a botch up of sth cf. to bungle a job send-up: Parodie, Verulkung to send up: 1. cause to rise: An increase in production costs is bound to send up prices. 2. destroy, esp. by fire: A convoy of petrol lorries was sent up in flames. 3. to ridicule be means of a mock-imitation, satirize to send sb up the wall: infuriate, annoy unbearably, to drive sb. round the bend/up the wall/to distraction make-up: Veranlagung, Charakter to make up: to form as a whole: Different qualities make up a persons character. the board of directors is made up of men and women. The tea is made up from a mixture of several different types. walk-out: Streik, Ausstand to walk out: 1. leave ones place of work to protest, to obtain sth, to come out, take industial action: Building workers walked out/staged a walk-out during the morning in protest against

the sacking of a bricklayer. 2. leave a meeting, organization etc as an expression of disapproval, protest etc: the Minister of Employment is attempting to call a fresh meeting following yesterdays walk-out by union delegates. At various times, both teams of negotiators had walked out of the peace talks. freeze-up: (Dauer)Frost a freeze-up: a period of extreme cold with ice and snow go-ahead: fortschrittlich We cant do anything about your proposal until we get the go-ahaed from the local Council. cf to get the green light Once our policy is formulated we intend to go ahead full steem/go full steam ahead. knock-up: einschlagen, einspielen to knock up 1. awaken by knocking on a door etc. Would you mind knocking me up at 7 oclock tomorrow, as I must catch an early train to London? 2. prepare, make, quickly and without much planning, knock together: My mother was a marvel at knocking up a meal for an unexpected guest. There always seemed to be something in the larder. 3. make tired, exhausted or ill: Tom was completely knocked up as a result of his prolonged effort to qualify for the Olympic team. Dont try to dig the whole garden in one day: youll knock yourself up. line-up: Programm to line up: 1. form a queue, to get transport, buy food etc. to queue (up) for sth: Fans began lining up early in the morning to buy their cup-tie tickets. 2. assemble, bring together, organize, arrange: Theyve lined up some excellent entertainers for our show. There was a good line-up of musical and comedy acts on television tonight. speed-up: Beschleunigung, greres Tempo bust-up: Scheitern cf. break-up/split-up/breakdown of a marriage to bust up: brak up: They bust up after only two years. to bust sth. up: Everything was fine between John and me until that woman stepped in and bust up our marriage. change-over: bergang cf. to go decimal, to change over to sth: He used to drink tea at breakfast, but he changed over to coffee. climb-down: Zurckstecken, Nachgeben It was quite a climb-down for the boss to admit that he was wrong. cut-back: Krzung to cut back: horticulture: to prune (back): Some gardeners believe in cutting rose-bushes back very hard indeed almost to the ground. fig.: to cut back production going-over: Prfung to go over 1. survey, inspect, with a view to renting or buying, look over: The prospective tenants went over the accommodation, but made no comment except to thank the old lady for her trouble. 2. clean, inspect and repair: The girl went over the room quickly with a duster. Would you mind giving the engine of my car a good going-over. Its producing a very strange noise. 3. ponder, consider, examine or re-examine: We went over every detail of his story in an effort to discover whether it was true or not. going-over: the questioning of sb (sometimes) a physical attack on sb: The police gave the suspect murderer a long going-over, but could get no admission from him. When the old man

was found uncounscious in the street, it was obvious that he had been giving a savage goingover by several people. knock-down price: Schleuderpreis to knock down 1. cause to reduce, beat down: She is never happy unless she succeeds in knocking the bill down by a few pence. I managed to knock the landlord down a pound, so I got the bedsitter for four pounds a week, he boasted. 2. dismantle for ease of transport: In many Asian countries there are assembly plants for the construction of cars which are imported in knocked-down form from Europe, America and Japan. 3. demolish: When the slum property has been evacuated, it will be knocked down and replaced by modern blocks of flats. 4. hit with a vehicle and cause to fall, often inflicting injuries or causing death: The child was knocked down by a lorry as he ran across the road. look-out: Problem, Sache to be sbs look-out: be sbs (own) concern or responsibility: Its your own look-out whether you succeed or fail. pay-offs: Gewinn to pay off 1. pay in full and discharge from service: The crew of the merchant ship were paid off at the end of the trip and a fresh one engaged. 2. settle, clear, by matching what one owes with the same amount: Youll have to pay off your old loan before being allowed a new one. 3. give money to prevent sb from carrying out a threat: Publicans are known to have paid off one gang of terrorists to stop their pubs being blown up by another. 3. succeed to work: Occasionally the checking pays off and there is the excitement of a chase or an arrest. print-out: Ausdruck pusch-over: schwach werden, leichtes Opfer to pusch over sb/sth: make fall to the ground: They pushed over one or two tables in the scramble. a pushover: en easy triumph or victory for sb: Saturdays match should be a pushover for Leeds. cf. walk-over to walk over: to defeat thoroughly, punish severely (as in a contest) Liverpool walked all over them. Imagine trying to stand up to the woman. Itd be like doing battle with a tank, she walk all over you. rake-off: Gewinnanteil, Prozente to rake off: share of profit, fee, commission, esp in an illegal deal take-away: Essen zum mitnehmen tie-up: Verbindung, Beziehung to tie up 1. keep busy or occupied: As far as I can tell, this editing will tie me up for the next fortnight. 2. have money etc invested in sth, so that it is hard to draw upon for other purposes: Its unwise to tie up all your capital in one enterprise. 3. (pass) be connected, related to: A good deal of British car manufacture is closely tied up with the Continental industry. There is a loose tie-up between the one and the other. smash-up: Unfall, Karambolage to smash up: damage badly: The place was badly smashed up in the air-raids. tear-away: noisy and violent young person: Tabauke clean-up: Suberung

to clean up: remove dirt etc. make a place clean: Now that the partys over, shall we clean up/have a clean-up? check-up: Vorsorgeuntersuchung kick-back: Provision, schmiergeld; money paid usually secretly or sihonestly to sb in return for doing sth going-over: Abreibung, Standpauke tip-off: Tip, Wink to tip off: He denied that the Post Office had been tipped off that a raid on the train was planned. trade-in: einen guten Preis erzielen (fr eine in Zahlung gegebene Sache) to trade in: to hand to the dealer a used article in part payment for a new one: He keeps a car for two years, then he trades it in/does a trade-in. try-out: Probezeit to try sth out on sb/sth: the new product has been tried out on a small sample of London housewives. turn-out: Beteilligung, Besucherzahl to turn out: to appear, be present, attend: A large crowd turned out/there was a large turnout to welcome the royal visitors. The weather prevented people from turning out in large numbers to watch the athletics meeting.

PHRASAL VERBS
to be after: has been trying to find be in for : have is on at : wird gespielt to be up to: feel like doing sth not be up to: not feel like doing sth to answer back, to talk back: giving impertinent answers back down: withdraw their accusations back out: withdraw bear up: try not to despair bear on (bore on, past), also touched on: affected broke down: collapsed break down into/can be broken down into: be divided to break out of: have escaped from break up: disperse broke up: dispersed they have broken up: separated, also split up/busted up He has been down with rheumatism: he has been confined to bed with rheumatism to be in with: to be on friendly terms with to be slightly off: to be slightly bad is off: has been cancelled he was through with: to be tired of to account for: to give an explanation for the wind had not been allowed for: had not been taken into consideration everyone backed away/off: everyone moved back slowly was not backed up: was not supported was borne out (to bear out): was proved to be true bore up bravely under/against it (to bear up bravely under/against) :to remain brave in the face of to blow up: lost his temper to break off: broke off: stopped to break down: broke down: stopped functioning break out: broke out: began When do you break/does your school break up? When do the holidays begin at your school this year. to be down on, also came down on; was down on: criticized to be down with a cold to be up to much to back sb. up to blow up to break down to break up

to be after to be through with to allow for to back down to break out of to break up for to blow up to break down into to back away from to be in for to answer back to be in with to account to sb for sth to break off to be off to break out to back out to break up to be on to be down on sb to break down to be off, to go off to bear up to be in with to be off/over to bear upon/on to bring about: to cause to bring down: to reduce to bring out: to expose to bring round to (accept): to persuade bring up: raise my calling on: my visiting you to call off: to cancel call up: summon for military service carried away: to be enchanted carry off: won carry out: follow to come across/(up)on happen to find to come by: to obtain to come down (in the world): to lose the social position to come in for: to be the object of to come out for: to go on a strike does not come up: is raised does not come up to: is not equal to

bring off: to succeed bring down: cause the fall bring sb round/to: revive sb to bring out: to publish to call for: require to call on: to invite calling for sb: coming to collect to care for: to attend to the needs to carry on with: to continue to carry on with: to have an affair to come into: to inherit to come off: to succeed come out with: to utter (uern), also to come up with to come off: take place to come out: become known to come round/to: to regain consciousness dont come off: to be unsuccessful

Adjective + noun
abysmal ignorance: bodenloses, abgrundtiefes Unwissen abysmal: extremely bad, utter: to live in abysmal conditions His manners are /the food / the weather was abysmal. the abysmal wages of rural labourers, an abysmal failure abyss: deep bottomless hole fig.: an abyss of despair/ ignorance/lawlessness academic question: theoretische, akademische Frage academic: 1. concerning education, esp. in college or university academic freedom The academic year runs from October to July. 2. being or based on subjects that are taught to develop the mind rather than to provide practical skills: academic studies/subjects an academic reputation/style/book/qualification 3. not related to practical situations: theoretical: Where we ought to go for our holidays is a purely academic question because we cant afford a holiday at all. Since the decision has already been made, the discussion is purely academic. a matter of academic concern/interest acid rain: saurer Regens, acid remark: tzende Bemerkung acid: 1. having an unpleasantly sour or bitter taste like that of vinegar or unripe fruit: A lemon is an acid fruit. an acid bath 2. saying bitter or unkind things bad tempered sarcastic: an acid remark/wit/tone of voice to say something acidly cf. an acid substance which forms a chemical salt when combined with an alkali, it may destroy things it touches. Vinegar is an acid. The acid burnt a hole in the carpet. acidity: to suffer from acidity of the stomach acid rain: containing harmful quantities of acid, esp. sulphuric acid and nitric acid, as a result of industrial pollution sulphur: a simple substance that is found in many different forms, esp a light yellow powder nitric acid: a powerful acid (HNO3) which eats away other substances and is used in explosives and other chemical products acid test: test that gibes conclusive prove of the value or work of sth/sb: The acid test of a good driver is whether he remains calm in an emergency. (Feuerprobe, entscheidende Probe) to put sth to the acid test adhesive tape: Klebeband adhesive: cf. sellotape/ AE: scotch tape trademarks: sticky, thin clear material in long narrow lengths which is used for sticking paper, mending light objects

adhesive plaster the adhesive side of a stamp adherence to a belief/plan/idea to adhere (anhaften) closely/doggedly/strictly/stubbornly/tenaciously (zh, klebrig)/ rigidly to sb/sth to be an adherent of sth adhesion: the state of one thing sticking to another (Klebkraft, Haftvermgen) cf. adhesive power affirmative answer: positive, bejahende Antwort affirmative saying or meaning yes The answer to my question was in the affirmative / was affirmative. The answer was a strong affirmative. an affirmative gesture/nod/reaction/reply/sentence/vote cf. positive cf. (to take affirmative action): practice or principle, when choosing people for a job of favouring people who are often treated unfairly, esp. because of their sex or race; i.e. positive discrimination: a bias in favour of a particular group or individual precisely becase they are often the object of prejudice and discrimination: The company is an affirmative action employer. AE: Programm, das die Diskriminierung von Minderheitsgruppen bekmpft affluent society: Wohlstandsgesellschaft affluent: having plenty of money or other possessions, wealthy: an affluent society/man/family/life/life style affluent circumstances to live in affluence/ to live a life of affluence He quickly rose to affluence (i.e. became wealthy). ancillary science: Hilfswissenschaft ancillary: helping in a subsidiary (untersttzend) way, providing help, support or additional services: ancilliary equipment/duties/industries (Zuliefer-)/roads/staff an ancillary role ancillary course: Begleitkurs the ancillary staff of a hospital: the people who do the cleaning work, cooking, etc. to be ancillary to sth apposite remark/answer/question: passende, zutreffende, angemessene Bemerkung/Antwort/Frage apposite: apposite to/for sth: exactly suitable or directly connected with the present moment or situation: I found his speech wholly apposite to the current debate. an apposite answer/comment/comparison/example/illustration/image/phrase /quotation/remark/title approved school: Erziehungsheim approved school (dated): a special school for children who have broken the law, now officially called a Community Home cf. borstal (dated): institution for reforming young offenders: after Borstal, a village in Kent, where the first institution was founded (in 1902). An informal name for an establishment

where offenders aged 15-21 may be detained (inhaftiert) for corrective training. Since the Criminal Justice Act (1982) officially known as Youth Custody Centre. cf. AE: Reformatory: place where young offenders are sent to be trained and reformed. SIMILAR INSTITUTIONS: young offenders institution: A special prision for young offenders aged under 21, replacing from 1988, the former detenteion centre and youth custody centre. Boys aged 14 to 16 can be sent to an institution for any period from six weeks to a yiear, with a maximum of four months for a 14 year old. Girls are sentenced to custody only from the age of 15, with a maximum detention period of four months at this age and 16. From 17 to 21 the sentences can be longer, with a possible life sentence for serious offences. There are currently 39 youth offenders institutions in England and Wales. attendance centre: A centre where young offenders (under 17) are required to attend for physical training and instruction in practical subjects instead of going to prision. Offenders may be orderd to spend up to a total of 23 hours at an attendance centre, usually on Saturdays and for a maximum of three hours at a time. detention centre Until 1988, a centre where young male offenders were kept for a period ranging from three weeks to four months with a strict programme of work to do. Such offenders are now sent to a young offenders institution. youth custody centre: Until 1988, a special prision for young offenders aged 17 to 20. Such offenders now serve their sentences in a young offenders institution. remand centre: a place of detention to which young offenders are sent awaiting trial in court. At present there are nine such centres. community home: A special residential area where a local authority can send a young offender (under 17) if it feels that he or she is in moral danger or beyond the control of his or her parents. cf: community centre: A building used by members of a community, such as a town or village, for social gatherings, sports meetings, etc. aquatic sport(s): Wassersport(arten) aquatic plants/animals/sports/pastimes/organisms aquiline nose: Adler-; Hakennase aquiline: of or like an eagle: her sharp aquiline profile/features Arabian Nights: Tausendundeine Nacht Arabian: of Arabia, esp. the peninsula containing Saudi-Arabia and several other countries: the Arabian desert/peninsula/Sea arabic numerals: arabische Zahlen Ziffern alternative spelling: Arabic Arabic: 1. Semitic language or writing of the Arabs, which is the main language of North Africa, the Middle East, and Arabia: She is studying Arabic/ a regional type of Arabic. 2. numeral: cf. Romand numeral artificial respiration: knstliche Beatmung artificial: 1. made by humans, esp. as a copy of sth natural: The drink contains no artificial flavourings or colouring. artificial fibres/illumination/insemination/intelligence (abbr. AI)/flowers/silk/sweetener 2. lacking in teeling, insincere: She welcomed me with an artificial smile.

3. happening as a result of human action, not through natural process: High import taxes give their home-made goods an artificial advantage in the market. atmospheric pressure: atmosphrischer Druck, Luftdruck atmosphereic: 1. related with the earths atmosphere: atmospheric conditions 2. beautiful and mysterious: atmospheric music/poems/songs auricular confession: Ohrenbeichte auricular: of or concerning the ear: auricular confessions: one spoken privately into the ear of a priest cf. to make a full confession of ones crimes The priest will hear confessions in English and French. He always goes to confession on Fridays. the confessional: enclosed place in a church where the priest hears confession: the secrets of the confessional confessor: priest who hears confessions confessant: a person who confesses to a priest to confess (to) leaving the cigarette on the chair/that he had left cf. oral/visual/aural The opera was an aural as well as a visual delight. visual/aural aids/materials avowed believer: erklrter Anhnger avowed: to avow: to state, openly admit: The prisioner avowed his quilt/that he was quilty. their avowed aim is to overthrow the government. He avowed himself (to be) a socialist. avowed aim/commitment/desire/goal/intent/purpose an avowed traditionalist/feminist/Christian avowedly: openly admittedly: avowedly responsible for an error avowal: to make a(n) open/public/solemn avowal dyed-in-the-wool Tory: ein in Wolle gefrbter Konservativer dyed-in-the-wool (slightly pejorative (abschtzig)) impossible to change from a stated quality, uncompromising: a dyed-in-the-wool aristocrat/conservative/Marxist/Republican/traditionalist, etc extenuating circumstances = mildernde Umstnde extenuating: to extenuate: to lessen the seriousness of (bad behavior) by finding excuses for it also (esp. law): attenuating circumstances cf. He pleaded ignorance in extenuation of his crime. flimsy excuse: fadenscheinige, durchsichtige Entschuldigung flimsy: 1. (of material) light and thin: She felt cold in her flimsy dress. 2. (of objects) easily broken or destroyed, lacking strength: a flimsy old wooden shed/ a flimsy house (Billighaus) 3. weak, that does not convince: What a flimsy excuse! The evidence against him is rather flimsy. founding father(s): Grundungsvater, - vter founding father: 1. person who begins the development of sth; founder

2. (cap) a person at the formal meeting of 1787 which decided the principles of the constitution of the US: the Founding Fathers of the US gracious living: Leben im Wohlstand, Luxuus gracious 1. polite, kind and pleasant, esp. in a generous way: Busy as she was, she was gracious enough to show us round her house. 2. having those qualities which are made possible by wealth, such as comfort, beauty and freedom from hard work: All this gracious living isnt for me: I prefer the simple life. graceful-gracious graceful means attractive or pleasant, and is used especially to describe bodily movements or form: a graceful dancer/ way of moving It can also be used of peoples manners, esp. when they are saying they are sorry for sth or accepting defeat: He admitted gracefully that he was wrong. They handled their divorce as gracefully (i.e. politely) as possible. The losing candidate accepted the result of the election gracefully. gracious is usually used of peoples manners and suggests an important person being polite to a less important one: The Queen thanked them graciously. She gave him a gracious smile. She is gracious to all. It was gracious of her to invite us. inveterate gambler: leidenschaftlicher, unverbesserlicher Spieler inveterate: 1. firmly settled in a usually bad habit: an inveterate criminal/drinker/liar/reader of trashy romances/novels/smoker/talker/womanizer inveterate enemies 2. bad feelings, habits that have lasted for a long time and seem likely to continue: (an) inveterate dislike/distrust/drunkenness/fondness/hatred/prejudice an inveterate criminal Gewohnheitsverbrecher inveterate hatred abgrundtiefer Hass; cf. abysmal inveterate liar unverbesserlicher Lgner moot point: strittiger Punkt, moot question: strittige Frage moot: point/question: matter which is debatable, about which there is no certainty cf. to moot (usually passive): to raise matter for discussion,, propose: The question was first mooted years ago. It has been mooted whether zur Debatte stellen a much/long mooted proposal permissive society: permissive, enttabuisierte Gesellschaft permissive: 1. often derogatory: allowing great freedom of behaviour, esp. to children or in sexual matters: (a) permissive upbringing/parents/school 2. showing this freedom: (a) permissive attitude/behavior the permissive society, i.e. the one resulting from social changes that began in the 1960s, with e.g. greater freedom of sexual behaviour, lessening of censorship, etc to be permissive to(wards) sth practical joke: Streich practical joke: trick played on sb for amusement, usually involving some physical action: a practical joker Witzbold (a) practical advice/application/mind/person

silent majority: schweigende Mehrheit silent: 1. making no or little sound, not accompanied by any sound: silent footsteps, a silent prayer/curse, the smooth, silent running of the engines, The room was silent. 2. not speaking: On certain important details the report remains strangely silent. The law is silent on this difficult point. to be/become/fall silent on/about sb/sth 3. saying little: He is the strong silent type. 4. not pronounced: The b in debtor is a silent letter (i.e. it is mute). silent majority: people with moderate views who are unable or unwilling to express them publicly (as) silent as the grave: completely silent, perhaps suggesting mystery silly season Sommerloch, Sauregurkenzeit, silly answer/joke/point/question/remark: alberne, blde, dumme Frage/Witz/usw. silly: 1. having or showing lack of good sense and judgement, foolish, not serious or sensible: It is silly (of you) to go out in the rein if you dont have to. Thats the silliest idea Ive ever had., to make sb look silly 2. unable to feel and think clearly, senseless: I took a swing at him and knocked him silly. After-dinner speeches bore me silly (i.e. very much/to death) silly season: period in the summer when there is not much news, so newspapers print silly stories about unimportant things vicious circle: Teufelskreis, circulus vitiosus vicious: 1. acting or done with evil intentions, spiteful: (a) vicious attack/blow (streich) /campaign/criminal/fight/fighting/kick/killer/look/remark/rumour/thug(gangster) to have a vicious tongue 2. give up to vice (Laster) , depraved (lasterhaft): a vicious live, vicious practices/habits 3. (of animals) savage and dangerous: That dog can be vicious. (bsartig) 4. violent or severe: a vicious headache, (gust of) wind vicious circle: state of affairs in which a cause produces an effect which itself produces the original cause, so continuing the whole process: I need experience to get a job, but without a job I cant get experience. to be caught/trapped in a vicious circle a vicious spiral: continuous rise in one thing (e.g. prices) caused by a continuous rise in sth else (e.g. wages) (Schraube ohne Ende) wishful thinking: Wunschdenken wishful: having or expressing a wish: wishful statements, wishful thinking: belief based on wishes not on facts: I think her condition is improving but it may just be wishful thinking on my part. cf. pious (fromm) wish/hope ancillary: hilfswissenschaft hollyhock: Stockrose marrow: Krbis gooseberry: Stachelbeere gargantuan: gigantic, of tremendous size or volume: gargantuan appetite/meal/person Gargantua: gigantic king in the novel Gargantua by Grancois Rabelais (1494-1533) acquired taste: to be an acquired taste: sth that one may learn to like after a while.

acquisition: She is a valuable acquisition for/to the firm. This painting is my latest/ a recent acquisition. to make an acquisition: (second) language acquisition acquisitive: keen on getting or possessing things, esp. material possessions: Squirrels are very acquisitive creatures. an acquisitive collector/society awkward: 1. making you feel so embarrassed that you are not sure what to do or say: The more she tried to get out of the situation, the more awkward it became. There was an awkward pause. to feel awkward, an awkward question/situation/corner to get round 2. not convenient: Im sorry, have I called at an awkward time? 3. moving or behaving in a way that does not seem relaxed or comfortable, esp. because you feel nervous or embarrassed: an awkward age/teenager 4. difficult to use or handle: The camera has a lot of small buttons, which makes it rather awkward to use. Note: an awkward customer: difficult to deal with besetting (hartnckig): habitually affecting or troubling: besetting sin/weakness (often humorously) to beset sb/sth: to surround on all sides, trouble constantly threaten The difficulties, preassures, temptations, etc that beset us all to be beset by/with dangers/difficulties/douts/financial problems The voyage was beset with dangers. blind faith/fury obedience/allegiance (loyalitt) /panic/loyalty/rage/hate to blind sb (to sth): to be blinded by smoke, His determination blinded him to all the difficulties., a blinding light/headache/pain Note: sth is blindingly obvious to be as blind as a bat: Im as blind as a bat without my glasses. to be blind with sth: He was blind with tears and rage. to be blind to sbs faults/in one eye: He seems to be blind to the consequences of his policy. to turn a blind eye/deaf ear to sth: to pretend not to see/hear, etc.: He oftend turned a blind eye to their drinking sessions. to shut/close ones eyes to sth: (a case of ) the blind leading the blind: people with little information advising people with even less a blind alley/date/spot: Ive a blind spot where computers are concerned. He first met his wife on a blind date (i.e. an arrangement made by one of his friends to go on date with sb one has never met before). to be blind drunk to go blind to accept sth blindly casual: 1. happening by chance: a casual encounter/meeting/visit 2. done/made without much thought or care, off hand: a casual remark, casual sex 3. showing little concern, irresponsible: His attitude to his job is rather casual. 4. not methodical or thourough, serious: a casual inspection/glance at sth, a casual observer/reader/user of drugs 5. (of clothes) for informal occasions, not formal: casual wear/clothes, to be dressed casually

6. not permanent, part-time: to earn ones living by casual labour, casual labourers/workers, to be employed casually 7. slight, superficial: a casual acquaintance Note casualties of the enemy to inflict casualties on the enemy to incur/suffer casualties heavy/serious/light/civilian/military/traffic/combat casualties casualties of from the fighting burning 1. intense, extreme: (a) burning thirst/desire/interest/sensation 2. very important, urgent, crucial 3. on fire: burning fire, als fig.: burning cheeks mortal: 1. All human beings are mortal. 2. causing death, fatal: a mortal wound/injury, a mortal blow to him and his family, to be mortally wounded 3. lasting until death, marked by great hatred, deadly: mortal/deadly enemies 4. extreme or intense: to live in mortal fear/terror/danger: to be mortally offended mortal/capital/original/venial(verzeilich) sin the Seven Deadly Sins: Pride, Lechery(Begehrlichkeit)/Lust, Envy, Anger/Wrath, Covetousness(Habgier)/Avarice(Geiz/Gier), Gluttony (Vllerei), Sloth (Faulheit) chronic: a chronic alcoholic/gambler, a chronic disease/illness is one that cannot be cured: Hes been suffering from chronic arthritis/pain for many years now. a chronic unemployment, a chronic shortage of teachers/housing, cf. acute classic 1. of the highest quality or class and esp. serving as a model, standard or perfect representation of a particular type: a classical horse race, Lewis Carrolls classic childrens stories, The film is a classic western movie. 2. a very typical and well-known kind: a classic case/mistake/example/symptom of sth. 3. simple in style and likely to remain fashionable for a long time: a simple classic suit classical 1. connected with, belonging to, or influenced by the art, life and literature of ancient Greece and Rome: classical authors/languages/literature/education a building in the classical style of architecture, in classical Rome/Greek theatre, in the classical world 2. (of music) written with serious artistic intentions and having an attraction that lasts over a long period of time: She prefers pop music to classical music., the works of several classical composers, including Bach and Mozart, the classical period 3. based on or belonging to an old or established system of principles or methods, e.g. in art or science, traditional, orthodox: classical scientific ideas about sth common 1. usual or familiar, happening or found in many places: a common flower/event/right, Is this word in common use?, Robbery is not common in this area., the common rabbit: das gemeine Kaninchen

2. common to: shared by, belonging to, done by or affecting two or more people, or most of a group or society: common property/ownership, We share a common purpose., measures taken for the common good 3. without special rank or quality, ordinary: the common people, He is not an officer but a common soldier. 4. (derog) of people, their behaviour and belongings, typical of the lower classes, showing a lack of taste and refinement, vulgar: Shes so common, shouting like that so that all the neighbours can hear. 5. mathematics: belonging to two or more qualities: a common denominator/factor 6. as common as dirt/muck, to be common knowledge, to make common cause with sb, common sense, Dont do that, use your common sense! the common law confimed: firmly setteled in a particular way of life or way of thinking a confirmed batchelor/drunkard/gambler/sports fanatic/whisky drinker/alcoholic/begetarian golden: 1. of gold or like gold in value or colour: a golden crown/ring, golden hair/sand/light/corn/skin 2. precious, fortunate: golden days/age/opportunity, golden handshake: a (large) sum of maney given to a senior member of a company, etc when he leaves golden handcuffs: payments made to employees, esp. those in a high position as a way of persuading them not to leave their jobs cf. gold handcuffs a golden parachute: a large payment made to sb who has an important job with a company when they are forced to leave to kill the goose that lays the golden egg(s) the golden mean: principles of moderation, balance between too much and too little of sth: to wind the golden mean between drunkenness and total abstinence cf. happy medium the golden rule golden wedding anniversary cf. a gold chain/watch/button/ring/brooch the golden triangle: the area of South East Asia covering parts of Burma, Laos and Thailand where opium is produced, most of which is made into illegal drugs hard hard labour: imprisonment with hard labour, with heavy physical labour as punishment a hard task/book/language Its hard to tell whether its true or not. A hard father treats his children severely. hard and fast rules/regulations: that cannot be changed to fit special cases to learn sth the hard way: use the most difficult or least convenient method to do or achieve sth convinced: firm in ones beliefs: a convinced Christian/Muslim/socialist absolutely/firmly/completely/thoroughly convinced cf. (un)convincing speaker/victory They won by a convincing margin. cf. narrow margin fair

by fair means or foul you must play fair (and square), I hit him fair (and square) on the nose. fair game: sb/sth that is very easy or reasonable to attack, an easy target hot: piping hot: very hot Pepper makes food hot. (cf. mild) a hot temper: excitable, hot with passion a hot news item: a story hot off the press hot on sth: well-informed and very interested in: hot on jazz too hot to handle: if a problem or situation is too hot to handle if is impossible to deal with because it is causing too much trouble and anger: The Watergate scandal eventually proved too hot to handle and the president stepped down. hot goods: stolen goods hot air: meaningless talk or ideas authentic: 1. known to be true or genuine: an authentic document/signature/painting 2. trustworthy, reliable: an authentic statement fixed fastened, not movable or changeable: The tables are firmly fixed to the floor., He has very fixed ideas on this subject. a fixed idea/star/stare sb is of no fixed abode/address ide fixe (pl. ides fixes): an obsession eine fixe idee: an idea that dominates the mind to be fixed for sth: How are you fixed for money (i.e. how much do you have?), How are you fixed for Saturday evening? (i.e. what are your plans?) happy ending to a book/film happy 1. well suited to the situation, pleasing: That wasnt a happy choice of words. cf. felicitous 2. fortunate, lucky: Hes in the happy position of never having to worry about money. Are you happy in your work/with your life? to find/seek/be a happy medium loaded: to load a truck/gun/camera to load sth into/onto sth: coal into a ship/furniture onto a lorry to load sth to full capacity to load sth with sth: a lorry with coal to load a dice: the dice/odds are loaded against sb/sth: used to say that sb/sth is not likely to succeed or win loaded dice: have weights in them so that they always fall with the same side on top load to carry/lessen/lighten/dump/shed/transport a load to take a load off sbs mind a heavy/light load teaching load/workload

animated 1. full of spirit and excitement, lively: an animated debate/argument/conversation I had rarely seen him so animated. 2. given the appearance of movement animated drawings, an animated cartoon, a Walt Disney cartoon: a film made by photographing a series of gradually changing drawings, giving an illusion of movement to allege: to state a fact but without proof, give an argument or excuse: The prisioner alleges that he was at home on the night of the crime. He alleged illness as the reason for his absence. We were alleged to have brought goods into the country illegally. the alleged culprit, The novel was allegedly written by a computer. allegation: to make / substantiate an allegation to deny/drop/retract/withdraw/reject/rebut/refute an allegation a(n) false/serious/slanderous/unproved/(un)substantial/vague/unsupported allegation an allegation about/ against sb/sth appreciable: enough to be felt, noticed or considered important: The temperature dropped appreciably last night. an appreciable drop in temperature The increase in salary will be appreciable. He looks appreciably thinner. an appreciable number an appreciable drop in the number of unemployed narrow 1. small from one side to the other, esp. in comparison with length or with what is usual, not wide: a narrow road/river/gateway 2. limited in range or effect: narrow ideas about religion, The decision was taken for narrow economic reasons, without considering its social effects. 3. almost not enough or only just successful: to win by a narrow majority (cf. close), a narrow escape, to lead by the narrowest of margins 4. careful and thorough, painstaking: a narrow examination of the facts to narrow sth down to sth: The choice narrowed down to a few candidates. warm (of work, exercise) causing a feeling of heat: Sawing logs is a warm work. It was a warm climb to the summit. warm: showing enthusiasm, hearty: warm applause/congratulations/thanks/ recommendations/welcome/invitation/reception to warm to(wards) sb/sth: begin to like: As he warmed to his subject, he infected the audience with his own enthusiasm. nodding: a nodding acquaintance with sb/sth: a very slight familiarity with a person or subject nod: He greeted me with a nod (of the head). He gave me a slight nod. an affirmative/approving nod a nod of approval to give sb a nod of recognition on the nod: (approved or accepted) by general agreement and without being talked about: The chairmans proposals were usually passed/ approved on the nod.

to nod off: fall asleep He nodded in agreement. He nooded his agreement. cf. to shake ones head strained: 1. unnatural, forced and artificial, not easy or relaxed: a strained laugh/smile 2. overtired and anxious: She looked very strained when I last saw her. to impose/put/place a strain on sb to feel/stand the strain a(n) considerable/great/terrible/tremendous strain a(n) mental/emotional/physical/financial strain a strain on relations between parties to be under a strain rude: 1. not at all polite, intentionally bad-mannered, offensive: Dont be so rude for me. It was rude of you to say that. 2. (used esp. by or to children) concerned with sex: She told a rather rude joke and everybody looked embarrassed. 3. sudden and unpleasant: We hade a rude shock when we discovered who he really was. a rude awakening advisory: giving advice, having the power or duty to advise: to be employed in an advisory capacity on an advisory committee/body merely/only/strictly advisory advised: to be well-/ill-advised to do sth You would be well-advised not to buy it. to assume: 1. to accept as true before there is proof: Im assuming that the present situation is going to continue. We must assume him to be innocent until he is proved guilty. 2. to put on or display falsely: to assume ignorance/indifference/a look of innocence 3. to begin to act in or exercise, undertake, take on: to assume office/control He assumes his new responsibilities next week. The problem is beginning to assume massive proportions. assumption: to make an assumption, to base an assumption on sth, a mere/pure/erroneous/false/mistaken/reasonable/safe/valid assumption to proceed on the assumption that ruling: prevalent, dominant: ruling party/class/faction a ruling: decision made by a judge or by some other authority: When will the committee make / give its ruling? a ruling on/about sth a(n) (un)just/unfair /court/ official ruling the exception proves the rule to be an exception to the rule a rule of thumb: as a rule of thumb you should to rule: She let her heart rule her head. Charles I ruled (England) for 11 years. Dont allow yourself to be ruled by emotion.

Note: to rule: to give adecision: The chairman ruled that the question was out of order. to rule in favour of the plaintiff to rule the roost to rule with a rod of iron/ with an iron hand to rule sth out: exclude This possibility cant be ruled out. He was ruled out as a possible candidate. clandestine: done secretly, kept secret: a clandestine meeting/operation of the CIA/weapons programme pregnant to be/get pregnant She is pregnant with her third child. She is six months pregnant. to get sb pregnant: Tom got his girlfriend pregnant, so they are getting married. cf. shotgun wedding a pregnant pause/silence, i.e. full of meaning pregnancy, pregnancy test an unwanted/unplanned pregnancy an ectopic pregnancy: a pregnancy in which the baby developed outside the womb egregious (used attributively, usually of sth bad): exceptional, outstanding: egregious incompetence a most egregious error of judgment arbitrary: willkrlich stale: 1. (of food) no longer fresh and often tasting or smelling unpleasant: stale bread/cake/smoke a stale smell of cigars 2. no longer interesting or exciting: stale news/ideas/jokes to become/go stale Their marriage had gone stale. menial (usu. derog.): not requiring much skill and often boring: a menial task/job menial chores like sweeping the floor avid: also varacious/great/keen cf. bookworm to be avid (for sth) He is avid for praise/news of his son. an avid listener/collector of coins avidity: the avidity of the press for royal gossip venial: cf. mortal/capital/original sin bovine: of/relating to cattle bovine diseases cf. BSE: bovine spongiform encephalopathy; commonly called: mad cow disease fig. dull and stupid: a bovine expression/character/mentality/person

to pry into sth: inquire with too much curiosity into other peoples private affairs I dont want them to pry into my affairs. to pry sth out of sb to pry information out of sb to pry sth off sth to pry the lid off a can to pry the can open antiquarian books cf. second-hand bookshop an antiquary (dated) or antiquarian antiquated (of things/ideas) antiquated working conditions/ideas/attitudes/values/laws/ machinery/technology/class system/industries antique: an antique vase /furniture/jewellery/style/shop/china/clock/fair/market/auction/stall/ dealer ultimate pen-ultimate ante-pen-ultimate vested interest: personal interest in a state of affairs, usu. with an expectation of gaining sth to vest sth (in sb/sth) (usu. passive): to give asa firm or legal right: Copyright is vested in the author. to vest sb/sth with sth to vest sb with authority/power Parliament is vested with the power of making laws. The country has vested all its hopes in the peace negotiations. to swelter: to be so hot that it is uncomfortable, to suffer from heat: to lie sweltering on a beach The country is sweltering in a heatwave. a sweltering (hot) day/summer/climate unrequited: esp. of love: not returned or rewarded: unrequited passion to requite: to give sth in return for sth else; to repay in requital for sth to be killed in requital for ones crimes caesarean alternative C(a)esarean/Caesarian She had to have a caesarean section. The baby was delivered/born by Caesarean section. breakneck at a breakneck speed, or pace cf. a breakneck drive dishevelled appearance dishevelled (of hair/clothes/appearance): very untidy: They arrived back tired, dishevelled and bleeding. a cursory glance: flchtiger Blick blithering idiot: Vollidiot auspicious start auspicious: promising

an auspicious date for a wedding under the auspices of sb: with the help, support of: to set up a business under the auspices of a government aid scheme a relief expedition under United Nations auspicies furtive glance furtive: 1. done secretely and quietly so as not to be noticed: a furtive phone call/ movement 2. (of people or of their behaviour) nervous or attracting suspicion; suggesting that one is guilty of sth or does not want to be noticed halcyon days halcyon (dated or rhet.): Peaceful and happy motley crew Motley (derog): of many different types of people or things: to wear a motley collection of old clothes She was surrounded by a motley crew/assorted of musicians, singers, comedians and drunks. rancid butter rancid: tasting or smelling bad because old: rancid oil/ butter/fat to go/turn rancid cogent reason cogent (of arguments, reasons) convincing: cogent evidence a cogent argument/speech/answer/examination of facts to argue cogently tidy sum wider choice delicious smell heavy responsibility stark contrast furious row strong argument heavy showers particular preference putrid smell: fauliger Geruch striking contrast streaming cold thick fog tall trees dreadful fool superior weapons sheer determination impeccable English accent huge disappointment mild heart attack

distant relative torrential downpour profound effect narrow excape reckless driving sheer coincidence slight West Country accent tall order marked contrast musty smell huge sums niche market gallows humour borderline cases pilot scheme job satisfaction hunger strike umbrella term leisure facilities ballot rigging pot luck world premire design fault career ladder drug abuse snowball effect splinter groups punch line population explosion market price boom town nightmare scenario unemployment benefit death toll mercy mission tax evasion sharp tounge forgone conclusion unwritten law/rule weak spot naked eye dark horse practical joke sore point

square deal conformed bachelor tall order hot line wishful thinking bated breath broad daylight rough estimate flat refusal golden opportunity close shave splitting headache spitting image share/hot meal crying shame soft option alleged rapist cleft stick beaten track short shrift tough/uncompromising stance/ line on terrorism safe bet

GERUND VERSUS INFINITIVE: ADJECTIVES sb is able/unable to do sth sb is absorbed in doing sth sb is accustomed to doing sth sb is accustomed to do sth sb gets accustomed to doing something sb is addicted to doing sth its advisable to do that its advisable that should sb is afraid to do (sich frchten vor) sb is afraid of doing sth (befrchten) sb is afraid that sb is alarmed to do/hear/learn sth sb is alarmed that sb is amazed to do/see/find/learn sth sb is amazed that sb is ambitious (for sb) to do sth sb is angry to do sth sb is/feels/gets/grows angry at doing sth sb is/feels/gets/grows angry with sb for doing sth sb is/feels/gets/grows angry about sbs doing sth sb is/feels/gets/grows angry that sb is anxious (for sb) to do sth sb is anxious that should sb is apt at doing sb is apt to do sb is ashamed of doing sth; scgnebm etwas getan zu haben sb is ashamed that sb is ashamed to do sth: sich schmen, etwas zu tun sb is astonished to do/see/hear/find sth sb is astonisched that its awful (of sb) to do sth its awful that its awful doing sth sb feels awful about doing sth sb is averse to doing sth sb is averse from doing sth its bad (of sb) to do sth its bad doing sth its bad that sth is bad for doing sth sb feels bad about doing sth sb is bad at doing sth sb is bent on doing sth

its better/best to do sth its better/best doing sth its better/best that should sb is bored doing sth sb is bored of/with doing sth sb is /feels bound to do sth sb is brave to do sth its brave (of sb to do sth) its brave (of you) doing sth sb is bursting to do sth sb is busy doing sth sb is capable/incapable of doing sth sb is careful to do sth sb is careful doing sth sb is careful about/in doing sth sb is careful that sb is careless to do sth sb is careless doing sth its careless (of sb) to do sth sb is certain to do sth: sicherlich etwas tun sb is certain of doing sth: sich sicher sein, etwas zu tun sb is certain that sb makes certain of doing sth sb makes certain that its cheap to do sth its cheap doing sth sb is clever to do sth its clever (of sb) to do sth sb is clever at doing sth sb is/comes close to doing sth sb is commited to doing sth sb is committed to do sth sb is concerned with doing sth sb is concerned to do sth sb is concerned that sb is/feels competent to do sth sth is conductive to doing sth sb is confident about doing sth sb is confident of doing sth sb is confident that sb is conscious of doing sth sb is conscious that sb is content to do sth sb is content that

sb is content with doing sth sb is crazy to do sth its crazy (of sb) to do sth its cruel (of sb) to do sth its cruel that sb is curious to do/hear/see/know sth its curious that its dangerous (for sb) to do sth sb is delighted to do sth sb is delighted that sb is desirous of doing sth sb is desirous that sb is destined to do sth sb is determined to do sth sb is determined on doing sth sb is determined that should its difficult (for sb) to do sth sth is difficult to do sb finds it difficult to do sth make it difficult for sb to do sth sb is disappointed to do/see/hear/learn sth sb is disappointed that sb is disappointed at/about doing sth be disgusted to find/hear/see sth be disgusted that should be disgusted at sbs doing sth sb is disinclined to do sth sb is disposed to do sth sb is due to do sth sb is eager to do sth sb is eager that should sth/sb is easy to do/make/build/understand its easy doing sth its easy (for sb) to do sth sb is/feels embarrassed at/about doing sth sb is engaged in doing sth sb is engaged to get married sb is entitled to do sth sb is/feels equal/unequal to ding sth its essential (for sb) to do sth its essential that its expensive to do sth sb is fair to do sth it is fair (of sb) to do sth

its fair that sb/sth is far from doing sth sb is fit to do sth sb is foolish to do sth sb is foolish doing sth its foolish (of sb) to do sth its foolish (of sb) doing sth its foolish (of sb) that.. feel foolish doing sth sb is fortunate to do sth sb is fortunate that sb is fortunate (in) doing sth its fortunate to do sth its fortunate doing sth sb is/feels free to do sth its funny (of sb) to do sth its funny that sb is funny doing sth its funny doing sth sb is glad to do sth sb is glad that sb is good at doing sth its good (of sb) to do sth its good (of sb) doing sth sb is/feels grateful to do sth sb is/feels grateful that its great to do sth its great doing sth its great that sb is/finds sb guilty of doing sth sb feels guilty about doing sth sb pleads guilty to doing sth sb is happy to do sth sb is happy that sb is happy doing sth sb/sth is hard to do/come by/say/tell/believe/understand its hard (for sb) to do sth its hard doing sth its helpful (for sb) to do sth its helpful hat sb/sth is helpful in doing sth sb is hesistant about (doing) sth sb is honest/dishonest to do sth its honest/dishonest (of sb) do do sth

its honest/dishonest doing sth its hopeless to do sth its hopeless doing sth its horrible (of sb) to do sth its horrible that its important (for sb) to do sth its important that sb is inclined to do sth sb is inclined in doing sth sb is intent on doing sth sb is interested in doing sth sb is interested to do sth sb is just/unjust to do sth its just/unjust (of sb) to do sth its just/unjust that should sb is/feels justified in doing sth sb is keen on doing sth sb is keen to do sth sb is keen that should sb is keen for sb to do sth sb is kind/unkind to do sth its kind/unkind (of sb) to do sth its kind/unkind (of sb) doing sth sb is as kind/unkind as to do sth sb is liable to do sth feel/look like doing sth sb is likely/unlikely to do sth sb is likely/unlikely that sb is long (in) doing sth its lovely to do sth its lovely that its lovely doing sth sb is lucky/unlucky to do sth sb is lucky/unlucky that its lucky/unlucky (of sb) to do sth its lucky/unlucky that sb is lucky/unlucky (in) doing sth its natural/unnatural to do sth its natural/unnatural that sb comes/ is near to doing sth sth is near doing sth its necessary/unnecessary (for sb/sth) to do sth its necessary/unnecessary that should sb is nice to do sth

sb is nice doing sth its nice doing sth its nice that its nice (of sb) to do sth sb is obliged to do sth sb is occupied (in) doing sth sb is occupied with doing sth keep os/sb occupied doing sth sb is opposed to doing sth sb is overjoyed to find/hear/see sth sb is overjoyed that sb/sth is/seems/feels/looks past doing sth its pleasant to do sth its pleasant that sb is pleased to do sth it is/seems pointless to do sth it is/seems pointless doing sth its polite/impolite (of sb) to do sth its possible to do sth its possible that its possible for sb to do sth sb is prepared to do sth sth is preparatory to doing sth sb is prone to do sth sb is proud to do sb is proud that sb is proud of doing sth sb is/feels qualified to do sth sb is quick to do something (im speziellen) sb is quick doing sth sb is quick at doing sth (generell) sb is ready to do sth sb is reduced to doing sth sb is reluctant to do sth sb is restricted to doing sth sb is right in doing sth sb is right to do sth its right (of sb) to do sth its right that shuld its rude (of sb) to do sth sb is sad to do/hear/see/learn sth sb is sad that .. its sad to do sth sb is sad about doing sth

sb is safe to do sth its safe (of sb) to do sth sb is safe in doing sth sb is/feels safe doing sth sb is scared of doing sth sb is scared that sb is scared to do sth sb is shocked to find/hear/see sth sb is shy of doing sth sb is sick and tired of doing sth its silly (of sb) to do sth its silly that sb is slow to do sth sb is slow about/at/in/doing sth sb is sorry to do sth sb is sorry that sb is sorry for doing sth its strange (of sb) to do sth its strange that it feels strange to be doing sth sb is stupid to do sth its stupid (of sb) to do sth sb is suited to do sth sb is suited for doing sth sb is sure to do sth sb is sure that sb is sure of doing sth sb makes sure of doing sth sb makes sure that.. sb is surprised to do/find/hear/learn/see sth sb is surprised that sb is surprised at (sbs) doing sth sth is tantamount to doing sth sb is thankful to do sth sb is thankful that sb is tired of doing sth sth is useful for doing sth sth is useful in doing sth its useful to do sth its useful doing sth its useless to do sth its useless doing sth sth is useless for doing sth its vital (for sb) to do sth

its vital that should sb is welcome to do sth sb is willing/unwilling to do sth sb is wise/unwise to do sth its wise/unwise (of sb) to do sth its wise/unwise (of sb) doing sth sb is wont to do sth sth is worth doing sth its worth doing sth sth is worthy of doing sth sth is worthy to do sth sb is wrong in doing sth sb is wrong that sb is wrong to do sth its wrong (of/for sb) to do sth

GERUND VERSUS INFINITIVE: NOUNS NOUNS + INFINITIVE OR (PREP +) ING