DIMITRI OBOLENSKY BYZANTIUM AND THE SLAVS ST VLADIMIRS SEMINARY PRESS. ‘CRESTWOOD, NEW YORK 10707Una e Cong Cag Fabio Dan (bs, Di 18 ‘yt dhe Sa | Dit Obey, BYZANTIUM AND THE SLAVS ted by : ST VLADIMIR'S SEMINARY PRESS ISBN ossi41-008-x Al Rights Reserved Chapter {THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF BYZANTINE DIPLOMACY ' Chapter ‘THE FMPIRE AND ITS NORTHERN NEIGHDORS 56:08, B Caper 1 RUSSIAS BYZANTINE HERITAGE .....cccseesseesssessees 7 Caper IV YZANTIUM KIEV AD MOSCOW: ASTUDY IN ECCLESIASTICAL RELATIONS == csp ¥ YZANTIUM AND RUSSIA IN THE EXT MIDDLE AGES so chapter VE MODERN RUSSIAN ATTITUDES TO BYZANTIUM. (Chaper VIL SIS. CYRIL AND METHODIUS, APOSTLES OF THESLAVS. = eter tT Chaprer VI [RHE HERITAGE OF CvRL AND METHODIUS INRUSSIA Chaper 1X SIs, CYRIL AND METHODIUS AND THE CHRISTIANZATION OF THESLAWS = - 2INTRODUCTION Capes x THe mOGOMES 2 ‘he nen oi ok ae ep rn to ab fy cote Ss pied by Voto Rese oe os fa ae ‘sant and the Slevs (97) thes two om The Bysonine ne IETRIUS OF THESSALONIKI Irhron of Ext Bop (SI) Te aoe hee INTHE HISTORY OF BYZANTINE-SLAV RELATIONS. a ee ee SE. toma on . Tine twee sti my be died hema la thee ae tgoip Ths lim comer dh the er pe of Ses ere ‘a Sein ists expen ape ioe prea eod va is cece ano oe eae ae ox as the third group of tudes is concerned with the contacts tetween ‘Byzantium aed medieval Rus 1 (Our picture of Savo-Byzantne rations wil sin focus and car ity when seen in the wider context of Byzantium rations with fs northern neighbors (Chapter Two). Only the early phe of these relations — fom the death of Fusinian 1 (565) tothe conquest of Bulgaria by Basi TT (1018) — is examined hee. In the history of feasiem and southeastern Europe thse fourard-alf centres proved both formative and dramatic, The invasion of Byzantnm’s Balkan provines by the Slavs, which began on a massive scale i Sustinians reign and threatened inthe seventh ceatury the Empire's ‘ery exitence, was followed, after A.D, 80, by the revival of mai lary and political fortunes and by the Byzantine recongust, inthe carly year of the elventh century, of vitally the entre Balkan peninsula. Though it proved temporary, this reconguest marked the Tighe pont achieved by Byzantine imperialism in Europe during Male Ages. By the same dnte and by peasful micans the Slavo- Varangian state of Rus’ had been induced to accept the religion and ‘many ofthe cultural yalues of Byzantium. ‘This expansion owed much tothe sucoss of Byzantine dipo- ‘macy. Based on Roman foundations and seeking is warrant inthe ‘Chan tradition, this diplomacy has @ triple aim: to defend the [Empires security inthe hour of danger; to forestall attacks by its seighbors by builing bevond the frontiers a chain of dependent Sates and communities, hal-subects and halalies of Byzantium, «whic, lke the foederat of ancient Rome, were su PPO 0 pag 4s border in exchange for imperial protcciion and the sgh of fovemment, ard thal to bring 0 these pgnn tasRerace a pele rosy a ter, Byzantine diplomacy repeatedly saved the Empire from deere ‘tion, gaining for Christendom and for Europe extensive territories iy feito eal wawawa cous merce ee tmthodt of dloncy (Cher On) ee her eh Byninedploracy wally opened aco onic, may, Pete tts fact eT, far lhe hr pgapty ofthe Brine En nee od eins wet et roses earng ie Oyen ar vat nountn posi he Soest see fine Ep oud ad sor ete Dense ie te Shere dant Roms eed srs he Back Surin se eee ce (Gann ic Log of Suredyanie tis Tene fpeertsataricerat bigs Tice testo eo ae, PShiteetiepemmsen mnogo emt pou oa (Sie See ed cloning u even ef coca fone raps reed tof he Noch Annexe ome Sener wax thnan emul corn prt oc caps ‘esd sone hotel carton locas whe nso i ie cots cone no det a rocages coma i tet te a snarling from cas oes tng Sir eon (Cher eh) 0 A form f ctrl difeion whichis given speci prominence in ‘meiealsoures ar Byanine mien. Te fe fied Cs poo cals or con the emperors soereingy over ni boring pagan trikes and nations; and to bring to these samme p= Ie ole of he Crit Gap, he Bane Spied repreetatve abroad Boh his peo" re of most ebrated of al Byzantine missions othe me {Gyr and Methodist as tor i the {bent century out ofthe Byzantine ned o sane teyond the empires frontier in their native language, © Imrodcton sed which in 62 became urgent and specifi. Envy from the rer ‘se Moravia, a Slav principality in central Esrope ved in Conia tinople asking for a Sawspeaking Chistian masionary. Moria had ready been partly comertd by German priests under Frankish cor- teal, ut i ruler, fearful for ie country independence, probably ‘ished to counter thee inuence by that of Siapeaking rey ‘wing allegiance to Byzantium. The wo brother from Thewaloics ‘vio the emperor chow 0 head thi religon and pola! mision, {tamlated from Greek and Savi, withthe el ofthe newly invented Sav alphabe the B)zamtine lug olfis, the Cheatin sites and ther religous and secular works, Thus was cented, by Const tine and Metis and thr clones cp, new ray gee Known tay as Old Chureh Siavonic Inthe early Miele Ages 8 came, after Greek ard Latin, the third imeratonallngaage of Europe apd the common literary iiom ofthe Bulgarians the Serbs, the Ukranian, the Russians andthe Rama, who through the eer cae reas eee ‘commonveath, The nature of Cyrill-Mehodian tradition — Slavic inform, and at fist largely Greck in content — mage it an effective ‘channel forthe dillon of Byranine culture ia Eastern Europe (Chapters Seven and Noe) During most ofthe Middle As Constantinople ané Thessloica ‘were the maingprings of this diffsion. Constainop, the bathe ‘of the Cyto: Methodian mison, remained until Methods death in 85 its principal point of reierence. Thesalonia, the second ety of ‘the empire, was on sigh les involved inthis mision’ subsequent history Nat only was the two missionaies native ct, and the abject, during thee one sojourn abroad, of thir nosalaa and long ing for home, Iwas als the ene ofthe cult of Tesla’ hea= fly protector, the “great marty” St Demetrius. the patron of the (yilo-Methodian mision (Chapter Hever) In more than one Slav country the cult of St Demet of Thessa- lonica, andthe enthosintic acceptance of the Cyril Methodian trad tion, combined to instil both in the cate and unetered cases a ‘veneration of Byzantium and its religion: not least in Rusia, where a ‘number of ear medieval writings Breathe a heady air of cultural ‘Springtime, coming from an awareness thatthe Slavs, by receiving the Christian scriptures and the liturgy in thet own language, have acquired a dstinct istrial identity (Chapter Fgh).Tete oh Gyile Mahodin misog in ape ree Scrrececatcne a nen me Soear pete yee Peeeieret renter cicce sn eee ee tee tent ects i tne Reda Gk eco ecko eee atone Pe tt pastet ieee ae oss Dyson eee rewiaracs acres oe eed Spee olin fgets Snyper ame er oon ro aebielael i eet deer ee ec act se eet etter Genes oc Dee eis hncioa te eget ee tans the yamine Empey! hough seca evap Comamino anit apr wtl hee Fas ped weer fo Seta sd Boe oa tc te coe, ate exert ower ner upon Cathar (or Anna) ‘Sovencnin Sou Franc is ancranple the mont sine ‘acelin who ef te Mid Ags of ponanens ed Pepa moet of sane: pate of Bro ake [ting Onhodox Chetan onion rou ond ois oes srs (her To m 45 te third eu of stuf the foo shi o medieval Resa st tims ths pac te faled ow cals wtp hea ad in rel Inroducion power is wa Tn considering the ways in which the statemen of Byzantiom endeavoured to tes the chllenge procrtad to the seus ofthe fine by its romera neighbors, ft muy be comenient to conse in {urn the principal sectors in which these neighbors impinged on the strategic and diplomatic pono ef te Epi. There were sams fo me, three such sector, which served as the pos of Byzantine Ciploracy onthe aortern fom the Caucasus, the Crimea and the Danube “The importance of the Caucasian sector to the Empl sexu was a mater of elementary geepolics. for at te two exreites of {his great ith separating te Black Seu from the Caspian the SGraeco Roman tzaion of the Mediterranean met and equcmly clashed withthe westward expasion of Asiatic powers: in the north ‘sth the nomads of Eurasia, pressing toward the Blk Sea andthe Dau; inthe south wit the great powers ofthe Mile Fast, push ing toward Asia Minor and the Bosphorts. Both thse wexward ‘movements spelld snstant danger to Byzantium, and the efforts of Imperial diplomacy in ths ctor were directed as much at achieving 3 favorable balance of power in the lowlands north ofthe Causa, a5 to creating a bala agsinst posible attacks of Persians, Aras and “Turks through Asia Mino towards Constantinople asl, The close reaionship that lays exited inte strategy ofthe Empire's penet- fs in the mind of is diplomats and in actual fat, between Byzan- tium’s eastern and other fonts is powhere more appaent than in the Caucasus cector, An the basic aim of Byzantine poly in this: NYAANTIOM AND THE Secor was alvays the same: 10 bil can ofa, ov from the lover Volz andthe Sea of Azov to Lake Ven Ther popes could render the Empire serves fzmenna ton mary rou in hen oy ingance, on the easter coast of the Black Sea the Zach: Ato soul ese te Byron fet to ope aah te ‘ates and could hol the let Mink of the Ermine’ ns estiat Ato further south the Lar and the Tzani guards th sprees thenorther const of Asia Minor, the Georgians inthe cert ee sus andthe Alans further north stood gerd oner the Carpag gee and could prevent the seppe nomads from Asin from sirking ne ex ths moaian pass Byzantine Asa Minor. All thea ee sian peoples were sues wooed bythe dinlomecy of hase the fot four were converted f0 Christianity inthe auth soon yamine misionars and the ve exclsiancalorgnnivtin 0 inthe lands proved a powerful means of keeping thems wits ol orb of East Rome. And the roads and foresee he Byzantines bait in these countries were the material counterpart of {he faterng bat tangible inks which their rulers were occ oo emt withthe Imperial court of Constantinople. These outs of Byzantine influence in the Caveasus sould a ‘nen could also be of considerable a tats in Armen onsonant with hes the Empire: thus the relations esta ao the Ep thereat blished by 2 Turks of Cenral Asia between 568 and 57, ‘hcsbe he Empire oipor sk whe cicumening the Per Sanconol fhe si soues rom Chinato the Black Sea, depended ‘fast io peton the tae route that sited the northern shores of eatin crosed the central Caucasus range reached the Black mei and continued by sea via Phas to Trebizond * S regio tettned is sratepc vale forthe te second half of the eleventh century. The Al by Procopus as frends of the Romans from of mn the tenth century the lncin of Byzantine sector. They were converted to Christan misionarics inthe frst half of that century. The in Byantum, and Constantine Por efulnes in checking posible Khazar es Their rule, who held the Byzantine ‘the three Imperial satelite of tt 0s “spiritual son"* The impor. between Byzantium and The Prine and Methods of Bane Diplomacy s eee eae ee eee ae oo a ees pane emcee cones eae Soren Sean beaters aie raceme oe ee Sheree a fa ee a rae aie ac aad SEE Seed aconeie einer eee ee ee ee ee eee eee ee ee es ce ees ee aa a ee ee: M ANDTHE SLayy eerie cin 062 0 te lone y, eee i a, oe tag Delage pee omni eK ae eee ct en rset ony tone a eo ee sae ots ean cy nor Peer poee wi te toe eect en 8 Ppa Fea epyc inert one” ieetat isan een te rene, es {Siete V wate Tan oe Cola es fanly aimed at exering pressure upon & hostile neighbor or vfs ena Dela atl pe te pat ick tat std Steelman oie acres steer teen Geta ned ots me Dante obs tent sorte Emp’ eres fey tent cemy te Dyanins psc ee ee tne arses tir dlonay nthe eye tc iporarce ses Kee Gin prone Byars ca is en hed rom hen of Suh Res a {eon fre and honey from the forests further north, and sol tothe fetarans the manufactured arls of Byzantine industry. Political _Cheson and neihborng region, subject or vasal of the Empire ‘Tau imaaabe oberation post, a watch-ower planted on the vr) See tartan world of south Russia which Byzantine er ansou 0 inflence and contol. It was fromm the that Jana’s goverment could follow the moves ofthe amped on both ies of the sea of Aron, and PY 4 ‘by suring up internal strife among them, ward off th Balas. Thus, from Byzantine Crimea, cou the ovarde the northern barbarians, the tactonsl vide and rule” or at least, when this proved of Rostov, “weaken and watch” AD was The Pimples and Methods of Byzamine Dplamacy tots Crimean ovpost with grim determination, struggling to preserve it fom Khazar domination attempting. not always sucealy, 1o ‘alize into lawful chanel the traitons of Grek muniapal a omy, which were always strong in Chern, And in the te sith ‘cniury the wisdom of ths poicy of hanging on tothe Ciimea tecame forcibly apparent. The appearance of ew tarberans cm th north horizon fred the Empere hasty t Bul wp afew blancs of power in the steppes. The fit ofthese new intader, were the Pechenegs. Ths barbarous Turkic pople was then tescning the whole western section ofthe Empires athe font, ftom the eo ‘Azoy 10 the Danube. Byzantine dplonay me th calenge By 8 poly of readjustment. For the past two centuries Yad ree, for preserving order in the steppes, mainly on the Khazar, bt thet power was fast decining, so, in the cay tenth entry. Byvantiam {ured to the Pechenegs. One his bat 0 s-ead the opening chapters f De Adminitrando Imperio to be persuaded ofthe ex npr tance of the Pecheneg alliance to the Empire during tht century “They show quite ckarly tht for Constantine VII alliance with the Pechenegs isthe comerstone of Byzantine diplomacy i the north for as Constantine isat pans to expan os son — i this allance ‘ep, Byzantine Crimea is safe, rade with Reson can flour and the Empire’ northern enemis, Bulgars and Magyars and Rusians, wh tremble with fear before the Pechenegs, wil not dae to stack ‘eoneeve, then” the Emperor writes, “hat ts always greatly to the ‘advantage of the emperor of the Romans to be minded 1o Kep the Pre with the nation of the Pechenegs and to cxncide conventions and treaties of friendship with them and to send every year to them: fom our sie a diplomatic agent wit presents being an suitable to that nation. Its understandable and sigan that the espon- siblty for negotiating with the Pechenegs lay onthe Governor of Chesson, The other factor which enhanced the importance of Byzantine Crimea inthis period was the southward movement ofthe Swedish Vikings down the Risin vers, and the foundation of the Varangin Russian principalities along the Dnieper watery. The attacks they launched from Kiev inthe century following thi massive rad on Constantinople in 88 could be forestall, i nt prevented, by the inteligence Bureau ofthe otparny of Chern, “Behol” the Cher Sonites informed the Emperor it 944, “he Russians are coming in ‘ountes ships and the sips have covered the ea." In vin the Rus-: BVZANTIOM AND THE stag a sugt0 mop up hs dango bration os. Chenon ‘true, fell t0 the ee eae xi et in 989.905 but, bn pron oy fhe cys lng lu a Seema certs ioe te oer Sesto mn ceed rs martes 0, aand in the comersion of Russia to Christianity, and Cherson nit faut he Emp tn cn a a sce Sie Theta ditt a for Chistian and fr Byzantine ciation a tertory which oa, ‘Sent! be apie The thd sctor oh Emperor oat Ws on ts and mie Danie te snc ines Romanars sad eh inti me me te wor, was mach oreo 2 ee (Gime the orn Cnc Ts to war's Se nh Poles: fre wer Dah bt nar eterna ee ictden to ‘slr ten tho a cel mesg ca aps bi forthe by he Dyan: dire ie Gina and Canes won he Baars pve a Oh lt nd aes eyo Tene ns fe eos po of Connon wich pe Seca ohne ge: Soa ive: for Vad ca, the cy lis open to a chance invasion by land scot lowlands of Thrace: and we find that contrast steed ‘: cary the Second century BC by Polybius: his remarks onthe eee aPosete ofthe ancient Greek city of Byzantium to attacks i Non-west are worth quoting. for they seem to he almost 2 robes of te Eat Roman Empires relations wth ie nether “A Tac” — Potbiswrites —"wirounde te tron ie Dein on asc reacting fom se to st th) a an ends and toubesome war apnns the Thracian oF baling preparations on pan sae and wir ‘me hem, 0 gtd once for al of thei, ations and dynasts ate too numerous. ‘contracts; for if they make any ase up agains them five ‘they are involved in a nee The Pres and Methods of Bycanine Diplomacy eee So et Pe eae eee = eee eS eee! Fe or ete a erg ee See eee ee eee a oe ieee Ee ae ll ore pl pe ee Sirens cieariopansse ee pe ea eer es who by his imperial desens presented the diplomas of Bale ener eee Se eee re ae Sere eae oer ee ee ree eel: BYZANTIOM AKDT ee ee en Fae fo cs we a {he Danbin and Balkan stor, the main phases ofthe Eee ‘ilonatic and itary resistance aginst its northem neigh > aaa eet eee to eee sa ts ee ee ree Sst “ Spb meetin Ac scp ofthe reign andthe pla! apc se _Empsorin Consantinope: these were surely the unchanging aims of Emperors. a enitomized in the writings Ate difficult to resist the impresion his greater sophistication and, perhaps 2 Pupil of Justinian, For it was abore all aS REM OT The Princes and Methods of Brant Diplomacy " were not jst he prodvet of adhe dcsons: they were rooted inthe ‘ie held by the East Romans ef the nature and purpose of ter Empire The Byzantines believed that ther Empire was In pipe centers wit the cvlied universe, the Oitounene of which ther Emperor was the sol eitimate sovereign. This ofcourse, char actrisicaly Roman ide, forthe Romans hid aleay steed frm the eocentilsion that their Empire embraced the eed work. Wat onl natural thatthe Roma of Constanines citys this uncompromising bel inthe one Uriversal Empire Tn Aas this, wring in the Tean of Justinian, coud sae tht the Emperor's dominions “embrace the whole worl" and four entre later Con- Stantine Porphyogestu, the standard authority on Byantine polit fal theory. compared the Emperors power, n ts hth and ender, to the harmonious movement gen tothe Universe by ie Creator? [And this doctrine ofthe ne Univeral Empire by the Emperor who was the supreme leglator tod the ving in was nasi hl by the Byzantines il te last days of th Empice. Mere partic larly, the Oitourene was held to extend ever all counter whose inhabitants prefect Orthodox Christianity and were bound, in 2 see not eal definable in tems of conta law, by common allegiance tothe Emperor of Byzantiom, the supreme head of the ‘whole Christan word and God's epresetatne on earth By the mide 4 ofthe tenth century, as wesc rom The Book of Carman, the Byzantine diplomatic protocol had evelved with sore precision this notion of an Gecsmenial society, an ordered hieachy of subod ‘ate tte, satllics revolving in bodint harmony round the tone Of the universal Avtocrat in Constantinople Ia this vast Common ‘wean cach nition yas theoretallyasigned is partial pce, according to the exelece of i culture, the degree of pital inde pendence enjoyed by true, the miliary resources he commanded, land the serves he and his subjects could render tothe Empie, This Byzantine Oikowmene, which Professor Osrogosky and Profesor Dilger have described so vividly, and which was evoked with great laquence by the Russian scholar Lamarsky in 1875 iteuded he ‘Orthodox Sav countries — Serbia, Bulgaria and Russia; an, with scarcely an exception, the madival rales of these coutries never ‘uestioned this vision of the one univesal Cristian Expis detined {0 foreshadow on earth the Heavenly Kingdom, until the inst days and the coming of Antichrist, When in the carly tenth entry ‘Symeon of Bulgaria led his armies against Constantinople and5 BYZANTIUM AND THE SLAvg i fp ney lw to ey, Shetuprin fice ths vont of he qeton nae ee eeteeriet emery ee es ae ee coe and re Dress Taran eee eens a oabetes tac tre sor vey a eee cod Se Steg tesrnces Engr” Ant is eens etc pieaen eye et eee ees eect cece eeepc Suet Sen, ane son ad carly auory ants oe ‘Bese oe cab ye King fa" t's emanate fen Brame erst cass in Eso Fue pig Saye the non One cece in Comcantoe Baath Ser Dc te eset ot fos oxyde Defies wt Py Kegon deen Ane ue fms Ron ‘who, no Sera Pap aay puede pia! ‘Siren td npn, ewe reise tat he npr \Contantinope posesed supremacy and a measure of jursdktion cat Cita atom tinge own ts a atte ese el th orc ce he Friar Costin ete il eG Dee Mn he a te 1 one fon ihe pes a the Rosin ‘Selena open tna come rac Ba te Mao "you se sro ‘sing we have & Church tat not an Emperors snot pose ates Cac anda a an Eni = lhe chart spre tite Byaine Rous: “The Emperor naps ase Rome tows of Css a sovereign aginst the basic principle of the ee The Pipes ond Methods of Bain Diplomacy ny hte uray of he Bape wat i ft fae Hidaitig tc bevel teeaess enieeosieectees Foe cate crt whe cou ua er gee Spa aries cnens te deat ce unten Soe need a tw Te eer ae ere oe hipped of cunt Coat alo x ad Cress rts we ports eta te Hes om Corel eg ng sa cng eas Oct And See tea brevet ct of ora Fort emo Gee Serva be ay etna enpinae fad pel in Bata ey ieiceece ereceat nearer ple feral one fc ey chad a ri Ronit brite is enn twee a Gale oor Grek napus “oan” bt tn sete Sak oe Roma ths metestip oe Cote Cae fab uepans tobe Emperor he age Ge Te bra it i pnp was ao the pan owe he Epes de felon Once you nazpted Order Chany ou gel Bemuceyeconcd cineca rere fanun Wetog of Kon uk of OL Gre Balt ae eh Sy, Chaceperay come domo Ms “afer ie {irda tepned wate ging tim he evra ebb ad hence tugs oe of RO tps Ts care ths Dui Chri ur ay have co senate: ts arth ia Byun jo wasn gr tar Sa Sie ae twclin ey ie Chistes 0 tat nv of Ps vo) ale of Byam, re case wih be rests eee oneal Thc Ronan of Onc Unie Eps ade Geo rather Hstenstie covet of tsar wee by he Ban the il ¢ megpiicd ntpreaton, ror fm he radon ofan and Chany Te Bynes bie ht ee Organon of hs wo spr Gals weal pi Stacy med up ihe nyo ans tn Asche een Srp ete Ranan Emp ad pose ve ie wf thers advan ef ne Chri ahs nee Romo Aeted to he ei ef Cost the Emperor Coma 6p Sree int Ree ha ave nd to bine be Gel 0 a Deol fh ea So the a mar was ee the Ps CGrtona and he ners of the Ene comeee eg a Ty Sn rin ee es aoe etn Be re of converting the barbarians, To test the effectiveness of Bent Seed cee ees _gatest perio inthe story of Byzantine missions begins in the rast een eine eee ee ae err Sousa marin eo culture in ‘ed to the emergence, by 1 7 eee ears, eos ees eer cr eee ee tt ee aa ae ee se rs se eens eee Seeeteteetpeeseree ne Cormeen one Saco ca ese ee ese er ar ins, and cape he fi. nee ely. And ye, fra fr tax ‘he Prince ed Methods of Dzone Diplomacy te cutie the Emp’ hegemony, on revel gsin the authority San eokraor bens ad potently ye ey tinned reraned sie the Oitonanc at waa te rt of aes permisne wi, of the cine oon, an woe day they Gotta Bow down before tc pate sovereign, Tondo hem fo {oe nm ewan in of are Gone ain er ir of the Emp Nsory, when he autor and pois of weet were onthe cedar have seemed 1 he ar Baran Rome tha thi sivenalmision was on the a) 10 Tr ule such oct of great dnlomatc ache were te were of Jestaion and Herat the pod that extends from he se oh ol Michel In 842 to the eat of Basi I 1025 and theage ofthe Conia emperors MR tnahods employed by te Bycantive diplomats to aduce the barbarian to eae tbe Okowniog, or tet o asst the UBhectea tvaied pent acorn to Seumstanes The Spe. sored one fequey sed ‘ntl the Gracia nso thet ler entry was money, the Bel tht cer man has the Senne goverment rom Justinian to Bas paid x consider Bae tums Go emre the loyaty the Empire's tsi peopl. Ahuny cme hs money was undoubely cute, etry the bar alge aie pan ofthe sword. Dat he Bann theaches ca TEiculy zou repaded hee conmbution, apealy Wien {hg nee pena payment ty the bene Emperor sees the rapists had rendered, or would render, t0 the Empire, Ths {abu af beerme a mean of asocting te barbrians withthe ‘Moonen. Te exact nic of ths anc cannot easly Be ‘Singin onstttional ters, Butt woud ite, be nteesing to aaler the meaning of sctral hrc ems sed by Ryne See to eure the prope ths associate wi the Emo Si of True parteinrysipnficn: vero, icon 1 ‘rfcoon,Unfxoot and #poEHO ane “fact Evonowog (calc onovin=“avolern esti ma Sel nine sah sea oe cen Got Taree ree the Sarees om he oun brn of Empire and in the easly thirteenth century the Bulgarian, er ‘Kaloyan was termed one ofthe Evonov6ot of he Byeantie Emnsror yasonoo Coe wea)» ca sma Sean ty oe Tam no Tn Peedi gece tite ape ct Sameer eet eee rN rsccrtn eens ‘tothe King of Hungary.” ee ea eee a ae 8 ce Saas ee en eee ee ee a ee = ees ne ee ee Athens, wile one of the meanings of xpdevos was a citizen who hid foe ee an ee SS Sas man anas Empite who, by virtue of a treaty (foedus) con- rth Rome, guarded her frontier in exchange for a regular Eeenite aoe Soil ih the treo 9 ‘Sereecasigtaers tthe sh ce te ote woe perp be un. new of fh reins och to mck fecal Ys ine ations tat some BY 0 Dying il hough other mais" mand tha he poston in he super to te Emptor ‘tet be ngs nt wich exprose he ‘manrer Byantim coud ged to pres he ‘he Prine and Meso of Breanne Dinlomacy ” far; while the “barbarians” pining a new prestige from tee Sega (Mchclation with the Empiecoul! preserve ther political atonom “The association of the "barbarane with the Expire was farther capresel by the bestowal upon ter rues f tes taken from the (ary ofthe Byeatie cot, The parpos of vc tle wa tee [eo tier the vanty of the Imperato bind them othe {Empire by a eltionship of dependence and 1 in the pariclar Tank cccuped bythe ruler and bis people within the Oskourone, The Sienifiance of this Merrscherindawr has often boon discsied Barats: need only be pointed out here thatthe Highest of al thes nthe hierarchy dependent on the supreme suthonty ofthe ao Tee ea actoxpzap row Poy — hat of simple Pacts — was framed several times by Byzantium o foreign rales: to Charlemgre Ersi2s to Peter of Bulgaria in 927: protaby, as Profesor Ostro- goaky has demonstrated, to Symeon of Bulgarian 913, and posibly, {Bi have argued! ekewhere" 0 Vladimir of Rus around 985. “These eoncesions of Imperial iplomacs, omens accompanied by bestowals of Byzantine hides and Byvantine insignia (oeluing frown), were reinforced by the work of East Roman misonai. For the most powerful nsrument of Byzantine univers was he ‘Onhodox Chistian faith which ute te barbarian proses to he Rhomaici by membership of the same Church and by diet all~ lance to the Emperor, head ofthe Crisian cikourene. Wet. he King ofthe Caucasian Lari sought the protection of Justin 1 be said to have addresed the Emperor in these term: “We wih ths 0 snake us Christians Eke thysll and we sal then be subjects of he Roman Empire" The dependence ofthe new Christian satelite 8 vantiam was often expres in spiital tems, the barbarian Pose Ie Bosming the Erperors sista son” And tis dependence was feather strengthened hy te work of the Byzantine missionary CIE ‘who by thet own teaching and through the cleo of Byzantine ‘inon law which they brought 0 the new converts abroad, sted tion of he universal sovereignty ofthe Rasies. yamine cial ilo, im crane tt sowed nos the secular counterpart eis or combing ‘rogram of Imperial hegemony ith a poy of conesions 10 the tational aspirations of Byranium’s satelite, A curious insane sia. acco concded between the authorities of Byzantium and Rusia a Ingo whch th primates of the Russian Church were tobe apoiiedi PRATT fit fo song Byatne and Roman end Beet of al armen sed ty bin Dy Eterm Europe mas the Savon tray ad tama oe ‘tures with which Cyril and Methodius provided the Moray, oe ‘the second half of the ninth century. This vernacular tradition pe the Empires Slavonic converts in Esstern Europe tne ocd the Russians and the Serbs — to build up their Christian tit st Sees eae oe eae though this policy of linguistic liberalism was to suffers wa Serkan se a ‘and Methodius, perhaps the greatest of Byzantine missionaries, eng ot the Sins toast something of tha cosmopottan earch! iin Ss and most suc hour, the Chch a ome pach the nev comened a This work of Byzantine envoys. : 7 7 a eee ade poly the mss at home. No chor oar eat Sor ihr kota waar taninp wh he powers map of he Roan poe he fc f the Minty of Foretn Afi he Mater of Coc $5. he Maser afte Otis nr, he Loptet of ti Cures Sew how fo combine an corte arene ih the ee ‘ents of miliary security. Ifthe foreign ambassadors came from Fev ten, it wciry measures ware efocel. Coste Porphyrogenits, who knew so well what he describes as the "raver- ‘Siesta bets cans ef the ts of he No oy te nies ofthe rus for Byzantine princess, uae tht hovel toto many rss of Constanta © the beauty of Greek wemnen®! Rather were ere be he sno te roy and the st fhe itself, the envoys would generally be ‘The Principles and Methods of Byzantine Diplomacy » vet was thr Ci, protect by Gd, witha its gay 1 257 Sorc coull pone tre cctte men are ‘he Byrative poet Pat he Sentry Scribes cee es hs thes of St Sophie: # goup of Atos wen beng sown td wn 3 pend they wer th the Dau and mest of Rese cymboized by Botiians Church, that they submit of tow {Re wil to the Church and the Emperor of Byantam™ And fr tenure here comes rom a Sav sours the enact counterpart fois suggestive sen’ when the envors of the Rasan pce Vic feat ecC nie abet le Gales ace cea fem, ey are ald to herds hs opr fo tex pgm wrercns Ie oie Ces cS Gent awe wheter we wee in heaven or on sath or on eh he sao sah Tau or skenotr, te ko onl ati tn pice God Gala fnone ten, and the servic x more Beta ha fet ‘ito: for we cannot orgs that bats." “To tempt an overall estimate ofthe achive nd fas of Brant diplomacy on te bai the npmesiy pts aed Inthe paper would. no doube, be harrdoas at few tate Seaesos ray bead in ton In he ft ple, wold ieterone to ical ths ilomacy, Noval the nrhen babs tppeced tht igeriou ted ebonte mythology by wiih the ‘eatin jsified the came of ther Empat exerese ues jtratiton. When Bayan Khgan ofthe Avera deanded of Jn {the sender of Semiv, he ialy mocked the Enpecrsihe ‘adoption if the Emperor wes is ae, be strd, et hi Bat fim what was die to on™ Morover, the ato siting one ilar tide opin another, in which Byantie porate Chesed, and the teacher wit wtih he Enpie sorties aed fowads ses, were not vay clued to han ‘rage among the vis ofthis ifomatic game of ches. When aentinus, envoy from Jasin I othe Tuts of Cental Ai, Pe sere his redentials fo the Kagan, De was et bya expsion of "a pling his hands os rou, the Turks sore excaad: ‘are you not those Roman, who hive fen tongs, an one di? ‘AS nen fngrs re now in my most, so Yu we a ones With one you dese me, with ante the Ava, my sve, YOW Tater and deceive all peop with he ates of your words 20d the teacher af your thongs, nde fo those who al eonsPAXTON ATH ito misfortune from which you yourselves derive sane ed ontral” beaded in singing rebuke, art, 8 Iremnsee Wen Peni, it hemor of Marathon an Sees ts font Kon more oe ee fr onthe Dara aginst merle arrange ‘Jinn sums pid Sst ‘Asye lok din the toy of Bain onary ne my eens methods a criousdusltya mixture of comensing oy i ccrcen 2 ly encouraged its Si onic proses o build up their own cultural life on vernacalee foundations inthe folowing centuries policy of heleisaion and ‘uh oppression was at times initiated. Iti pechape eifcul o ‘sce which was the normal, and which the aberrant, tendency: po ‘sy both were always in existence. But itis worth reminding Ou ‘ches that a policy of cultural liberalism and se interested genetoiy {isthe hallmark of the Emperors of the Macedonian house: ani of thes Basil and Ras were perhaps the greatest mac be no doubt that on an overall ew, Byzantine dip “Past wos remarkably succes. By saving the Empe m) WOS Se eapeces ge 7 seta 20 macy of the pow f Graeco-Roman cvlization, by gaining for C= or Europe so many lands of the Balkans ano he 20 Se ths iplomacy was a facior of major important sch tsa sje not unworthy of fer st Td se ern mn. pp pn i, 4 iS ar meer men ai core co SES Sp Marts Min a SST aa AL ream net emenms te see a snare ee oon meets Dose See Sy te neers SS ese— 2 mania; THE Shang Satie eas ornate oor Sem ma Da am See cic Beme CHAPTER 11 ‘THE EMPIRE AND ITS NORTHERN NEIGHBORS® 5661018 ‘The Fpl relations wih the counts ofthe north during the four and hall centuries tetween the death of Jistnan I andthe fonguest ofthe Fist Bulgarian Erpie by Bal I are marked. by theee main charactersics. Inthe mary annals of Byram ths ‘was an etoc age, during which, with few irtermision. the Empe Tought to detend fs rontirs aod sometimes ey ie ata the evetecurring thr ofthe northern imvader, of Avra Sa, of Bulgar and Magyar, of Russian and Pecheep Secondly, thee atures was forged, n eply tothe northern challenge, by steadfast {ath and ivi hiking by carl stady and obervation, by al cere, that esenal weapon of East Roman policy — the impel SEplomcy which mains one of Byzantium’ sing coetutions to the history of Europe. Final, it was this period thatthe Byzantine saesmen became fully amare of the importance ofthe aorth i the Enpires sytem of security and a study ofthe relevant sures — azceunis of mitary misions, ambassadors’ rears, handbooks of inlay sate, confides guides to orig ply, acdemicBiso~ tis and monastic chronicles reveals ther going peoccpation ith the area that lay immediately beyond the northern bord ofthe Eni. Ths, broadly speaking, was the area ited jin the We by the Hungarian pain and in the est by the Caspian Sei sche ‘over the Carpathian) Mounts, the South Ressian steppe, and the lowlands tothe north of the Caucasus and was bounded inthe noth by semicircle extending over the lower cous of the peat Russian tery — the Dniester, the Drieyer and the Don — and whose ms SSSR ery mer omen mess nientea BVZANTIM AND THE say, cane 10 rt on the mide Dane inthe wes and Shibata fom the peripey of tothe nmerentg ow fh an ons ni Epos vom intl rn it the orb of Dar Seeks ol ions 1 te ty reeds othe ove a, ambos and a for congue taal Inui fhe stermen of Constantinople And wai Gite enone of Byrantum wth te nontern mate arly fen thee sor which served athe pis or Frpires sien the Danube the Cina and hcg he pra of het sos had become ful ss ing te eg of sina was ths Exipcror above all ure Oped ard bated toh stoesom a ctncspioy a Upleosey inate oe and fea in wich mitarypresure eal inl, some aly and egos propaganda wer ita pone wapn of foe inperainm, A bret suns oe Expire piton gis ner rie nthe ning Joao a ‘ih ha fing neocon oh poly of is sucseore “Thespifeneof the Caveman tor forthe Empires seciiy heat of poll erp for atthe extra ‘eh srg the Mack Sea from the Caspian ihe. Grace oman clin ofthe Madscrancn mes sn! tasked wih te teal panion of Asan ealtre te orth wth thea Eva moving ote Black Sea andthe Daren te south $I cet ofthe aia platens, pushing towards As Minot inde Bath these west movers sles insane to Byam: an the effet ofthe pera O- TAPAGLINS ters ected ws much towards achieving a0" al lnc of over inthe ‘ort aS, a8 1 cons lowiands north of the Ca om the mii th, in War ae iu Whee Empire and DPee YZANTIUM AND the central Causasvs and the Alas further north on the Tey... ers crec re, ffom striking south at Byzantine Asia Minor. Ait hose ‘tides were suoostlly wooed by the diplomacy of Justinian, ere ra enemas Imisonais, and the new cclsistcal organization set ye ee ‘nde the pola ifluene of East Rome, And the rode a8, {tess which the Byzantines bul in these countries were the meq ee ee ‘es were induced to form with the imperial court of Constanti va ‘The rides which inhabited the steppe land between the lower Vea Se thesyardenr act comnny eee they wee ienly and sufficiently powerful, be counted upon to grt eta a ee ee Smite ices ee ee ee eee re, Lee Satie eee Becerra ce ee ene a a : sea caren gre ‘in the steppe; their importance was partly ¢co- ae ‘Provided Byzantium with the raw materials of jtarfon tsetse fo mle i a i a = ae Fate ighboring region, subject ‘or vassal of "grater part of the period under review, was 4 ‘on the very fringe rid of South Russia which Byzantine diplomacy Sear acme follow the moves of the Utigurs am Restearnsser cs internal strife among them, divert thelr Byzantine Crimea that hi 9% ae Cveaaa EH se Empire and es Northern Neighbors 0 cexsors were able o pursue towards the norte barbarians the a ‘eeahgoman poy of “vie and rule” ora kas, when thi proved tony abl, cweaien and watch” And, tre again tothe tne ‘moral methods of Roman diplomacy. Byzaniam had secured in iimountins of southera Crimea, a counterbalance ts enemies ike steppe. a wsefl satelite, hulf-vasal and halally the Crimean ‘Gor. The scuntyof the Empire's Balan provins, a tr erets Sere frequently 0 confi, depended as much upon the watchful (Bavots agents nthe Crimea a upon the influence it welded in the forth Caucasian a "The hid sector ofthe Empite’s nother roa was on the lower and male Danube, and this section ofthe es Romanus was. 8 ihe itary sense, much more ofa “iron” than the Crimea or the other Caucasus This too wis a ater of peomrapy or the lower Danube iy ner the termine of the "teppe cordon” thar immeror- Bi highway taken By nomadic invaders from Asi: and fr many of them: who ad siceseded in avoifing entanglements and taps i or {hem by the Byzantine diplomats nthe Caveasian and Chmean see ton, the Danube proved no ssiperable obstacle and the rad info the Balkans lay open. The contrat the static positon of Con- Saatinople, admirably protected from attack by se, but open 10 2 hance tnvasion by land acros the plains of Thrace — aleady ‘mcred by Polybius’ provides a constant and tape backeround to he medieval history ofthe Baars. Justinian had seen his Dane tian ronier constantly threatened and frequently overran by Kutt fs and Slavs, The Slvs, whose incursions into the Rakans had Started inthe reigh of his prdecesor Justin | and increased in rength Shroughout the sisth century, had. expanded from their Faropean homes north ofthe Carpathians and were then divided into two main ‘roups the Selaeni, north of the middle and lower Danube, a he Antes (or Ante), further cast, between the Cacathins ond the Donets. Te have wrought by te las inthe Balkans decid by rocopias$ was a harbinger of worse things to come. Justin's fot Seatons and skill diplomacy could not compensate for eck of Soldiers, It has been suggested thatthe Emperor's fale to protest ‘Adaquately the Danube frontier can be partly explained y is obs ‘Sion wit classical reminiscences: his wars with rst wick evoked ‘emaris of Marathon and Salamis. and hs econaust of Roman lands, offered more appeal than border warfare on the Dansbe ‘exist barbarians» Whether this i so oF nt, his sucess WereEE —“‘ié””t eta ef 0 al wt he role of the Balkans si dein 45 ren 2 MW Prod in he hg a eee ee a en tee Ty nec wool! sem, Mongol and Turkic i As Tesi te nonh Caucnan exon at theclose of stant Seating fight fom ther ertwhie subjects, the Conta) soe Tus Though the iri of the Als they soup ap pies peion and in 58 conse a fos wth at Ratt ing sub tothe Emperor and fo ih hic enemas av cul not bt wee ths conc of exing the prewure oe tort etl se Menanr sw that "wheter hh evi or wht ae dled, ther cs the Romy tril The Avan played tr pr as imperal focrao errr clone Canute, rae ea stein hr ete vane: he Sabi the Ugur, te Kuru tot the Ames of Bossi, Thei reations wih the Epi noe frie and more ctl phase. The reyuets to be onl srs th Dare and to seein ike Dabrja were stich ere Jinan ths was rated the it ofthe many bones Gilon evo Bz an the Ava iin abel this inceasingly tem situation. A few is Exe vali ofthe Lomas hey acest ‘Gee ind hts Da an ant Pons 3 2 et ier te Lomi ay nt oligo ‘atest of Hunn rn The abso “Aah dan pow in Cental Europ, lads of an em Bokeh ots Dane rom te A= ‘Russia and was centered in the Theiss (1572) altered the balance of power along Byzantivi’ 201 ong before supe ar of rates conqueror and an able diplomats. lay. The sirmium on the rani otto one ; ‘ a ‘ofits strategic importans ORR Sec e Fe naerdeat ose gli? z Ee rn Spe emeeee eee Sa ann ied rw oe Snead oe etna tne a er B00 roca Se enn cae eee he comin epee relent ea Ste 3 tare Consmiips wn entaoy ot fas re ssan Tots (Tan Ku othe Cima oho Fee eerie ieee era ca pon ie Comet d Pitre propo rom Sul iano howe beh a Ee Ki Te Twi, tne anh Sogn om eer sicceieton Coen eee ket cor, hating w Dentin, coed Pes ron Te Tee a meet hte alk cot we me de [ike pling to the rae of coe iermetni tere CS slope ogi ono the soto he ak Cee naan oats Tuyo sa creme ee alo te ik rou om China the Bact Se veh Fe ine pat tcaceed fo make ie Enpie oneal) ‘Geta onto cry. Toe rerton of hs jot serie said Ep vaste man ohat at scia ha te apeocatcoauel in Byantun teu hn ab he Tas Mded pet toa case lig oes eae foram $tnee apt Pasi" thn” Meander ore. “a he Tatah natn vane (ends of the Roms A yan tsb by Zemarch journeyed 1 Sul pl he ing outa ie Teles ayn car Ten Stan" DA ington ee yrs aon been Bynum and he Ts ter nly a veo jue! rom te ao SSS Shar tavel tween Constensnpi snd Cental Aa, Da 76 Shesuon art arama. Wien be Byrne ves ade ty akin, rtd th tenn tothe Ki Torta SI "hat on and sues, hy wee met win an exp of Pacing his finger to is uth, the Trish soecion xine “Are you ot tse Romany who ae fn tng ‘As ny ten fingers are now in my mouth, so you have many tog Using on to deve anther 1 cae the Varo “Avask my slaves. You fatter and deceive all eoples with ts oof our words andthe rachey af our hogs eetUM AND THE stay the fil dng ito mrt fon Wich you yy tee on™ sage and rnatra” he ade Somes tebe, fora Turk tlie” Bier reproached with the align taped cht sy an Bar, les tat had ed from their masters the Byars fare espe with ter Hes the aliance berneen the Eager es feta ad used orc yeas as sre cee Seite jar (79) Tn sm moving wean fe Gapan ea, apart Bane cy of hospors eo fe a thea the Epics le dense oye Te cay ofthe Trh-Byanine lance was probaly de sho theme the Emp ciphiay ws aking on so taser ot 10 ainy on the Dane. Menander Seok ‘poring aloes w x suse pine of the moval ini, ‘heh he mato of hs noma to ot rovahes arene ‘ms inthe Enesan see The Turks it may be sured had eae te nine stan wee a ‘ea on gent whch the Erp to oh id ised wth the Arte cos orp 9 So ie Titi (S70. whose ein led him to {incnipatingeatm afi prckesor ed vo we the Sas ‘dete Sts whos rats cow the Danube wer causing gave Bat Boyan prove seach spread avo in Trace, iyricum and 8 formigabe invasion of the Bar Bn Si they reached the “Long Wall outside Con- 1 ih beter than the Romans." were sre np and bs Norhrn Neigh A vas Simi, adequately dfended and rove, wa se J Se perry ovdestothe Avan GED." ne ie key to he norte Balla no in Ava ands, the geo ah ear wt neo he one Ina "mvt uperor arice ater oy the Ava neg oi er anal subi (3) The, Macedon Gece and ins Pe pone il, Were Tide sd pe eer aie ‘A eye Avr an ees eS mens sotsded Yo sme exten ining the Enis Mason tbe Dane dorng the doe om S72 0 02 In 3 he peste cmrietton ofthe Pern war cabled bin to ang hs Seed rope back to Europe. Pres hit geste comand ‘eee wit the dob ak of sinning the Dane Wisr'ine again the Avers ard stoping the snaron of he ‘Gite later were sl able fo launch, under the amps of he SESE dmv aac apie Talia in 56 or 3972 But on the whole Pacis wax remarabl suse cesing the Dante to ‘Shiu the Slavs and recpuingSingidunu om he Avan 0 ‘Treaty between Byvanium andthe Avis te the Epes ont save Danube, Maurice endeaking to crease te wb Bat {21 Praca nas sco the Dane and crying te nar ito th teas city, fled crshing delet on Baya reso the ‘Thea. Not snc the days of Jarman had he arms of Byantm sons tiumph in Furor Mut Mosc nthe Dane wee sco doe. 2 tie Emperors onder tha the trope were to winter beyond Danube provoked mutiny, "The rebelios army mated on Com tating seed the and. pocimed thir leader Phos Emperor, Phos’ datos eign (2-10) mks wring pit the history ofthe Emp’ norte roter The fines ot ower Dime and onthe Sur, held alt impertetyand prea = by Jasna thre suaconors, now ellapest andthe barbie surged over the Balkans, The thrpronged stacks othe AvaroSiv Ties towards the Ait, the Aegean and the Bogor 8 te ‘Avnss reached the suburbs of Consantinope ise® K was then ‘il probability, that the Slavs, spreading south iresistby ‘ange numbers in Greece and the Peloponnese, forming2 BYZANTIUM aN mms (Selovinie) over which the Byzantine for warty two centuries incapable of exeresing efacee eS Mee © contol enon ie Ss wie wt he bepmng Hea yet assay Greece from the Romans" The supreme sre S28 94 when vast Ava horde supported by Slav athes saa 2h ‘sand —inefeclly —by a Persian army encamped cornea Se ofthe Bompbors, hurled itself for ten days atthe dons Sa pout cect oe Sh an Secs Senin ores cam ten eo ef Liars Meri nd Shera were liberated from the yoke of eeeeesctect ceo Sa by Hach diplomacy, there is no dout Beccary artes ob served the interests of Byzantom, Of = lsin nance were the menses Heal, be (26, to tee the Aver presire‘on the mile Exper led ins Cotte Porphyrogeicus tells us that MeO ine Con api the Aver The Cais 0 or ofthe Carputhinn, dtc he Llisricum, and, together with the Serbs teed by Hechn w sb a te inthe Balkan. The sere ad he ‘the Tou Kive and the and ninth decades ofthe Nor Byzantium ‘© Rr oS eee eee Ee ee Gee ere” Po eeree a ram meyer i, ties ae Cairn res tre nee aa ian et ees cae ee eset a ae es eee es ee oem ee 2 ee eee ee eee ee ee ee ee eee eear a canaries eae ana cacea erate crane ee cae ee eee Se ere re) Sc cust eens ee ee ee ateeeiooe Be ee vacises yaotetanta See ae ee gin tole Mestre ntenn eho en eee rs ee Conan Taos Netcom ap es wee ane Ne cn i a es ea oe re oboe Fer ee earn Ne rei aes kau bao pee tecoeh ha gnc emo poniiak a ee coe en are etree Se bite Da ey vel ts nn Me Danube, But the victorious Bulyars swept through Moss ae oe wen DeeE BYZANTIUM AND THE Sang aan en, a tonne ae ene ee ce Becerra easier ey pee Mant ron ee et ae resi acy a ee rane ee eer ess eee eo a ae Serene ee Se aes eee es ee ‘ut Iwas dethroned and exiled to Cherson. few yeas ts, ‘opin to rexsin his throne an fearing the loyalty professed by the ‘Gheronies to Tiberius I, be fle to Khazar. The Khan recived Justia with honor and arid him o is sister, the Khazar pai ‘xs tein baptize as Theodora, a name which, with its patent al ‘ore elated namesake, doubles symbolized the forthe rtoraon of his beotheriviaw 10 the of the Dasube. The final scene of the drama vs ‘The exiled Emperor appealed for help 0 TE rand inthe autumn of 705 Tere army of ‘before the walls of Constantinople. The "oat Justinian sipped in 0 ‘sme pee erro Nets z PS cocern Te mentee eee dingy a a ee i efoeiemeperer ela! Set eno fous in naa oe Se cue a Bee a acral ee a en eee ea one ene een eee oer in eee ne ee ccc eee Se re ie eal fee oan area ech a arte tach roe eee ee eee ee re nwarerm yee ates ee cam noe aan edo See cra ceriien make Se ts cea te God me Ce ban aor Ses Hb Kinny abo 5 Chae cae eet Sp khan ane non 7 re Se icc na epee ne Cs ease Te TE pcm on te Cis ie ak sie ad Coenen ne hve fed ds Bynes er Mi Gocsmsane cr renga and he Kran Cs te ese ae he eno Se ete Caan or eo tect pets ope fe Poan Ente 9 67 Ra Sa eae hf ne af Sn ea fn om ‘rcs Btn Kran nas oti St 8 ‘the Empire's diplomacy for the next two hundred years ‘During tk Prod Kins Kire ht ced ed oe oS ‘fete bythe Turkic people i the erly mie ae cette © ‘ry Bete te oe Vl hemor =. BYZANTIUM AXD THE Lag a pn emi Pan it constant ad a SO tbe hati cht etry he Kerala re anti em the Ar enc, for ha i hn Caco the north ho Me etapa ee toned tec Pot ore sak socetce eee eaten tn anaes wae Sem Meret are a te te Kms paged ant ae ser cn tne of Brant or by spn Co Base eh p eth Un sod wih ro it Tor Cus Sopot enero scone arte las of Sy ee ie graa iprectocesoca cease Ces as wca Gretna nd ie Kowa capa tl ne Sagittal In 723, Le Il earch erate tie engine cies Sees er onl dro tie ne oie ent of Coto a nomen telocey iy ms oo eee ae pl ses by core ing Khao Chita hore, renal ta he Slseep tae mt Lae Se rome mem {aetna neat erento ta, Comin Ve {125 pemcon othe mops cased ama exode f ‘thot mont fms Contatnoyc ae te cena provinces 10 the hinge tthe Empey Yo te Cem 8 et shh sshd te inten of yan cae in Chom Hope ind Gah anced hero af he pool 2 sn op Oe in ast Roman se ‘hoe denn he Ce 0 pope Christan ste the Ce tay rea to Kear he frenthe Cmca a in yang nor scurge he dvlome. And at Bebb je forming the Eparchy of oth se Biron Ks Norther eters inner, Church ove M6 kag a8 enth of te Kz siete no cence, howe tht a eden Fei ver pin operat. ne nda te SE et cially a Ka es aed er eof Jui end a Toe roe Sey ot al merce Hee oe wie la ht a ute dt he rt ceo ote n Kz et sa eo oft ts ar sdf have bern ane ye Pee eri coping the conte str hs obe ea ru wier bestia te comer of iran cra vo hum ook ac roa soc tt st tteane othe Mea aw wat dled the th cor fa are to come the Khar tC id moo ok, et te fey reatone between Bytom sd fo getaty owe te ateton of Byrne saan at ‘Bienen othe Balkan ser inne emu brn 650 ad 9) the sition in th kane tudo he stands of he Epis mach deter Alt tewtl pila masccesped he Slr the Crest popution Mg tempraiy cer submerge or phe tack to he onal ‘Sw lng te lh Sen andthe Aceon, Tes st of Gee Im pmsteaiy tc entre Feloponnse, were for rel two conus ile Branine contol whi othe oh yan enon expense of Stern srching oni om the date the eset tad the ac Sento the Malice” And inva barbarian wo Pstng down on Byariom rm al dex tad ten ead 3 Secretion on he bode of Tae of heuer kinglom wich ‘satin ander Tere and hr acoor an series ak ‘Sr hear ie hs dark prod of Balan tory that ext om he eat of Mare (0) tenes acess Y pone C0 Bye ie ot nh a he peal ner ary ‘onthe rugged asco ofthe Peloponnese the Gi Peron eon, un was ined fred y emirate ‘i and thin topetar th e cutra ie he S a tha nan thar iy to om stone pois SST he ‘pl ade posible the wrk of eelenzton ad =A. ‘Besoin inte co a of hve ce, Wa he EERE of Contant nS) and Jian (in 65) ait Sf Macedonia the creation of th pl his 0 Taste 160 and 68) and of Hells (between 687 ad 6959p cer eit wows counte-alensve aint the Sus at ere for, But ets were ied. and wanna St theca tht he ide nthe southern pat othe te aia the Sav. In 7 rene’ chil miner Sana Gm marched thoues Gre andthe Peloponnese, subduing Sy {Gms theqsusnent ofthe Peloponnesian theme athe snd th Ses ce pmb aro te expedition The wal tng, ae cite Patgrin weer mn under ost Fa EI) whos foes rapped sinrgoscale revolt of the Say ‘Bund Paras (DS) od std Chrtan communities in vaous pre Mri primal The poss of abeorpion and helleietion of he State cee andi the Pooponese was ow well unde wy, By {he mie of the oth cenry Byzantine authority wan wtred througout mo of thax ands and what was Tet undone bythe Ampere an tax colors was ler completed bythe Es Roa mona coe the eongue of Grea the Peloponnese. the Emp made dere and almost sues eto to ea ‘Moss ftom the Bugas and reore nore rote to anu. For Some twenty yea (75675) Constatine stove 1 onguer Blt. He cleverly expo the courte sol Weak Taming the constant antagonis beween the Boyar ast) the Sis, an ses of rine campaigns. mony sess ‘sa cimbact — inthe tine sonred sion — hd ‘tro Thrace with naval expedition tothe Dan ode Bolan arms again and azn. Buen his von Oe | te Rian TetsatArchalarn 763 the preates of his een — id _totuhdu te oun Coane’ death on hs ast cain (73). lhe pie stones in the Balkans than i ad een sine the ot Rugwria,though rippled and exhausted. Y= its ing cases biter hot to Byzanim Bulgarian state and power of reo. WEE Kray the might of scl rr, bese cr ofthe nth century. The ese rl enabled he Bulgaria i and Km bree the soverczo Of 2 orem Thrace othe none CT se Breen es North Neos 5 ed See ee RES | SSS ee aaa {Se i ee arenes ee eee eee ee a a ee, een ee eer ee ee sentra een ye eee see icici er ree Reeser em ee ‘Rain at peace with one another until the end of the century. The eco -and together with men and ideas from Constantinople, and partly ae ee eit calm, Christianity was beginning to spread in this country. The Setteea BYZANTIUM AND TESLA form of Byaetne npc, were understandably alse eiprmonas, Int i seems for political motives, peryecieg So Oren ebjn: Bu the progres the new ideas which, under Gar tne tity yan peace, were spresding from Byzantium Dumas coud nor be areal for very long hy these reacionas ican, wih ace restored in the Balkans, the East Roman nas eet devote its attention 16 the othe sector of tie ontern front. The emergence of Bulgar ss a muje mer, and the uncrainstuation inthe Pontc steppes. more than er requied a ioral alace of power inthe Crimes ne neh fn Cass yet all was not wel in these areas: Byzantine Crimes Sd esyecly Cheon, was reste under imperial conte, ad ith “Emp was ttt Toes svalable outpost in the north, the le {eatin of Greek mnispl autonomy had to be diverted ino law fal channel, Ktazaria moreover. on whose friendship the Byzantine ‘Sateen ha so long depended, now threatened, owing to the pro: ‘es of Jods inthe lant eiude thei grasp. During the reg cf Theos, however, the Empire's postion in these sectors suddenly improved. Abou the year 835 the Khavar Khan sent an embasy (0 tn Emperor, asking fr engines to bull a fruess on the ewer Dos; wheupor the satharocandidars Petronas Camiters, cor- ty asqndron ofthe imperial navy, went on Theophilus orders 0 ‘Kazaa byway of Chenon Aer bldg the fortress of Sark! Tor the Kwan he etamed to report tothe Emperor on the station it ‘the Crimea. On Peron’ advice, Theophie raised Cherson and #8 ‘rounding it an imperil tems, diely subordinated Yo the ce tal goverment, and appoated Petronas its strarogs, wth authority .26rthelcl magitrate 1 sem cer that the building of Sake {dhe exaishment fhe heme of Cheon were de the im, ‘use the presueof unidentified barbarians onthe lower Don.” The CheronSrkl axis which may well have included a chai of ‘orieatios up the on fence fo Dn thu sed both as an ine ef fie Khuar Khana, who sphere o infuccs exe! Se ae | spe pot ts Nore Nehtors ai 4 Byzantine mts et Consaninope or Kiva fe pst om Toman tamed Contains oe emeprliarpne o sa2cugh Chemon, Whee Constantine pet he wie a rege Be ar ona Saran, ower Tae 2 peopl dpations wih Jewish Tabi who Bld orien anher. whe depcting the khan andi shes a sm era pope of he Book, cry ps, he pret scion, tat tit Ol eorversion 1 Judy apo et SEpate Th nrene ou be reconcid wih te eare date wtShu etre and Tame sourcs bt he comersion the Kha “Epub by supposing a some of he Han ha ado Sonik montiesn Between 730 and 8, wthou. howe. ub tego al te raquremens ofthe Most tw seers sient totter erence othe Khar racing Geumeson tering alte radon of Jud” dates om about Reese {nds th dict to escape the conclusion tat the rig cles of Tarra oral aed the Mow lawson afer Comsat tif Constantine's embassy wa no ret ses onthe repos ane some ewo hundred conversion and an ambiguots dete fenton the a ks sympathy or Cartan wee he men Ate misionry echevrment st Samandar play be sc to ese his bjt. Te alae between yaniv and Khao saree the Khan ot to Mii pein re lnstosene the npice whenever he wasn The okt ae ees whe he Empire requiem he Kas 860 Ss kn, bt it set mse that Cornemines miso Sr wth ew danger that thea yan rom he anima te viewed in the tof he Emptes pol) hat weet ah dace ‘ott ety, Thera SBE of hs poy, which were to ave apemaent mark on Sr of Europ, wee peaps de othe main fats he SE nkiaive wh afer the barbarian svnsons he POS Tomah Mind and the tones ery Byantine disomy was kph beyond the Empires northem frontier: © an Imei exancion a the Church's minionary wrk, 808 ‘han ever to the ais of East Roman ipomacy, which8 BYZANTIUM AND THEStAYy ea ey tae ot oe ren See emacmnn arent a aay ee a ot ans mtn norton at ee et cocal amers be nin bets i a ev Sees See cera ape 6 Je wena gee Mesa cong on eee Sex eka ee open Ceatntnopie Tos ys ps rela rere oes prey ne a pete tegen ves canra eared os satan oe eres Se roeer ete eater ins feet Sa ee pce sat ent res erat rerce el Comte dk seats yin cris etme tee vec t re teers Wag ten tic Dynix Pct Pistiemrentiece anion nor or ts rvzon st Dy ireessce net oee pee crea hose Sundanany nly Setar Upland Scan” Tatu Ee Glut sey te Bale tee over te pe tn hE pnp nt ca few Seton ty te cea wee et eur, ous Semin Yop Dg he Khe Bower he tela dat of i ores ona ee nary re of Baghdad, they began to go down the Volga to Itil, and over the C=s- Patents a ai: Sometat mn seach oF ‘cs nde pn, Vip explo! soe ue ‘Seman eh ones ee Set oat yey eth ‘Gea ing owe he Dn nthe Dns hye ‘Black Sea. Towards the middle of the ninth century began the thé ‘Sma ap 2 Pte Swe ee Ne oooye eee See er cy te Si Te ut names Siatraiey ee ee cd ates aS es eared Post bate einer ener eer ere ee ge oe as ee Se rc cote cas ome ES epeeepe eee eee) oe area eRe secre vens cree eames See euiate en co cosmmivags veuesse ta Beret arte ramen ee eticltee Ket ee arenas es akon donee menses fea Lo pone ae ota es oCar re rete oe teen ml Sapa sy stent conmr oay Oe tence a I etitis eesecesse creme Renta Coy, Secr ee ee cen Hominut octane aman fac se eee Spa Chtnay and wee Wing under cma eto wc or Spey ese fea oi ee tray oT BB. possibly about 874, the Russa conciaed a Se an an ty ae ea he ro etawis eee aa ama. of is it Byzantine exes eramiation 09 rien tis natural to suppose that ik centre was at Kiev and ise miecns sh gan ation ht scp oh South Ras Tad sagt Yet the bridgehead which Byzantine Christian= oe ‘beyond the Pontic steppe was never completely“ stays wan ims io he ian eur whch i mics foregn pay had acquired by the seventh decae of Fin cory tas whe the mssinares of Phot and Ignite BaP Stine ocomert the Si and ther Viking oxcrods on Wilne espe thecutural nd political infuneeof Byzantium nee Tico ate our equally fr to another reason ofthe North In ep hoc! in Constniople an enbas) from sts, pine the Moavan Siw le purpose was twofll the Moravian, whos {Camathed fom Baber ote Ths and fom the Carpathians {othe mde Dane, dst form an aliane with Byzantium oumcrect the coakon recy made against them by Lous ie German and the Baga, Khan Boris Rasta ako sequel Miche ito send him a missionary capable of teaching Chracnty Ao his pone in thei own Slavonic tone. Hitherto the Chan peace n Moravia bad been German sisioaris snd sera {he Franks Emperor St-speaking cere dependent on Cons Tinope. Rass belived woud ep him preserve his indeed: 4nd eure a more rapid progres of Chin in his lan. The Moran propos ew favorably received in Byzantm the Frnko-uunan pact, which theatencd 0 bing Carling in fee 1 the very door of Constantinople, cols not but alr 50 ‘permed a dilomatis asthe Emperors chief minster, Bard ‘wlth Parareh Phtias mst hae oresen that Byzantine il ace in Mora would provide a means of exerting resure 9 he ‘eras and of bringing them too into the Christan fold. Te MorsoByaniealiance was conued, and early in 863 a Est aman embasy let for central Europe. headed by Constante skvompani ence aan by hs bother Methodius The ivo rote were natives nf Gas Thesaloica and wel cps wit he Sonic langue ofthe hneriand, Cons: as ao anunisaly pied pisos belore barking on Bs 22% ‘ison he venta an alphabet for ue ofthe Moravian Sav. TS fot neil ated Slavonic sent sented by sss mo¥e™ tutors Gago nas adapted to lect of southern MAS _ oti: By aradually translating into this dake the, Seirus an the Christin Church, Constantine and Methodist known a Old Church Slavonic, which Pee the sacred idiom ofa large section of the Ss Tanguage of Europe. The two broth ‘by teasatng the inurl = she Biren hs Northen Neighbors Stavone: cesta fit hey nd only he Byzantine ie bin tee tne ao ot ad ania he Ron a) Oe Prati isn tebee the nahin ecm eos Peete Chass wie iaved vat ones helig A eeeG ra Mocan nh Desk orn el elvan eee fare somata lob oman Cheha a lie jeri dims rer tne cot code reac So, mo out, age of Byer gr In he a 86r4 Comtantine and Mado travel to Rem athe tion Sr Pope Nichol, ad were ose by ha susenr Haan Sey could acry tne chosen a more Propiony meno plead thi ase efor the Ho} Se for the nk of the Byung ms Sons im Morava bad suddenly become * socal fr in he cist! polos of Europe, owing wo the arate ange hat fd bt the reins betwee he Epes Blin. “Tepe hat prevail wer Byars Beading Breree teen cleo freer utecke or (t eterna tex ofthe Bugis who seeped Sercen and Pippin sd feted cctal Macedonia. and bythe po-Feanksh py fob iowa by the Khan Bors 65299) atthe begining i ei To ff foning that Born nl cary ct is promi aco Cc tani om the German court te peor novel is arm he frontend srt hile slong the Blck Se os. The Ha 8 foc capitate: be undertook to tenune he Fatih alin to rece Chrtanky fon Constaninoge and — a eas the ‘yamine eng ofthe acs — to sunt hl ao Hs pepo the Emperors aur Ta hese year Boris Dp.” tring chien Mich! in honor of spel edt, Aree the boars ata is dso 9 enor tam li ‘se was rthelysupresod, an te tamph of Byantne Ce= {aniy in ‘Bugis sero sured. The Pach Poo Wo Jong arc carctally worded leer to Hor, exlning te dons of the Chur and the dso Chia val” Te Man owes is ao aon ssid hier! dsgton oy wm Ne ‘once hs recognition of Byantie supremacy with Bs dos © ‘San marin wn oy? Aspnes "nde a Bulgar Patch tls was Bow od As face to Cortatinepe, seemed 10 provide sion oe a bt omen Ps nn ois. 8 vt the Greek, Boi umd ois forme ay Laaseasels nite ed shop ad cess te Gomme the tan oniy to Rome ing ie Ba etn mal oh opr Fa an Chr oe Holy Se Nico Taso a ee pan and compose sen 1 kt of is ee fre a et han Ti ed and cine a Nar waconet othe socal icy a te eras now Chron an theo Dalaran rion a GET cntrsanng ot Criniy wa il ruerary Meee pepe to cpt tn tly trove he Ear saree pent inp ard prt ce SoM roo Curd. ba rq foro Purch oa ho Beery ckoncypl ty the Pope fre ie bang he thn etapa ray Tae earn ted raed hin crn «Uap, Bore coon Pease telat Nn an on to rin or Serie east tee epee states Connor Metin acid fae Te Pap afer ump ve he Byrantine Chreh in Pape es god pst vpn ie wok of faa fon Puree of Condelnops tn to ips pital Suton ov te Suv word The Sone Margy ws no Jott treat edioal Roman pci yt sa means of crangezing ‘Ne Se commend parry a twas erste Sspyred by two Svein ena! Europe, Rast Mone 0 Kes of Panna, And so te new Pope Hadrian I bs ‘qui appro fo te work of Constante nd Method 8 ‘by athred the eof te Sens rg. After Cosanites lth in Rome n Ferny 80 (ed 2 monk de th 8 ‘jl Metis wat se ak ye Pope to ental Furor 10 ‘Sa Chorin Panna and Moravia. A fw mets at as buck i Rome Apna sat the Pope ose “wihancren of European imponance whch wou caning a est hd sini nse of ss was the uneecrutabE se Brie and ls Norhern Neighbors aera acca wok tas cooblca ser eartertnioia Sea bite protering papal puss wer eetead ee ce mere caterrrceeaaeee cae seer eee ee a ee OS De re teers banca eee Be ri aici toumiasnisgae aati ee esc sa oooh eee Bate wencas acca ooo eet eit see hestreamare cae ee [a Regence ncescamer cyeayrines ene Fas feat cuprates aoe Peets nics oa temo aia ER a olemeianay ce aa noarons Sosaoitcay Atse sata heats ete Zapee ta crn coerce nas ovemenerd Pees ence ‘cro eaecpcr cons ih te ed pec teres ences trans terse tee ts cnang ce eo woos {atheriand. rh Jn S85 Methods, powers aot he niu of th rnin ary he host ofthe new Moravian ur Svat nats ni fees of Rome, id in Mora, his work among the Si of = a Ebope onthe brink of un i principal dsp, ng Ws swcwor Gora ere wencd fo festa exe Ye the Savon Soran the Siavo-yeanine culture whic St Cyan St Meo. as fad implied north ofthe Danube anon oth eso the ‘athsen Carpathians did not vanish from these lands for another two Sets In Bohemia. and possibly n southern Plan, ti i= $88 an be raced wel no the eleventh cena sur Sf he Phe which Byzantine Christianity, in its vernacular Slavonic form, eeae a iam cnsuripnnererenn Seperate tne aha vroign Sa eee recta eee ese er ore ret ete cereteth erecta” ee eee SS ae Sl SS eapieeteed ee arora’ ese tee te tees pers oe, Peeeelaepctorccny ote ras Sv pou Se ies Seetinic atte bel he le Mabdan enact ati peeeesintc ioe Ietiamebets ti trey of Cy and Ma Parente twee for Dee ns ees ‘ict town Bes int ar fie Pop, peas Aegan The Anti of Beat one suas fe Se pat Ble oh a saan SC Connon, was gated x mae of autonomy" Vo. Assman rel tn ny sing aa ee Meron beryeniincr rte Paonsnid cacy conte ‘ine an cao stot pc te cation Fatal interns Anson Sco ahs team fom Men wel done Dante val 2 ‘hein Bp hyn enaay rene by or Ce fenton rsa to whe ne Sir jy es eg Tom: subnet Sino he ane _ churches and taining large numbers of Slav-speaking press. O" Clnent appointment as bishop in 893, his companion Nav. bo A she Brpiteand ts Norther Neighbors BS cscs fe ee ee tere Ke ors posi anes ase seensme a arena. Bes Or cee panes onset Eee er ee ee epee eee eee rh aes eer eee prt at Secs coe Re ee acs eco aa aes a ne cee Se Miele sca teense rae eet: eer ee ae er eas Spee be ees ‘Ted out by Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, was yielding in Bulgiria. But in 894 these achievements were compromised by the a eae Ee SG eeepc er ‘posed heavy taxes on Bulgarian goods.% Symeon thought this an ‘utrage. He promptly invaded Thrace, defeated a Byzantine army ané Beelabea acm fete ws tor {iner encounters, had reigned in the Balkans for the past cighty years {St an end. Leo VI, whose best troops were in Asia, reorted to the Ma med oop pre cana © Bo ia YZANTIOM AND THEStayy, cn rae om nn sens een ene Maar ide ee re a ee ee na es ers Caer ede oe et eee ee or oe © a ee ee ee cece set eee ae oS es ec ee eon ee os ee ee rcs ee se ree nt oct entered the Pannonian plain. By 906 they had destroyed the Moravian ee oe ee sl, ee es te se emer a isy micas & ee ee i I spe bn ent bs Norn Nabors i she port. The Chistian misons planed in Rusia by Phan ato take upon on aye Abn tees aad Nore south rom Novoro, cpu Ke trom Asoka Os aot of he water rom he ul of Fed epee ies ar Drie some andre mils fon of he mpl ea on fore fat ate unr aang Ving ral. read Ky Fart he new Risaan ete. The noodows Semon aPthesNommanit ad the “ant Normans chook of Na ito tthe prdscof ear Stvonc or val adams Now aly shting® inthe resent wits opimon, ican loge be Sra that te Svs nthe Dniper sn ad een aking ance sere pall aod comoncteal He ofthe rian aa Te reso the steppe fr eet before the Viking eae tha Tepeststng Suv lantowning arsiocrsy and mechan lat tein the masta tthe cout’ err ably and eo. toric growth under ts Scandinavian overlord, Bu ts qual eat this the Vines who utd the eter ines Eater Sas ia ing sate based onthe Bac Back Sea watrvay. to which thy ve their" Resnin” ame In this sense Ole was cet the fonder of he Kiva rain. A wave of pagans swept oe te Dest reion during seen and th prealory ht othe Vikings fey nT. wth an amphibious hor of Varangans and las Ok appeared blore Costantino; ater ayng waste te suburts Ofte cy ert, and in 911 teaty war signed beiweor he asia the Empize™ The prerelease the an merchans in Constantinople” seems to have ensued yea tum asin ew attacks fom Kiev forthe next thirty yeu. The Sommer reltions etblnhed in 917 mark fre sage fhe ful aint ofthe Viking to the Eas European no. Ba ‘Riles the Varangan rulers of Kiev were pagan. and regrded Repeat sy as a teppnestone on he a to more aliing Serge Resan remained a poten teat to bth Cheon a ee abit 96. But the Emperors death in 912 precited «war mon wich lasted for eleven pers. brought the Empire's Balkans tothe brink of run, and preset the Byrn men with challenge thee of which they had eer Yet 0%; meaning fra chant Tuthet [&cncenrt®)BYZANTOM AND TH Stang a er alates in 0 stn neg Sarees a Spee ai oe ky ened ty tc taper Irene asatarsdeiia Fone 913 he Empire nonin nae Pea Connine Pepyonent Sn ew Dee gt epee) concer ie Pastarch Neer ieee? Br ate ern re Syeon at the heed ef ee Minato Twas and appeared in Avgurt before Contaninoy reer tte es Grn oy sce, thes nd we rept Sista and pu ofthe nepttons, conchae ot «ra Sige Syrah Pararcs Nichcan™ ore shcac and eae Wpeeay nis tovcter tat Sync wasn fremcdnt on os ugien woud ary the Empror Con Faniog an We pole tht te culo trom the Byrne a Ear amis Doipny W's protic nary cc ta Syme {pest uno, whch was het Han forte Tet of ss ook Shape eat us 913 The promted podion of Bakopoor othe Enea in oftel power in Corcannope al ted {ep the way Yo the vey hone of te Empe The eo epee cnet wae cer gcc vas mtx 8 ‘uke for Sys ws oo we grounded inthe Byanine ‘i foregoing fora moment tat thre oul bet Be {0 Enpcs inthe alas by ts nature the Ee ws ors | ands ony re was Constantinople as ot atonal Ru in ais tat Synod, bt he pera ofthe Rema {te tone af the yin And the Pir Nichols, wo fo" Hor eae all his diplomatic skill in an attempt to ae #0 abandon this venture: saw this very clearly: Symeon's bid for ord dominion he casiaed ax ann beans suai the imperial; # The Patriarch, who was prepared 10 £0 t¢ ios yeh to appt the lain ler putas sed {conde tht oe vial point agin Syeda o eer"? ‘he solemnly reiterated the essential tenet of Byzantine political phil ‘opi the Emp, he woe to Symecn, "ands above al his asumption at Baptism ofthe name Bas, doubtless symbol of his spit adoption by the Emperors surly these Tats create strong presumption in favor ofthe vew that Vadim’ church was [ced tne Est Roman auton” This comtemporary, if infres, evidence is confirmed by the ‘xpi tesimony of fourtenth-eentury Byzantine historian whore ‘lane to the problem unde dscason doesnot seem fo have boxy sty appreciated. Niephorus Gregoras, in the thty-sixth book of his owopia ‘Pays, in which he deals at length with the post ant ontemporay history ofthe Ruson Church, writs from the ime when tis maton [Le the Russians] embraced oly rclizion and ‘easived the divine baptism ofthe Christians, t was aid down once forall ha it would be under the jurisdiction of one bishop. and ‘hat ths primate would be subject to the See of Consiantnopie. ant ‘oul ie fom tthe laws ofthe spinal authority" “Thi text iso ear and explit that its eget by historians seems at int suring. Yet the evidence of so lat a writer nut cent Be {tated with considerable tion: it& pombe, moreover, that, by ‘ppesing 1 tradition of so venerable an antiquity, Gregoras Wa {anesoed i this pasage to support the claims over the Russias (Ghuch which wee bein cr the Byam: pide ‘ring pressed with renewed vigor bythe By for refusing al eeenc to ths statement af Gregoras Base oH Suascgas ssn eaieret ee Ea a not ‘wich immedatey flows the one quoted above Nesphorus Gree pet, Kv and Mos nt Meee cron ores cane ats eee cay Worker ra hod mth wo wes bo bor aed Wrong ep Be he sen ch primate va being rise ote tone ee Berd tegen) nee __ eather da ol at aime mre arpa ew otiaiy ome oceeiay eres we ccd toes tenon Pe cagaat iy ta weet toe er ee tetra wcncl suck os rose rd ae eee torte ct Keren fr ne petal range parr shea ica as SS ee et Rete sae aero aor eneat ae hin etm oir and moa Berns of as aac pcre ato 1 y ¥. Pt et ttre te tr-ach bonk of Gg fag Heap Gee stem ss bbs sony Seapets pase swe thy Democrat esto ary ov Scion In he Resa ran A Ben ac ‘this passage as something of @ curiosity and, in the absence of coro poten nga cps meade fees inns ate oils cet ne p ) Tidiculed the attempt to read into this passage any refer ‘Selon shonin nse fe mops Kn Aras tam errno msec werk of crip re Php cel The negative attitude of Sokolov, and the silence of es id ‘Stare understandable, for Parisot’s edition of the sixth ire En History, from which this passage has been quoted, was swper~ ‘ief in 1855 dour years later) by the Bonn edition of the third Ith tte compice Hcy wtih psa | form; sx words are missing, and they are precisely the crucial -ah — ~ eee eee ss Sars ‘The Bom ion ves vr Sed nal vv 2c they ye leper is nt suring thet Historians, who since I8SS have tended to read the thityscth hook ofthe History in the Ronn eon rather than ia Par ener version have wih the exception of Dyakoney, ‘ado rez the trae meaning of Greporas words: inded the dee fivetext of the Bonn edison, nape ach patent has ling tothe theration a the corse cn vn and the words ds {nd apoli coul at fst glance be read to mean thatthe Resin Primates wore to Be chosen Solely fom among thowe who ad bee oem and trough up in Byrom.” ta Mig’ edition ofthe Zs, tory, published in 1865, the passage in sion printed inthe sane, (klectve form “The omission ofthe rial Words which refer tthe atenation in ‘he nationality of the primates of Resa from all esitions of the thirsich book subseguent fo Parkas is undoubtedly de to an fr of I Bek, the adr ofthe third volume ofthe Bonn text of| Gregor’ Histor forthe pited text ofthis passage in Bom (as indze ofthe entre tity sith book) derived from single man Scrip the Par Gr. 3075 in the Biblothigue Nationa, which = ‘opy made the year 169 ofthe foutectvcentury Vt. Gr. 1093 in the Vatican Library® and both manuscripts contain he cri words {a fal” L know of no other manuscript containing the tity st ‘book of Gregor ivory. Omont is wrong in ating tht 280 to be found inthe Par Gr. 1276in the Bibboneue Nationale a 0" ‘epeated by R. Galland in his bok on Nicephorus Gregoras.” So we St ime wih ing mama te Vat. Gr, 195 on te whch hs pasa, desvely printed inthe Boan en, ‘What ae we fo sink ofthis statement of Gregoras? Inno other Sours i uch an agreement between Byantigm and Russ rez ting the mationality of the metropliars of Kie, so much as. m= ond: the view currently hel by scholars ofthe methods by whi ‘the Ruin primates were appointed i far removed fom the noi ‘any such working compromise between Rus" andthe Empire: ad ‘these fs, when added tothe ltenes of Grepors”evidene. ‘well SURES that his statement was a produt of fantasy oF mii ie py Ki and Mose na on . so tng # Gregor statement no ety conta foraton YO. 50 OE er sours, ti srcly worth nguring ae, howe rt ca be found 10 appt sei, general speaking, i ttinony nish provide ade Tes ns, sme Teng the problem ofthe eens agate ound stu and svedival Rasa. The Fst step in seh lisa See edna acca at ry Cera bok tena ch ats How the ee pay rea eee ere Se ore ea os care oS oa id ily in book thirty-six, in which he describes the ee tacit cd eet tora Cosine es Ce oe cada oth Gand Dukes of Now Seatac atom oh whe oman Fe en ccunin srl ste Sey Riccene Gop’ tar keel ene fe Se ce ity, om te sb of Hc nee 17 Se ti Camacho fe Sep Sane 3 Gig rate cep dbs nope Meee mace wt erga er wae ef ‘Sratone pay Ban Ars an ar ne who a Meer sinhcu crac patsy lt iit de Taam Pach Pasion win te 1384 tan ie cvs sce, te bnp ot Vain pers ecropeian af Reva a Ran reo de Palace cla hs uae of be Parr no ttl hepa tenet ess egies aan ‘and securing the metropolitan see by distributing ‘eamou bem Contrainte Wi a) cote «ics the evidence, not only of Russian sources, but of Byzantine doo- wrais EA shows that his judgment of Russian affairs — ~ to be clouded by partisan bias, The same desire to blacken th Fateh Pte ean ia aon Nt SSE al Ronen endo Oe. rns Dae ot Parc ho ltr inthe same year 1354 was appointed By the {etch mecropotian of the Lithuanian” Cregras extol the imBsot Roman as vigaouly athe caine the ves of Alexis? ‘omtary tothe evidence of all the other sures, be makes— ~ oman come to Constantinople and recive the Patriarch’ conser ‘Son tfore Alexi’ arava His sim i larly 1 suggest though doubt to sale his hstrians conscience, he docs 80 with singer’ ou ambiguity tht the Patrrch Piltheus, ov of deferene fog the Masovit gol, uni fuly appoint Alexus 0 the same pot the metropolitan se of Kiev and All Russia ~to which be had jay omit Roman "Tere can thus be no doubt that, in dicussing the contemporary afta ofthe Roan Chath, Gregor, carried aay by his ted of Heayehasm and ofthe Patriarch Prietheus, was apt tims to select and tit the facts 0 conform with hit polemical sims. Even here however be seme runt to indulge in downright invention or fate ‘ation Bet whencrer Gregor pin pasions were not involve 1s teatmeat of Russa was full, earfal nd welinformed. His ‘emaris onthe geography, climate, ad economy of the country. 0 the tans of the mevopolta’s resdence trom Kev to Viadit Tecate ofthe devastation of South Rusia by the Mongol" the ivsion ofthe realm into three o fur states oF principales,” ae ‘lear the Work a conacenious and accurate recorder, His remarks ‘onthe Grand Duchy of Lihuani, whose rulers had, by the mile the fourteenth centr, conquered the greater part of western and ‘outh-weter Russia ae equal valuable and precise. He meations ‘the pagan ofthc rules and tee spore resistance tothe T= tars makcs sme peneraig obwrvaton onthe eesti policy sf the Grand Duke Olen” (145-79) who, though a pagan ins, oust to eat from the Byzantine authors the appointment of fis candidate Roman as metropoian of Kiev, as a mean of {ue ing his pola designs onthe Muscat lnds; and supplies Wa information, ct obtained at fst hand, onthe age and physi ‘pear of Ronan, aon his kh wi lgeds wile “Gregor information on te history and polite of Lituania as obviously baited from Roman, whom be mist have mt 2 he di ‘Payed, on Gregory showing to he daca of Gregory Pans “There no proof hat Gregors and Theognosts actly met. Dut Bi * ee te ad Meson 15 oot. ne that the fader ofthe ani-Plamite party didnot ss 0 ek ee so tingid anally during oe of the take he S000 ecnope, oF ht he fade to obtain fom him tes is 1 Con te current condtons and pst ory of nd ve mony othe Rusw-Byanie agent eng Gregor pe metopaians of Ki shoul nt erp as hesatona aces 0 the ater chaps ofthe this sore eet autho, ing 10 i atlantis, seks 0 beak PE punch Phtheus and the Emperor tn Catace- eh at part ote same Dok, net he Dexa ofthe se ey with Russia, where Gregor information sat most second Male At he time he was wring the tiny curt lyfe his reese in 155 fom impisonment i te taney f the Chor —he was in Constantinople, and, through Weta comenions that be bad revieusiy enjoyed, and doves to ae ceil maintained t Cor in the Church, and i the ofc ks Lngntee of the Dromos, must have been able to acquit fest SisFafemation onthe problem of the appointment of the metopo- Tams of Key, paicaaly since this problem tad been realy tevzwed and no doubt widely debated n Constantinople in comme tbe wiht appointment, in Sune 134, of Alexis tothe primai ste of Rusia Gregoras + Known to have had aces to document stich are po longer nant His leading med boprantr. R Ck Teas oberved tht the most reaps of is Hor ae he later Boks, ining the thiry-suh © And here no reason 18 Grogaas with too much exaggeration whe, in anther prt of i ‘en he smers that othe ever denies he hs penal 2 ‘rbrard the greater prt, yng forthe reminder cn the exact scout ferns ‘We may ths ondude that Gregor’ aes lating © Rue fides tobe taken seriou, since our author, generally speaking, ‘es the ate in an acarte and wobinfori manner A the sane time, his remtenes, in tie and ans om te = ‘out and his acasonal lapses into para, make emp {0363 unquestioningly his evidence onthe Russian Ch supported bythe testimony of other sours. This app io a eee esis cameron to Chstianiy panied by 2 Resso-Byratine agree, acorn th e mevopotians of Kiev were (0 be appoited. aera femamong Bzztines and Russians eine ppc ofthis article 10 ASCO Whether in the oy of det conoborative dee, the reer sures. Byran {2Eond Raman, provide any dation hat Sach an agreement may, Wht hme ented. ister. and more general aim i 10 reconsie. inte it of Gregor tetimony the problem of how the primes ‘rthefamian Church were, from the clever to the mi-Founcenh ‘Setury euallyappinied. These two aims may Best De achieved hy Sn aterp to anor the separate questions Cn any rule aeration inthe nationality of the meron tans of Ke be detain hs eo? 1h ne een of an aprement such 36 the one atesed by ‘Gregors conser with ost knowledge ofthe ecesistical reais ‘eter Byantiom ad medial Russ? 3: Is thre any evidence suesting that those primates ofthe Rus sian Church who, inthis perid, were not directly nominated by th “uthorts of Constantinople, were ted in Rusia bythe Russians theme? T pope to consider these questions wth reference to two sues sve pride covered y the evidence of Gregras the two and al ‘entur hat etpaed between the fil conversion of Rus" to Chri ‘amt in 98 989 and the Monga invasion nthe Fourth decade of the thieethcetay and he following century. from 1237 0 1384 ‘And. for reasons of comesiece which will become apparent ith oure ofthis dscasion I wll eon the second pera is. 1 | With repr to the period 1237-188 the fst question can he answered inthe afrmatve the atterstion referred to hy Grego" ® suikingly evident: with complete regularity Byranine and Russian ‘andidsts were appointed. in turn, tothe metropolitan sce of Kie! and AIL Russi: Joseph (12372, « Byzantines Cyr (a. 1220-80. Resin: Masimos 12.1809,» Byrne, Petr (130820) » RO Theogvots (15285), 2 Byzantine Alnus (13547. 2 RUS ‘ante fists compete and Speaks for el” “canis atemation forutous? Historians of the Rusia ‘Church have shown a singular cactanc ies this que oe to ask themselves this ge fr example regarded the appointment ofthe Rut ‘inthis period as due toa hstoial accident — tH 0 ace the rigors and danasss of nd Moscow uw am Kev ae enc in Kies, devastated bythe Mongo in 124 this jones tees Ane aa Roan autores to agree to the Baten, mat ca 28-ad subaenty 10 Seon Ri a thn pee Gut ey hom te ack of ay evden tat the Byranine Srraen oh Fn eth er atsraton a he _. jan historian, T. Barsov. facing the problem more fal Anos Re Mew ta this alenation a8 not adventitious arch ae Oe eo the Byrne authors 0 ra et Ce a he rl sat se however he stn 2 Ma the ocome ofa seeing x ae ofa ho conceasons ade he Se Ran ur, The come tween he zm 1 Scat the pm of the Resin Church a Tan creora sateen obo. pole a anita, or the source he wed. wae mere St a othe rvs entry and mor By Be Fas haa rquary sree one another 5 metopal tier Ramat exvcae fa fra agreement betwen the 69 tate mucnizng im cies words, ade foro station. Ye tot scm iy thar an aranemet tht operated v0 rexba felirsolomg was he ult of chance or xen ose fo tener fetwecn the autores Of Byraniom and Rss. thse a repo as itn posting te eens 8 ‘peal apcent cween tet couns which ws flected Sete ped rom 15710 1% A be remembered hat Grepras anes that this eet old atthe time of Russ conversion t Chisinity in ahe 1S eth etry. The aby ft yt his evens le fe may. weer, ed fr sh he abe fy neler he matty oe eto efor 1287 reste ucstion mtr ths ame [SIS Banu and Ro cs fe bon conte inh it ot heheh enya mo ert eens he Pree ms tempting to asume a connection teinen the rele Memaicy 4PPiming Russians tothe meropalitan sx of Kiey and ‘ranting wide ecclesia concessions 10 the oer Sk— ~ sonic stn of the Empire, pocy puri! by the Byanige eters dig th restoce i Nicken, and expel ee Teundton ofthe sncepalars ABER Ser in Tio therecopalon ef the Parca Bua 1286 SL Mate 6 tie wheter the crtrtance in Which ty Seseepstirw's Kary ed Al Gwin re spree toe {Se sh any Heh upon the rolem wnder dacs, Netg fatter te now abot te appoint ofthe Byes ses Joep, Maxime and Topi, who wee sno Be et beet Neves iette tee oe Santmope> Bt on the eeion ofthe Rasan candietr’ Go Tecra Also, we ae beter iafrmed; ed te conten oo Candin os cntenporry ores rset wou ince jr, who was probably a monk of Wea Ruan orga, was chosen iy Price Dal f Gal, the ot pve of ce Rosse ‘es of ins war set to Nias cu: 1346 fo be conscatdy Pave a mewoplian of Kir sn AI Rus and rere, Cy invest few yeas There stent in te sour ta the appsinnet of nave cand nomate ty Rusa Sv vip msn anyway uous or tha the Pts oppo Ho ‘Shona or aber ova “he eto, and subequnt carer, of the Metropolitan Pac rove ws wih fw more sian fac, Upon the eth of he ‘Grek Mecopolian Naxnus in 30, he Rustan aot Gerons ‘ent to Contannol hoping and expeing fo be consried ‘opotian ofl Rusia by te Parc Thee s no dou tht Gt nts wa the cade put frwae for this the so) Ress er Pine Michal of Tver, who at at tine hel he le «f Grand Dae of Masini Siaicony Pine George o Giaset cade of his own to Constantinople with Ieee 3 ec becomes metropolitan of Gaia ths wi he AOL PE. sive of Ween us. The Paar Atanas deed NWS heres Gert cancatare and inde onsen Pete ‘opolian of Riv and Al Rusia (13. A caret si Jnterpretation ofthe atid ofthe Byrtine autor fo hese ‘Russian candidates can be found in the Via of the Metropolitan tro was sasequenly canon by he Russian Cr ca oe by Cyprian, Metropolitan ef Al Rs (1390-160). Accor to Cyprian, the Patriarch rejected the candidature of Gerontivs ‘because he had been chosen by the Russian secular authorities: “H 19 of Mono = setions eee ste dere, fo igen to mae ons en tf “letion” is taken 10 mean the episcopate Jers) to put forward their ow naar to Ml the Russian Tuer) Probable that the Patria eo een A er andre shows tat He he, Hien cy cnr that Cyprian’ account his et. Bas " chare of the metropolitan pid ee ice ng evopltan Tce ta Sam th very pace whereby ace font wed ther own candidates for the prim te Rusian er pthc in his account of Pete's consecration: Sei trae tie oe Pek a ae apa an er a to Tu pet ce {ee vse tonnal ekeion of a metropolitan by the Patsarc Sea cen rate Cre int Mile Ages Bat a oa detente sopeme noi fhe Byan- Setrea wes peste by ecrs nomination (hough tot =e Sin on we tat pa) by 3 Tilsen in Cyrano cenrty opie o mronce Petre fern bye Pare Syood wi he dsatfl fc that be Fee by mene vacr™ ates, cain tat Spain ine imsuntarly sugges thatthe Fah of te Russian Pins ovat vn cand fr te ce of metopo- ‘ian was widely recognized at the time: Gerontius, he tells us, “went to Contin, a ibe altady had what he exposed The se uso cps rom th ufequet rons othe Meroncinn Teens Byzantine See. On his retum to Rusia Peter became Spor ofthe Pans of Moscow, Genes 108 tuatin Whe the meopcia inte aa Soa Se Teas om Vir to Mente, Tease sae ee oxo colsboron alan ew! Meteo brought him nto cont wih theater Riga SE. Miho Tr. "enoen as ee : ‘roe to the ori cantante equsing ta Pee be ase Woe ea Sek Schaal discline = The Prose Ne me I sugeing hn the Rumson mer Sefer ane 2M fond gully, mised nee aes ny a PPO ahr front eae lil + IF the Breanne Patarchate ann» r2sxmn ano ieaty ere a rede Rees om fake seep anole, we may conde hat hte tonite ef a mae mney he Resin ane ee - ec emf ave were hi om sue and gn tte ae Aoae nO, Te met Kosa oe appea Pola eran Al Ra wa Als Thien th song he omni, deco topic of Asn ates toe and her ioe tony of Nps Cito ease nt hy ea, ii deaied hsecons The sono Risin mao’ tak health gon th GoD of na toe ost fepAlcie adit stared nnemoascy Maceo, twcay jam nb spit in 3s eee the Matoplan Thapar shate'y eajer wake ‘rece re of meson oth pay 8S Thnpose, hose math nd Sot, ome! in say Ve tranon be wdenonding ta Asan woul suse i Polen of Al eh meaime Tages dG Date Moon, Senn nn sn crouny fo Corio ‘unt he Pac an the npr onan Aa oe the Wie ts yee 0 Mosc July 15 Tice {Wand Symon ee bh Toa At ir om the een te Rasa ce tmp oe sored spoon ‘Alesis remained in Constantinople for a_ whole year. during ‘much of this time, one i led to suppose, the Byzantine authori Serutnzed is credentials and dissed his suitability. Finally. 09 June 30,1384, 2 dere ofthe Synod of the Church of Constantine at "the ways, divese and most appropriate tothe needs of 8 " - pon He ond Me Pe speedo he primates ofthe Roman Cre ei appt on Tp atemped find a suitable anda or arty” Gr the clerics of Constantinople; its choice, however, had fisentamon as bom a bru ap” in Rusa fale vpn pape) because of his piety and virtue, and also cvs wets recommended fr this oi y the ate Meopl- [sine “This final decision of the Patnarch and his synod, tan Theognosts reful examination lasting a whole year (icc! reached afer = caret fal Bldxinpov fin éwaur6v), was infloenced mpeg La xp sper on Alexss obtained fom Byrne vss 19 re "and Russian visitors to Constantinople, and also by the fact Fa eat King (oy ic) of Russia, ie the Grand Duke of Mf: ero he Enger nb Caen Met ey no eam csomary nr fe foe te Cc, et PREY hse tumtworthy and commendatory por, and of tis ‘Moura poly mnde of he, we have Sse that is shall be, Sinope only ofthe Lord Axi: and we by no mean pert fox concide at any ber penton of Russian ongn shoul in the {fre ame the prima up) i tht county: the cay {ie pats of Resin re to be chcnen] from [among the Cerf the ay of Constantinople" The Paar imerposes «reson ‘enon to his sucesso to aide, when making eer app en to these of Kievan All Resin, ths ug, ad dears {ht Alin, appointed fl confority wt the anos and laws of the Cheha posseson of his ew se ost as hough De We framers" ‘nes inmetistey stack by two ture ofthis synod oe {he Pater obvious dese to sts the demands ofthe Musi ‘tors and hs sro that Alxiw appstiment fo te 6 of Ad Al Rusa“ by nome customary nor sae for the {Church The ist feature can be easly explained by the political and cal wteaon in eastern Earp i the me of the our ‘enth century. Moscow, which afier the death of Metropolitan Peter 12126 become deja the sles capital of Rss, 9.3 sme emerging as the one political center east of the Lithwarian capable of acting at nn fective ralbing pont fr the ing cinccuses ofthe Rosin people and scent ez 000 Svs coy cadeagig the et pear Powe en Nordea ered wih he Bing———_S _ Be ere harem Hen borrson tm py Ne stig oled pe aeatairelind etal eg eee eters Gn oe oop pinteb ied Bie patsiies Goes leat ee eae eee ee Diets areca erents cen ams at Reet eerie cairns es = etal ientertaiaiee pepe pe ees ten oa acne ec Te cceceatal rain Now tt pelted icone oe, (Eeeeepe dap tecas cf Cooruntnapt voir oy 5 siplty patleetip rages temmpesampeatnton SS ee ea om Ben 134th pontine Byemine Paar Ea een co Satan mv Sane of tie Sion Porache by Stopes Duin ee reeerce ciao eee Goes Cocca (oes cpapen sesnterboctenegeg i eer. inperih eon pen tm ta Kc open care othe Pinch of Comat nd Ciera Grand Date of than was tengo aut Orthodox population of his realm to the jurisdiction of the Pope.” ‘The Purarh Philtbes war fly ale fo tas dang ad is sporti and rng his fit tenure of he pte! = (TS) and cecal Grn esd (136070, aoe Sosa corey ed earl scot nas te Othe Pe ples of eastern Europe by a common loyalty to the See of Consian Toole Is hee nt suing than apo the Rasa ‘Ste Alexa he ee of Kev and Al Rn 1358, PC Siew concrete poche Grand Duke of Moco who ‘any te ony svercenneat Erope to ean IGconsenio wh tc Byes Cec ‘Why, then this grudging acoptance of Alexis’ candidature and tne Paar oberon at he aposnmene by no mes ‘tomary nor sae fr the Church (cal ot fy ovis dsiov 6 ‘depati ro0co of éxxnoia) Ths question can best be answered ‘considering of the Church. a an fet a n the patriarchal throne (1350-3; 1354-63). eas ns Nt Altos, Pre 8 0 soda rere of Men eo ig amon nen te teeing of Gregory Plast — red by the Byzantine Church in the middle of the Seo oe Seats ws pee 1 cere a sap of te cre co te ern A a ean ns ame rd a ea oe er aes aca ey cenimains ap ee ere ea a roe es anos ee ee Se ‘wore clearly in the second document, in which the Patriarch Matthew ca ate ese nee ages a aio ey» car of hero choi, Canon a Ye = Tequires that the election be made by the bist tt Sala eres reese oot anes sea ee eect Sere er Semen neni hee ee oes er en ee TO the bene® third document is a reply of the Patriarch Matthew boat" ot Trebizond who had requested him to appoint a aoe ee ae es reine= BYZAXDOM AND Tn ries, desided, afer arf ty of the Emperors pet {eto send it back out of "endship and loves for ne ane Trebicond and vspt forthe candids quatiy Wg SPC oF want the request, but only on coadtion thatthe Pea fhotier ete, in which Be would recommend the anders ee cectanpacas crores wre eo Mou ora secs were reo yl ore ae suc imerpreation of the canons (rep) hans yee em “i ‘Thes curious documents suet haa he ed of the fsa century, the “valor” party inthe Byantne Church wat face cok sidenble dieuty in rezoning is principe of ee cleson Sy ‘rs with the opposing cams of ths tes dependent on Coma ‘pk, and in atempting o erase the teeny of local thon seca andrei o propose tir own nds oth se in accordance witha prac whch the Byrartine Pacha for ‘aso of epee ad countenance in forme ies ‘We may safely sume tat he same ich faethe Patinsh Poth in 1384 Alun Ind been exp recommen foe post of mutropoitan of Rca by the Musson authori o Poe thew’ predensor Callsts and tothe Emperor doin Cntr He ba ther been nominated ss prospective reropltan ys predceesor Theognst, an ast which came dangerously. ear © Fninging canon lw And the presre which Rad cea be exer on the Byzantine author by te Grand Duke of Moscow in support of Alnus coud sere commend self 4 patch ‘ho eaded the party which insted on stftaes ifs) pplication of canon lay and was opposed to the ert of ‘lr power in eceastial appointnents It remains to conser the lat abetion voiced by Pies 2 ‘Alexius candidature: the fact that he was a Russian by birth and dation. iis probable tat he Patch, in srs ths fa. ‘moved, not by etn or national peu, but bythe alization it 4 asian cadiate imps th patronage of Rssian sven fence »cpinlation to ouside, secular presse. This ined 2 the synodal decree of 1384, wich states tht frre appoints these of All Rui ar tobe ade without oui vote: 185 Eipaly mpoatus)™ Te dion nt ttle the” ‘fany more Rusianmropoltans after Alexi mas 0 prone ae Sneffectl, for during the ax sears that elapsed ater the Sal — o ns pa ew and MOE iw : p17 the Bysatne assesment moe pa 4 ec aan) Rusia a» Byanine oe cxageaton, The as of the i ss couched in the expert phraseology of East Ie Ce a dh syn in hi este 1 ile Roman dpe und 10 retain a strict hold rt rl en re Se a Ran aay inte ra fe sais of the past willbe observed ecto a lt tf So Ne ee coro, comm a Cre an crcntal pont te Parrc, in detiance of bis- re ence main See alaierays See a poet aepaaoaterte cr nonmn Sraiattecmenira ce genne veto etext Se se cinas ond etree i sa eet oe re en ace wheat rc Te re (ee eras Saati tactscr mic ieatgel anes nae Soh epoxy pero te Parr Sobeome ar Seeley ie han pond Nes ite 2 ot Kiev. Their views on Church administration seem to have i tapi Panes rts er tan ea eng Sit pach “alot party inthe Byzantine: Church, which resisted pitrarchate agroed on thee diferent Teer mive metropolitan of Russia” ths equally unfortunate: fr, sine for ‘i feet $s cm dsl oo gir edo Aatinom Greases ope an erly Pen! pesto 10 acepe 18 Party of “moderates” or “politicians” who were inclined ial atconage in the affairs of the Chueh and, inMeth eo ee 06 BYZANTIUM AND rg Lag serrdce wit te scoremaatng inp of econo Thur rbd tht he Che, ni none wi he he for intandgeniy ro all conconions and compromise Tami sori ad ver snc the prince yh tmstopaan of Kiev was to bea ate cana, cae oe renee the sea” py, Obed bythe force of cicumtances ot ania’ Semen ja thy suppresed te at tha forthe pst et Byzantines and Russans ta regularly succeded each othe te ee aarp ecrec tarts eee {opam, anda proof tat the continued lovaly of the, Rust ‘Chur tote Set ef Comtaninople was the res eft poly ot ‘oncltin and rnanablconesons pus y ths fms a ‘ec and emperor of ast Rome Thus tse at est poss tt Gregus, wh had no esa to fel wel-dapon towar he is fs ofthe Syod e354 countered Hs attempt fo spre th fx by craving tenon to he exence of an apremen res Ros andthe Empire, conlded as he hin stats, in oer at the Hn betwen the to mations, tus sceued a rated. mit fore preserve the unity of faith pure and undefiled, and id st ‘neal unity rts execs ats sent” ‘hs sanyo the ect relations tween Ryan a usin he tite nd forest centrie my tev ea tot loin oc: From 20 13 he aerate So of Brantne and Rusian meropolians of Kir eta sling No dine evenes, however canbe found to corer Gregor arton that thee ested orl green ewe {o counties. reiting ts secon, However the wines of {he Byzantine toi in ths prod fo conic te to BS Prins to nomi, rom inet tne aie cant 1 fi the evasive lnguge ofthe Synod of 1358. Gregor KOH ard experiential la, i weird i Rusia Chore, and his sympathy forthe py of A nay be regarded as arguments indirectly supporting semen pwc Be is ee a ins suet we ole Ee arch dnl es Vins ton ef he eth eon Se eae coma comer document de ee otis oa ts af the Russom Chch of oe Ke See ey ear alga dave I ne oon obn nto snore a nip alr ed poms gore eel yw tegen annie Sipe reper erp ere sire ee ce ra ee cereal ace See alo Tal orcs a Nannie Garten tw rey ee ee ing ba mot wes ceed Sete a a Med cay tm ee ee ten cen a it on ten nd epee encarta paiement Sra pose hran wo some ta De fants Cc ee pe Res Ec ac cur ay men ie Set od teh cna ang tw rare 2 ‘Kiev. This widely-held assumption would seem to rest on nr 1) Coenpony snc, tth Ruin an ain wesc pet iat optim wa hs pig, chosen appointed, and sent wo Resin hy te Pa meen eo SeE in yaa mera de oe i ei concpay Brae meetin. se "he rimatesof Rusia be nominated and onal by he Push (6) The only metropolitans of Kiev of this period whoa BYZANTION AN temporary evidence, are known to have been Russ and Clement ere td in cmc thine on the Russians on these two occasions did the authority ong the Rann eid the authority ofthe By ‘itive, however, that the fst ofthese argument iin and thatthe other wo, if examined without preconcehed sere ‘ot justify the assumption that the Byzantine authors mei ent and twelth enturies vetoed, om principle the upper Russian candidates tothe se of Ki, ae “The Russian cronies, in relating the accession of @metropotian of Ki, frequently state that “he came” (ide or prshe to Rowan ‘generally adding "om Byzantium” (= Grek. or is Tharvarad\* Si lar assertions can be found in Byzantine sources: Now Dotapates wrote in 1143 that “x metropolitans sent [22220] 40 Risin ty he Patriareh of Consntinople™ the Patriarch Lukes. Cheyer ting ea. 161 to the Russian Prince Andrew Ropolybsly, ses ¥en more expisily: “we appoint fom time tote [pro ween theholy meopaane ot AN Rania. we appoint an sendin thither" and John Cinnams ikewise ast tat Ki, the tet polltan se of All Russa is governed by a bishop Irom Byram Vaprapcic x Bucaria) © What ie the exact meaning of these ‘expresion? Is possble—and, inthe Rusian documents poke thatthe fact of coming” or being vent from Byzantium to Rosia. implies no more than ajoumey from Constaninope to Kies and tat thee word would have applied equally welltoa native peace ‘Rs and dispatched to Constantinople to be consecrate by the arch ho would then send him back to govern his new metopoliaa iocese. The Greck statements, on the other hand, seem comply more ‘thon this and to rfet a eum, put frward by the Patrarchate of Constantinople at various tne inthe welts century. othe eXcnse Fight of nominating a Byantinecandiate othe ce of Kev. How litle ‘sich protestations could sometimes accord with he tre tate of aa 8 ‘vident from the Patriarch Phiceheussynedal decree of 1354 and He ‘suspicion that such statements, 10 which the zealoe pasty inthe B72 ‘tine Chureh was pt to resort, may have served to justly clas ‘ould not always be made good, scarely warranis the assume ‘that the appointment ofa native Russian a primate of Kiev woul ‘this period have been disallowed on principle by te Fast Rom sauhontien, “How fr ould the Patriarch of Constantinople esi the ssh 1° ant Movcow potas Kiev rorinn fhe Tented by the sarily of unambiguous cancnial sion Sonne methods of ction of metropolitans in the fs esc, Te uate deren) eee the es sara eretaon sien ob by he welsetry Pane pron of sing 10 the appoctnest of ee a of canon HW relating 10 the app : ee pps in yam. 10 debe der ong and stor Na Etat pow Cano inet, jaro 2 ca whee, weal Wa on vero a uel those wh el at the opion of se fe Shmid yi Ramen bit tb worth eine SESE dit cones expec opin in Brant as WiseStcnces the vero porto ere nhs cone {fasion er comexeon,Zoars and Babaron hig the See'tee-"oth whch modern schol conc tutcfing the SFr oil, Sno the fact tat the te oo the Brouchsenalh ean vecion™ cams of he Chsch snc whch ar cone ith pi claps nota te forth an the bh canes the Omen Couche intenih canon of se So Ath Sand the welt canon of te Sina of La Sites emlare adie the corporate rate of he eta Bra io toe apoitel fy the Dahios ote esas fel oven whch te tare seat he pence fa St hn of tem gue econ. the ote se thet agreement by letter, the elected candidate is to be consecrated ray he hop whee moran fhe pS Stayt eon accordance wh sa BRE flee (3 spot, or wlio, the deen and {Att hw eno ao he tropa he ia 6 see #EREa serine the apostate ne FE eine aro ete acto tebe He SS hia Cnc the decedent Howe in te Byam Cc eval om the ae Thee n the wlth century we find the ofa commentaor of Zowaras ast Balsamon, attempting to reconcile the etae we rex Byzamtne practice of having the new! Git by metropolitans withthe cman ie ces Se slhmed. refer in the canons ched above tocecion sn hy ‘eestney. This ejivecal interpretation cated eetseaine Canonical authorty forthe pace folowcd haan Sain tet in he otal Brann: Cons oe eT se ty of bishops selected ther canst one of aha eco ty the meropotian ofthe prov, who gave hs ensures leon iu delat (0 hag naming te Hap inly bestowed on him the scramental consecration oc ne Aone anos the Chacha number a Ane emperors of East Rome preci the frm of episcopal ese ‘One oftheir featrs i the par they ascribe o lnmen he tions The foundation ofthis Imperial leisation ito be on 123d and {37h novel of Justinian, which daseed tha whens bishop is to appointed “the clesy and the lading ir of te cy? (cole minnie na oi Rpts ex) for which te shops to be camecrated are to cet thse persons (in! tl spines ‘pron on the Final choice of cane vexng wth" pe Inte confring the ordination” Cie. 8 Pion yapocomlh ion el 10 pi ob peporentvoc\ And he Ted nove ads IC a happens in ceain places, thre egible poo emt found, i wil ben the power af the ecto, to teat two or sw Oe enon." “Although Jasin’ lepton on the elation of bishops wat ined in the Byantine Nomocamons, the serepancy beawecn Scalar laws which envisaged the partiction of ame tise 3 tions. and the cleat canons wich reiced the nak Ioshops (and, indeed, sm one cae expe orbade seca rw Iake etionso eesti offices) tended an the cour of = {0 undermine the authority ofthe forme. virtue ofthe pin Upheld bythe medieval canons, that im cass of conic eae {aks precedence over law. Thus the wetreentury caro Afr tenes and Basamon. asred that the ordinance provid ‘eton of bop by “the cerey and he leading citizens of te Toetetg eee Eee leery Sepa aeneeed ee ce ee | balsas ‘sans oe stated in Pots, Asi and Thrace, the Pas re cee ‘ed ben ected “in the customary manner” by the provincial bishops. Ie traci. however, as a restit of the centralizing policy of the ee he fa bop tote parca sy in ee Ce ‘ean nea ema” by the patriarch, of the higher ranks of the Teast etna and of Imperial representatives." It was this ‘hom me ed thre candidates for the vacant metropolitan see, of Ee Speed rac hn ; ei sintons. which guna the caret policy of eee = ese ee Mit werent tbodied in the clauses of Justinian novels tie ‘ne row————le ‘the local authorities: bishops, it stipulated, were to a the clergy and byte cv suiborier of hee oe in certain cases, could be consecrated by the bik ‘scriptions of the Empire's civil law were discountenanced brat ‘inn onscne en te nas oe ‘the emperors of Byzantium, who were recognized as having 6 et ‘mate concern in the appointment of met nae sont of iplomey deandl i inpose on fe panne on Ae and conciliatory policy towards the local authorities whe be alowed avis in the shoe ofr own maropta dane: wih he rc of oa Soe MUSE Now conser nthe ht ofthese fects, wh he Rusts eer ced, onthe grounds a anon rw hoon let their own metropolitan, andi so, whether the prod ee discussion they succeed in so doing. “The fist Apostolic Canon and the canons of the church eunh ‘lating to expscopal appointments were certainty Known i Ru it the Kievan period, and wer ecladed in the Savon ansatons the Byztine“Nomocanons.” notably of the Nomocanon NPV dl ‘rum, the evest extant Russian enanescript of which wis coil I the cleenth or twelfth century The sith canon ofthe Counel of Sandie, and the twenty-eight canon ofthe Council of Cakes ‘ating tothe appoint of meiropotnans, are tes tel ‘The eaty Ressan Kormchaya abo contains the Gases of esi 123 and 137th novels prescribing the election of tres cada 1 vacant bishopric o,f ned be of to or even on, by the te? nd the ating ties of the 9° ‘Thee sno doubt tht, on a numberof oocasons, the Resin’ i aim the ih, not oly to eet theron metropolis to have hin consecrate bythe Rusia tshops, and that ey Bose {hs right on ter nterpreation of canon law, The most neat evidence ofthis is found inthe sures ofthe fourteenth and ice centuries. About 1378 the Russian archimandite Michal 203" is erga intetion of going to Constantinople inorder to Bem. ‘tated metropolitan of Rusia by the Pairarch, 1 sii (0 B: ‘observed fo his sovereign. te Grand Duke of Moscow, that Si? journey was unnecessary, because he could be conscrated by Russ ‘shops by vite ofthe Apostle Canon which decreed tha» PoP ast be ordained by two or thre Bishops. In 145 the OF el both metropoion, EE al 4 Duchy of Lithuania, in a formal statement the Gra etd secrated Gregory Tsamblak as sn ones Co i an Constant Apostolic Canon: “Two of three bishops.” = pei |sidore who had been rejected by the Rus- sane 40 send him & wien rae ah scion of Rosin cet a scan 0M py the Russian shops, “according 1 the scram eternce 1 he holy and divine Greck an Se ee slater, wring 1 the Emperor Constantine XI 0 se fata he Russian bishops had. without permission ffom etnninopl, clic and concrated a nave candidate as metro- ceatpel ius hs action by appealing othe canons ofthe rn and of the Church councis™ Final. the candidate 30 rete Metropolitan Jos, deca nan encyclical ter writen ‘F1Gh3 ache eat os consecration was founded onthe it Tgatle Canon, te forth con ofthe Fit Ocumenical Counc ‘donner canon les"? Wl be obsered tat in all hee ees the Russian authorities seen ine apc 0 the appointment of thsi owe metropolitan th ovson of Byzantine canon law which repulsed the appoint ‘ao tiny Bos. They can probaly be card ofthe susp oat avg ate in ba Tah’ Tn theft Pace, the canon law of th Ener Church recognized no fundamental dilerese etwcen the ‘toto press: bishops and metropolitans wer to e eleted Yasouncl or bishops thenaht posesed by the patiagch of Bn tas AD who trom, the eeton of a metopae ean every way analogous 10 the prerogatives granted to a in the case of an episcopal ceion Futhermore, So fot th cin made bythe Rusian bishops that they Someta not ony ele, but acaly consecrate (re formally ‘high OH metropolitan could find some jstfiation ithe ‘eae ei of sere eal erm ned inthe canons In cmon ew ga ese tt been made, the Rusans asserted Ne then in espe ofthe meropalitan, the ht of Po ee posse (tom tse pont)1% BYZANTIUM AND TH tay tal set tet tenia ease en terms most commonly found in the canons relating to the nett! eee ee eevee ‘leiastical office including the election (f wiv) andthe conse a ell oalerlintee eee eee ssnenre a Oe eters cee cst aes anaes sce ore tet eccice ct Se Teenie er cn econ al ieee ee ee or Stee es ee tnapyiav v0 ymxporodtry™ In the Slavonic version the terms xa Set ere ee eae 0 incr ill oterorard eS ile ceeeenmea entices cee eeeereieaccmeenctctincs ir sar vino tose ees aera ioe Teta coeserca tiie eae cea by te coe Peminemeanec sees oot oe emmiaeralgecs cis oot = ie atcepremicssceen roerceen ‘eonsecration) or simply consecration, but not election alone."™ As for Goraoertn eect nessa ose tion be taken to mean “to consecrate.” The usual Slavonic equivalent of 12 lips was blagaslovenie (literally “the blessing"): and we ™ eter Sarena ees ithe oF te i iz and Moscow eS be rig to cls and to comerate thir own meropoian et ie ai : ig eve ung tof ah cay i red the pear’ ratction (hagsiovente). Ths acts FSfusony. i bis abovementioned eter to the Emperor Io XI alter fusing the clection and consecration ofthe Contin Jonas D3 the Rusianbahors, deca “Oxr Rasan = os Son [SS Se Se ouch ei cath. and apt Church of Sat Sopa, SSeS eep ee Bee oa espns Koved A eer etter a eee ieee ee aunt deo cr mop ey ta va tek natch con era ig cane by heya ocmccat in Cael esras picopal edo) redone fxn Soret tercnn fi wenb seh anne Cor Sicetsen are coco tee viet Pan ee asl ie are cee ie cath ol tk tei, a ho fr thse cine were rena the Basa rsa A erhercn of te vaso wile eter ee ates ay pot ta he ete fee ec fa cn may fe rr ine ested by repr war coed Oe (Src ie errand cay inves ety. he Roan ‘Sti ccld sped apni me cas Sromccioaion we tice oon ant nce ee Src eas pu Crmrd te Ren oars mt ‘Secaty mesg sane ee sane ate a Srrewsh pach Consanieeayon coe eee ones rt il the br eur ths hown eh Pt ths sty that those metropolitans of Kiev wo we api bythe patriarch betwocn 1237 and 1378 atthe request of the Russian Suh ne inf of Ramat Tso =P tay bat te aprenden steno sa elo of many as pl ofthe is of Kis Kah athe cuss chy nee spo Tete osc an nvespaton ve ay DP 4 The atontty of ol the pias of Ras | diesBe erase 5 wa Matis tnd Come aesshontic ss (12243) The fist two are the only metropeltan of Ken fy Pee eetcnc ns wo scones eiaidere aad eevee Reet scence men oe peer ee pea cecpiesr ss ree ae Ios apg dr iy hs ee" items ee ee ceray see ho aa en Reet canteens cs oe i eta lanie scsi se Gea mation af usar nv woah con he een eetered uses oes Saleen ad onetime inaiicesran case ae ess Senmietopliteesinmas nrrceaeio wok rina Fly tne i cts Byac po Timae femal! Neptare tiacsetne er of er oe 10 Giana eesyietpeada ners is see a ‘one of his sermons opens with the following words; "Many homilies. ceil tad Cates at cape ies oe Seesmic ga gud cert vn oe Set ibemer i we ihe out or ave Pa we Re este acres cr nae ann la Sa nes ees coe eeeitacatatmpscnt sea ae Sass ore Serene cece tresses eet moe ce Ply as Mawrpoes ae Wie 2a Sesemassouteatears mean seh soe tay. ‘opinion. be considered 4 Byzantine:"® These, together with Theor leat sinc ene’ ott eon mn nt appointed metropolitan of Russia in the reign of Basil 1 (976-1025). Mcrae toccyncccrsea tes chon > See ateyierycon sans Hi no We rus a0 era number of other primates of Kiev in the pe asthe esl oe qastunanimous belie of mode historians tha. stoi hich the subordination of the Rus- ste See Comanine fwey a tian wo temo Ke ithe thine prelates, appointed, consecrated. and sent to Russia APART lero ago Cle aero tsa mets in Ht an iT ch 1a opin te ews ot erate ye een. Sunt pcm war oss pine ma one eee om po en oe ‘am ranma he Rn Gets manent ae to "Years (are nia sri Sota cat i tempo secre moment ose se. ‘arth esto ewe ems wir ‘Fepearciv® neither of which, in the meaning they then possessed. ‘ies ron omar a ns [he Pence of Kiev Varoslay, Yet the chroniclers meaning sems cleat TE ine wt aoe sce peony Sei wh inc aly et in the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kiev by his bishops.'* zest ‘himself; his et cee emcee i ae “Poet plan Teco od apie God the monk and priest Hilarion, was by His cate a tie ek easeda V2ANTIUMAND THE SLAY rtropltn int. Tis ocared inthe yar 6559 (4.01051) in he ron ofthe pou Prince (Agar) ros." The verb svar thom sich the pase particle npushchon derived) is equate fo oporore, whie axolvat somesponds excl 10 fyxefipty, {Term wed to egy the soli station (rafter) of & newly ‘opted prelate ‘Scho in recent seas have generally aserted that in causing ‘anon to be appoinied, the Resin rer Yarslav nas Ung to aser his Cure independence from Constantinople Apart from the undevingasumpiion thatthe Byzanine authors were in no ‘Sroumstances prepare in thisperiodtcourtnancethe appointment of S nave mettopolian of Kiev—the acuracy of which has been qus- tioned above this view seems rest lary onthe fact hat Hil- tion's eecion was prosedd by 2 war between Rossa and the Empire. “har broken 143, ws desided ya fierce naval encoute in the Bosphorus in which the Rusians were deleted, and ended in the ‘seme year! The sugeton that Hiaron was appointed 32 result tlese hoses was sleady made inthe stcentvcemry Rus Nikon Crone Yet thi i ot sppoted Hythe vere Tn the fr place, peace was reored between Byrantm and Rusia in 1046 and, probly atthe ume time. tay was concluded, bythe terms of whch Varad the son of Yaron of Kiev, was to may 2 ‘owe relative, probably the daugher, of the Emperor Constantine 1X ‘Monomachos the chil of this mariage. the fate prince of Kis Madinir Monorah, was born in 1083." te unlikely that the Send relations between the dynasics and governments of Bantu and Ki, restored by ths marrigs, were Boker Before 1051 the ye (Of Hiarions appoininest, and poring evidence of rlations be {tween the two conti in ha sme ca provided by the Nikon ‘Grrl, wich es othe anival in Russi ror Constantinople 2 105i, of three expen char singing wogeter with thet fais, sth nero he Rin nthe bya ‘urter grounds canbe fourd forthe view tat Hilarion’ ap- ointment as nether preceded nor followed by anit beeen KY 4nd Byantum Referring thse the Primary Chrome absene= Gol inspired te rine and be appointed him mevopottanS a significant commen if the deference peeraly shown b the comple ‘f ths document forthe Byzantine Church is borne in mind. TH ‘Nikon Cente is even more expt “Varo” ites ws 09% counsel with his Rusan Bishops, and they judsed according tothe ee ee ener hie ne eyecare eee Pe Beha eee Sel Ce one ar en sho Marinara ame Suge re ce ene Ta at ee Eman se ypcettas tn eo eo before, the concession granted to the Russian authorities 1 1031 ‘ight perhaps be regarded as an outcome ofthe negotiations betwee heat sae SETA hte ec‘s NVZANTIOM AND THE Stas, Nexto the arene ht te sn ofthe prince f Kev was to mary ‘Nlenne pics, te permision gen tothe Rosas oct ar Amzu crown metopolian Wouk! have served the interes of ‘Setepic fips 0 Plate th Ruins bs hee on aes prevent the ecuence of thr atack of 1043, and to once Mem to the spiual jurisdiction of the Pasriarch of Ceeaninople—- thse ams woukl have commend themseves fo the diplomats inthe goverment and Church of Byzantium who vor the policy of oiowie, On the other hand, itis not imposible that te Ressin autores, convinced that they were tng in conformity with canon lav, requested the Patriarch Uo ratty Hiro eonseraton pos facta "The appointment. teal a century ater, of the Russian monk (Game of Sesh as metropolitan of Kivi sally considered an vent analogous t the consecration of Hilavion — tha is, as a second, and equally unsccesul ttempt by the Rusians 0 shake off ‘Byratine esta contre In my opinion the two evens difered Appoint by the Prin of Kiev asa I and consecrated by an Aaserbly of Rssan Bop in July 18, aftr the previous meteor lian, Michael had for unknown reson lsd the exthdral church of {Kiev under an interdict and departed for Constantinople. Clemens ies: eerie Hn ta Qs pee ne eee Mai eau Se wet ns olen icewecg igen Tana wears ee Ta eer. Sie cee et Seer Scenes cso wa ‘seine Paring gs seh 1 ee ee Tee ra a cee ae Ce eS eel i a err a rein gee cee ee ee Com cme ata agen ra eer ‘the appointment of native metropolitans by the Russian authorities tthe othe patra contro, ws acs = unknown at ‘This last conclusion is corroborated by evince from an uns ah tne ect ae aa ee ei ea es oe va et ge eo 8 ‘a the words spoken by Izyasiav IL of Kiev tothe Russian Bshors —ee jus tlore Coe metropolitan of Russa." the prince declared, ee a an eh iSite cist rca ree oes eee cons eee eae eens eae nce: eee cee eee een ecn ei ee aes es Se eee terres not Reeceeereniaicerrans woe eee geen eres en oe aes Seee se niar ne irr coe ey piaeeeetpergeecce ee Sitoie nace erences emake alowances for sib thetrial embelshisets ts heh eee at re ipernity a Si marairan Ses pec a och her nn Se ae Seema carseat ce a scram we th home is on ceriain joann at 0th that he chrome Sich iret Mala et satan, Kies ond Moscow ig us sn omni of te Byantne Sana Be tcc tt eer enced aninntane Bek ere poia cerict toneton a oan ae cine einerw te eeanae ieee cnet tin nee sor operas Sl acing vst ton ane aa Be ti tel orn copia, ioc pe ee ta cane cra: ec a ni ie oi fw mone Pra oes wi isa an, Tic p> ree fie at of he mo ote Rese pons eetethdSoor Contannop paste Roman Ch na se cin ar be En of wh ne commen een tec who oe eet pre HO Se eas death ath nd of 1s! Yur Sita, tne sy he Epo Manoel Coren bea Pt of Oncor Yrs Ee acu mast depo Cen hs esr He fbn othe ave a Coane san CA. ints nto evepotion Connie tape, pasta ares tin om comanone eo ‘nationality are not mentioned in any contemporary s0uroe, Teac, however, tell us that Constantine had formerly been bison of ‘Chernigov, and that, after Clement's deposition. he was lected by Yo fase us ope ent Commis BO ‘the | “vith the dignity of metropolitan of Kieu sree ee ean ‘the sons of Izyaslav II occupied Kiev, Personal sympathies and fail loyalty alike prompted them to reistate Cement and Conseine abandoned his see, eaping to Cernig. But in thei ecesas fi Man he new masters of Kiev met withthe stubborn rite ePtir unde Rostlay, whom they bad invited to reign in Ki, Fost fay reused to accept Clement as metropolitan, “because,* etd, “be id not recive the blesing from St. Sophia and from the Pfarch=?™ Bt the sons of Izyasay declined to reinstate CCooanine. In the long and acrimonious discussion that ensued fetween uncle and nephews, one ofthe later, MSisav, according to Tatabchey argued tat Clement had been lvfully appointed by his father and the Russian bsbops and stood inno ned of the patriarchs onesratio, for the pstrarch bimsel he aseted. 5 chosen by the ttmgeror and conscatd by bishops and metropolis, his ecclesia {alneriry "and enot set anywhere tobe consecrated." Evently ‘Noomprome wa eached, and it was decided to ask te patriarch to ‘poi another primate; thie was the Metropolitan Theodore. he red from Constantinople ia 1I6L The Hiputian Chronicle nots his asceion in terms which might be taken to imply that his ‘candidature ha se suggested the patriarch bythe Prince of Kies “Prine Rost it sates, “had sent for hin" “The Meropoitan Theodore died about 1163. Meanwhile the panies Ki nd Mow 2 prince repli: “Tis maroolian {John 1}. forthe sake o hone pt, bat inthe fre the pararch shod nee 2m cis and deciion sd somtay tothe comes Shine at Fie re cal cet eo ee seePpolians of Kiev] be cht and conmucd by Bo ea, om by order of he grand pine Tlzaans hae dre ith came of eo ni of “uisehevs evden: on ths pan. Some fave dsmsed Roa Jpkeh as ths produc of Tatshchers ana or mation and Fee cat doubts ons ahem.” Ores have arp ats ty oc substantial rue recod The septs hv nay opr wePled to produce singe convincing argea! moro he Sv, Here apn Tash’ testimony noon thee plate Merit cies and competes the secoust gen by te tion ior ofthe Byantine ems) Rossi ths wa proay er {Gal ih the embassy sent bythe Emperor to Kev i 163 whch brought about a treaty tween Manel Cones and Rossy fd which destied by Cinames™ osilays speech, which sb, should be axed sie ax ks insula shed some nor ah o he pose oF Appointments othe ce of Kiev in the wath ety nthe ist che Russian seri aed thatthe pte hd oho fomecrie metropolitan of Kiev without his pei knowles nd consent, Now Rosia, 9 mate of canon bw. wah no 2 iesponaible person; he ha hie in the ps else 0 sgn Cement on he grounds that he ad not obtained the patra ot fmation\™ And ithe Princ of Kiev cosidced hl ete 10 execie his fit of “decson” i chosing cand and en Aresing the pata to consrae im, probable that some IWesedent existed on wbih this clam eu be based — he se Present fot, ts was invoked in 117 by Tsk TL () Secondly in heatning to promulgate # ww preci al !mevopoians of Kiev shoud i the tare, be deed ad in Rs, presumably without refrece to Byam, Rew sm Bled that he recognized tat the ptarch sil ess he Fh 12 fadone oreto the elton, and doubles abo 10 sonar he sted cana, aright s0 tc questioned ty Ly Finally, his appeal to “the canons of the holy Apostles” is yt ane!See en ra Sects seat Sees Bese rautns mre Se aie eetena cess (See ieee are arena ee ESR eee, eesti ee ee! eae eae ees ee eee eS ees Sn sats rege are aes ee eee ons, Byatine pelts, eed in Constantinople and consecrated) ecnos, by the a ‘The evidence of the sources eee Gcasarid warns tse Oo & ‘ate tol ther chee © ME seeped tis contention and to {0 The real ditcay seems to have ai Wither the conccaton oft meropohanese zation, Ki and Moscow g Patriarch of Constantinople oF th Ru ia tant san bishops. The East fan autre, whoa ine el he en tha pone Rereating metropS vile symbol ofthe atc meal juradiion ove them, were natty mow rasa spies Ins rig 10 the Ruan hope. Ther soya canenters consecration in Kiev isthe only well auhensch ac tr pe ienth century when hey may, mn prc Le come have held conlicing opinions on whee mcopies ert be emscated by his own bishops. The marty appear ohne ind the ais ofthe Byzantine Patriarchate he ater and Tet teteved thatthe rights of her cw tthe were confined "ing the primate, However, the provsion of canon lav onthe ‘ieamment of bihops and mopar, which im seca fets Reread wih the cetralized administration of the medal Byanine {Ghrch, he ambiguity ofthe Slavonic em pstvine wth ene (Gaier both the Greek words xurderan and porav.and the {ale of thei rules to guin ax much independence a owl om yamine control. contributed Yo the rae of snl and muxe enlist current of option: the confit between thse wo schon. fugit goes far toward explaining the passionate decasins tat Stowe in Rusia over he legitimacy of Clements consecration aswel st Trine Rostslav’s angry appeal, when contontd witha Byanine Inetopolian unilateral appined bythe patrarh, othe canons of Ihe oly Apes. ‘ur investigation has aso eal some round for ering that. spar fom Hilarion and Clement, several other metiopolias f ie inthis period may have been scketed by the Resa auton CConstotne (11568) and Constantine 1 (1167 were accor te the evidence of Tatshchev, anaes see by the Pes YL and Rost I respectively, and seat to Consantinopl to rss Patiarehisconsertion or confirmation. Ki ie posite tht ‘oth were Resins by bith. Moreover, the Metoplian Heads {listen 1163) may pesaps ako have bee a candidate of Ross si Two furtiee metropolis ofthe Kievan psa Nee ing Taschen, nominated by Russian ruler: Nita (11229, te elms, was sent a a bishop to Constaminole by the Pie: of Kies ‘iadimir Monomath, and was there appointed by the Patinch mt opolitan of Rusia. Tatischey emits that Nason so ‘from Kiev to Byzantium in 1122 accompa VstiBeis 4 0 anges ww rs a i oe eee Enpworsoin Comme Emp Seca ea upd by soe og Ree ct te ici as me Er sah coe Semen es ckorsrmccapew ss Te Nem ee a a Sc ea ao lca ce i ee cs Se ny oe Ck ae me ion Th eerie See ee ea ron wk Se ee ae ion Oar eis ee a er arora =e ae ) sce of Kiev inthe eleventh, twelfth, and early thirteenth centunes relies SS ee oe es ee SS ieee ‘groundless hypotheses or preconceptions. This scepticism provides & Soliant SS Seeeaiernte eer ee. a Pe one 5 tt neg si mi sera cy in hi ge a personae Sone ple of ces ee ee ee Seemineso Renonepn e Orh a eo. sons and great grandsons (of St. Vladimir}... received from time to eee ee en eae ae caer ee ree hapten See eer eee a aaa a ee | eee BE ee ene = H ‘The resus of our inguiry must now be bry summarie.K has teen shown that the text of Nieephorus Gregoras which mention the Russo-yvantne agreement stipulating tat the metropolitans of Kiev ‘wer to be appointed in accordance with the prise of alrite atonal ent ancient omits from te Bon een Be lexopia Popa, and consoquenly nepested by histor — dkserves tobe restored to its prope pace inthe thirty sith Dok of work, and shoud be considered sa source proving fet tvidence on the ecclesiastical ations betwesn the Empire and mali ‘al Russia. The attempt to assess the reliability ofthis evidense has led to reconsider, within a somewhat wide framework, eal spy these relations between the erly eleventh andthe ate atures, Although no direct evidence his come to ight 1 corrode. ‘Mle Gregors' statement that a formal agreement concerning Ch aealerate nationality of Fe entam and Kiev. Stcumstantial ex. ira ceo re sat mire ae Sabah icon ke om stion in the nationality of eteta Se ee seman sc och ee an rimates of Rus’ were then appointed. This, at in Pat ge sever ; ee pease mt Sele ne Gene Eiercet ot pceen Tycho se epee ns may eed eens tare ecneenieemieet coma eee ee ee a Detar a ica ee Se eee ors eee ‘Even the twenty-eighth canon of the Council of Chalcedon, which es eee which twelitht ‘ong tal ears. And Ba cosinde hs rer ron an sia aroed ter by decaring ho intention 0 = ‘wn he doe retin wich had anya cated fete C84 asia ae holy Exper” ant comnn 10 eognize es = of he patriarch his eter unknown: here is indo no certainty a recsrt fa buictn Santana ened al al Cae yazan’ as metropolitan of All Russia. ied Hato ent nan corceraion ere et eo fe own aac AM canonical" For more than the year the ah acl Tl wrote a. lst eter to. Constantinople, Beate oe ete sik etiam oar Biber ore al Noe cee pce er een ee alae ee oo ees ee re os aes Poses Teepe ore ge er cena Ee pe per iobt ee eee eS rane Been ornn oes oe ib anieatne things according to the ancient faith; and our father, the Lord en aint cena So eee ee ee mk traditional loyalty to the Church of Constantinople with their es een Se eee yp may creme On th Ap 158, ee ce een gaan fr seer“The Union of Poenc colspsd withthe Byzantine empire, and the Tee Consantoope reverted to Onhodoxy. Ras Teter ‘Grae sent in the sate archives of Nucor. The thecog ‘Stace to Russian eesti dependence on Constantinople had ‘Mpeared ony to Be reasd by 8 pla! one, which inte ey Senecio Mescovte res proved the more insupeabie orth Paste Church of Constaninople was now in the power ofa Movie ste andthe patch received his investiture from the oman suze And s¢ the Rain Chore resid the atone foww sats it had voted defacto in 1448, a satus which in TSH, ‘yaommon coment of the ether Orthodox churches, Was convert {oat ofan atoepalos patarchte "Tha at the ed of our sory, nthe inl chaptr ofthe history of Rsso-Byatie relations there cones tight, inthe Russian at fade to Ryzanium, the sme poliriy, the same ambiguous Bend of tacion and repaon, which we daceral in the carer pass of {his mlaiomhip. A distast of Byzantine diplomacy and. an abhor ‘ence of ts works— yet an oper-eated and probably dsimerestot the Russian Church — yet wings to acknowl his = ‘menial authority, and 0 his prerogatives in Rusa; a dogged ard tba svg for polation ye perl lend rth tse Dyno ition candalied frst {te reies ete Byun ator fo bare the Ondo ath fe cr myo Cn of Pes yw al stong lacs to sere the caonal dependence of thr Church et arate f Contant wo pan fh i ‘Section geo ya cn 0 od ® "4 ths ht impresion iitsry For the Russian view of B720- am aint itt nyo gra ed 2 > vel aon fea was ing subvert an reasons ‘epily deelopiag national cnaonscs ofthe Mesos #0 ‘yas of i hc ard om te WO stocks ha a eau impact on Russa: they We P= ett caer Ps a ye inet and layed nd they proved a °F =rasions fe aule wel note acenth CO efit the Cou of Foren was, we see 0 me offical ices in Muscovy thatthe Byzantines, en ree a to eer ee rane cae ee cinta aay a aera naa eae Nan eee eee eee eece mn ae SE ee ee sea cea ieee tne Be ee ee See epee ce ee ae inves et ee ec ee ee ae eee eer) > ere ie SY or ee ch eet Be re cana ie pee Jobn Eugcnicus, wrote a lament “on the capture of the Great City. ey ce ae he Se en ar es ommend Grek Rast he al of Byraniumst Wik ‘oreo Bey Ss area te pe {ish longe-or Cry, te mainstay of our race, the splendour of the intabiedWorl he church t Sophia, at here o ath a pees {tes of Bynum, “he holy nation,” e pope of te univers” 7 re eclesk peri eer ot——— oo = yZANTIUM AND TESLA a... sa ape cet meee seat arene oayaete Sree eee ae = es SS ees SS a ee ——— <— = ed a ee a See pettee a eS 5 Be gece 2 en eee ere a ene aaa aN pr et ee owner eres senna ee cer Tt a tn onan ro Me set Et a TS RT aa srs 0 Nk me oo Seam i pace tas er nmees SES nner ee ee smectite alae sag tere avr ohne ava Caio Fecnnintaen 960 Kn ec ORGS cc tn an ao em EON, tnt Ue Prato Cera Seeger eee ences Sets Sina wssr aso ce yn af ae tonne eSee BYZANTIUM AND THES 45 ca cumin Cnn era re ecient ea at a ae Regehr dene eases inhonesat Damen ta aes iat pins Apot, Pe. sin he se etn, eat Ga eS a ne, ee cere poe PEF Som re Ka Ro” ann co “Sm ee sae Shum eed py aes Wn Sc ae teenth sy Mo. 188 Lave Middle A nd sia inthe Late Mile Ages Bitte cien rarge eh setae fee eee? Gece etiam oc ts ea once me craton a ny hn hay Se eon ie Dene edn sais te er ara eyo he ppt of Min te Cea cay, ape cr a i Wk ee tec ee Eee a a op ack cob Rana ey sec Rn nen sme wer haat Tapas sit sh he ee att Siccie northern ism pcan e Oo8CHAPTER VI MODERN RUSSIAN ATTITUDES TO BYZANTIUM nmarkd contrast to the peoples of Western Europ, the Russians ‘ghee fom their medicval ancestors a varity of athudes towards aT inherited tradition was compounded of several le Pr Twas based, at east in the case ofthe educated clases, on & Tatgerble body of historical knowledge, derived in part from the ‘faert om he works of Byzantine historians — notably John Mal {ix Gorge Hamartles, John Zonaras and Constantine Manasses — ‘ii al been incorporated. in Slavonic translations, into medieval Resin chronic. implied the view thatthe history of Byzantium ata special relevance to the destinies of the Rusian people a rle- ed section ofthe Russian Prim ‘ny Choise opens and closes with an event of Byzantine history the Accson of Michal I11 andthe death of Alexivs Comnenus? And Works dere on the other hand, a certain dts ofthe ins ar suspicion of he mvs oft nigel diploma, he afr the Coun of rence wih the De held by some tl tha the Gres eed sh Ne Oates of Christendom and that the provident cent of hodox faith had now ben transfered to Moscow, the Third’ your land f00 Orthodony has been tained by the opPsion ambiguous blend of attraction and repulsion, survived the Minne mabe eee i et ea views expresed by Russian stateamen,eclsntic,pilmopte eos Historians of more recent times. The rle played by Bante ee ee eae fee st ne t successive and parly overapping,perieds fas i, See rere a cre ar See eee te SSS een rn te cee oo, eae ee ee se es ee ae ee Saas enc nits 6 tan 25 Enon ee re ears eee ont a ee ae est or a a ees oer ee eee eee ee ire eee ee Sa een temp 2 a ES oe een ee ee ies ee oe ees eet ee ee ee eee eer as ree cree 150 years earlier by Philotheus of Pskov: he declared in 1667 to th eee ee es cet ‘Rome fell long ago and lies unregenerate, the Poles have perished ‘with her and have become for ever enemies of the Christians: AM! © % | — ssn nas oan 7 ie TWA sunent He TH ef byramine Mor in upper of power ee lr a sot fala etry ae y ain pe exes which the Ta ound this hor Bache Gr. Tr thas he alte tt he Lae of he i ee a intact son of how a tae sought etre deter, acer andthe mei ware tonin by Col tery ofthe Byzantine Chueh find much sm See uy andro Nester a mona set hs pty wth ve ttne monstcan wot of Vola of Gibbon a pe yan peo an even Moa th wes aa mcd fo te gangrenow prokfration of mona “orth shres ofthe Rosphorws lone thee were some fate Emp: i se onsequety, when the Tors li sige to Conta SOROS an c00 slr oul be found o defend they Trine polemic cance by Rasian sateen and church sxe tbe Eentecth and carly ieenth contre thr le ieee dependent Hora htking. Moreover, ter ae of Feta hit) wes nigh seetve and overty pragma: some Pe atu or event of Byantn sory, eal er gay, at Tate ete fo simulate kaon or provide tary warning ifs or unt third dade of Ue niece cena that Rs fan hles began fo submit the whole of Bane history 2 Cia iepettion and to examen the ight of tr own i {mal nd phicsphical conels. In the pasonste debe wich ta in Moscow in he eesti and forts tween the WS tenes the Slavoph, Byzantium nt inguenly appeared a2 ins now forthe roscton, row for the define, The deb, ich ove much to the inluenceof European romantics and of ‘German east phioxoph, ar concerned with Ras mission the nr ad in parulr wih her laonship to Wevern Euore ‘The Westerners held that Russia was and should cone bm intpal par of Europea cvliation. The Shvophils, y coma Sapte he datnie cements in she Rosanna aon ‘raat this uo, based on he ing eran oe uch andthe soa its of he peasant soma BRE ey way to the aoa, matron al lan of the Wat The mos extreme of Rusian Wester, ete Chaes HS inthe ft of hs famous Lares Poop, writen pubis in 1836, thatthe seri of Rusa tre wos __E ‘due to the legacy of “ta misér ers ‘which cut off the Russians from the civilized broth pa eee Peoples! And ina leer writen in 846 he sed ee ceesan atin Rat Brn abt’ No oe Weare r. thougt ‘of Byzantium. Indecd one of their ky Beeld aoey alta ts ce oa ium and 2 plea for serious Byzantine studies. Grar yaar {fessional historian, and his views on this eect: ‘the gap between Westerr ind Si e sees feos twenty gers ne fs aie raison oe fe Scholarship. “We recived from Constantinople he st of out national inberance, hats ss besa he bp ‘ngs of eduction. The Easter Empire trv young Risin so the community of Chitin nations.” Only Sl scolar, he cin ell quate resolve the problems posed by Byrne hes Inded, Granovsky dered, "we hve in aeme the dat to cals 2 phenomenon to which we owe sa mach» “The Savophils displayed ste tudes 'o Byam the une Rusa-cerered Bis the same penchant! or judgement fal ane the sme ambiguity. Thu, whe Ian Kirsty contrasted in 16? the arsticcomemplave cute of the Bani worl wih wesere Catholics, perverted by Roman gas and rationalism! theksding Slvophie phlsophe and theologian, Aleksei Khon: sed ‘more ambivalent jugement on Byeantum He oo. pid own {due to He spit achievement, in theolbe. monasict and Imssonay endeaour, of which the Rusans were the tees Bot om the debi side he reed several time ~and parila a fle writen io 18S2that the lw andthe sate i the Baie Empire were Roman, andar sich were open he chars fp fem, formalin and national. “Rome jor chai” be ‘wrote, lasped and choke the fe of Byzantium" twas Tnetabe that the iret a Bye soy, wh tepan to spread in Ruin sity wer 10, soon sq de Paltal favor, A vague connection between Byantne suis 3nd {he objet of Rui foreign plo had ben xed in he ci ‘ent centr Sch event nr Peter the Grea campaign of te Prt {Gril and Catherine is “Grek Proje” (171) ha sues 1 {Seton of publi opinion hats knowl of Byraine Bsn ‘sey preparation forthe ak of Hating the Onodox iH rable Byzance, obj du vin Aries v0 Bai re e joke, The missing link between “Byzantin- ty oe orn, Naat tac Roma ad et frst er hve mison wast eso the Eat ipconsantinorls os Franks had once restored the Roman Empce porte Facet ea cae Een Tete Rana ne Sap Be emia radesip of Rosia and wih 1 cpt ion "Te alan om te Tish aa astern QU es fa aoe as rine ye Neer crea tymmim he hace or he. He SAY na lesen rhe She Dent isan Pe ery fa common. Tete Cn a umm pine to Py an ope te en ee eer re icons wea cis ed Ce cet aye snd pal 0 set cd iS opr py te ele “fastern Question.” The hope of the world, he belicved, lay in ‘the hc nan ws cnca ea «esr ‘Bm of political autocracy, social inequality and Orthodox mysticism ae ‘in Byzantium and was adopted by the Russians in Ace As Bani hd said Raion sc aoa tra ha sep +4 infuences of Byzantium, like the complex texture of & nervous Imani fiesta Ky nice sos me oxen, he Soph Met ac spon enna hed 06 BEDI astrong dos of postive valuejudgement. Ther nationasic il io ace te pane {Rx and snare rem he wont o Roa’ cuta ad Ind sShdecrmination, A sarin diferent vi o Bani, ‘nds rw ppl ava hi vo Sos ‘sopher, ‘entry by Viadimnir Soloviev (1883-1900), the notable phir f theologian and poet. His rejection of secular nationalism9s and his view of the Roman Church asthe providenl eared to him vali reasons for conden i ns works La fs Fgh ans i Rosse (996)"— ots ka and psionate indictment of “Tempire pculosten de yest they uit an empire that was more pagan than Chitin 4ght of the universality the Chrstan talon ty aoa ‘churchmen lke Photius and Cerarus to lad them into chins noe ‘heir spiritual leaders, by slavsly submiting to the anes ate Sate, promoted the banefil "Caesiropapism.” whose pervasie sacs ‘used Byzantium to resemble more closly the empire of Nebacad. nezzat than that of Christ” In passing final sentence on Byrant, Soloviey appealed to the verdict of histor: “Lhe a jug x con. damné le Bas Empire "None of these ninetcenth century writers, with the possible excep tion of Granovsky. could in thee treatment of Bari herpes as scholars inthe madern sense ofthe word. The sgieanes othe ws lis rather in the iteest in Byzatin history which they stim Inte in Russian pola opinion; inthe role played by thei somes ‘of Byzantium in the development in Rasa of historical and plo piel thought and of ideas of national self-Jtermination, andi the felevance of some of thse ideas on Byzantine history to si for fan and domestic poltia. A genuine and continous waiton of [Byzantine scholarship required the ffilmen of three conditions [9 ‘readies to start not from preconecived "etahistorica” concen, Pt from a cecal study ofthe documents; 2 the appearence of stot wiling o devote te lives to specialized research in his Het: 3 he ‘readiness of universiics and public opinion to recognize Byatt ‘Sodies as an autonomous in the own sgh. fe ‘Tevas not wn the 1870s that all three conditions were fails ‘Russa, However, both the study of Byzantine sours and the eT. sence of devoted ad ennai chars in hin Hl ad ew Inundred yeas carr; and we ray rightly regard the prio! com {01870 san important preparatory phase inthe history of Ban ‘sholirhip in Russia The leading figures were G. S- Bay : sen iene Banton yon Sehliver and J. G. Stiter inthe eighteenth cen- aie, A 2S i nthe snot Parry Id Fm Cio, been 17 a 17,» four Seta, ee Bie orcs concer wh Ear Fon Mate ay ao anion emai Be ea cases rope Da Sect ert Fan gasan pee ee ed heey Sm ce tho amt, nd nh re Ret yeoe ci anes ex comms oe eee forge espe ct neces nrc Pee tins i yeh cnn eae Se tees pote nts Wiebe eid feast eentc utc uiecuromth etd ine eee ee etic a at ic mic net eta et die tes ccnp fn on Bye i tuy af ovn or Pesan ont cee ce tee prea Arm ove it hey weiner ae say hs See Brana her hhh Srng on co sek nena me Ras trent el ance of Rn yea stud wae Se fet nos Vay’ Yatialy. Orgy csc wl hamlet ommen ne ben och aie borne Hepes ts Peery ne byte te det n 19 be {alone orn of jr noes no tie Tees Sdminsuatve History, hapography and Ruso-Byaatine ti haan ca ote ropetable dain, of wowing mst Te ced tart vce Pe es ore tun oe appeared in 199 an ta So rn he nat oti of Rssian Byantin studs that Krumbacher heme “Ta Rens to ear Russian and to make hs pupils do wo cea thes ef Yack we RUS "on tnd the grain and sa sr of the Ban # i200 tin Empire The former sb be inherited fe conon le hier in sos ht. dou by the contemporary Hora! and soci movement eve of ret imporanes in the subset developmen of ses in Rui ws sey Vaso soe temporary, Fedor Uspensk,afigre of comparable mporans sory of Byantine sade An adrsbl ernie apna 8 Teading part inthe development ofthis subject inthe Univers dessa (189494); dicted rom 1895 01914 the wrk ote a, sian ArchaologialTstite in. Corstatinope: Yad the Reson archacologil expedition 0 Trebizond in T916 and 1917 ann eats betwen the Revoiton an hc deat in 198 teed ty ‘age what remained of Byzantine tudes i Rusia A hy po Seholr, he conebued most othe sy of the socal an eros history of Bynum, of Byzantine ros and pose! esp and of Byzantine Sav relations nthe ary Mie Raw Hi wos nthe as top were, rina at at incest the von ‘ews of his teacher Lasky” Uspenshy wey the mos ips ‘hampion before 1917 ofthe wew tat he occaption of he alan Pins bythe Sins profoundly aed the soa and economic structure of the Empires European ovis ih the seventh and ‘oh contre, and thatthe peat commne of the Famers aw frm of Svnic origin His Gevotion to pure schlanhp id Toweve, preven hi on ocason fom setting Rani Bt Palle suns for hs contempecaie Some ofthese “eso” Shear reveal the inence of avi Henn the pei: fo he fi volume of history of the Byratine Empire writen in 1912 te dered: “The loro history shouldbe early conic {hone who, a th preset me are ang te partion fe ne anc of ie ik ma ofthe Bospharas” And nthe ain od of {he bok, pulsed in 1914 e wrote: “We woul Be decivng 8 Shes ifwe ought tat we can avid an ative pari the aon ‘tthe iberiance ety Rosie inthe Fst ‘Question teen oqueted fhe by hat, and cannot BE angel by abarary Sesion” ‘Ruma Rye sais Decne 170 an 1917 were mark tte main character: by thor high scolry ua, prob ‘raid by anyother brash of tore stm Rosi, wi enabled them to equal, and in some fies pehaps to supa, th ‘wos of contemporary Dyan West Europ: Bs Hi his Rusia prod, les simulate tpn —— mi sn reas ninitrnive and com iory ad ith he can wih sine relations; and by the debt which they a Ca ema onan ho ne tyes oth cow and St.Petersburg iy Me yeaa theo ed by Byam int a vey oft developmen of Byzantine stds sa ee anise me cone ooh te te and Keing ty ec. Se i gory mcd Se = rape ae. Me yt Uney in 928 ms folowedby& cade wh De oe Te ips fang ma Cie sot Banna MV Letene er al of mng ms tenor me Pees ipa rata otew nota a 09, md ‘lteter 94s inna eh croton Gipy irre cia ee nino tno ofthe Minky of sts de suncou rm Brann opi enmge i apenrce in 0 chek Hat Spann ie pestetce safe Peay Sot Tepe pp oe Sp = iremitmp cn y v a e e til Tha neh nal os wh ate a, Mig ded cle a har pate actin, re ccosons te aaa te es tr detest Dy te AD fees moran hat essen band WK oe Se Ronan ccs cai Brann int rm tr preset pede earns noes i ee sonia Seip eat vantine Emp, ad the eatin bern Bann maton nth te hme oun ee eho Mur nal oops Te eevee i, ch ty ep cea 2 ce Sonim ps soi Pstemenon, and an erm tat adeqatly describes the Rpt Byantum dhe history of ees in the Byzantine men ah he rate played by the Say isos the eta hrs fhe Brae Ene: hs 0 _‘of the problems of the interal history of the Ente which Soviet Bymntnsts have approsched from the Marxist poi of view Gove problem of the Slav colonization of pats of the Balkans, Sit DByraminiss today, despite some dfrencs of opinion seem aorey that though Uspensky’s views sulle from exaguraton, the sical structure and eatomsry law ofthe Slivsinflaccod the develope ofthe Byeantne commune, aretha thr nvsions contributed at Tilly to the collapse of the “slave-olding formation” ane to hs replaerent by feudalism. “The work of Soviet Byaminiss further suggests that the relations| tetween Byzantim and Rusia i «sbjet that wil always loom large in Russian Byzantine scholarship This problem, of coun, s ‘ar of a more general ne, whose importance and dificult were x0 ‘early ilustated by the discussions provoked by several papers pre sented in 1965 atthe Congress of historians i Vienna” To rosie thatthe influence of Byzantine euture onthe medieval ute of Ris Sia was pervasive and farteaching and that in the words of Kat Marx, the religion and ciiliation of Russa are of Byzantine fongin®™ yet to acknowledge that Byzantine influence was net ay ‘mipotent demise, acting on a passive receiver. and thatthe Rus sian people often showed aereatve respons is challenge by sl ing. accepting or reetng ths or that element of Byzantine cure sto posit in general terms thesis which would net 0 be sub- stantted and” empireally verifed at every point of investgatien. Soviet schelars, I venture to suggest, arin principle well equipped to study this dials proces, And, in thir continued rescarch ito the history of Russo-Byzantine rations. they will we may hope ines Inaly bear witness tothe fct shat Russian Byzantine stoies have i former times and at the peak of thet achievement derived the vital ity fom two sources: the sense of contin with the scholars ta tion ofthe past and the wilingness to advance the foates of kro edge in collaboration withthe scholar of other nations. *Ecee pean mg tanner ee oer aenan aularteeetytcpciriecrier methane s ees me a mom mm ae it ee a ee tas eet ND sees tn,a BYZANTIUM AND THE Sy Soca to etd fo ete eg open nin y CHAPTER VIL STS. CYRIL. AND METHODIUS, ‘APOSTLES OF THE SLAYS* Teams ofthis paper arto olin the sory of an ate, made inte stand hal ofthe ninth entry, to rete Cental Euone Ssnonic vera Church under he jt stapes of Byam and or, and to mos the since feel movement ch Sprain he cry Mile Aes from Morovia to he Bans nd usa excred profound sa lnsing fcc upon he on fd ughryor of the Sows who ed nto aren, Th ep rd ths mene! are ascitd with theses of te 60 EA Tyanine mininars Cy and Method. “Te rcv story of he ercuarSroie Cheat bein in 2 That year an ntasy sre in Constantinople set 16 the Ener Mic! hy» Sno erin Cet Fro. the Moe Sin pce Fats. The purpon of this css wt woo Herat, none etn ied Mori Soi 2 arrolpeetcay Hungary. were hard pres yt irs the Franks and th Bugera ad wd to conse poli alias ‘uh the Byam Erp. The end am of he embassy 8d stom yf restr sera, 8 es Emperor vo send tc orvians Chetan misono With thc owe Sino langage, Crean hd lady sed 0 Morin daring then ai of the mh entry, Bs Pe Se Gorman nas rom Sabin Psa ‘Sera acy ve sly aed at sh rss al 1. Movin Mann inthe bc cps ante ea ith em though he evenc on th pnt senso me ti cose: Ra Fries Gur VC a26 BYZANTION AND THE stay lav no doubt eld thatthe German misinsrics threatened th precarious independence he had rcerily wrested fom hs velo, {ous the German, King of Bavaria. To scure fr hs county's ee sure of pelizal and cultra autonomy Ie nosed prists whe oul ‘reach the Gonel tothe Mocavians inter own Slavonic ongu “The Byzantine goverment nfl ofthe advantages spit and icmporal— tote derived rom thescdtan solitons. sponded readily to Rasta’ request: an aliance was concluded wih Mora, and the choice of ambassadors to head the Moravian mision el os two brothers from Thesalonica, Constantine and. Method They vere oth at that ime famous men, distinguished in the serie of {Church and State, Tei lies and activity. recorded in deta n con temporary Sav and Latin sures, ave fr more tha» century ben {he sujet of earl suing and exert reseach The younger of the two brothers, Constantine, more widely known under his ter monase name of Cyr, had held teaching pont in the Uniensity of Constantinople, and fad tied under Pho i the future Patsarch and the greatest scholar of his age. Metho- dis had been a governor of a Slavens province of the Empire, ané ad thas come to know the Sts eal nh ie. But bath ration soon experienced cloth gow fe. Methodius abandoned is Career and became # monk. Constantine was ordained priest Soo the two brothers tecame known 3s outstanding misionsris and Aiplomatits In 80, or instance the headed an important and sic ‘sul Byzantine mission to the eal ofthe Kkarars. orth ofthe Caucasus, But their sonst quaiiation to lead the embassy ¢0 ‘Moravia was thei inmate Anowisdgs of the Slavonic inguse. ‘hessalonica, the native town, was inthe nth entry 9 paral GGreck city with a Sa-speaking binterland: and according to the SI ‘one biography of Methaits, writen soon after is death the Emperor in urging the two hotter to goes hk envoys to Mora aed this argument: "You are bos natives of Toston, 2043 “Thessalonians speak pure Slav =* ‘Before leaving Byram, Constantine, according to his nt ‘enury Sonic biography, imsented an alphabet forthe ase oft ‘Moravian Slavs, his ure ock. This alphabet be adapted toa St ‘onic diet of Southem Macedonia, from the neighborhood of “Tssalonca, I cannot enter ere into a dncsion of the dificult and controversial problems asd bythe fat that he odest Savon _mantserits are writen i tw dfeet alphabets, the Ggie i sys Qritand Mates, Apostof the St Pi the Cyc. Over the question as to whether Constantin inven Meo them, ori no, which ofthe two phigh srt es te era century. Mom scholar today re conned, howster tet A patel vented by Constantine fr the Morava wa the Ga (rege and. thatthe so-aed Cyne. heh fear Conan eitgtc tame of Cyr, resed fom an temp by Mehdi de Tipe in Bulgaria 10 adapt Greek uncal wing tothe Sloic ‘ihe Cyril very Brgy an adaptation of Gree, Glgotic i (PAiydisint and orginal alphabet whose insemor,Conanie, canst have adapted ina modi form cian Gre, Here a ‘her Oriental ters OF the 1wo alphabets. Crile was tobe histor ally by far the more important, for the Chuch books of the ‘thodox ‘Slavs are printed in sly simplified form of this Se tothe present day. and the modem alphas ofthe Ru fin te Serbs and the Rusia ae all based on Cyr. Ye the invcation of Gaol. which, despite is relate comply. was draraly adapted the qualities of the Shonic tongue, was findoulely the work of Hngusti ents, and Constantine mast nk among the greatestpiologts Europe has ever produc. Before leaving Constantinople, Contasne with th he fi Alphabet. trandated ino Svoni a sltion of eons fom te Gop ntened for al aright pening os (of Sob: In the heining was the Word” "Ts was created new Herary langage. based on he spoke act of the Macedonian Sas, modeled on Greeks and at fist largely eclesatical in character. 1 bnew to mode lan 6 ‘Od Chureh Savoie. In the ninth centary the deren re nd vorbis) that OF rguages were sil 0 simi in tucte may tO Chore Savonc was as nisi to the Sas of Mears, the course ofthe net fo centrist proved 0 1th Serban and Rasaan Slava. It became Reefonh aad Some throughout the. Middle Ages the th inertia na howe Sas the Bugis, fe he a oo Sgt nee — ‘sis Dyzaniom. Constantine stil venerated by all the Sits 5 SOS Fe a ect got fe a Iris sho eovuad sang Sve was ao be fet oS Setar aren Tea ah ani ental Ms whe i Rs ee th omein oS Sr Pebecslineisia coer se J eis iT ener tay a ae eal etoile ed ee cise eee ee ee ence el eans eee ee es ON a er Ee egeregeteengemnee ee ae eae oe eee Souris Kirzarl We cmmese ny eae ee teaser Perec cs aa coe noe ee ceeeer ces rn Cat home aan byt ep te es tenchiumenlinrttrninentey Soot pero tate tal von satay sre Sr oe eee ess a nase oo ee terete tetera nous co Sine mc when eng Soe i Gencesia Vn vedic ceseci ny ee Peart Screens vopanl Gud rate teasrznons ot ‘were the Armenians, the Persians, the Egyptians, the Georgians apd ‘the Arabs.'! But the Western Church, in which Latin was recognized so Cy ad Methcss,Aposte of the Sey ee ee ee rer eee Seeley ioe oe yet riers et pre ee era eee eee Ee ee es cael en oa et eee Siearictedr yarrow ss eee Regal oa teal eare Sethe eee ee tna ete teen tc sore ee Senet eaeanrancenenee toe Siemens Merton hor ee ee es cee aetna soar cree tenet ‘request, was buried in the Basilica of St. Clemeor ter mee o imple him ot 1 abandon th om ec meteticsenicene eens some io feeg bm Moun Ogre ul Ast Moet wher ences on etetiieieere Tinga eae ty ha cs ee Doeaph, pois & mong ister he pcan beresnis union calgon conrpahetecBeig Prthe wewet battered tothe some yee pong sey frowning downy the psy ys wrk nhl, lees getlonin te Meum Dnociotenicotachas, ti atandonyourexctng or how bts cn you bs ser “her of Method Me at pen in yal oie hs worn wi Aid wah te fp approval ofthe Sone my, be eure to Cent Europe wert Ahoy of Pa ‘in and Papel Lee the Seve stone, be conned tic fpeotbnidegayenardatCsteny, ding te rosiang pars of he Stipa and ning he met gctaton oS ete rns cake pra Peteteeecteteedinentas cing, iow pore thes n Fanon and Morne wre sod y Methane Judo ok aenago hne oweof Latth Go- Tanke Macatee noest of Mtdin, Condensed srs Speen Uy nl tend pd oe by he ‘Rcthaop Serge pnt mo aia ha yee non eso 73 tha ow pope, Vi vig east aor ps fre ans he Garman dhe vartan Dons onion ut Rom rs ft lng interes in he Stories. The apn wor sowie ovine oak fer ese ofthe re. cod wit the Fra Cr oka VI Silvey pores, Metin he ss, ine St fScton the ahovemens of Neto 1a Haden, bane he Shon in Mahdi dei Morr swt amon {he Seon tc ik fr Hs pica ir wee aes ee ete er ‘Senda he ewok ofS Cyl nd St Metis, aos Ate Sura foe of Syne Chany, hs id te ‘Se, eto rage fre: The Sone ry a the = Slavo-Byzantine culture appeared to be on the verge af extinction, Yet to cts to wpe ow het ema 8 iad Comal Europea sures 18 * ‘gx Oiland Methods, Apastes ofthe ins v ily snd apa OM Cons Son ia ancl he Sse {209 Seen totem nl ede vc ees Fert car micreh ommnied eaee sa oe a eich wet Dek tote nv of Cheat Mek. tea ites eon rea nas ude Se Cee et ae line, bat in Cental Ege he Rot poly a ant ngs for deo Sho ee ea stint enh cay Ces pmc bower, wel onlay inp. Te fo Severs Catan mj core Exp fm Mot to ty ht Scr of Meo ods a en Tics wo ws sete ope an Si) Sen ey vaca the eri sand eye cih Sinsyome akan ae Onto SAE Ren eS ae he Baan le Borsa nee ith many seo i the Byam Chr n 96+ Jar Cpt Me anc on rman to Morn) 57 Bip oe eer blo e Earn Chu ant pac in eo Fee ux Bore and ihe Bugtan by ising rae ot snctin whe Emp, weft rere ti conte thr Chueh mi pone tee Iron Bann pln domnsin. sero sod Se ‘So ry wey mst te een ean in fauon to tr dima, The secur adn of Cl ad Sets wea ow Bulga Yo note wenn of Mie Shoaton without pre 10 et ‘Se "at And yo, whe the ices of Met fe ek xp foe Non tarle de the Daub als an aed Pa fey ect re by Bs, he dig met IBS ne Claes a mnie Si wie oto Hine eS era eis ws spe 6 et Gel tad Matt Cenet es ct Bors o Mabon Se tein St tng a ee Sra Bah, pectin he Goel Sivonen She Kan cr he en a ce Sid chs codsele and colaboracr St. Naum, Macedonia ose, Ir over eat one feet "hopes and ep tet OOae BYZANTIUM AND THE Las Take ofthat name, was the cradle of Stvonic Chis in the a Jans: Meanwhile atthe opposite, NortvEastem, extremity ae county. in the Bulgasan expt of Presav. another schoo! of St Yonicliteratre was developing under he patonage of Symon, Boss ‘som and eventual suecesce It was hee probably in the closing years ‘of the ninth century that the Gago sop. invented by Contain Cyr was replied by the simpler Cyc apatet, more aby oy based on Greek. During the nett hundied years. the Scho! of Presi Droduced a rich crop of transated Ieratre, Theological extracts from the Grck Fathers, Byzaine chris ard encyclopaedia. and ‘Byzantine treatise on poet wee thus made acribe to Suvonie reader. It was most a Iterature of transation and adaptation: bt ‘ome original works were also preduce suchas the fs grammar of| the Slv language, and a leant one remarkable poem in Okt Church Slvoric. Ths terry movement has xn compared t0 the ‘erat clue of Anglo-Saxon Northumbria which flourished two centr. is ear. Butts torial imporance. | would suave, was preter: for. by making Byzantine sacred and secular iterate acesbe 10 the Slat fostered for many centuries the clara ie ofthe peoples of Fasers Europe. Ione wore to attempt a general asessment ofthe work of Cyril and Methodius, ts significance I suggest, would be sen 10 le in is ‘mihing tenfency and creative character Ina Ctendom that as beginning to fel the growing terion between Eas and West, they sought to reconeile and to uit thee important element in thee zation of medieval Europe: the Byzantine the Roman, and the Stvon, ‘Cyl and Methodius were cizen of the Fast Roman Empire and never ceased to regard Byzantium ther fathead. As ambos ‘dors of ther emperor to Morava, they loyally performed the ms ‘Son with which they were ented. Ry taining an! vocation they belonged 1 the Byzantine dite of thei ie. The remarkable eal ‘of monastic cue and secu earning which began inthe mile of the ninth century and which vse Nistorans have ered “he Bya™ tine Renaissance” was imprinted on their outlook and acti: ‘Methodios the monk and Ci the scolar, sometime professor ate University of Constatnople and a fiend of Phot the areas “humanist of he age mbouy two ofthe mos king eure i THE ear i eieaal eee ore eed Tes OS Speier eae re ea care eae eee re : Beene ims noe aan Slay ye aa a ea Sree anny ee ot ena Sar 3 Sees otter aie Sonar eae eet er oe occa ree eee aga Ge Toe acs i Seeron en aes me a Se Se ee anewe seneable ity of St. Peter, adn is shop the Patianch ofthe West wSMfne "Aposolcus” as he called inthe Slavonic biography of {Gyrlend Methodits — was vested the primacy of honor inthe whole Sf Chstendom. I beve that we Would fai to grasp the sicane tthe work of the hwo Brother unless we recognized that thee at {de tothe Reman sc and ie bishop in mo wa differed rom Tht of ‘most oftheir Byantine contemporaries. “The debt which the lays owe to Cyril and Methodius is great inded. A mission, whose orginal purpose was to preach Christianity inthe idiom of the Moravins, ld to the rise of whole Shon ‘ture. A burg, in a langue ich, suppl al itt: the Chri tian Serprures, tale into the seme vernacular Longe: Ase 10 the treasury of Grek patie terture and Byzantine secular lar ing: tray new word was opened tothe Slavs bythe work f Cyt find Methods. ‘The two brothers were aware ofthe importance of their mision. This apparent in thelr bogaphics, in the writings of thar immedae disciples, sin espocally in remarkable Ol Church Slavonic poem, whch many modern authorities acibe to Cy kin ‘all and others to his pap, Bishop Constantine, who wrote in Bal ata a the tur of the century. Whether writen by Cyril or not this poem. which ie 4 Prologue tothe Slavonic version of the Gospels xpress fitfully and eloquent the Wess prevalent in his cicle* ‘The author compares penpes without sacred books in their own lan {Ruage tos naked body and toa dead soul and laments the misery of these who, deprived of ters, can neither hear the peal of thunder hor smel the scent of lower, And, turning to the Slavs the poet {rumphaniy exci; “Then ear now with your own mind, Isen, tilyou Svs Hear the Word fori came from God, the Word tht nourishes human souls the Word that suengthens heart and mind. the Won that prepares all to know God!" Is perhaps worth n- ing that this poetic eulogy ofthe vernacular language has a paral a pasige writen almost simataneosly atthe otber end of Europe, though in ser prose: "For sems well ome.” wrote King Aled ff England, that we aso change into the tongue that we all Know the books that are most needful o be know by all men (The pasa taten from Aled’ prefice to his ransaton of Grezory the Gat Gara Pastoral)" "This vindication of the vernacular language fostered in is "he flowers of Cyr snd Methodius, particular outlook, Sand part nana, which not without interest for Se eee Sire ota rates Yast dt caoey ot ee it ne he Se rm ches feet des gain hee Sines Sin ass oigm sae goa arly «oer Seah nttar ute meine ee sg ts er Marat at Tae coat ‘was read in church and could grasp something at last of its mea Sarah stcteprne deme ee Tater cnteeaae dtcge non taes ‘of Byzantine genias, On the Russians of the Mudie Apes produced steer chen ct eas Sree crates SE neon areioce nce aaeeeee rosy oe an sa aeuhinkcen creamer216 BYZANTIUM AND. olism ofits setting —the church wth is mosis and frescoes dpi ‘ing the heavenly hierarchy daminated by the majestic Tare of Pantolrator— Chrst the AILRuler— entered the very core of Se {Chistian ts ole was thus described by the Brish Byraminse i Inte Norman Baynes, in a lecture delivered in 1945 “Stil today {the common liturgy which isthe bond betwen the separate branche ‘tthe Orthodox Church ~ the liturgy inthe venaclartonguc whee was the git of Byzantium. . that nor which may yet even tthe Russia of Stalin see a resurrection and reassert it claims age he Propaganda ofa godless eee." Such, in brie, are the main achievements of Cyril and Method, Byzantine missonares, apostles ofthe Slivs and stints ofthe wn sal Church, — it et eee a ge soul y Re ante F ee "SAH Rr ham iho ne ou anon. 8622 a"CHAPTER Vill THE HERITAGE OF CYRIL. AND METHODIUSIN RUSSIA® ‘The Rusin Primary Chenin a passage describing the mea sures taken in 1087 by the Rusia soversgn Yaroaay#o prods ‘jes wih Slavonic varlaions of Byzantine books "a pasar writen in the eleventh or cay evel century makes th lelowing ‘hseation: “Great i the prot obtane from book karing for through books we are taught the way of reenane, and fey the writen word we gin wiclom and scl-cntal Books evs wich ater teenie word: they are springs of wisdom in books thes an tunfthorable dep: hy them we are cance in worthy a the brie of sefcontral.- He who reads books often converses with Gad, or wih hol men Such statement are no dou 4 common lice of medieval Herter; yet ther contentions cancer canoe ‘en tna whol sce the gotie emotion wth which he bron ‘clr, who was probably a Russian mo, arms tha theif of men ‘an be greatly enced bythe eading of books. And ste contest of this pase lily shows, techn emotion sighed y is nowlsge tha his compatriots have now tee povided with books in Inte tenth century. So conceal the croniser to exo the vis of these wo Rusia soveregn n promotng the Slav vermcilar cure ‘hat he fai in this passage, to mention the fountain of is es a. 29mee 2 BYZANTIUM AND THE Savy Beet end Mat. Yo we sat me ee epee ices oe eee pee Semis ea ee ee eet cs as SS Gee See erates eres eee rete ees stein Ocoee parts a see eee cc a Fiecuis a ty of Ort Acnlun ends ose av mde ase ale ppt in tc an hoger Sas mn Save Ioul expate i wo! our ores Sa ee aiccing ot oscas lanes oto Pease trea emcrcin mp 2 Mager nabs tape a ee mae een ie ts baby on dw geri a ep Gemyousle cient mice ts ay oan s J Ree ety reer cc tt Renin ase Ee cate alent orto oo reed cpl Mea tstaey Rall eb a ranaiieaerosce to nine oo TSebyneplone tunags oy os eo 1 ‘Our story begins with a puzzle, which bas taxed the ingenuity of ether ener hpelirkpe ket ei Gate ok pc na dae oe tah sry sone Ieee ents tu tices ay et {io rener sac oa Coan 0" by BG Rae ‘Sortat mcxp! «Bop om Soman ants abou #4 hop wesc oth ye Pac igs a eee ecleare coe tee san tne inci eee wae apm when ewes ee Christian rulers of Kiev and replaced them by a rival group of Sesterneanae teuerncaon ins SEmiuy syed st aac smcgs going ue eupnoeic The Here of and Mohan Rosia ces Snes (sigh lode eepererteaeln a soo a mee pe etna eee eee eer peer seein eee oor Se Th Sarina peeaee ss beeen sarees ere ee eae ens Sahat I ine teen Denar sete eon ees a ote lee indepen ater ie cares a a ee Base rie ct are pa a fe aah a ce eaeme PYZANTIUM AND THE LAN burg and boos fom Macedonia, where the Gago tradition was sila exienoe" a Cyt nseiption, conssting ofa single nod ‘was dacovered on & ay vse ding excavations Heat Smolensk 1989, and was dtd ty ks discoverer, DA. Avdusin, othe st qua terol he tenth century al hi, terms of det evden, dena fount to very much, "And yt Ht sees likey enough hat wel before Vladimir coves sion, bythe ment century atthe latest, the Christan commu in Kiev was faiar withthe Svonictnugy, wih Savon transi tions of pars ofthe Scptres, and with Slaspeaking pres It Permissibe to specilte where these may have come fom. Common Fngustic and ethnic tes andthe polical relations which exstd in the tenth century betwee the Eastern Sls on the one hand, sn he ‘Westen and Southern Slavs on the ote, may well have facitated,o cen provoked, the spread of Slay press and books to Rus ether fom {he former tetas of Great Moravia, oes fom Balsa Some ofthe these rests and books ma’ even have come from ‘Constantinople whore, a least inthe cond hal ofthe nth century. the Byzantine authors assembled Sla-speaking pies and stocks | ld Shionic hooks forthe nezds of misionay enterprcs bexond the Empires northern borden. We hive no det evidence 10 show now a before rafter the me of Via he Byzantine missionaries in Rus deliteatly encouraged the Slavonic verracla a a means o ‘rangeling the country; however, the rapid establishment of this tradition in Ru iter Viadimirs conversion, tothe virtual exon ofthe Grek language from the liturgy at ie when the Russian Church was governed by prelates appointed by Consainope. ‘strongly suggests that the Eas Roman autborties acknowledged tht ‘the tradition of veracular Slave Chrisinty, which had already ‘Sided ich dividends in Buleaia, was the only one that ould e2~ ‘Sonably be imposed on the sumerous population oftheir poweo! and distant northem prose “This introductory survey has rested less on diet information — \wbich fragmentary and eqivocal—than on circumstantial cide Aad on inter material derived from the eleventh ceury Its esto ary to blame the Russian Primary Chronicle for our inadeauste [Knowledge of the beginnings of the Cyrilo-Mahodian tration “Rus Its indeed at ist sight surprising that this document, complet She eleventh and ey wel entries, which treat in such “ofthe eae history ofthe Russian people ands so phil © The Here of Cy nd Meth Reia am cere with the fate of Russian eters an leing, as nshing ee ‘Soto say abou the chanel through which the lv vena t Gon came to Rus. Tatu, 8 e hve see, ened book leaning to Vladimir end his son are, Are we tent on ‘de that the author, or authors, of te Chronic knew eh of fny eter bepnning, ard tht they Bene ha the Chitin com monty in Kiev before Vlad ne eckbraed the tryin Grek? Diferent answers tave beer given ots queon. The Ruston sho. lar N. K. Niofsky, in'a sty of the Ruan Primary Chronic ‘published 1930, ergued that is complers were pet ae of fhe Savonic origin of Rusian Christan, but deliberately aad fny meaton of in order to pe greater prominence tthe sor of iain bps by Byrantine misionsr, to proen the comer sion as an eelasely Greek ahevemeat. and thus to Jus te ‘ins ofthe Byzantine clergy 1 ecesastial Hegmony oer Rus. “This thes shouldbe carder ina broader cone or the pst. fity year thas est faenableto ei he stor of te Pela) (Chron as men moved by police passions and faction yah, Dropapindsts nx atene to sippreseng, sg. oF Nene ‘ene to gai the prowckes oro ater th eesti or lar patons. Tis vw fest epitomize tthe we-known sory of ‘Kievan Russi by M.D. Prchos, publ in 191, who case to xtreme, and sometimes and, lags te more lance and tio conclusions of his teicher Shakhnaoy, hat uns ahorty fm Rossan chronicle The problem of he elablity ofthe Priory Chronicle to large and to complex to be dicted hee. Ln ‘only express my peronal Bele tha, ahough the comps ofthe ‘Chron ditt hres show a personal basi he eetion a pre- ‘entation of ther tera co ans oe py tat they were whole fale forges, plying an ciborce game ofhiteandseck withthe ‘moval ears (and wth mers scolar as we 10 overei= ‘nate ir ingenuity, 0 degrade thi sese of ior, and to asenie {othe motives which ae toss te les, naeronstic ‘What Nets ead "the syseous snc of the chronier ‘out the eal inrodution of Shon eters int Rus anit {ome fe epnd moe sac fw pron tt Wa Fenorant ofthe fat rib han tat he ook pr consi 10 ‘tpg tem, He had we salle, precise and dete infor tion on the Moravian son of Constantine an Methods: bat the ‘rumstane nih the rats of this sion were ist asad Bya BYZANTIOM AND THE Stang {he Russians must have remained unknown to him, Th Soviet schol 'V. M.Iarin has play sugested that this ignorance may’ explained by the radu. sored. nd undarmatc way in which the Sav vernal tradition fered into Russa in the tenth century end bythe fact that among is ease — Slav-spesking priest rom he Batkans or the West Shivonic aren — nov memorte personaly emerged of the eaibre of Cyr and Method thei mete tips m Wis searcly possible to doubt that elements of the Cyr: Mathodian tradition — press, books, and th lurgy came te Rus before theme of Vadim I would, ower be ssc tesserae the extent and importance of ths penetration. Tews only ae the cial conversion of Rus to Christianity in 98890, whack Ia to the strgthening of the links with Byzantium and the exsist of Intion-vide celestial stature user the authonty ofthe Pact ‘of Constantinople, thatthe problem of building # Sly vernal ‘Church became really urgent” For this new pio, wtih sats ad slightly oveaps the ckventhceatry, we have consieraiy more fnformation; and much of i comes from the Russa Primary Chronic Tan entry dated 88, the Chronicle gives aly dei account ‘of the Moravian mission of Consaptine and Methods, this pe ded by 8 brie note descibing the invasion of Moravia by ibe ‘Magyars the ntoductory section ofthe Chronic has afrther ent) wich refers 1 the eas story ofthe Slavs and to thei dispersal ftom thei primeval European home: This inoductory entry is like with the ater note onthe conquest of Moravia by a common ‘emphasis on the ethnic and tingustc unity ofthe Sv peoples. and both the etry and the note ae connected withthe aczount of the “Moravian mission by the importance they all ascribe co “SivonicKt- ten” (ramoia slovenskaj) a8 ore expressive of Slav uty. The ‘scholars who have studied thee various entre inthe Chronicle. Shakhmatoy, P. Lave, N. Nikky, V. Ini, and, most ec. Feo Jobson — are aged tha hey ar al ramen of ‘ingle work, stemming from a Cyrilo-Methodan envionment ‘ret to Rusia from the West Slavonic area," Shakhmatoy, who ‘ale it The Tale abour the Transaion of Books ito the Slav tar _suage (Skazanleo prelozhei niga sfovensy yazyk)— the name The Heritage of riland Method in Rasa See Peers een aera ere Bosiegstr etwas Reda Sa cesta mea fecal rc oseacecal coeds ioscan eet Soesiafeet ice aagssacrsiad pea el ep Sh ya aor ine ntact en pe ma alae eae oe at g eaccce Sphere cares aik e rotincutr irae ees an Siu attnpcnear trai sSopotoa curser lt oe bane seis miter cee panne SAS LRgy Deval scaooe ke ina—— ES BYZANTIUM AND THE sLavs oo SE eter ee eres nec: “Ee yeep ets Te eee 0 Asteria ee ee eee eee cane eee en ee nn a es a le eaten eee Sas eaten cen a ‘There is clearly somahing artical in these puative sprit snealops; even the syntax ofthis passage inthe Chronic ak ‘war thee aeeleven ena conjunctions in ine ins. The chronicle’ [atentemburrassment doubts stems rom hie may to deni the ‘hstorical chock trough which the Cyril-Methodian stage pene trated from Morwvia fo Rus and tconfims the view | exprescd carl thathissience on ths point comes fom ignorance, ot frm thd faith A the same tie hes aware, nd righty so, that the Slav ‘sernaculr tation which floushed in Ru in his day has its ross in ‘the Moravian mision of Consanine and Methods. ‘Two Scipual quotations inser inthe Tle seem to me of spi ire, and suggest thatthe chronic, or his source, id more than jst reat the las themes ofthe Cyill-Methoiantadion. The {ist of them semboided inthe phrase: "The Slavs rejoiced to hea the ‘mighty works of God inthe own tongue” and ina later passage the pope i made to delare: “A nations shal tel the mighty works of ‘God, the Holy Spit wil ive them trance"? The ater ations ‘taken fom Pope Hadrian Isleterto Rast, Svatopluk and Kot ‘3 quoted inthe eighth chapter ofthe Vita Merhodi™ and both of ‘these quotations in the Chronic are also dived rail verbatim. ichaper of the Acts of the Apostles, verses our {0 2 the descent of tongs of fre upon the Aposes The Herag of Cri and Method sie aight cree hoes ecg ee a coopera romeo a ator se Sen ee Nr oe Pe Sere eee eee iene Sect tee Tien te pee eee eee Ree eee peer sane eee neha eee eae seremaaleeel eee eee Peereayrn remo oes Leer ees as rth ere omar Sema emcee ieee nanciereey inary tes ese sere SEE eee ey eee ears eee renee nani ecenn ened eae ee ates aaa Se eee ‘Tower of Babel and the confusion of languages are meationcd in Peeine oiarerns eee ree eee ee Sioa saree ae ra eer enna Sean iviecin ate es elnad EE Gata abe Passes ine teen koreaae ms HVZANTIOM AND THE Stas himself, sem to go some way toward implvine a contrast between Babel and Pentecost: third ne reads: “Chris comes to athe te ‘ations and tongues" but onlin the Ressan Primary Chronic sre the two terms ofthe contrasting pal cer bret ut ‘The origin ofthis iden isnot har to it the contrast fxtwcen Babel and Pentecost, andthe Ble that the later has canto te focme, ate repeatey emphasied in the Byzantine offices for Who Senda: The Fondakion ofthe fest makes the point with partons ‘lary "When the Most High went down and confined the tongues Ne Give the nations: but when He diaributed the tongues of Tre Me fale all mento unity." We do not now wheter this iea, whi sosuccinly expressed inthe Greek and Slavonic vrvie of Petco fd is also to be fund in the writings of several Greek Fathers wat Sieaty applied wo the Slav bythe Rusan chronicler, or whether he ound tinh source, the Tale about the Translation ef ots: be ha sit may, the notion that the Slavonic peoples share in the Pentel Abrogation of Bubs car be regarded os significant aon to the Storehouse of Cyrilo- Method ideas “The chronic’ adaptation of the Tae abou the Trasaion of Books shows how close was the connection inhi mind betwocn the ‘comerion ofthe Russ to Christianity and thei acquisition of te ‘Gyrlo-Methodian vernacular tradition: by contrast we hate sc ‘he didnot know when and how this train int ce wo Ru He | ‘ot much mere informative on this point when he comics tothe reign of ‘Vindimic. Yet common seme sugges thatthe exablishent of Ces tiny as the state eligi in is eign would have bee impossibe had not the Sla-speaking clergy preached the Gospel and celebrated te Ttargy inthe vernacular on a wide seal But of hit we know nex 0 nothing. KS tue that the socalled “Chronicle of Joachim.” = Seventcent-century compilation, no longer extant, based on medial Sources and dicovered and quoted in part by the cigheestroentury historian Tatshehey, contains several statements wich, te WOU ive us jst the facts we eet. After Vlas conversion to Chistian ity, we are tld inthis souee, Symeon, tsar of Bulga, sent to RO “learned piss and suisent books” Te view that the“Caronic of Joachim sa fabrication of Tatshchey hasbeen abandoned by histo ‘ane generally.” and this particular pce of evidence accepted fsenuine by a numberof scholars. AS early as 1856 PA. Lavovshy tempted to explain avay the anachronistic connection between Vi “mir and Symeon (who died half «century befor the formers sce Te Heiage of Ci and Methods Rata sn eferng oh emt fhe Byram cron of So 00 Bat Romance, son of the Baprin Tar Foe eta x Ms prea Symon * Romans whee Me gb nto Oxia bret het FV ae Be a cna ma tole ta cea eee ie Rea cat Ot ts oe pwn aA eat ere to iGente olootor rams a nue peed Sey wept of Soni one ramos a San Malin he Moopotan Midd» Baran cea side Resa Cereb Te baad epee eget fit pate of one vel Seren ee reer bee bess camel eee fhe "Chronil of lonhn onthe pecan of Stn San th Boks iw Rost nthe ie fvh ety ter a Splice many wien coasted aso lek Pe eer wos ria ose Ths i ttre mesrot ing thw of Sra ie Res Gre ens fre coo oe of Vins fukin byte Primary Croce ocd 08 ironic tls w at afer he Ranians a oe apd asin ‘Sour sane teen of nb iy sd pe hen ‘be baad nok ering pina fe imp that te teacing thaw sow An Rasim ha eS edn Get ome wtf the irk ung as eine imate tae meme Vins james re wo med ted for hh etn he Rusa Cae ne he vey ve to ihn i by “book tring” aroms ta) the eon meat rary aon in Sv, Even tat thew vie yh cons comment on Vio ‘asic medic alow sun tei foun thse chien were nga ost bos sis rs fie nt an of Rie ope whch hal thee her the word apookand etonur cu hl slaty ear Ther Lave mic sae: i Seto a eompnteome am ave ono hates othe Sent yen tbe Book of aia he 64 fr ah 2918 te second al om ih 360 one tdi he angen a sn Jb th pons bindnes ad stay lg way OE A “The wri bok Qo in ae somaand thee wil be accepted when the book is sel, These words of Isiah are inthe Pritary Chronicle adapted to the Rissan peopicy ‘new relationship God afte ther conversion to Chistian aa ae ‘words ofa book” (701 PxPAow, bya Larson both serarialy ccurate and creatively ited wo a ew situation, ae ends n Sa onic as sloesa Krung, an expression which ters tothe Crsian ‘Scrpres, but abo a iccnial tern forthe Seritures an iturgy \tanlatd into the Savon onsue “The idea of applying the Words of ah fo the Slav vernacular ‘eadtion was noe an invention ofthe Rusia chronicler. It hes not so faras I know, been observed that his conflation ofthe wo quotation from Isiah 218 and Isiah 356 hasan ext pall in hefienth chapter ofthe Vt Constantin, which they are ikewise combine and Placed ina similar eontext, This chapter, which describes Constantines ‘Workin Moravia, pens wih the folowing words: "When Coastaine ‘rived in Moravia Rasta recived im with great honor a, ang Jsembled some dips, he gave them (o him wo be insruced. He fon transite the whole ofthe eclesastical oie, ad tau them the serves of mis the canon hou, sespes, compe and the sacred liturgy. And, according to the words ofthe prophet, the eo ‘he deaf were nstopped, and they heard the words ofa Book kas ‘ove and the tongue of the dumb was dearly heard“ The sna ityberween these two paseages inthe Primary Chronicle and in he te CConsanint is string bot contain the same composite qusaion raw from two deren chapters ofthe Book of sla; both apy the prophets 26700: putin to the Savonic vernacular, and ter = an Obvious analogy tetveen Rasta’ and Viadimirs edustons ‘measures: both ae Sid to hae assembled pups and to have assed fhm for instruion. There canbe ite doubt that the passe i the ‘Risian Primary Chronicles dre based on the opening sein thefitenth chapter of Constantine's Life: And ths eds to the oto» ing conclusions fry borrowing by the Rusia chronier for the Vita Constantin are nt confined to the erly section of the chron ‘which go Back tothe Tale about the Traaron of Hooks eco ‘the Russian chronicle, by making use ofthe ifieth chap of = paral betwee the fimo. Morav rar ite inf he esr Shy tin Ran a SOE treats ar amet ott shel A ha seine ct ve bom aloe aa ae {eau atone at he meen Si ea Sos oe he awh needa Te ‘Kta oo mic hn cme sas yy a SER me nance eae pees Senso i tenn et ak aa Sli" se loving euoton wes gore {Sib separ eo ans cen le fina Wy a oat att wena ing of cup res aide ay Coe ern Yao ety et re Sat heb he rd Ruy gt etic me cr a hm tana Sper Anti ww ty seca ‘ait cetepestmnng vee Spcucty Huey ‘Shuchcr Sop rpm ttn aa? “hee ad noly of Ya tno a mom ‘att hn ee ae en eel ero Misia Se ow yan neon moma for sn pl iar te pot ‘Cero art re yes ome inp tone wor ariel ati tt tine Sp nein oe Tinned ‘neal cine het on in al xpi sp wba ene as an answer tre questos: What wring of Grek rege and ‘secular literature were available in Rus’ in the eatly Middle Ages? Wao onan whem heated {ohn on a ce Rn tomas hehe Saati yn been 5 8 On oe etn gi olin ohana Stine 1 Sey ppl ma a Stergudin paints an cheat nox is dane et ens orceon, aee ‘patie hy rhe an ch ‘opinion, were done by Russians in the pre=-Mongot period Theseaeeiiiian = BYZANTIUM ANDTHE stays include the Life of St. Andrew Salo, the Lif of St. There the Stuite,the Monasic Rule of Stuos, the Chitin Topography Coxma Inccopeustes, Josephs Favs’ HIStory ofthe Jewish Wa the Romance of Alexander, the Bo (M064) the Physilogts, an the Devgemevo devarse, generally regarded a8 fragmentary Russan teaglation of an early version of Dagens Arts. V.M, Irn in is ‘monumeatlediton and stay ofthe Savon version ofthe Chronic: {of Hamartolos has argued that hs Work was ranslated in Ki: nthe fortes ofthe event century, by a Rusian ember of Yaresa's pool of tatslators But this view has ben eisputed, or at ast modi by Several scholar. Phllogst are always reminding us how dieu Sto distinguish on linguistic grounds an Old Church Slavonic text ‘ritten in Res from one composed n Bulgaria or Bohemia. so home- dangers of ovremphaszing the cultural achievements of Kievan Us ‘must surly hed these word of auton, He wil admit the contribution Inade by Russian scholars, in th eleventh century and later, 0 te {lable store of O1 Church Slavonic ranations from Gresk he wil “cknowledge that many, perhaps mos, ofthe rasationsavaiae the Kievan period eam from Bulgari; and, fo complete the ictre be til also recognize that some iterary works stensming fom the ven tea where Constantine and Methods had worked ~ Moravia and Bohemia werebrought to Rus in he eleventh century. Among these works, writen inthe Czech recension of Old Church Slavonic and Aallable nthe Kievan period, were the Martyrdom of St. Vitus, the ‘Maryrdom of St. Apolinaris of Ravenna and Gumpold’s ie ofS. ‘Wenersis of Bohemia all ranltions fom the Latin: and the oi tal Savon Lives of St, Wenceis and St. Ludmila Te cult ofthe {0 Coch ants in Kievan Ras is asking but by no means sot {xample ofthe cose cultural andres links which exit betwee ‘Rus and Bohemia in the fat tenth and in the eleventh century, at time when Bohemia was sill a ling repository of the [imported into Rus fom the Balkans and Bohemia. Sifcat traces ‘thas tradition can ako be found in the eariet products of rate ‘erature composed in the Rosian recension of OL Church Siavonic- [nan anonymous Tal (Skazarc), writen in the ae eleventh oF e217 7, The Heritage of Clan Methchu Reasia a wet etry, deseing he murder fhe sity pines or a {Geka pull drm Berween the ado nd ha Serco Hohe” and Proeor Cyeheiy fas ped Uhr nen of Cungolds Lise St. Wear eah pokey ie ‘Shcteu'm te apponinuteycomtemperay Yur (Chee) of are {heb te nk Nevor and inte Veo S. ode of Ror Monsey f the Caves ty the same suber" The cmncion ‘Given tn culo St Wences and th of Bor nd Gb cs Stu sgiance we real hater of tae wo Resin ‘Credepented nets star of he Abbey of Sram Been at inp exe ofthe Savons ry ete he et ths ten gested y cera sol ha he ieee of he CutloNetodin tadion an ao te deed a te atemps of ‘Soc eaty Ruslan weer to deine plate ocd y hima {hin the Chan common Poesor akoison, an sy {nile "The Begining of Nand Sl-Deermiation i Eye” fSeargud that stv ene othe Cyibe Metoan etge wes ea tava language wed forthe cltraton af th wey oyuesa ced urchin umes the Peo whch Spelt the cognate noon hat csr aon has som partic rn anos owt lei cling within he wera aly of ‘Chistan peoples This concep atl e-eteiain be fe supe he lok of hc ries of Kevan Risa ith thie he te George Fedotov, tug om hx oak hr Ruin Fels Sind, woul have conse the eclogite Eh Metin movement mere thon defied, he te of 1 ‘ey could easy be widen ode son of maior fd pate otf incayRosuan errr; an oe aie twist the Byrne Ee wn to tsi 10 wold spec. But ibs re probles fo hrge and comps be dsl Pere ough hin, hus ben sal fo show that the Ci Metoian inhrtance war it foe evetrsty Rs Ww ‘We cannot, for ck finformatin, race thecomtinau ony Grit Methoin wadion i Ro afer the ery wel nly inthe le Mahe Ags that the ens ese cS A ‘more sudan And hi cridence ops ht he ie ures odin ich entry tat inh wk of C8 peroneal Oggici BYZANTIUM AND THE sang which may have Mage soment afer the eat tet century began orev, and tat amps were made in that perio sen that their misonary acy, a parclry tha of Constantin ay teen diet comected wth Ru The motive fore bende nhtral conttuctons wee probably a fenet ieret in Rasa Past history and international conecion «nao: ds oe Rassans to chim seme of the brother’ acevement for themes and, doubles, genuine ror. Thos. the anonynow Grek “pic Sopher" who in he Primary Chronic deve spc a inrdnne Jength and dubowsorthodey. to persuade Vadim to scp Byars tine Cristiani sin two iteententiny chron gen the hate Crt Grek account ofthe conveton of Rs torsion the socalled Bandut Leped, preserved na ffteecertury manure fe pay bol on et Savers curs, conta he ol ry ‘tthe dipath by the Emperor faa Ito Row of two moasonari, Gyriland Athans, who ize he Rowse and aught fem he Shvonc alpha rally Roman text, fund i 4 mamas of the Tlhonaa Paka, coped in 184 and vbsequny Tato coun of he death of Cran the conversion of Vidi oan these wor "Beit known ol saone anda ena he Rae Sia alphabet was by God made manifesto Rossin inte yt heron; tom it Containe the plospher lero, and ithe help he componed and wot books vith Rocian wordt The te ‘st fh ex wich scl tsed onthe ei chapter ofthe te Constantin. es nthe ators stamp oer th passes, ‘hy debated by moder hla, whith decries how Covtatine during hist in Cheon inthe winter of 1 Gaconere Gospel book and a hae writen nes pen. cso o te thatthe amp to interpret th asa of the Vite Constant ‘maa ht the Si hd inetd Savon pate before Cn ‘ew sil vigorous champion by ame Eat Ears sclas™ ‘jos back oan anonymous Russian aio of the ion et “Tse bat nd fins ai nd the sot etuion ftrotin the work of Cl ad Maen which hy reve bt Some cturacterai marks of the hora thinking of ety Mason ‘ssi. Ad yet the Russ ofthe fienth entry co, with ever reson. poit toa genuine and ren! stance which hat raion ways vial and rea oe “nthe county. Abou 1378» Russian oak bythe mane of Stephen ‘reat to preach the Gospel tothe pan Zyians, this East Fase ete era ees cgi aae ceases heen marmeaneta Re coca oe Br rer arcecr amin ek ores Cae cinaaean te eee a core ee eee eae Fa saan senses amg Petia clenron tana tae corer re Ore ale emetic eren cn eis Genteenes atte es eee a ON pepererimese See ree ra Ee rete toner ates eee teres cones n Fac aes eos Be cca mccnsmcce wee Mca ce sn then ia acta et ne orcas eth nate artpa-ctouan nine et Spheres tee soorcecaraen Great carta ost catia suet eee ee ere See eae ec carded ey See ere tga en ocstcs arse casey ts ra peta ee -disuse.”! Yet Stephen's missionary achievements were applauaed by the en chatte tea aeran eas wa ned See erie ome a ee Se ee atte hep Sune Lec tearm re ae ert a tee (Conta, ure ut of sctecn forthe Vita Metbo Liueal ‘offices for Sts Cyril and Methods are include in the arty Russian Cea a Coeeae kee ce ZANT ANDTHE SLAYS thes eal hymns addeses Cri as folows “Cy, lrious teacher of virtue, you aug the Moravia to ge thanks to Guin th og language by translating, God's region and is vightousnes rom Greek ito the Stvoni guage herefor the Slavonic atons now pice and glorify God" TInconchoing this study, fel impel to expres fing of due ‘hat frequent assailed me during ts preparation. lam tate con: Sous of the fact that « storan who nt tained philow ‘Sannot, in discussing the Crilo-Methdian erage in Rua Jo jstice to what he mus suey acknowledge o be an een, perhays the ese, component of this heitage Ireerto the Old Chursh Slavonic langue, acted by the Russians ary in is Morava bet ‘more especialy in is Bulgarian recension which ame the mei for their eigious expresion andthe foundation oftheir medieval ‘erature, seed and seus. Blending in the couse of tine with the ative veracuir speech rence several ines into the seul {eed Rasa langue by dias of itera lashion, nd Church Sl ‘oni has never ceased to envih the vocabulary andthe thought-work ‘ofthe Russian people, The vermacur tradition which ierested ay hve acted o some extent asa soreen beween the Russians andthe alr of ang. and have een prt esponsibefor he fat thats 00d knowledge of Grek was comparatively aren mativl Rus. Yet me must not forget that Old Church Stvonic was sl modeled ‘on Greek; and that t enabled the Russ to produce an abundast Imerature of thrown, which ens igh in he sory ft clr ‘One met inthis Church Savors tradition ha pote of per ar strength and vialiy: the ChstanInurg, which 30 moved the Russian medieval chronicler that heated the conversion of Fs ‘county 10 the beaut of the pale worship in Constantinople and ‘which, ints Slavonic version, continues even today to Bet wits 10 ‘the undying strength of Orinodox Cristini in the midst ofthe Soviet athe sate, T would jsf ths concing reference to a contemporary site tion, which some of us may be dsposel o view with optimism a8 ‘nape by appealing tothe very nature ofthe Cyr Methodian trad Te Here of Or and Methods in Rais “the divine shower of eters” has heen sen don upon he Slavonic tations. This sense of tumph & conveyed most oer te peng verses f the thirty chapter othe Bok of aah the ey ‘ene from which the author ofthe Vr Cort of te ese Primary Chronide and of te Life of St Stephen ol Pantsvagoca ftseribethe bounty ofthe la ernacalrtition “The midseeeod thd lad shal be ghd, the ever shal ei and aso Ue {roc ssl lssom abundant and eo withjoy asin ‘Then the ys ofthe Bind shal be opened nd tec the dea shal teunstopped Then sal he lame man eap ie fara the ong ti he dumb sal be ceri ard. Thy shal ethe gory ofthe {Loyd the splendor of our Go.ae lene. Happ. Eh main ys W Co a Seno Err Pits enter Saas aga ‘Pr a Peo ‘Pepe Cth rx, etn nn Me tte Sete wet ieamcmiescnn Spo gy se espe Trdecend ere Ogi pcnes ee afoeRemg ass megs ena ime sone img rm ahs Cok min er sepsis moto ae ao hn any “ona ei parncyopenS ry rie Mi pd tse Seriven rears reran tata wmercree? ee Tenet en net cock Tercera Poss Se teas eaten ent Sat ricistngtetsinatatgiedeneson ese are Ape p38. noe hrm Conmaraath Vain Ps Foe ie Tach cutscene oct nities, Semana MBA Sere, The Herta of i and Methods in Rasa * Peesareaalas rats neretnns ees paeeraee Per meee ae eerie es Ge igeents tenants eae are enero Cite pens La a, ttn. Sod WH sentria eae oomian ear eee hee ramon re Sci arto ene Goya ee et ne Bare sere oe ements ia ma ewe a eae eee to owen ‘tro ern* BYZANTIUM AND THE SLAs eee ements re tn ‘Sg so esa Cary mp” Bars 4p sdpiihasdh Soren tdalonaremy ns Ran wen mane one ‘ee At Ronn et ia SOW Re pS" homo Spa rr a an tn” A paint rene ge ‘Mignon tape aoa ep (siamese bas Nero 35052 ‘The Herta of Crile Meth in Rasie at a ee lagi re a niet an aan mane Ne open eter merereee eames eae Re tiers come epee emiesbent"ecleh ay Ss n' aseneo See = “SSeS hog “re nr me eee Pres ia gins Ml asp hn ea to ee Sarr cesar mctermn tare tora at se er CHAPTER 1X STS. CYRIL AND MeTHopIs AND THE CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE SLAVS" Tea ee recie Fee et casige seamed teenie eae | ge ee Famine nineteen ie ot se Bea hoon sic ocean Ualepapay os mito se ay lmao heel ot pogo Senin atc oecamnmsce nape rea t's ceaty mpoito acon ae an er Soc yeu Fares Soc se wel in aaa i pea cena eos of Cy end Metin Serre irae af nc or ena sao i an Spates rn gps tin MY inte ac sal cure tmen Cee a tea in cmon tn eee Sivan a tw gs etme a Scloant enrol Mean on tthe {sunnah by pooping hen ee tina oma es gots) Wi ed ‘Ria menus crn Chr eo nl be ee nce wat Or oot ait Sere ry Bye St a ey we he ime be | Eon dsc i Aenge and response,’ and to consider the Cyrilo-Metbodian — ‘eae tmnt ae ce om 8eee BYZANTIUM AND THESLAYS| ta ec Bans ction ade eee poi exo wth vues elon and syethns, Tha mctvod, hope wl permit us to sce our pee ary mee carci pt eek rape pica ae rt ent Metin rent, Be erases eon meine feep wes cic pet oe Sh ty one eer aie Che te ook ee ere tees casas ease ar Pete pase ren renin ne bat aera ve tote tte Be ic oe correc sos tee ota sae neg tc Oo eee ee a eiaccgesectiortess wr coe fasts Haglon of Oo don con of at oes eee pet mention nasty cacte e esti prays meres pectcnetie neces pimtne raion Gy cea ectose toca oes, feet tepals mater Now eso tcahralte ote p Theel o moss pty sri henina Sap soho hoe ‘Severed hymn mains aes pt ‘their thought and their careers, Methodius the monk ‘and Cyn the ‘chr: tcor a he Unvety Cena ne a hot he grate mani of he pe aay nd he Sea af Brn cnn heaton eee Fetal encase regi eed ‘ ail ‘ssc ac antado shou 15 Gy pel che a ; allies acme” And 86 accra = lie sath open inthe analy 9% Clad Methods ingle and shall and free“ Laer dig the nono {hess and ntl the nd of hei ves Gand Metco Seve thi tempral soverin the enporor et yamine oa ‘Sins mons profeion in Rome. ty dna bere teen ee pi scording 0 his concede te te ay the eoperor™ Simi. Methodist his sla Wy i tine oppor tw days bfore his death in B32 Since the missionary actity of Cyl and Mehedin alied 0 we the pal of yoann fri poly a ts sud tek o The nih entry, we would expect to tit mien spp the sate authori: th nod what we find nthe soe pe {hl inthe Slavonic bmgraphi ofthe wo nora bres wr ten ithe ninth cerry. The tr. Consol the fenpror and his counselors asked Cyr founda the miso 0 the Moravian fle heir pence Rasy a set ics Cn. Snip 862 ssking Tor 9 misonar wh cule ph he Savon inguag. However. th ese nant oe or he sores of the mission. an alphabet had not tren decayed ‘According to he emperor Mica I is wo pcs, Thea tas and Mice Had seein ain fer ct an apes Ae the imenton by Cyt of fhe Suvonic Teer, ee Gel Ape the enperor sows hms ey comes Te ae of In narument forthe evangeraton of fe Sv peopl He wate "Accept erate and more res ha any lean any pcos sions or any teu sth ou can be couse mong the great peoples who goiy God in he awn bai: Urioanty, we hate no intormaton he io of Meth wih Byam dung th es tat flows het ara in Moravian $63 Feces, Morava wasn Ronan 4 fence, while psa wan the Prank it hi to on obliged the Brother oth to the pone, and resid ee Joumey to Rome where they eee the fil upon of Hain forthe wee the venice. tes Cys eh. Mean ms Aopeited archbishop of Paani ad papal at 10 Seon Aiton posible tat these two servants of tHE MIE Ne Sstranged fora wile rom ther Byrasine onan peal ine the conic which, tween 853 and 7. cided he ha ome and Byram oer the aa fhe patch Pots Yay be har this coing felons explains the rumors wh To ish priests, Methodius” sworn enemies, were spreading abouei BYZANTIUM AND THESLAYS Moravia “The emperor they alge, %s angry with Methodius and ihe found be wil pot eape ale In the event thse rumen were Shown toe fae about #2 Methodius went to Corsaninope at the Invation ofthe Emperor Basi 1 His biography tls that Basi as Wal a the Pariah Poi feed him well Before his retur to Ts central European diocese, Methodius let two of his iscpes in ‘Consartinope slong with tetra boks that he and his brother fad arated into Savon from Grek” The vel interest which he Byrne autho at hs tine showed inthe Suvonie Keres ‘nears of eventing the Sls appears in anther epsode which {ook pce soon afer the death of Methods in B83, aur of “Metis dle, rete by the Moravian authorities ste to the Slasonc Mugs. and sold ito slaer. were redeemed in Vence bby an aget ofthe emperor and sent to Constantinople. where they ‘baie poston in the Church.” sear thereon htm the second half ofthe ninth century the a orton! Meise = ence, docs not name, but who presumably’ Wee a ot (ape career pe reple l A Supported a doctrine, especially poputir i the West thar mee pf could be celebrated ony inte langage Hebe ere wise Oates une ane A Oo, tse oe) see te ge vert eon mp ee ee feo opions bec, tnd who wer thir ulated Kiana eee esrtiacepeac eee fate yori lpia! epg aes ate ak Kectate tat es vce pty Go ee ce ga Be ce tetee ews to tetera cae oer Hebei tsha oeedtouretteseeiengep tie Iai nies to resents ges ere Re ea ee en acer Be asia eee wee ee caeee Be eee cicre soe Goce ace etit Fe ta ce ceri on apt sons paca ge fom hagmge tod tines ng ff os Somme mesh of ae pet Ctr uy Tar ony Dat der a hc eas Cush west ote fists yomle oy Pfcor St fs sos rd Tamia aun once hie a Ye Tritton woven penn aetna evo et tore tan Chachi Tanne wor poy rng ome teh be eh cry he er ee ht be ih ‘that “the Divinity is to be honored in three languages only. Hebrew ret nd tome i we Str Byte ene apron es or oe proving of ae a aein Grek ete" At shout te ae tine, Esti, meopottn Sy GooMon seca nth or te Lod coud te resched i guge Th eee Hyun ow’ ery vel that te rn of we-Grck treat ngs tren recone er Cte fers oe tin, tht Osco To Vere ith cede exam tos “who pees vrtng tnd ‘Cardio Godin own tense” net wend song Sher Arges Pens Gro ots, Khar Ara and eee thee anes alo us poste, 8 Profesor Dufey dot," fundansa ante cnspon i vor oat fa Sag? Th concept may yew, sor ome gino, We Sout oes ow comitd tc Byantine wa the arr of Ge overall nee i tee ari tess renaned ingen ote ciation: and he nor fom Bane ct chm Anon Conmenn or Tcopynst of Ot obi! to apologies in ote to ht rsh re for snp ames trai on™ hen Late trom he conten of sre yan: has the ptr Mia Ihe very mat win sen Cosantine Cyr to Mora, dead in art the pope iat Lan wa ban ai Sh anew and inher treath cetay Nihal Gnas he armed mekopoten sherpa het as ‘sid moe ray prove te labs und ate Ie and dings prone! hats Lan compre he hana le of Gr ngs ng mobi cos se ‘lcci wih tebe tors tha fran Seas urn rte by coring Chin ad ‘etc lhe Bani communi Howe the cnt een ‘20 the religious level an ambiguity and tension between the superiority ‘complex of literate Byzantines and their belief that in Christ there is seis Grek or Gee Ts no dou elcid he ‘ean hen Hele nd Crandon tic ws ne ts rata tsa ome mode hss who lavish praieon {te Biman for ang tnored the voc urs shoud be ‘one senaton In th pet sol nt be e tin all the provinces ofthe empire which were occupied “colorized by the Byzantines inthe ninth and | Greece and the Peloponnese —the Slavs sm Orland Meads pe gpthte Malis pe ies ea a esa atest Seo ae Sa a aac homey ee comer cn Nn nase ere {this literature, mostly writen in Cyril. Savon became, af sek and Latin, the third international news of ops ond et se eae oeic ign an he foundation of thier from Byzatis.> “Suc tt the mon orignal works of this body of lerature short ‘west on th Suna ipa, writen atthe endo the ninth or he ie tot centry bythe monk Krabe is 2 moving (Cit ote Sky spat wtih, he author consiered, was supe. trite Geek spate fort yer) meieval reason: was vena’ Bho one by 2 sett. Cyt in comrast the Greck alphabet was ‘Grted msec sages by parse Geet. Krab’ treatise 2 cary femal work deed apie thee whom Cyr. Khrabrs maser. (Eid wig Hix char from he content ofthis work that this ‘Sore monk had personal Gps wt them. presumably in Bulzaria ‘Tao canbe le doubt that Kbrab’steatse was an alert to ‘joy ad exalt the work of Cyl and Meth in the eyes ofthe ‘Grek monary cles Bagi section of which was hose to _ alt a I es ncn Sees oreal language inthe castcn Church Te see Seen ee NCirision acighbors of the empire was to mals eae Bes dae tor coer] sutomoeny bs fr Sc “wopeie ome i pene cota ea Se Toa a ee es. Se Se ee See ee Se ea ee as coe ee acne ee rere eee See ee ee a ae Sr os acs er ne ee oe ee a oe =r errr eee Sepa ee pts shana epee ea ar mem ed ei pe Sarnath oe toa nae Seer ee ene es ee ‘35a liturgical and inerary language. In SPSS oY a eal ne range ae DiTomo the es of ths inary ta the Bai aes ae re ae* IyzasriOM AND TESLA eon apps copes and ambient. For my prt, on this it ce re Tam inal o ake un ered positon Sta tea er Darna De ho Po Serve" pyaar the Sv rates vaio, sn ees pat ase expel yD. Ago” and 1. Scho Te aur pea of the Bynes. teens SETA Nes emo attods coexisted and sometimes SLRs pty of Brno nthe ial ans ths Sekbuy tects ne een wich was cer whol resed Pitan hewn eis Hage and he Chistian ial ‘oun new fm te pero here, fom Brant the ‘sve ut ds canbe dee owas fe work of Cy and ‘Mout among is mnednte ican! In onde to tempt an Answer oh usin we mst it ete he eve Jet ihe Shs one se Two Byanine isons ask which Sbvionl gr hoo! te mews othe pee Sesion ‘Toate ths ase woudl he crete hows mson. whore Intl pa wast reas Can Woe Moran nthe 04 Imes eofe by ping he Ste foundation of ee medal ‘se is acl cenens wea Savon ay in ch tl tite mee: Chri serps tara to ‘Bs sae one est the Grek pati rafiton ana ake far Od Church Shen atonse mal on Grek and cls 0 {ietainespten ng, wich beams the commen ray om of ‘he Blas the Rusa, th Ui and te Sen A whole 4 wld was pon tothe Sis y te work of yn and Maho= 4 The al wh I pop touniertate more mode. ould ‘eto stow by thre capes ho he Odo Sas wi bat Aveta ca arond he work of Cyl and Metis, doped Ah appreaton ths wrk a cera cee oral Thelin cape wns the eons natal s-dteina- fon This coc was furl on he ea a's ange ah the ug bores acd inns an ta the pope ho speak Aida nt saced tre. Heese Crna navn wc as ‘om git ctu hs a pia pce and ns tee ‘alan of Chita op Of ote ths es was neve ‘ete at Kast in the medieval period, in so general and abstract & tli to the Slavs, the concept appears in se- log tte Clo Methane = Contant, inne ete Poe Ue Pia) 1 ‘96 Cilond Methods ge smock opel Book wie may toy stu cy phe Sconce Coed age Be i ces coma rer enna eal cam worse Cie Vcheae eno Sells gti wo boc, wre a Maeva won eo Iprapeto Prose of Comune he Pe. eapecd tn eeepc ent othe nth ty nthe meh aoa fits ihe Risaun mevoplan Hen he ead xy the Roslan Chon In re sw ie eo fi ough tecomers cy 8 pon a econ frssanstion nao wy lero ta fe en ae ratio Noda dion ce! he ah aS $ov5 Gap othe hoochie vo he ref kin Sn: toeswlo wae heat he cen ou rene hee ‘Miss iho who nd wee om te bene Ts as fied toe Ske bythe aorymou stor of Here to Shand Meo” coh Bara y leon Cd tae poet by the Shomer he ed) oe Ray Non ior ond Gb an tt Zan rer Rusia wo wee coments the oe ey a ve gy ithe ow ing: story le orth SEephen of Fert by Espn the Wie we mgr i tern Cr Tico of e-teratin,m h e te he Oty Sl ial team of Cran peopl as an avert Yh Sn ‘detache pce hey crop scr ty ytoratg eth wn of Cyan ea ‘Myson cramp wish hat sesame Sins ae fear atc ces 8 th bins rus. Te et fate Poe Hen tei ass. Stok and Ke WE ed Suton the we of te Sone oe Mi 2 edn a Son vari me 8 SO Bore qe pss ow tn mcd cape 1 A its wrote south cet oe HOY SE fot fone of ie ont apt Pm Te pin ha or te pope ad sorte nator oth on Me Aopen: ofthe Sanus he CBA a oa onl enc Teme sede ee a BYZANTIUM AND THE SANS clearly, in this ver of the Prolog fo the Skvonic Gospet Book: SGhre comes to pater the mations and tongues Bu the apolopetic intention of the Cyrilo-Methodan tation went further stil. and in tne of ts wings te theme of Penecos applied 10 the Savonie feature, snqured & more uivenal dimension. In a pesage ofthe tmateal Rasan Chron, coast drawn between the presen Sly ofthe Svoic languages and the ancient moti of human tongues whch ma born ofthe Tower of Babe. This contrast appears in the fot thatthe chroic’s account of Cyril and Methodiun ss ‘preceded by an intrducton tase lrg onthe Slavonic rasation tthe Beatie chronic of John Malas and George the Mon) Stich epine withthe story bas on the Book of Genesis of the {ison ofthe earth among the sons of Noah after the Foe. end fends with si acount of he building ofthe Tower of Babel It Snes tat when the Lord setered His people ove the face of earth, the ral unity of mankind gave way toa multiplicity of languages ‘and rations. The conic fliws this ial troducion with the ‘sory ofthe origns and dspenal ofthe Slavonic peoples: and he incloes the Sis among the event ration ho were sce fom the Tove of Babe. The conchson soem 10 me inescapable ‘hat for he Rassnehonicker the invention ofthe Slavonic ver lar writing was a extension ofthe mace of Pentecot by which the Holy Spit aol the confusion of tangs which sprang frm the Tower of BabeL® The idea that Pealscow abolished the rete of be was not ne in Cran ieatre: we find inthe Konda ofthe ote of Penicnst in the eater Chur, ae Arno st Shown in his book Der Tirmbau om Babel it speaesin the weings of several Grek Fathers. incuding St. Gregory of Nevins and on Chrysostom Hower the notion thatthe Shon peoples share inthe Petco abrogation of Babel wer to be an invention x Cit and Methods i ren ep cn bi Brest tees a nabs oa beats pe ory tn nas ete wh ea alse ata conctsion 10 my pipe. He we vlbeaeten eas docrnnesin ote nas ene Priore le oe bring of nt se ene pe a ee et eee pe sioe Seren srnes wcncnl Waeesteer eect Bape ocak tas teins by eet engi ee ee eee mine morn $n uy sl te deat ar wevdeoe no ‘Re lomps ole don al te cn 3 he Spang vrion theo ponags nl flow Kora Se typ oer Bolin onl el oe pee Iola om pms typed sr Fever of Cyd and shennan que Pec $oeltese Cora Boon ice to cet bie. feetSven hc mest age aon oh Sincloy he Seven ree Te cred po fad Sere rte of int te corms oe Reson The cope of is exes mee acca Sloe work he Gs oan ion who sos thet me gous ow tate say Fe Coe th Ray Par Cres cm th oe oe fai coy te ein a th nd HS. Sper of roy Ear, hn of ees tet te ates ok wos of hh Sr covet wr ape cane ite sat Sind in ftps ye Sry a ec Russian people, with God after their conversion to Chris Sh myo Savon he ‘bon ot on ch he Bok al Scone Lord sos! ba Foe by sve sno, s exes Sh risa scriptures and the scriptures and litwey Sr of Testu in he coment ofthe titer oe BE en the Savon i ture, noon, asa BYZANTIIMAND THE SLAVS ish roo which these verses aren part tke, ha these sripal june te portance hat the Save EXER abud 1 mn the lst anatpic it in the context of cosmic oy andre SR tht the Slaven apg fr te week of Cyril and Methods cthed is metaphase. The whole of this chapter of Tah could be api 0 the transformation inthe i of the Sli ‘oni popes Brought about hy the werk ofthe two apse of the nT confine mse to ching this pase: "The wilderness and ‘the ry an shall ead the desert sal jean loson ke the {poctitsal bosom abundant and roc with ov and sinsing ‘Then the eyes of the Bind shall be opened, andthe cars of the deat shall be stoped. Then sal he lame man eap ikea hart. ard the Tenge ofthe dumb be charted... They sal se the slo ‘ofthe Lar the splendor of or Gra” Pe RE ck eee oy sgemasattl tre tn roa eae ieee enema Get. peg tap ie ie Po i Cole Matain Me Sn ri OSS eens haan AF 9 Te amg Tuite Eres nar ita dy ta mich, 8 6D mee eens So, Tes rs Stamens ayaa ene rai Se geen mer a Serenyy eeecues soe ee on omnes nimneeeaes tear at Serenata tes om Nae tere meg tet ee aati San en et Se SS a2 BYZANTIUM AND THESLAS rs SEARO Es tn tarp” rte rt yn Piet rr ne oe ae SRE RMEEEL hana ies a a Ce of Od. Mn 9 1 a ee aaa, ipeemimenu emer cnen ona sriifadet ue aoe Eben wa me ae Sn 3 tp Eg kp Me wwe CHAPTER X THE BOGoMIS* ‘The tory of the Bogor set in he Balas abe we ingore gel tarsens is oa and sopping ‘este whos pena vestige ned ho ak eponam wan not simply an obsare ey wih ute i Set corc of te Balkan penis sore nein the ile Ags $5 bey astonished tthe umber and vray of tno fom. To sla and experts in wide diferent sobs Bors ‘os many an snexplre, or lpr nine Ths or fzampc the theologian and the phlsepher a id nthe Boe Stone ofthe mest ntertng exarp of be arowth on Fuopean Sine cary Mile Ages of sytem of hough aed ayo He ih may be teed “uals” The polit ory of as mEoqe— Brann and Sais ake wil rato Boor 4 mporane lace in the xls, ol 24 ey Aegean even in the contemporary fee ote la = A died sty of ogo soul lp Westen neal So shed new light on the il obncare proven of he NH Sass heen Asc Manson nua a Sonenent of Weer Europe, prio the aan PA fe Caartor Aliens of Suter France THs ani aba wou tern euble ch Sos ‘Said the Bogomil set a the fst Europea tink in the thous ‘Gron hin ai rm tnsog in Mera 9 Exntury to the Albigensian Crusade in Sout! at ‘Whi, more general he ty ofthe Bogor meee ‘and by no means negligible, part to play ert Dt, 88:12. =]r2ANTUALAND THE SLAVS pe rot a x0 giz tht the gulf bewcen the Mf =. Godan. 08 hie and be tin of he rains, coral and rious. and ot lly bride sd tit he cent wa acne, a aroe the agency of which increasingly persed a he a had ereced wes wt clot peat ee ine, nv oly fom he Sap’ of European sry, but ih Cts sanction. Henceforth those who ovate “iso with the pracical view (rapprochement or reunion between een eemersaraity of God andthe mate word ded he Moat ad Eten Cony SO eon tt vens thie Castine em Telok Tis hoped hat his sare of ey wie prob mish seve a st pe word became man and wile pe De acei etmn os es ch hs Ee en dcton ote Crsies ecko ria sist emily ng in ths comtry and thu improve On the Be tae in te penne wns ad te commyren ae {Sor fon who is Dine ad al anise te Se lepmenetenisl resin emits cect 2 oof Coon, ete sone overt cde than Chrshrdy, Ts crayon eerie eee aisles oppetionttvee ped ert tendon he “Atong the irene problems wich have confronted Semi aut Cex, who t cnentily poo. canbe the ators he sma ran trovght te as one ofthe mon compe that of se esi Te on of coud God and mn Doug ee ae ae eS mater word, were Gor and ving we domme. oer eee eee cree ee lo te ‘ee fei is eatin, who opogsncs and mali fron coacing he bite qs Ne atrbutesf0 God with Teng cen nat howe opens an aie ‘BEsnow ii nd contingent chat of he word es ha nest opt cya ig fT ‘Themeahcan and the flea mest xpi oe posi) of Stach nsw i youths rat a ‘ny ron bene nin dhe ieee se preton Pca din an an ae hn Go Ofte Crater athe mpeein fhe retire, Petey Co {Shot ui mut Man el mere } Sewers teh vi, woe! fee poops, eee Femi is cox los Bi of har Got the Soa al person anda He ha crested he fy rien vt Te ody me fom of se wo cane bt opie tin ht word ral and pl Sum cyt owes ol ssh onan ‘iin. cry, dey dah sandal preset How te of mater td prevent sou rom aig ak ey ety ses Er content Sai mu we oe of tind ts scy anon oth problem Of el aterptcd store fe tha wort for ht of an ee tus een we may singush vo man atts ot min, 2 ew ot neo argc sou an wren she sal cpl each te. The ii asd on the bebe 8 fal eemption in death nthe eae of ancien teen Go an hwo cae y Hm 5 atoll he th a Sew rope, Seay mired i he ok Gens, at te wor cat! by Gods god, Jad. ‘Mouoatis hon, capae th plod pr of the aon ‘cnn heli td teat, whch tough the hana "nd the et of particle of light to te one wnesatedH T ‘slempion does not ein repentance forthe morale much 0 tbe fat that from the snip ofthe Byanine Church they were Beet, as to the mi iey and poli menace which they were tothe Cpe orine terest mitary clones on the Ease borders of the Asie themes and feat ‘all wth the Araby the Pacis were ‘eam contin arn Canine Nat ee esis in afer serie of spectactl ads on Byam frees which cari them to the shores of the ACE ‘Sethe Pecans prowly demanded the Imperial proving Eas ‘he Bows, Fv ya er, however. te Byatine ATS ‘ded m sacking the Plan svonghold in Western Armenia 2 ths destoyed for evr te miltary power ofthe Paulcans in Asi ‘But not ir dct. Notorious Berets, they generally paid Consutnope for *Manchcans” Some scolar, inclding Ha ‘he Boers jtiano oubed today. The principal sure of war kenny SE Be AE Prulcians, leaves usin no dub as totes acne Pe ad ee ties nee Pauldans ‘were naturally led to roect the Chisian degre fee een ac en ene pee ae a ae a ns reel eect Fee ere ee i ae re eae ee ee eee ab cacy Hs ecirib fy Cienet oy ees Sete tc sae ee See hem ane cleat tere eae om Ena oii: Sheen ea a aos eed Soe an nae at en enn oe ol fam ad 8 i hay ce ome fecha tec enonon et iSite cane oe sao we a ene ey ae a ec tae tal aac ns he Masia et Fe ee ae eno ‘ia was directly due to the penetration iP a nea sal = os the allan of Peter a Sito Palcan rst ‘ia suggest that atleast as early asthe middle of the sitao Pusan regarded the Baan a a pofiable sphere interest. We Peete tate several oecsons im tbe couse of the eihth eng finih century Byranive Emperor traspored lar colonics of Shs and Armenians to Thrace, inorder to gartison ther nortery Famer for ter constant wars aginst Bulnra, Among these colo. ioe wee ceraiy Palins. The Byantne chronicler Thcopany ‘apr tell us tat these daptced Asiatics were responsibie for ‘Prating the Prlcian eresy in Thrace The penctration of the auton olnits into Bulgaria was Sous peal Toitated by ‘the feque invasions of Thrace by the Bulgarian arc inthe eighth fe tnth centuries and especialy by the ancexation of the ret “Traci cies of Sarda ard Phiipopots aa of pars of Macedo. si by the Ruler Khan towards the ade ofthe ith century. ‘Dung te int ee fra f the tenth ceatury the notable sucorstof Panloan prose in Bugariafalested by caters, ‘though ale evden. Al the whie a gradual process was tfecing ‘a fision on Bulgarian si tetneen Asiatic dualism and a power, ‘and specially Svorc, movement dicted agunst the new Bult fan Orthodox Church The outcome of this fasion was the Hse of ‘ogomism inthe mo he eth century, “The esos forthe sucessful spread of dualism in Bulgari before ‘he mide ofthe eth cetary are to be found in the contempt) ‘eu, soc peliical and economic condos of the county) Some of the more important of these factory may be briefly enumer- Ais. bo te iducton of Cristy im Bula ich Sesion geal fer the nt ofthe Khan Borin he ‘hing the Pauaes who tr alti dain, had toro say cents fom Christan, mat hn eyed weal ‘oral superiority over Slavonic paganism which, in Bulgaria at least. ts nt ce 8 vey lle, We ca ue ep hat ‘ome sth auc wre the isto bing he kno ‘Gepe the pas Bum. nth sn incision. _ Sous. After the oficial introduction of Christianity from Byzantium. {eve steerer eo Rane el Cescortcol allegiance of the newiy-baptized Bulgarians. which las) : in they th Eastern Church an an ek coy Ba confuion wich, we cn a to drt the Cah nt ‘te vey he oom Z pain pt, pril he ig he Series (an Symeon, Gapie te hee Dana whiche dee te taaghans ony the ced nto scaly ange ga Bot fs nem ah by aegis tc bit of he esr Prorat oe Sreonic Gevopmct of the coin. The nscreal ae eect the mpd powh of fn ote Bmore ints ton provoked dung Pir eps ree eee I tmovenents whic weakened the County an il ope ae {Catv to ner anarehy and othe van ee a fyrante sc, wich ly ought abou hcp he Fst aganan Eni in 1018 In hes cunaanes mea that the Paula, teredary enemies of Bye, cay aod the ant Grek eng nH rhe owns th ‘Sect sail and poli role was prt wh by te Ds [Blan Bogor. Final the gow teen Boga oa be alle ofthe eth cenury nao indy ue ea te Dean Church that tne con nes oma wed dbelnce and respect Tis pets ha bore Dass nd the man, a ot tate comact mh he pops wih ramen had boon he steno ene SCs Pe i gyms and pas pit, coul at pe te csi of ica ad radon el pnt em 9 tusaning Bulzaran churchmen of the ne tet ‘hos Son ast the heres oe of te exes meinen ‘fd Batra iterate) idee, seal tos ani us contemporary onic we agit the Bw SS sy of thse ements ne Ne Et le Should eons sate re of Boris at then cory as net the combed fst of HO the one hand, ® background of Eastem vale Ooms Tr enced o ular arly an uk of te SUL P tne Emperors ado he oer MN PI | Sempra condo in ula xen ‘ eth em ye sry of ts may sci, age) Fs ons ‘ot herey The iflucrer of thse two actos a8 PEST yf Bogomitsm, whose teaching represented eset ET ia it | Seacrest can lo ‘llgara the features of « specifically Savon |“Te eatot Slavonic source refering to Bogomilism isthe Sep ‘mon apis he heres of the Bugaian priest Cosmas, prob, Composed soon afr 972" This work was writen primary again the Bogoml sot, and the flowing words of Cosmas may he garded gs Doct: “And came to pas thst i the land ‘tBu inthe da ofthe oriodox tsa eter there appear 4 rest y the name of Bogom He was the fst who begin to rach in Bula «ery. af which we shall speak teow” Apart from the fact that Bogor was contemporary of tr Peer. why ‘egne from 927 to 96, and that he was the author of heretical books, we know next o nothing aboot ths rests hese nthe Fiona the Souther Sins fe woul seem from circumstantial ce ene that be taught inthe te this or the carl fortes ofthe neh satu. Hs ane, Bogomi, generally regarded the Slavonic fransation ofthe Grek name Thoophiles, “beloved of God” The ‘more famous term “Bogomis” 2 generic name for is fallonem. xm to hve bocome current in Bulgaria citer atthe end of the feat ceamzy or tthe begining ofthe event Cosmas. who seers ‘Sangre «Boe The het” he wes in appesrnc ae blk, gee, moves and ses, and ale fom hypocritical a= They do ak ly or gh oud, nor ge heme Asp aay fom the ght of mea etwathey do ce $e. Gas fom hn Chen :rening woh. The pope on cing tc at Sy sk ha hy ae ctor adhe to hw te he Jahan fey approach and ash them howto sine tet ste ol that want to eae mt eu se owmars gh and anne wih hut. Whee ey st 3) itp reed ma thy sw the aes ti sci a hema the dons re fH Crh Thiamine Sar ss sme the Bogie was a ous of ott 1 ht Orthodox opponents: a enuy and» bet ate Byzantine Booms in sing inet te Beso wisn the Ase wilt fd ay need were El ‘he Boros “he dss ofthe Bogor expt forte vile, material Word ascend ye gee Their we was the son of God and the yen a On trl acoring 10 (en sea nan et Ce He San calsm was, at est outward, mah nemesis (eek han ie cearct and abnolac daar os the Manichaeans. It must be emphasized that. n sort eee feast Dogomls dd ot tere in te caer see peso Gots, and tit tc aon wes bad se fon the inert of te dev an tis uae goto Ga Holding mater tobe the ceon ete Sete op erential to dy the Ina ano psn Sout Ghoti thiecnhcentuy Bulan sue te Saon fie Tr ori 4 sted that gol hse neh -Ce {at Lor ws seminay bor ofthe Veg May. nw seme ie cried and ccm in body wh be tea Gh acount of thir danse comrlog th Bog el te ioe Chsian conception of mater asa ehet of Oran Moye the an-ocrameal ve of he Pac an Ue Ms ins Cosas tech stat hey rete apn and ect nd Spud the cra, mane te Of sow ate Sh omni a he Chrtan Ch eral an the Bogor wes corey dal nto foie Narsocan te isle wor! he eon an ai of i (rei oan tat nero oes Bs ditt 1 teh nh Gon acon wih mater td ts, ha Gest be nnn for pining ast on boa of todd evo Hen the gos come nn Fan which bringin coe coma with ms, SD hath ing teat the sn of weer wie th same ee of ote a ‘mall members ofthe sex. Though we have no preci ns ths oi it seems prota tat the Booms lo f the Manichacans, were divided imo two ene th Oo Miler who were not bound rior aM a A545 ho woe caps ove in come mi ein oral austerity ofthe Bogomis wa rah bytase i BYZANTIUM ANDTHE Stang te fourteenth century, invariably recognied by their fre opp. ‘en and tis ith some justation tat they have een cal the test ports of the Mile Aes” Bat the claim put forward by {be Boga t lead the par evangelical fe was alas rejected by the Orthodox, inom account of he dali on of ther chi, ry brea of he phar aserton that he alone deve the fame of Christians, and of th angry attacks onthe shortcomings of thro, ‘Wedo nt, unfortunate, know very much about the easions and eration the Bogol sc in hs ex period of hts ‘We shoal are of the weal sumptions of pest horas of ‘oem, who ascribe to thi set ats esinines in Bulan ‘many features which ae ated forthe fist time by the saute, mong the Byzantine Bogor in the late eleventh centuzy, It can Sear be denied that he tual and organization ofthe Bosom sx “underwent conserabe evolution in the eleventh and twelth cetir- ic, mil it ers, by contact wih Byzantine Christan. Buti the ‘eth cetary both the ital andthe organiation of the sc ened sez, We know om een of Commas hat he hile rejeting ost of the prers of the Orthodox (Curt, which they regarded, topether with the Liturgy, as “bab ings" made wide nd apparent excuse use ofthe Lads raver, ‘which they recited four times aay and four times nish with ‘appoinedprosration, Cosmas alo accuses them of fasting on Ss <4 (a pase wich exited among the Manichacas) of coafesire ‘Rs sins to One anather and of granting exch other absolution: these ones were alo performed by women [Te Sermon cea the heres ives wa cess and cope pie= {tee ofthe ese eats fet century Bogomisn doctrinal. ‘jmitue of Palican ant Masalan duatsm, combined with many ‘Chriian cements borowed pasty fom te New Tenement. ae parts fromthe New Testament a o m timers of I cin ore se Se lao. se Me iy cies! mare er Te the foundations of the family the commune, age te a sody sofficenty shaken in Bulg tub lara by hemi eh ta Tony The Boor ate punted by Comma we set Pfisen Save waning toa nar ae ean cession ances | Seeatitepeneieuseeneneese ee estes heen cee aneaes ce rane acne Te rn gaan TE oan ‘hem to espouse the cause of the oppressed against the oppressors of Speen ie nt ee een ee ec th ta Be as tng eo Ses aren oe Seni et es arta amad wnet oe See Seaman screen tal bin ponte Mc eet a mat ‘The measures taken by the Bulgarian Church 30d Si, Ge Boron heresy are known to ws only foe Wie a conn Hs wah» dark aon 1 ea, femme” which, on his ow admision on rd. the Bogomis by surounding than with #a BYZAXTIDM AND THE Sts Moreover, ter emai apperanc and sctic Behav, n an ge ‘orn monasiom commonly ranked a he hihest expression othe ‘Ginn ie combined with the esentaly popula characte ofthe ‘ogo monemen, ofr to explain he contin Suze a he se thoughout the four centr of Hs Bsory in Bulbana and inthe Byentne Emp esa iy be sai tha after the final defeat of {eamordm in enn cotry Bogs was the most dangerous tou the Orta Cc nthe whale ofthe Middle Aves. (OF the hoy ofthe Bogor wt in the Fist Bulga Emyire snekinow very lie: Aart frentors ioral and geographical point oe fata he ial home and subsequent stronghold ‘of Bogota was Macedon. at moreover in Macedonia that ‘rset notable proportion ofthe socal “Bopomi hooks” popu Tay profes eter adayed from Christian apocryphal we ing or edall composed for he propagation ofthe Bogor do tne ad whos stay forms one of the most itersting chap a the mda hstoy ofthe Baone Final, cera place nares in ‘Macedonia, deed rom root connstl with the diferent epithets toy hi the Rogol wee know, tes 10 the pretence ofthe set i hat ren inthe Mile Ages sich are. for example, the ‘opopapial anes hook pole hau, tue Jn he event and twit entaris mot of oa information on the Bogs dred fom Byzamtne sures. This is primary te {othe ft tat afi thf ofthe Fra Bulgarian Emre in IOI 9+ the oul of wich Baar became for 16h years province ol u ali TH years x province of the se Bos n a et ero es ap at rupee omen ‘oe Pcnswa art dete oven hee cle preraly sora tory a ae a {implica eth etied prop cr Spang eee he a oe ee Ba kos tecsetoege naga na ae Bee eect cn tonne mea Ge esintn agate sey mere epee ute pop ease pee epee eppatent Morte ep eo dros oars ace Bee oem eerie Peetaceciesn acy ces fray capa mao Dicatseat cy an othe reciente Theirs cry cont apa tt eee tn ih he oc rary em PS Ae overds the ae ee enh oo te om Gann ic ana we ance ee ‘erie kept nd iene cone o be Tes Eom yttEnpror sn Como sot a Be oe fois what etna ofthe mode oe ob ope FS the possiblcy that they ever formed am organized aay: ignore ere Te pow apne in ton ne a th ‘avy eels centuries can be studi some dt SS och aA Com a te ine icone Fuis PN oe mpl as othe Dorm etn 110, axing od rr ex aft ime ws te oe Admission, among the aristocratic fei Spe ns te cnc wo et oie conn rear— Ee BYZANTIUM AND THE SLAY speciosa of te Comneian Reman, hat Fret Boum aie tht cabot and stem tg se pen the Ponps Doyman. Zens {erm wich Eh Comme at Re double derivation cf hn Patent sed Masala, expounds ome exer onualcing on Go wich fers an ieresing Seater oral docapocat amons the Banting Boge. Same gion deo Satan, who appre inhe Cor Fatah uj sewrds ash fncbora son of God the Faber Tea ber be ef Cat “e Son and Logos” Hs cia wo Sura Ove day, stn ith pie: he beled api rots and wptier wit tine “ning power” whctn be {a pod fall tm, wasnt out of haven. However. fel scat onc rpc by the st hae eo he ane te wuibuc oie og and wal the sistance hs {ex camps cnet the vale wrk with te acne te ‘aban fe poduc. Ta, eccorg othe Bop nas the ee Sime tiewony doced inh Rok of Genk and ake) ai sity Get Ca St a ete ‘Nan, te st an, bt inspite repeated forts was rato aii Sob ge Ft fo seh down Hs Spt Alama promis ie au good ae, woh ‘ong thf thm. To hs Gd apd, nd A ce 1 ‘comprnd ofa dine ol and a buy cated By Stan, Ts fee ht of making lus rm ih crows mire tcl with te Cri teach on he al Sa. foes pr fe Olt Teun waste reveton of Stas aed ti sant Moses is the Fate ook aot ook ply on te hone sol nna a te by, and send Heo so Ct int he rat wsined somal, Neem” ody (he Laat Sag den hl whch ie eae or 2 oro the ded Ding Hs desert eal He defeated end inprsoned His enemy Satanic, who Was stbtesogher with he bt lable of Betis fo te ciechkee, de and Se SE lek a pecen sees ke geese te ee es ee eee See peepee een eek es eee aS SE re poe loos ‘Gon of the Emperor Manuel Comnenus ert ee somes Si ree Nene Comat ne a ea SS ee oa el giao eon ao oer from Macedonia to the West, to the ngaboing Setitn FONSPS of Rashka. The Sertian Grand Zhwpan, Stephen Nemin 1 ‘obliged to summon a general assembly ofthe land hs iP or css en ae a bee ees Por eas on eens = Bese ner a Soe ren ce O88 roe cen ante ‘ofthe Emperor Stephan Dushan, it raised read for ‘however, in Bosnia, where between eleven bad isn, considerably ee ee oes ae * Ue Cee Te re Reon uy acne 0 the tenth cnt Bop by Cam tne,ta trent cetry In 2 the Bagi tar Bos convened te NE pale the Sond ulgaian pie to Se Ter atc, The xan resorted ct of Sarre ease of te Tor Dor sre cninnet Sa ei ney euain te oly known formal eatin seedy te Baran Couch mg tx Bogor sc The Female Tava &ceuceyeracna ih te sar ken by apes il tones be abiprsias fey in Sours Fiber Tie puta emecion eter the Two eres ay Sates oie rate emi tat he Bgaan Chucho (reac emperny en th Roe and note that in 13063 eee eka oiage onan nore nisin? Te a sereasteraenaatas overt Dogird tad ie ADigr Se eRRNrG bones fa arson Grcray spate Were ace ave ot sted te Svonie Bogor sures Iany pat Gc te Swoon ve oo en then to fate of Aan move rom Bogs fr erat Sioa suhag prfomdy enough the cuasie mover of {Boel Weses Earp Athough ha concn of he spend of Ama om te Bart Sutera rane va Norn ely {oben rerainplfed canno be doubt Bogomisdk Segoe monet te Ctr he eh thine cm Te mane “laren faces” en 10 Gatien ys Catt oppones in ance, te prover ens ft rs ont fhe aa teHossl or Sina ohana ove othe inal dot book ot the mat Sh rina dota! book Europe tt thr dons origntd in Bula, are sone the ‘nu sis pong in hat dito Tee canbe ie doubt at the tengo the tee ‘Saute Europe forma sige r ™m doc a $a reson it wouk! scm thatthe ula be S ration of ther communtics anda regular hare fs Saas Catnrond Faas ortoe eae se Cer er Sem et aa bara eee aes ae ieee ee se nse ee petted ee Se a ee ee ate! rere Sarena oe om | Mant, especialy to the practice of sexual promis fo peste Feo ely nn cone eo ct ass Pott i a Se tinued throughout the thirteenth and ld to their compete is | ee Bessa etait fon for moral ate and ta ce Se sms fio. Tis wae robs Pn ora deci four cnuy Bag emt {and economic instability of the reign of John Aes oe te hve weakened the resistance of the Bogor 1 Shee of Massalian practices is 3380" ce mt eenae a BYZANTIUM AND TH Stans “ited wat the ame of St. Theoden of Tr. one Of ein iapcin Cnet tine ana rom changin boy Scapa eee sgiiony 0 the Bop the ithe Sra oel cmnened son afer 1380 of the iti Masai Mons, eet the previous condemnations of the eoteer na seus of ubmiting tothe “natural pas esse pounds that oar mates ase 10 the demons” ma tan by he Foren century Bogor bad acquired ‘amuntera atures which woud have been dowaed by i founder ‘SPanbe pry expan the fet tnt, afer the fll of the Second Bulgarian Emp in 1393, the set apparently disintcrated of isl tne Begomis disper from Balaan history. Its probable, ‘hangs wth he betor of the Borin Parnes century, at many Bogomls were syspathetc tothe Turks ond asec Ham nays, wth th csubisheat of Turkish domination over ‘South Easern Europe nthe fourteenth and fifleenth centres, the ‘ogomis anh forever om the Balkan coun, Me ec ee eee eter eneroorigntategmerc epee Bache enn on re ib hv a ‘Suptementuad VC I9S, Cerone pene teats ee ey Seton nde see inten oe See Srey hens aa ch Nol C1 WR Chana hora nb. anh oe Coa Shey ey a Fin fun ea ace TTA ree nj cht ty Per eana ee CHAPTER XI {THE CULT OF ST. DEMETRIUS OF THESSALONIKI |N THE HISTORY OF BYZANTINE-SLAV RELATIONS* Many ira, Lappe fe om et tne te a pare poe sy tapes be lee Epp mmewon, by coin temeho naw ttnap pin ov aban cman, When wasted oder ie sorely, deh aps te ato an Sie Gi rata fh hore yon gt orton An te, erling fr ge, {owt tt is oe mg be Sed chosen crs rested nd Cpe ng Sed wht wid comet Teco. Dench Jeune beter than scapes a etl postin he ao Tremalai bth ntl ed mc aes an sn '0 te eee ax part itn on iy Araneae raat oon ot ronan te trol to dy fora numberof ya the aces Sanne sition othe Sa propo ase Ege 1th ty ecu es Btn eS ws may dng, witout perhaps foo much oni, Ue uses tage, The fiat bone he “Dark. A iam eave, bol sping the rd om he ote etsy cunt Enon sire eno wth 1 apron amare by the ERP Sor Fi tempt ded, is nr ict en he Dab thesia nth aan psn nals ee, se Aes a teem he Not, Ata 04 BA. Ths regi for sare drng whch sof ie Noh BE Sate. 30 rn, 300esd mh fe omy in etl Gr onde Felon sn teapot oer he BERS lyin atly wvrminconl of te moe ip Bape ca cin cbr ef une, Contanivnie nd Twa. sae ce enn opuonhe urtran seach othe sae isan ae enh ema) ne among the uranyl Moen ofthe te Rowse and ey Byrne sa Ty pou reeiuteThe theme ny pape tas than + pri ‘ab eevee: ee plat Dyan Sy lation “Te slp ei heen etary and rs io be tne tei va fr Byatt recover) and exatsion “Ts osc, he sd abr om owned by many far fake salrenca, Two of mr tee peal elvan 1 my {heme ing eth and et cnt he Sk rc, wo od (eae mnt conc Once endo ih Paoponses dung the psng ak gs” mr subd, comer to Chri hie he Batis, ts Pong, the ony teow of he wor Ges Fer non trond the Epics bun Pra ck, speting thoughout Saran thing dept tends yon te Dane athe ‘ck Sa, brow spd te mca sates of Ce ed tem arp no he it of Orc Chri. nthe story of ais oia miss heres more remaabl eid th the sci sods af the ninth sentry. Dung eo ii ns hacen expel) Than the Patch Potts —he ues the Risaos ad te Sts wee all cme To she ta by Cyl and Methods panied rane Chin ad cian nie haf Cea Crop i ml to te pean, si. H se tte Bu 0 ee pe cate Donen of Troslokt een thi hid and lst pred, which pane the ar Mie TFranine svitaton rained a dinar owen Eaters de Py, bowser he Empire vans Sng Nc Tog ere a ge ace tlace Of pow wre Eat Espen F cough they oved thereon and mich ofthe eee Tat atium, of pethaps just because of this fact, began to harbor eer pt tar former tls ord ant. Soa sti epoca that he cot ofthe Cran ere, eed arn deme of Dice proven, tad mere ot 41 oe sow, rom he sores of th Borphors tote capil of Sete cpr: Tie inparaat dreamer be maroriage Deion ta eg vcs bya ts eet ol Sara i ic eourept of to eal, or mien, wich te Fouts tems in ued to vapon tc tee th Conan: epee nN es he poe pe, ecg ws fer egy ended to an Eat Parpean cous i ea fence enue ind itn th i ade y te Con une Severe Blan or John Atande te ce of thee {tust Chstan Empire tad moved from Consuninaple 1 his Sia Tmo. A century anda al ner, the Baie Ep ha ed to ei twins were cared a ep fot n Aheeeonte heory of “Mow he Third Rome” “he emneion eteen the en of theses mpi and thee ofS. Demet may ot be neditely apart 1 eve, Sovee, tht Hn, alc tenvous and pea niet Be Aer between te wor For 2 “opy or 2 mvorsnage” of Constantinople, destined to supplant it, could be created in a Slavonic Soin, thre yan o ahve fen why he sane terspoton ‘Could not be applied to Thessaloniki. It was, after al, the second most {important city in the Empire, and, for so many foreign nations who ‘tested t0 possess it, appeared, almost as much a ones a6 homjonninste roics And Taam, of beth ein awl pnts oe is not srprsing fo adn several Savon cones S¢ the Mile Age dese to setup a mtrvsmage of Thesalonik a ‘dirs wl shown the contain ptt of i Te 5 foray cen a thi ler rae im hat St en tforaken his city and was now is posthumous Be to eens extending his post Our st ered, then, has as is main heme tere of St, Deme-re ris in dterting hs yagi hentia of the Ars and Slay, sr ine bly ihatated inne ofthe caries databe agin ks dee tothe st he Sevenh-centry docu, Fae he Ono 100 Gow AMIMEDIO, oF Mirada Sane, rao Let me ay in posing that 1320 80 50 rash sto pangs peri nty all uneaed probs ivoled in the dating aad ‘imal etsy of the namrous medieval wings devoted to Se emai Hains raat eon of te Bblodiecn Hogieraphig ‘Gomer me ofthe wor Tey lade Mapp. Our, “Eytaqi, and Haga ys somming rom widely ferent pes {Re Bre tc) canbe sly ted y the historian, they most be Shtcoa! to « bowugh Goenka nthe meantime, we can bat {re thew wih tion, and tho the hope, expressed by Professor Pol Lone in BS) that this considerable Body of writings wil ‘ed te ced dated and eal etd within what elle 3 Capue Demerinne "The Mad Sams Derr ar shining exception in this fog fetal urerin. Ts Ft ecto, or book, was writen, bee ‘10and 0, by deka, AeAihop of Thenaloibs. The cord book a en ela ted, om intra evens, othe nih decade of the sen century. We have now frtuntly erica eso (pul Id in 19948 by Pl Lemere And teen lack of scelals orks devote othe Maelo them appre sion si "ancl and independent: artes by Lem and the Bulgarian sora Aleader Burov, and a book by the Yugela schol ‘rn Barie* Mae recat rence ofthis work tou > ‘ss has been hinted bye Greek scholar, Mr Antonios Paradopoutn® ; Te fit ve tok fhe Mrs aes ch in historic con- ronetarn gn sume some ofthe tps of evden thoy ‘2th pcan td aoe ee of Tsao ering oe he mows arate nee ss soring on en baguette tad nr tel Bel Protection of @ heavenly patron is so vsidly and ipa Cuda beat wits — tha Sk Deets saved Peasant gcks Archbishop Joti describes in detail the fist major ieee pera se hen 00397 | pera, eso arc ie ri le ane nen ei hard orate pen te sei a png one wa Te Ce embed some 1) en ad Iola cet andanone seengn Wien he aa i Danes aaron wale sae ee ices cya) and spare fe et ant Sere in, Tearoom sae he TOP aarti een ol ti cn en Sees Tura rte autos and heaton Thesis Sees pono vcore apo. See Theta ped by Artbahop John sa sin fi iy nd tale i atm pe Sty esRymow star oo Wet Na Niza oe Sioa Toston by asd Stee sve Sty, hr onan af ritury nolo, a ete Panel scmen of Sees oer ro a Steen ane te soran Te ee rts Doe ta thae mln opto uct Te ob si ‘Ses Thao fom ats oui He compte ‘ne fun iy vas edn noe Gea ete ‘Ponti. striking fear imo the enemy fet by walking on the sea, and ‘APearing on horseback to guard the city gates. “The second book of the Miracula provides some valuable infor tin ttt sao Dene i ine ene tn -Mupripra of the saint, was builtin the filth century by Lean {i Pe of yc al nt dacs the cones! POL Pret tne be fan's ten tcc Ys h g BYZANTIUM AND THE Lg ei ctin ee Hn meinen ea ra ce, Cee tempt ce Spr en dies Macon om. vig au ot Ba p29 ‘a ti a set rb Ep. 2934 Sse Retthen Comcast Fda dT £m, —E CHAPTER XII BYZANTINE FRONTIER ZONES AND ‘CULTURAL EXCHANGES* sasnes ofthe theme which Ihave been invited to discuss cops acto comnts on sot eographia areas and a timed umber of topics The greater part of my material wil be {awn om he ory of Byranium’s Borderlands in Eastem Europe ‘nthe North Poni eon hese comprise the northern part of She Ban prin the mide and lower Danube, the Crimea, the South Rus steppe, and the northern and north-esern coats of SheBlack Sea abuting on the Cancass. The Empires Eastern froti- vin Asa Minor and Transcavasa, which wil be discussed in other {RF pent this Congres, willbe given only cursory consider- en Furthermore, ¥ propose to confine myself to three principal {RENE Taal ft stem to dingush beweon diferent ands of ER toms which encompased the tertory of the Byzantine SRE carly Middle Ags. shall hen conser the role played ra agegenpbeal and physical environment in the process of cultu- aah Aco the ier frome, Final 1 shal tempt 8 themain types of hs difsion |. VARIETIES OF BORDERLANDS he it i sion of Medteranean cure from its marc Stacy Smeal periphery, Ferman Brel wrote’ “Co ‘sce eal cent ves ncn tn fot, ce et oe es eles Cat aul di tue queton, elena cr de See ett meme Romi ert me ect bie nar mo a 20132 ‘mesure de la civilisation.” a Medierancan rome sat oe an anc pour voir sla ee ou Serer ss ually apical 0 thoe ute fe bic Hy othe peieyofthe By ee a of this Empire were not only shifing and imprcants, es" fsiven historical period they cannot always be procicly cae? Even the miliary border of he Empire. when er ese acy when drawn ona map olen ove when namie ‘to have been more notional than real “The liner on the nace lower Danube, which in some periods came nearest one without breadth war verin y the Save and"avce ee ‘smth centr: by he Bugs 80, and thou eon Byzantines in 971, was permanently lost to the Eee in the ia ‘welt century. Even during the eign of Fusion. wen Base as sila more or lo elective mary bouncy, he nee deg ‘he Balkan agains baaran invasions cased he Byam el ‘ome ofthc frifiatinn dy the ner othe pent south as Epins and thems of Corn: Marsover in some es partcalry wen the miltay front dint flow ne ae posal geography (ch as her ora moun ans arr bya bullerzone, and we fave not nes but amen xen he a3 fine, ome ofthe mos sable soon a the Banie ra fost ‘between the seventh and the tenth centuries, was open to regular Arab incursions and was flanked bya deserted o-mans and whch. ing to Theophans, sete fom Mops o Armenia V0 Sppe Tes A similarly pret situation ers to ave ste o> {he Byzantine Bean fori in Tae ater Kram’ wa with Empire. The imperial fortresses of Serdica, Philippopolis, Adranon= ‘nd Devel which gard his roti, ee apt Bulnrins beeen S09 and B14. Aer Krum death 8,8 525 sf hr donated frontier, and paral the ies of Sr Philippopoi, wee left undefended.” Curl oats ae even ore varie in character and be “define than military ones. A distinction can probably be drawn Bevo Seoerands whch ded soc of comparable otra 8 2 othe Byzantine Arab front, where ast of rave cular op religion, cite face" Thin f ofthe Medite tine Empire 8, nome —=—t—*s inure! Exchanges 3 fo Herta the currents To take & SPE ena yn ds eNOS goad she Dani is: the Empire was obliged to sor nC tek that ae Icom rn en mi ae Sere me iy expr of rants ese 2 say bathe ree tm ageing cnc these me chard ai oa hr om yr at a Nt i niga sec om 9F ee emerald caeti Tks BR eeetecraysase fr obens cf hay, ore a see a of rene wang oa BR ere tins peng repens ach we ae te ces cites sapien of Dyanat erect yer ec pret t eats ct carrer ase Be feria nora to occ yeaine ian can “era” ra me Seen wh or hl soe at far ner ans ate pla oa Bens meinen han ft hk else Mol he Pind andthe Tyg mounts" Byrzntum re fete SR and perhaps always. a shadowy power and an Ga a, HH Prova enero, tx calor” ahd ‘tomar romans COUld be largely ignored. As an example of an of cat “nother si mnt cuural neh eee Sopseccscieemeina ares ance nes ee ee ee erase eee rac cota sect ch aa tr ay spy emne o aemm BVANTIOM AND THESLagg apply in seyerl respects tothe border pioneers of ental and ny fen Ris’ in the Middl Ages, These ctwral fonten iy see Europe, intemal” or extemal, divided from each other ane peonls whih we neainey mara! "othe may ca Byrantioe ciation, a cr hee Se ee oe ee ee eae eee esse ae oS ape ereee od eS ee ee eee een ee eine from the steppe, ventured only with caution and difficulty. The no- ee er teehee bed ee eee eee een ee eee et oe eee ee re com eee ee SS aes en tin Ezpite before the thineenth century was the mountain Fane i utente a antiquity by Mediterranean colonists, from the semi-arid ost Tawricus enabled the Byzantine cies on the const — BOs peme Fonter Zoe nd Cie Eicharge pe coople an 10 remain. inte words of Co, he ban Coat ets ofthe ata Grows ev Se an of oun, were net aay aa best to nm atari octal nee. Xaver de Panel es coe Anton mountains proved to be mich mow ef dase tat ew rebel for tenor on ie gh dcdiag temo, tan tthe TUF, Who Wed he type, free ep Baca camel wich coud aap oct the gh amen rea he advance of nomad a he expense i pone tie wat much more pronoun! on Byantts cate ‘emccin the rth than athe Ara pod ™ ir ponable tobe mill byte pons oy which au toundarcs sm to aque when drawn on tisoral ps. On yea ap ofthe alkane, or fsa, the Harms or Baan [Rane apes as a continuous ic ad one must make nfl seni th unson pes wh ah toy ne ir on signposts for invades from te lower Danke rig foward the Thracian plain but ato chanach fo he eifon of Bratne Slatin ito moter Bulga nd Wallachia. Te ee fay be sid of vers. The Danube inte Bain pind as tests much ine of communication a an osc ote move tent men, gods and ie. The autor of te Sraeion mat ive had the Danvbe in tind when be ela tat th Sis ‘ere ofall peop te ment sep rssng res Soe te thrall ofthe Bahan pel, aboe all ths fhe Mavion {dhe Vida, were chanel along which commas and ca interes rom Constantinople and Toesalnes wer cared i “Mie Ages to th Emp cghborsin Ease EHO Tn dacsing the role played by scopy i cairns acres frontier rnc, the moran cate mst 4 XE During the cat Nidal Apr —aproxiaty rom she ay uth ry othe fet — he bunts of mie in Europe roughly cncied with he dion Metiteranan a the een cima ns Th: diese 200 formed a inge of cman round te Baka Peni da it inthe cn, wa nied Wy 4 Oks PP fon whose conony was stained yt eth 2 howe way of fe was prooundy flected bythe From The continental zone ofthe North Ran and Pris ee ory fm, haa climate fhe eal Europe= BYZANTIOM AND THE St lation of Slav, Bulgar, Albanians and Viakhs was susiainey agicutural or pastoral economy. In the cena areas of the eae a ses between the two zones are the mountains ofthe Sar Plea tal peoples who crossed this boundary were faced not ony win, harsh contrasts of the Mediterranean climate but also witht ilar pei of wine and malaria. These environmental conditions they suceeded in surmounting them, hastened thir absorption be ie local Grek population. The Mediterranean man, on the other hare ‘who penetrated north of this clmatic boundary. encountered ne es formidable problems of adaptation: problems epitomized. in St Tone Mares! words, by “ihe predicament of an cil-bred man transpored beyond the frontier of usterenters” It is significant that ths ‘mate front zone coincided with the line dividing the Slav hiterland from thoeceastal areas ofthe Balkans which the Byzantine, between the Ite seventh and the late ninth centuries, incorporated as themes into the stustue of the Empire's provindal administration. ts ‘ond speaking tue thatthe Slavs Who, in the Middle Ages, etd im the Metiterranan region, became Grecks in language an eure, while the Greeks who ventared into the North Balkan continental zone Were Slavczed inthe course of time." These ecological prob- Jems, posed by the crossing of climatic fonter zones, have not ben suificentl studied, They would seem to deserve further consideration. 4 THE TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION Wing of he frontiers ofthe Chinese empire, Profesor 0. Lt mor has remale: "an ipa tounday, asin Tet 9 double function: it serves not only to keep the outsider rom geting in Dat 19 Prevent the iden fom geting out"™ And, alor commenting th mage, Profesor Amold Toynbee observed with equ uti “The existence of «limes sina in pace encats social in une and thin oth dsons— between the pris whom He ‘rier is dened to inant rom one nother"? What main tps of oc interourse can be observed skint hes through ont zones of the Byrantine npc? Ts ‘hss wasn he fof wartare. Facing each oer across ft fied hough not an impermeable, the Empire and the “sb sas ond ot fat arn rom each others itary technol ' posgs writen in SAS, John of Ephesas admit that the Si snes an Cubana Exchanges Ea pane 22 4 better than ing the Empire had “learnt 10 fight be ve then ivan ext of the passage shows, this grasp of fhe Romans" As the mastery Of siegeeraf; and its proba ch eo iy from the Avars, but from re ured this act not only for the Slavs a rom he Aa He he Siw eT sane inthe Staecom of the Pi the Byzantines 3 enitary serels may have been leaked to the pets th at Meqran traitors who slipped across the Danube fron ito li oss the erty bast Roman ‘Sew ty aby Fas Ro Mfr their part, borrowed readily from their set Byes de tary the te sith ain sarc fo ses the Bane aay took oer ee ava the tactics ted archer of the Eurasian rer avas the tates of the mounted feo he Ar the apd atack, he feed eet, eon : he harassment Of the enemy by methods of guerilla fare, and thrid in which frontier zones proved susceptible to cltur- 1am asthe economic one. A commodity which, in war asin road the imperial border in abundance was money. Apart fom io wich the barbarians brovglt home from thir campaigns tn tate terstory, te imperial povernmenpriodialy pal out ness to thm in ible The van sides which it disbursed 10 th Hus (60 pounds of gold in 43 alone) lowed across the Danube eso Atlas elm, Ii ikl that this quantity of gold Satin in Pannona waa one ofthe reasons which, nthe sith and seen tures, attracted Byvanine merchants and artisans tthe Gz ofthe Avar Kingdom, And through the merchants who oper tel on or nyond the front, in payment for Byrne goods pur ltd bythe barbara, sone of this money must have evenly Sack ois sours in Constantinople and other cis of the ‘A in : interesing case of economic “acculturation” across frontier tng kay and te nomad way o Mees eric on each other. On the Empire's borders Anatoli thee ISERro when oastoratnomadam sero onthe pes ter 280M. For reasons already explained, the Anatolian pla- Ie pereg covet Provide a permanent home for the Arabs, During hr invasions the advance of nomad seems (0 have Tens re cui to the lowlands of Asin Mino. By const the nd gee in aster Anatoli, were able to occupy the high- Sone popegtPOH More eifetvely their nomadic way of ie on fons. The cultural presure which the nomadic Selogsee Chow fhe pl Tekin ot Aw tet summer encampments ended o caster immediatly above ne, eee re ee pene, eens on pe pellet eens eens. ce eee etiesencns eer es Sa reer 7 a eee Se ettecerccne ste ence eens eee ne a eas ee eee crc ee eee Te ee Cras niin oh fo oe tees es acre Geer etiteeneppaccrene wresezec ee ons oe are eran og na at tiscunpefe Grin corer way ah Ge erscmtercn oy recess On a ier tess that tis whose name was apparently Make ‘etka bt crc ps pra soes at sarin didope dues pes co fo conver the steppe nomads to a setled, agricultural way of ilo thts pee a fee tpn fon cic Tins ce es eee nee ‘operated, lay in the sath century immediately beyond the Epis ‘irc Sorat Bt its st sural Exchances 4 stir Zones ad Cl pews Fro sity intrested inthis sector: indeed we know that the igs of Maku's Armenian predecessor in this area iso tpored by JUstnian’s government eave UP itary technique, mone. material goods. and TORE conomic production, Byzantine frontier zones also con- hs ot eotetsion of politica ideas and isitutions. This prob- inuas etaesnen in Constantinople could be directly affected by Be en Byam and ie neighbors onthe Empires age etapa cfaneteg'ee worcester: Batts cepa casey mes capes by nce eco ean arty nece ent pert wet oe es cake sen of ponents Tau ot Patni a tac Ecope cee Chandan kn W's Terteothe ths erp which peed of cl inporane Alito of Byaineapionasy, a ort ef romons mich al eminent apn hone la icf crac an ifulon seo ac Epes ois tthe cumin pra ote ala eae oe $eleme te nor tm ovus came ws heed of Smt Cisaiy tothe Emi mh Ths penronon 8 esac ne meer cer fe ini rot on ne Coane Fair Lz. the Teani the Abaseians and the Zichians were cOn- inners ae : yy Bye nina io ote Tented their loyalty tothe ental authorities in Constant ton ot Gg eat me also proved highly permeable tothe ridia- MRC Gieeny ie Cimento whee ite A wig fEMN eee andthe soa oko he esa Arcane ents admirably equiped 0 serve as itertediies Stade Cpatetancan and the Furasian works, were already ian he ey ou eter. eh eedMYZASTIUM AND THE IAT feeetoton nce an des of Lonoptie my outer Cnc; and fo this Fonte oupos hy he ny mong the pope of the Ponte cpp Chee ‘met important ofthe Byzantine cities in the Crimea, was capture te the armies of Prince Vladimir of Kiev in 989 oF 9%; was pen? ieee cnt ery om iseounry was planned and nated Ht has been sd Son Stas example of "acealuration” i the suation deed tS etree word "Gre caps frum viciorem cept hu oe tre that Cheon took is Ruson captor captive. Inthe Bakes Tanne Chany crsing eral riers spread nthe na Mile Ags to Macedonia, Bulgaria and Seba. Ths orm of ea” Al difeson was not confined toca sponsored Orthodon.n5) Conantine V taser Syrian and’ Armenian communis for Emru and Meee to Toc, whee they ere ised fo garoon yamine foreses onthe Bugrian fone Th art of ay Topunioes fom tease tothe norter borders of the Ep To conquers whic the Byramine government cold scr Taveforsrn odes: cme of hem were Paica Here, wie Akt donne ea ernie ont nto ular “The empl fhe Pain eta in Thrace shows hat ie

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