155

Int. J. B i o m e t e o r . 1972, vol. 16, number 2, pp. 155-162

Behavioral Changes in Adult Rats Exposed to ELF Magnetic Fields

Michael by A . P e r s i n g e r * , M i l o A. P e r s i n g e r * * , and G.B. Glavin* * * K . P. O s s e n k o p p

E L F ( e x t r e m e l y low frequency) e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c fields and waves with intensities s i m i l a r to and slightly l a r g e r than those which occur in nature have been shown to be a s s o c i a t e d with changes in reaction time (Friedman, B e e k e r and Bachman, 1967; KSnig, 1962; R e i t e r , 1964), and verbal behavior (KSnig, 1962; Ludwig and Mecke, 1968) in human subjects. H a m s t e r s exposed to naturally o c c u r r i n g a t m o s p h e r i c s show d e c r e m e n t s in ambulatory activity (Ludwig and Mecke, 1968). Exposure to a r t i f i c i a l fields (1 v / m ) with c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c i e s of 10-100 kHz and 20, 10 or 5 Hz i m p u l s e s is a s s o c i a t e d with a s i m i l a r d e c r e a s e in ambulation. Mice exposed to a t i m e - v a r y i n g field of 1.75 Hz, and 5 Hz (40 v) also show a d e c r e a s e in ambulatory activity (Altmann, 1969). According to Ludwig and Mecke (1968) the r e m o v a l of e i t h e r the E or H component of the applied field is followed by an i n c r e a s e in activity the next day. In a s e r i e s of unpublished e x p e r i m e n t s ( P e r s i n g e r , 1967), r a t s that had been exposed during a 368 day p e r i o d to an ELF (0.5 Hz), 3-30 gauss rotating magnetic field (RMF), showed a marked, significant i n c r e a s e in intragroup a g g r e s s i v e behavior, after 140 days of exposure. In two other s e p a r a t e e x p e r i m e n t s , R M F exposed adult r a t s , when r e m o v e d f r o m the field showed a significant i n c r e a s e in open field activity and e r r o r s during Y - m a z e acquisition. Although prenatal exposure to E L F - R M F s have shown to be a s s o c i a t e d with a v a r i e t y of consequent behavioral changes ( P e r s i n g e r , 1969, 1971; P e r s i n g e r and F o s t e r , 1970; P e r singer and P e a r , 1971), it was decided to further explore the possible b e h a v i o r a l modifications in connection with adult " c h r o n i c " exposure to these fields. Since in the initial studies, changes in open field behavior were observed, it was decided to r e p l i c a t e this study using controls that would m i n i m i z e p o s s i b l e exp e r i m e n t e r bias.

ME

THOD

SUBJECTS. In three e x p e r i m e n t s (Experiments I, II and III), 16, 15, and 12 male naive rats, 30, 160, and 100 days of age, r e s p e c t i v e l y , at the beginning of the e x p e r i m e n t s were used as subjects. The subjects w e r e selected f r o m SpragueDawley, Holtzman and Wistar strains in E x p e r i m e n t s I-III r e s p e c t i v e l y . APPARATUS. Two rotating magnetic field (RMF) apparatus w e r e used. E s s e n tially, the RMFs w e r e c r e a t e d by two h o r s e s h o e magnets rotating in opposite dir e c t i o n s about their m a j o r axes at 30 r o t / m i n (0.5 Hz). The magnets in apparatus A, a d i a g r a m of which has been published e a r l i e r ( P e r s i n g e r and P e a r , 1971) w e r e rotated by an e l e c t r i c motor that drove a p u l l e y - s h a f t s y s t e m to which the magnets were attached. In apparatus B, shown in Fig. 1, each magnet was turned by a s e p a r a t e variable speed t r a n s m i s s i o n . In E x p e r i m e n t s I-III, the m a j o r axes *) Dept of Psychology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. **) R . C . B r o w n Co. Dallas, Texas, USA. ***) Dept P s y c h . , U n i v e r s i t y of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada. R e c e i v e d 22 June 1971

156

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F i g . 1. R M F - a p p a r a t u s B. E x p o s u r e a r e a w a s b e t w e e n the two m a g n e t s . of the m a g n e t s w e r e a l l i g n e d in a NW-SE d i r e c t i o n in M e n o m o n e e F a l l s , W i s c o n s i n ; M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n , and K n o x v i l l e , T e n n e s s e e , USA, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and r o t a t e d in e i t h e r a c o u n t e r - c l o c k w i s e { E x p e r i m e n t s I-II) o r c l o c k w i s e ( E x p e r i m e n t III) d i r e c t i o n with r e s p e c t to the NW d i r e c t i o n . The i n t e n s i t y of the R M F s (as m e a s u r e d by a R a w s o n - L u s h G a u s s m e t e r ) in the e x p o s u r e c a g e s in w h i c h the r a t s w e r e h o u s e d , v a r i e d f r o m 3-30 g a u s s ( a v e r a g e about 10 g a u s s ) w i t h R M F - a p p a r a t u s A to 3-50 g a u s s ( a v e r a g e about 20 g a u s s ) w i t h a p p a r a t u s B. M o r e d e t a i l s c o n c e r n i n g the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e f i e l d s a r e r e p o r t e d e l s e w h e r e ( P e r s i n g e r , 1969; O s s e n k o p p , K o l t e k and P e r s i n g e r , 1971). O P E N F I E L D A P P A R A T U S . F o r E x p e r i m e n t s I and II, a 40 c m x 40 c m b r o w n w o o d e n p l a n k d i v i d e d into 16 s q u a r e s w a s u s e d as the o p e n f i e l d . A 60 c m m a s o n i t e wall p r e v e n t e d the r a t s f r o m e s c a p i n g f r o m the open f i e l d . I l l u m i n a t i o n of t h e f i e l d w a s f u r n i s h e d by a 75-w i n c a n d e s c e n t l i g h t 100 c m a b o v e the f i e l d ' s s u r f a c e . S i n c e the open f i e l d w a s in the s a m e r o o m a s the h o m e c a g e , the b a c k g r o u n d s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l a v e r a g e d 72 db. F o r E x p e r i m e n t III, the w o o d e n f l o o r of a 120 e m x 120 ~ m o p e n f i e l d c o v e r e d with w h i t e oil c l o t h w a s d i v i d e d into 16 s q u a r e s . The 50 c m high w a l l s w e r e a l s o c o v e r e d with w h i t e oil c l o t h . I l l u m i n a t i o n w a s f u r n i s h e d b y a 2 0 - w f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p 150 c m above the s u r f a c e of the o p e n f i e l d . S i n c e the o p e n f i e l d , in t h i s e x p e r i m e n t , w a s not in the s a m e r o o m as the R M F , the b a c k g r o u n d sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l , s u p p l i e d by a w h i t e n o i s e g e n e r a t o r , a v e r a g e d 72 db. P R O C E D U R E . A n i m a l s of a g i v e n c o n d i t i o n w e r e h o u s e d in g r o u p s in one of two p l a s t i c c a g e s (27 x 50 x 30 c m ) . The c a g e s w e r e c o v e r e d w i t h w i r e m e s h t o p s and with c a r d b o a r d on all f o u r s i d e s , so that l i g h t f r o m e a c h c a g e ' s l a m p e n t e r e d only t h r o u g h the top. One c a g e in e a c h e x p e r i m e n t w a s p l a c e d b e t w e e n the m a g n e t s of e i t h e r R M F a p p a r a t u s A ( E x p e r i m e n t III) o r a p p a r a t u s B ( E x p e r i m e n t s I and II). Since the m o t o r in a p p a r a t u s A w a s s e c u r e d to a p l y w o o d b a s e and p r o d u c e d s o m e v i b r a t i o n , the c a g e w a s p l a c e d on a p l a t f o r m 1.3 c m above and i n d e p e n d e n t of the b a s e . The o t h e r c a g e w a s p l a c e d in the c o n t r o l a r e a 2 m f r o m the n e a r e s t m a g n e t . Although a R a w s o n - L u s h G a u s s m e t e r s h o w e d no d e v i a t i o n at t h i s d i s t a n c e , a

157 c o m p a s s (3 c m n e e d l e ) r e g i s t e r e d a 1 - 3 c h a n g e in d e c l i n a t i o n . T h e r a t s w e r e e x p o s e d to the e x p e r i m e n t a l (RMF and c o n t r o l ) c o n d i t i o n s in E x p e r i m e n t s I-II, on 2 J u n e 1966, 2 J a n u a r y 1967 and 13 J u n e 1969. S a n i c e l w a s u s e d a s a b s o r b e n t m a t e r i a l in the c a g e s and w a s r e m o v e d o n c e e v e r y f i v e d a y s in o r d e r to m i n i m i z e h a n d l i n g of s u b j e c t s . D u r i n g c l e a n i n g , t h e R M F e x p o s e d r a t s w e r e o u t of the f i e l d f o r 3 - 4 m i n . I l l u m i n a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t s w a s c o n s t a n t and w a s f u r n i s h e d b y a 2 0 - w f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p 45 c m a b o v e e a c h c a g e . T e m p e r a t u r e a v e r a g e d 25 + 2C, b u t did not v a r y b y m o r e t h a n 0 . 5 C b e t w e e n the R M F and c o n t r o l cage'~ B a c k g r o u n d s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l (as m e a s u r e d b y a B and K p r e c i s i o n sound l e v e l m e t e r ) a v e r a g e 67 + 3 db in the e x p o s u r e a r e a of R M F - a p p a r a t u s A ( f r o m the m o t o r ) and 65 + 4 db in t h e c o n t r o l a r e a . As a c o m p a r i s o n , the b a c k g r o u n d sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l - i n the d e p a r t m e n t ' s m a i n c o l o n y r o o m w a s 62 + 2 db. O t h e r p h y s i c a l v a r i a b l e s w e r e not r e c o r d e d . R a t s r e c e i v e d P u r i n a food and w a t e r ad ] i b i t u m . W h e n the s u b j e c t s h a d b e e n e x p o s e d to the R M F and c o n t r o l c o n d i t i o n s f o r 21 d a y s ( E x p e r i m e n t s I and II) o r 30 d a y s ( E x p e r i m e n t III), e a c h r a t w a s p l a c e d in a c a r r y i n g c a g e and t a k e n to the o p e n f i e l d a t t h e o t h e r s i d e of t h e r o o m ( E x p e r i m e n t s I and II) o r in a n o t h e r r o o m . T h e l a t t e r p r o c e d u r e took 30 s e c . T h e r a t w a s i m m e d i a t e l y p l a c e d upon one of the c o r n e r s q u a r e s of the o p e n f i e l d . T h e n u m b e r of s q u a r e s t r a v e r s e d in 30 s e c ( E x p e r i m e n t I and II) o r 120 s e c ( E x p e r i m e n t III) w a s r e c o r d e d . At the end of the t e s t , the r a t w a s t a i l m a r k e d { E x p e r i m e n t s I and II) o r e a r - p u n c h e d ( E x p e r i m e n t III), and r e t u r n e d to t h e c a r r y i n g c a g e . A f t e r t h e f i e l d h a d b e e n s p o n g e d w i t h 0.4% a c e t i c acid ( v i n e g a r ) the r a t w a s t a k e n to a t e m p o r a r y g r o u p h o u s i n g f o r a g i v e n c o n d i t i o n u n t i l t h e c o m p l e t i o n of t h e e x p e r i m e n t . At t h a t t i m e all r a t s w e r e r e t u r n e d to t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c a g e s . A n i m a l s w e r e a g a i n t e s t e d in the o p e n m e n t s I and II, and 30 d a y s of e x p o s u r e III, the a n i m a l s w e r e a g a i n t e s t e d a f t e r r a t s i n E x p e r i m e n t III w e r e t e s t e d by a h a d b e e n e x p o s e d to the R M F o r c o n t r o l 21:00 and 24:00 h r . f i e l d a f t e r 25 d a y s of e x p o s u r e ( E x p e r i ( E x p e r i m e n t I, II and III). In E x p e r i m e n t 35, 40, 45, and 50 d a y s of e x p o s u r e . All t e c h n i c i a n who did n o t k n o w w h e t h e r a r a t conditions. Subjects were tested between

RESULTS T h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r of s q u a r e s t r a v e r s e d in 30 s e c ( E x p e r i m e n t I and II) o r 120 s e c ( E x p e r i m e n t III) f o r R M F - e x p o s e d and c o n t r o l r a t s in the t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t s i s p r e s e n t e d in F i g . 2. In E x p e r i m e n t I, t h e R M F - e x p o s e d r a t s , a f t e r 21, 25 and 30 d a y s o f R M F e x p o s u r e , a v e r a g e d 1 0 . 3 + 2 . 4 (SD), 1 1 . 1 + 3 . 8 a n d 1 2 . 3 + 3 . 5 s q u a r e s in 30 s e c , w h i l e t h e c o n t r o l s a v e r a g e d 1 1 . 5 + ~. 4, 7 . 9 +_ 3 . 2 , and 6 . 8 + 9 . 1 s q u a r e s . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u n d by a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e to b e s i g n i f i c a n t (p < 0 . 0 5 ; F = 5 . 6 8 ) . A s u m m a r y of t h e a n a l y s i s i s r e p o r t e d in T a b l e 1. In E x p e r i m e n t II, t h e R M F - e x p o s e d a v e r a g e d 1 1 . 0 + 3 . 6 , 1 5 . 2 + 4 . 9 , and 14. 9 + 3 . 3 s q u a r e s in 30 s e c , a f t e r 21, 25 and 30 d a y s of e x p o s u r e , w h i l e the c o n t r o l r a t s a v e r a g e d 1 1 . 8 + 5 . 3 , 6 . 1 + 3 . 9 , and 5 . 0 + 4 . 7 s q u a r e s d u r i n g t h i s t i m e . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t (p < 0 . 0 1 ; F = 8 . 8 7 , T a b l e 1). In E x p e r i m e n t III, w h e r e the r a t s w e r e r u n f o r 120 s e e in the o p e n f i e l d p e r s e s s i o n , the R M F - e x p o s e d r a t s a f t e r 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 d a y s of e x p o s u r e t r a v e r s e d 3 6 . 0 + 8 . 9 , 32.5+13.4, 24.7+13.3, 19.2+12.0 and 1 3 . 4 + 8 . 6 s q u a r e s w h i l e the c o n t r o l s averaged 29.1+ 13.8, 25.1+15.0, 11.6+10.2, 4 . 4 _ + 6 . 3 , and 4 . 0 + 5 . 4 squares on t h e s e d a y s . - T h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u n d b y a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e to b e s i g n i f i c a n t o n l y b e y o n d t h e 0 . 1 0 l e v e l (F = 4. 27). (In t h e a n a l y s i s of the d a t a f r o m E x p e r i m e n t III, the s q u a r e s t r a v e r s e d by e a c h g r o u p in e a c h of the 2 m i n in the o p e n f i e l d w e r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , so t h a t a 2 ( t r e a t m e n t s ) x 2 (min) x 5 (days) d e s i g n w a s used. )

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159 T A B L E 1. A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e for the m e a n n u m b e r of s q u a r e s t r a v e r s e d by R M F - e x p o s e d and c o n t r o l r a t s (dr = d e g r e e s - o f - f r e e d o m ) Source MS [ df [ F

Experiment I T r e a t m e n t (T) E r r o r (a) Days (D) TxD E r r o r (b) 74.9 13.2 10.1 47.2 12.8 E x p e r i m e n t II T r e a t m e n t (T) E r r o r (a) Days (D) DxT E r r o r (b) 40.7 46.1 4.0 133.8 8.4 E x p e r i m e n t III T r e a t m e n t (T) E r r o r (a) Days (D) DxT M i n u t e s (M) MxT MxD MxTxD E r r o r (b) *) p < 0.10. * * ) p < 0.05. ***) p < 0.01.
DISCUSSION

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The r e s u l t s of the t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d that the r e m o v a l of m a l e r a t s which h a v e b e e n e x p o s e d to an E L F - r o t a t i n g m a g n e t i c f i e l d (RMF) f o r 21-50 days is a s s o c i a t e d with s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s in a m b u l a t o r y b e h a v i o r . The r e l i a b i l i t y of this e f f e c t is s u g g e s t e d s i n c e a s i m i l a r i n c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y in the R M F - e x p o s e d group, r e l a t i v e to the c o n t r o l g r o u p , was a l s o o b s e r v e d in a diff e r e n t t e s t i n g a p p a r a t u s by another e x p e r i m e n t e r who did not know w h e t h e r a r a t was f r o m the R M F o r c o n t r o l condition. The g r e a t e r r e l a t i v e d e c r e a s e in a c t i v i t y

160 of the control groups in the t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t s , following the f i r s t day of testing, also implies the consistency of the effect. The r e s u l t s are compatable with p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d e x p e r i m e n t s using different apparatus, intensities and wave form. A~tmann (1969) and Ludwig and Mecke (1968) found that ELF fields w e r e associated with a d e c r e a s e in activity. Removal of the applied fields might, t h e r e f o r e , be expected to produce a " c o m p e n s a t o r y " i n c r e a s e ("rebound") in activity. Ludwig and Mecke (1968) do indicate that r e moval of the ELF field used in their study was followed by an i n c r e a s e in activity, although it o c c u r r e d on the following day. Such an i n c r e a s e of ambulatory activity following r e m o v a l f r o m the E L F - R M F could account for the i n c r e a s e d e r r o r s ( P e r s i n g e r , 1967) displayed by the R M F exposed animals during Y - m a z e acquisition, as noted e a r l i e r . " S c a m p e r i n g " or i n c r e a s e d ambulator behavior as the animal approached the maze a r m s might int e r f e r e with alley d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . P e r s i n g e r (1967) indeed r e p o r t e d that the R M F - e x p o s e d r a t s left the s t a r t box and ran down the alley " f a s t e r " than the control animals. This behavior could be i n t e r p r e t e d as being a s s o c i a t e d with the RMF-exposed rats' relatively "less" habituation to testing situations. Thus, while the control rats were displaying less activity in the open field and fewer errors in the maze over test days, the RMF-exposed rats continued to exhibit behaviors associated with initial exposures to the test situation. In this context, it could be argued that the RMF was interfering with the physico-chemical processes associated with what has been termed "memory". Possible physiological correlates of RMF-exposure have been noted in another paper (Persinger, Glavin and Ossenkopp, 1972). Despite the consistency of the open field results, considerable within group variability was observed since such tests are influenced by a multitude of uncontrolled environmental variables. It is strongly suggested by the experimenters that further research concerned with the effects of ELF magnetic fields (as well as other environmental variables), upon behavior incorporate the use of more precise operant techniques. These techniques utilize the basic reinforcement schedules (Ferster and Skinner, 1957) that control behavior. Operant techniques afford greater stimulus control, and minimize participation of the experimenter and experimenter error (Sidman, 1960). In addition, operant procedures have been shown to differentiate the behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to ELFmagnetic fields (Persinger and Foster, 1970; Persinger and Pear, 1971), which were not shown in other testing situations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was completed at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The authors thank Professors Robert E. Bowman, University of Wisconsin, and Ernest Furchtgott, University of Tennessee, for sponsoring the research. Thanks also to Prof. D.W. Dunlop, Dr Gerry Harding, Raul DeLuna, Everett Magagnos, William S. Foster IV, Mac A. Thompson, Violet Knight Persinger, Viola H. Glavin, and Karyn Y. Fowler for their technical assistance.

161 REFERENCES : Die physiologische Wirkung elektrischer Felder auf Organismen. Arch. Meteor. Geoph. Bioklim. B, 17 : 269-290. FERSTER, C.B. and SKINNER, B.F. (1957): Schedules of Reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts, N.Y. H., BECKER, R.O. and BACHMAN, C.H. (1967): Effect of magFRIEDMAN, netic fields on reaction time performance. Nature ~.Lond.), 213: 949-956. KONIG, H.L. (1962) : Uber den Einfluss besonders niederfrequenter elektrischer Vorgtnge in der Atmosphtre auf die Umwelt. Z. angew. Bader-u. Klimahei]k., 9:481-501. LUDWIG, W. and MECKE, R. (1968): Wirkung kiinstlicher Atmospherics auf Stinger. Arch. Meteor. Geoph. Bioklim. B, 16 : 251-261. OSSENKOPP, K.P., KOLTEK, T. and PERSINGER, M.A. (1972): Prenatal exposure to an ELF-low intensity rotating magnetic field and increases in thyroid and testicle weight in rats. Develop. Psychobiol. (in press). PERSINGER, M.A. (1971) : Prenatal exposure to an ELF Rotating Magnetic field, ambulatory behavior and lunar distance at birth: A Correlation. Psychol. Rep., 28 : 435-438. PERSINGER, M.A., GLAVIN, G.B. and OSSENKOPP, K.P. (1972): Physiological changes in adult rats exposed to an ELF rotating magnetic field. Int. J. Biometeor., 16 : 163-172. PERSINGER, M.A. and PEAR, J.J. (1972): Prenatal exposure to an ELFrotating magnetic field and subsequent increase in conditioned suppression. Develop. Psychobiol., PERSINGER, M.A. and FOSTER, IV, W.S. (1970): ELF rotating magnetic fields: prenatal exposure and adult behavior. Arch. Meteor. Geoph. Bioklim. B, 18 : 363-369. PERSINGER, M.A. (1969) :Open-field behavior in r a t s exposed p r e n a t a l l y to a low intensity - low frequency, rotating magnetic field. Develop. Psychobiol., 2 : 168-171. PERSINGER, M.A. (1967) : The effects of pulsating magnetic fields upon the behavior and g r o s s physiological changes of the albino rat. Unpublished Undergrad. Thesis. U n i v e r s i t y of Wisconsin, Madison, W i s c . , USA. Copyright Dec. 1967, Reg. -/-/ A976151. REITER, R. (1964) : Atmospheric E l e c t r i c i t y and Natural Radioactive. In: Medical Climatology. S.N. Licht (ed.), W a v e r l e y P r e s s , N.Y. SIDMAN, M. (1960) : T a c t i c s of Scientific R e s e a r c h . Basic Books, N.Y. ALTMANN, G. (1969)

A B S T R A C T . - In two e x p e r i m e n t s , male r a t s that had been exposed to an E L F (0.5 Hz), 3-50 gauss rotating magnetic field (RMF) for 21-30 days, displayed significantly (p < 0.05) g r e a t e r ambulatory behavior (activity) than the control group in an open field test, when r e m o v e d f r o m the RMF. In a third e x p e r i m e n t r a t s were exposed to a different RMF apparatus (3-30 gauss), and tested in a different open field for longer duration. Again the R M F - e x p o s e d group displayed g r e a t e r activity (p < 0.10) than the control group.

162

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. - In zwei Untersuchungen zeigten m~nnliche Ratten,die einem ELF (0, 5 Hz) 3-50 Gauss rotierenden magnetischen Feld (RMF) filr 21-30 Tage ausgesetzt wurden, in einem Open-Field Test signifikant (p < 0, 05) mehr Bewegungsaktivit~t als die Kontrollgruppe,nachdem sie yon dem RMF entfernt wurden. In einer dritten Untersuchung wurden Ratten in einem anderen RMF Ger~t gehalten und in einem anderen Open-Field fiir lfingere Zeit getestet. Wieder zeigte die Gruppe, die dem RMF ausgesetzt war, mehr Bewegungsaktivit~it (p < 0, i0)als die Kontrollgruppe.

R E S U M E . - L o r s de deux e s s a i s , on a p l a c 6 d e s r a t s m a l e s d a n s un c h a m p m a g n 6 t i q a e t o u r n a n t (CMT) de 3 h 50 g a u s s et d e s t r ~ s b a s s e f r ~ q u e n c e (FTB) (0, 5 Hz). A p r ~ s 21 h 30 j o u r s de c e t r a i t e m e n t , on l e s a r e m i s d a n s d e s c o n d i t i o n s n o r m a l e s . L e u r a c t i v i t 6 ( m a r c h e ) 6 t a i t p l u s 61ev6e que c e l l e d ' u n g r o u p e de contr61e et c e l a de faon s i g n i f i c a t i v e (p < 0, 05). D a n s un t r o i s i ~ m e e s s a i , d ' a u t r e s r a t s f u r e n t p l a c 6 s d a n s un a u t r e a p p a r e i l (3 h 30 g a u s s ) et e x a m i n 6 s e n s u i t e d a n s un a u t r e c h a m p o u v e r t s u r une p l u s longue p 6 r i o d e . Le g r o u p e t r a i t ~ a d~ploy6 d a n s c e c a s 6 g a l e m e n t une p l u s g r a n d e a c t i v i t 6 qu'un g r o u p e de c o n t r b l e (p < 0, 10).