ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

PROJECT WORK 2009

"Circles In Our Daily Life”

NAME : NUR INSYIRAH BT FAUZI

CLASS : 5 EHSAN

I/C NUMBER : 921105-11-5792

TEACHER : MRS. INTAN ROS ELYZA

 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

Acknowledgement 3

Introduction 4

Part 1 5

Part 2 9

Part 3 12

Conclusion 18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Finally, I finished up my Additional Mathematics project. I am very thankful

to all people who lend their hands in my project. Firstly, I would like to thank Mrs.

Intan so much on teaching me about Additional Mathematics together with her

guidance and patience in making me a successful person. Along with this also, I

would like to ask for her forgiveness upon my wrongdoing towards her.

A bouquet of thank you to my parents on supporting me and the expenses

of this folio. Besides all the effort and financial support, I would also like to thank

them for their morality support.

Not to forget, my friends and also others who I didn’t mention, thank you

so much.

INTRODUCTION

A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in

planes which are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The
common distance of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius. A
diameter is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which passes
through the centre of the circle. The length of a diameter is twice the length of the
radius. A circle is never a polygon because it has no sides or vertices. Circles are
simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an
exterior. In everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to
either the boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure
including its interior, but in strict technical usage "circle" refers to the perimeter
while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the
perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its length).

A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are
conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It
is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes
much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has
helped inspire the development of geometry and calculus.

Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was

connected to the divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there
was something intrinsically "divine" or "perfect" that could be found in circles.
Some highlights in the history of the circle are:

• 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular
field. The result corresponds to 256/81 as an approximate value of .

• 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.

·
• 1880 – Lindemann proves that is transcendental, effectively settling the
millennia-old problem of squaring the circle.

Part 1

There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circle.

(a) Collect pictures of 5 such objects. You may use camera to take pictures around
your school compound or get pictures from magazines, newspaper, the internet or
any other resources.
(b) Pi or π is a mathematical constant related to circles.

Define and write a brief history.

Definition of :
In Euclidean plane geometry, is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference
diameter:
The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has
twice the diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the circumference C,
preserving the ratio C/d.

Area of the circle = × area of the shaded square

Alternatively can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of
a square whose side is equal to the radius:

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact that
all circles are similar. This can be considered a
Problem when occurs in areas of mathematics
that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason,
Mathematicians often prefer to define without reference
to geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic
Properties as a definition. A common choice is to define
As twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0. The
Formulas below illustrate other (equivalent) definitions

HISTORY

The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times

the square of its radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca.
1900–1680 BC) indicates a value of 3.125 for pi, which is a closer approximation.
In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians
calculated the area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of
3.1605 for pi.

The first calculation of pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212

BC). Archimedes approximated the area of a circle by using the Pythagorean
Theorem to find the areas of two regular polygons: the polygon inscribed within
the circle and the polygon within which the circle was circumscribed. Since the
actual area of the circle lies between the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed
polygons, the areas of the polygons gave upper and lower bounds for the area of
the circle. Archimedes knew that he had not found the value of pi but only an
approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that pi is
between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.

A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a brilliant Chinese

mathematician and astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with
Archimedes’ method—but because his book has been lost, little is known of his
work. He calculated the value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter to be 355/113. To compute this accuracy for pi, he must have started
with an inscribed regular 24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations
involving hundreds of square roots carried out to 9 decimal places.

Mathematicians began using the Greek letter in the 1700s. Introduced by

William Jones in 1706, use of the symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted
it in 1737. An 18th century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised
a way to calculate pi based on probability.
Part 2

(a) Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of
diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR such that the
sum of d1 and d2 is equal to 10 cm.
Complete Table 1 by using various values of d1 and the corresponding values of d2.
Hence, determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR. Using
formula: Arc of semicircle =

Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc

d1 (cm) d2 (cm) PQR in terms PAB in terms BCR in terms
of π (cm) of π (cm) of π (cm)
1 9 5π 1/2π 9/2π
2 8 5π π 4π
3 7 5π 3/2π 7/2π
4 6 5π 2π 3π
5 5 5π 5/2π 5/2π
6 4 5π 3π 2π
7 3 5π 7/2π 3/2π
8 2 5π 4π π
9 1 5π 9/2π 1/2π

The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR is that the length of arc
PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB and BCR, which are we can get the
equation:
(b) Diagram 2 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm .Semicircle PAB, BCD and
DER of diameter d1, d2 and d3 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR such
that the sum of d1, d2 and d3 is equal to 10 cm.

i) Using various values of d1 and d2 and the corresponding values of d3, determine
the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB, BCD and DER. Tabulate your
findings.
 d1 d2 d3 S PQR S PAB S BCD S DER

1 2 7 5π 1/2π π 7/2π
2 2 6 5π π π 3π
2 3 5 5π π 3/2π 5/2π
2 4 4 5π π 2π 2π
2 5 3 5π π 5/2π 3/2π

ii) Based on your findings in (a) and (b), make generalizations about the length of
the arc of the outer semicircle and the lengths of arcs of the inner semicircles for
n inner semicircles where n = 2,3,4….

(c) For different values of diameters of the outer semicircle, show that the
generalizations stated in b (ii) is still true.
d1 d2 d3 d4 S ABC S APQ S QRS S STU S UVC

10 8 6 6 15 π 5π 4π 3π 3π
12 3 5 10 15 π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π
14 8 4 4 15 π 7π 4π 2π 2π

15 5 3 7 15 π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2π

 Part 3

The Mathematics Society is given a task to design a garden to beautify the school
by using the design as shown in Diagram 3. The shaded region will be planted with
flowers and the two inner semicircles are fish ponds.

(a) The area of the flower plot is y m2 and the diameter of one of the fish ponds is x m.
Express y in terms of π and x.
(b) Find the diameters of the two fish ponds if the area of the flower plot is 16.5 m2. (Use
π =22/7)
(c) Reduce the non-linear equation obtained in (a) to simple linear form and hence, plot
a straight line graph. Using the straight line graph, determine the area of the flower
plot if the diameter of one of the fish ponds is 4.5 m.
(d) The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower plot. Use two
methods to determine the area of the flower plot such that the cost of constructing
the garden is minimum.
(e) The principle suggested an additional of 12 semicircle flower beds to the design
submitted by the Mathematics Society as shown in Diagram 4. The sum of the
diameters of the semicircular flower beds is 10 m.

The diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30 cm and the diameter of the flower beds
are increased by a constant value successively. Determine the diameter of the
remaining flower beds.
 Tn (flower bed) Diameter (cm)
T1 30.000
T2 39.697

T3 49.394
T4 59.091
T5 68.788
T6 78.485
T7 88.182
T8 97.879
T9 107.576
T10 117.273
T11 126.970
T12 136.667

CONCLUSION

The name of the Greek letter π is pi, and this spelling is commonly used in

typographical contexts when the Greek letter is not available, or its usage

could be problematic. It is not normally capitalized ( ) even at the beginning of a

sentence. When referring to this constant, the symbol is always pronounced

like "pie" in English, which is the conventional English pronunciation of the

Greek letter. In Greek, the name of this letter is pronounced “pi”.

The constant is named " " because " " is the first letter of the Greek words

περιφέρεια (periphery) and περίμετρος (perimeter), probably referring to its use

 in the formula to find the circumference, or perimeter, of a circle. is

Unicode character U+03C0 ("Greek small letter pi").

In these circumstances, a circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry

consisting of those points in a plane which are the same distance from a given

point called the centre and very important for use a daily life. Pi, is the part of

circle actually.