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English Test 110

Directions for Questions from 1 to 4:

Leslie A. Adelson, whom Andreas Huyssen has accurately called “the leading scholar in the field of ‘Turkish- German literature,’” seeks in her latest
book to redefine those often arbitrarily applied terms “Turkish” and “German.” Adelson adamantly advocates for understanding “Turkish” and
“German” less as historically loaded labels and more as the names of two living cultures that exist essentially inside one another. Although her title
includes the phrase “A New Critical Grammar of Migration,” much of the secondary material, analysis, and primary texts are not so new at all.
Instead, Adelson has based this book on at least three previous journal articles and one conference paper.Readers familiar with Adelson’s previous
articles will find themselves rereading key passages from tho se publications transplanted verbatim into the book manuscript. In addition, they will
find that the chief aims of the articles have much in common with the book’s goals as well. Knowing this research history, one central question
emerged for me as a reviewer: what would motivate readers to devote time to a book that at first glance simply seems to repeat previously-
published material? As I read further, however, more and more valid reasons became clear.

One general answer might be that, although Adelson obviously incorporates previous research, The Turkish Turn just as clearly indicates steady
development and productive expansion of theoretical ideas that address viewing Turkish literature as an inextricable part of German culture. One
more specific answer is that Adelson’s new twist more intently considers “the literature of Turkish migration as part of an evolving national tradition
of Holocaust memory in Germany” . By reorganizing and supplementing old material, the author, in her own words, attempts to broach the “relative
novum in German literature” of the “sustained combination of story lines about Turkish migration and twentieth-century German history” .

In most of her works on Turkish-German literature, Adelson contends in one formulation or another that German and Turkish experiences since
World War II and again since reunification share more similarities than differences . In her 2000 article as well as the present book, she identifies
her central frustration with current German Studies: “Despite the fact that ensuing migrations and births have made Turks the largest minority in
unified Germany, they are rarely seen as intervening meaningfully in the narrative of postwar German history” . As far back as her 1994 publication
“Opposing Oppositions: Turkish-German Questions in Contemporary German Studies,” and as recently as a paper presented in 2004, “Hello
Germany! Toward a New Critical Grammar of Migration,” Adelson has been proposing innovative methods for confronting nonconstructive labels that
have encased Turks and Germans in the language of stereotype.

In her latest study, she reiterates her scholarly interest in overturning ways that other scholars have defined the relationship between Turkish-
German citizens and German society as the dominant culture. To name one example, Adelson demands her readers to reject boldly the prevalent
idea that Turkish literature is “situated in a predictable sense ‘between two worlds’” . According to the author, taking this first step and
subsequently performing the suggested style of reading would allow scholars to produce a more complete picture of the Turkish experience as a
fundamental part of German history. In addition, this enlightened reading highlights ways that Turkish literature “touches” German history as
incontestably as German literature meets German history. As in previous texts, the author again aims to expand the analytical paradigms scholars
have used to study German-Turkish relationships in this century. Expanding current methods of analysis involves, for Adelson, devising
methodological alternatives in order to produce new readings of narratives from authentic Turkish voices, including Aras Ören, Emine Sevgi
Özdamar, Zafir Senoçak, and Feridun Zaimoglu.

In order to study anew previously analyzed works such as Der Hof im Spiegel (2001), Gefährliche
Verwandtschaft (1998), and Kanak Sprak (1995), Adelson broadly splits the study into three thematicallydivided chapters with subdivisions
featuring theoretical and literary analysis. In its own way, each of the divisions skillfully encourages and sustains her far-reaching intention of
“undoing accepted ideas and methods of analysis and dichotomies after the Third Reich” , as well as imparting an undeniable “Turkish inflection of
German memory” . In the first chapter, “Dialogue and Storytelling,” she focuses on the medium of dialog and its corresponding opposite, silence, in
various texts to intimate specific ways that Turks have begun to join the conversation about the German past. By embracing or remaining just
outside dialogs with Germans, Turkish characters in the texts leave ambiguous impressions. On one hand, they have begun finding their own words
for the Nazi past, while on the other, they simultaneously desire and yet do not desire to join these conversations. Focusing on this key issue,
Adelson emphasizes the common ground that Germans and Turks share. In contexts like these, according to Adelson, Germans and Turks produce
“touching tales,” and thereby reveal their overwhelming similarities.

Chapter 2 carries the ambiguous title “Genocide and Taboo,” which once again causes Turkish history and German history to touch. In this chapter,
Adelson contemplates the “crisis of historical consciousness” in the twentieth century, but especially since the 1990s, when the “culture of memory
[underwent] a radical shift” .

Focusing on the novel, Perilous Kinship (2001), Adelson describes how the intertwined worlds at work in the story represent the “entangled tale of
German taboos” . In the spirit of shattering old stereotypes, the second part of the chapter elucidates how, for example, mention of the Holocaust
in Kanak Sprak essentially “defies myths of the lovable oppressed Turk” and rejects images of the silenced, victimized “defiant young Turks”.
Adelson deftly uses these examples to support her claims that the new triangulated formation between Germans, Jews, and Turks “releases
conventional victim/perpetrator labels” . Not limiting the discussion of genocide to the Holocaust, Adelson also presents and analyzes texts that
consider the Turks’ double memory work of dealing with the Armenian genocide as well as the Holocaust in Germany.

Chapter 3, “Capital and Labor,” illuminates the role that economics and labor have played in forming the conventional picture of the Turk in
Germany. Adelson cites theories that make migrant laborers into emblematic subjects of a global economy only to ask readers to challenge such
outdated tropes . In a discussion that spans popular perception of the Turkish Gastarbeiter to popular perception of headscarves as “related to a
gendered critique of violence” , Adelson leaves no stone unturned in her profound consideration of the formation and sustainability of Turkish
stereotypes in Germany in this century. The chapter’s combination of extensive theory and close readings encourages viewing literature and literary
theory at the “crossroads of German national history and Turkish migration” . Adelson’s three all-embracing chapters strongly imply that this
intersection marks the point of a major, yet ignored or underestimated, national German transformation.

1. According to Adelson, Germans and Turks are similar because

j Both leave ambiguous impressions while talking about the past.

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j Turks have begun to join German conversations.
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j Germans have started accommodating Turks in their dialogues.
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j Both carry similar poignant impressions about the past.
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 j The words used by both are similar in various contexts
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i Skip this question
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2. The closest meanings of the words-novum and trope-as used in the passage are

j New and outdated

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j New and metaphor
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j Game and Figure of speech
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j Cult and metaphor
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j Trend and Figure of speech
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i Skip this question
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3. The primary purpose of Adelson is to

j Refute the domination of German culture.

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j To refute the idea that Turkish literature and German literature are disjoint.
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j To prove that significant overlaps exist between Turkish and German culture.
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j To prove that Turks have played a significant role in German history.
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j To prove that the use of stereotypes-Turkish and German- should be examined.
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i Skip this question
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4. Adelson does not

j Advocate understanding “Turkish” and “German” as historically loaded labels.

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j Propose innovative methods for confronting non-constructive stereotypical labels.
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j Incorporate previous research in the Turkish Turn.
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j Reorganize and supplement old material in the Turkish Turn.
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j View turks as intervening meaningfully in post war German History.
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i Skip this question
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Directions for Questions from 5 to 7:

The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a letter. Choose the
most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.

5. A. The service of the Church accordingly, and the translation of the Bible which was read in churches, were both in that corrupted Latin which was
the common language of the country.

B. When Christianity was first established by law, a corrupt form of Latin had become the common language of all the western parts of Europe.

C. Two different languages were thus established in Europe: a language of the priests and a language of the people.

D. However, although Latin was no longer understood anywhere by the great body of the people, Church services still continued to be performed
in that language.

j BACD
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j BADC
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j ABCD
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j ABDC
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j BCDA
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i Skip this question
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6. A. Lottery officials suspected a scam until they traced the sequence to a fortune printed with the digits “22-28-32-33-39-40” and Donald Lau’s
prediction: “All the preparation you’ve done will finally be paying off.”

B. As a vice-president at Wonton Food, Inc., in Long Island City, Donald Lau manages the company’s accounts payable and receivable, negotiates
with insurers, and, somewhat incidentally, composes the fortunes that go inside the fortune cookies, of which Wonton is the world’s largest
manufacturer.

C. Each day, Wonton’s factory churns out four million Golden Bowl-brand cookies, which are sold to several hundred vendors, who, in turn, sell
them to most of the forty thousand Chinese restaurants across the country.

D. Wonton’s primacy in the industry and, for that matter, in the gambler’s imagination is such that when, in March, five of six lucky numbers printed
 on a fortune happened to coincide with the winning picks for the Power ball lottery, a hundred and ten people, instead of the usual handful,came
forward to claim prizes of around a hundred thousand dollars.

j CBAD
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j CBDA
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j ADCB
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j DCAB
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j DBAC
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i Skip this question
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7. A. It tells the story of the campaign to repeal the estate tax (what we would call inheritance tax) in the United States, which culminated in the
inclusion of the measure in George Bush’s massive taxcutting legislation of 2001.
B. Politics of another country’s tax system is unlikely to be of much interest to anyone with any sort of normal life.
C. Listening to the ins and outs of other people’s fiscal battles can be like listening to other people’s dreams: interminable and almost completely
unreal.
D. Death by a Thousand Cuts is something different.

j BADC
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j BCDA
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j CBAD
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j CABD
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j BACD
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i Skip this question
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Each statement has a part missing. Choose the best option from the four options given below the statement to make up the missing part. ;
8.
Archaeologists believe that the pieces of red-ware pottery excavated recently near Bhavnagar and _____________shed light on a hitherto
dark 600-year period in the Harappan history of Gujarat.

j estimated with a reasonable certainty as being about 3400 years old,

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j are estimated reasonably certain to be about 3400 years old
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j estimated at about 3400 years old with reasonable certainty,
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j estimated with reasonable certainty to be about 3400 years old,
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j None of these
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i Skip this question
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9. Identify the incorrect sentence or sentences.

A. It was a tough situation and Manasi was taking pains to make it better.

B. Slowly her efforts gave fruit and things started improving.

C. Everyone complemented her for her good work.

D. She was very happy and thanked everyone for their help.

j A
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j D
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j B and C
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j A and C
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j B and C
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i Skip this question
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10. Identify the incorrect sentence or sentences.

A. Last Sunday, Archana had nothing to do.

B. After waking up, she lay on the bed thinking of what to do.

C. At 11o'clock she took shower and got ready.

D. She spent most of the day shopping.

j B and C
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j C
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j A and B
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j B,C and D
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j A, B and C
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i Skip this question
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