Mdg9ad152en Harmocem TP en Ie03

HarmoCem Study of electrical network disturbances
Exercise book
HarmoCem Study of electrical network disturbances

Exercise book
FOREWORD
All the examples given in this manual are for teaching purposes and as such may not be completely representative of reality. Consequently on no account must they be used, even partially, for industrial applications or act as a model for such applications. The presentation, operating and utilisation features of the products described in this manual may be changed at any time. On no account can their description be considered binding. The Institut Schneider Formation will favourably consider all requests for the re-use, for teaching purposes, of graphs or applications contained in this manual. CITEF SAS. All reproduction of this document is strictly forbidden without the express prior consent of the Institut Schneider Formation.
Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03
HarmoCem
Important instructions
The electrical network disturbance study bench, assisted by this manual, is designed to highlight "low frequency" disturbances, harmonics and "high frequencies", relating to electromagnetic compatibility. For this it displays and measures harmonic phenomena and electromagnetic disturbances. This bench is also used to implement solutions to reduce or eliminate these phenomena or disturbances. This bench has been certied. It is designed and produced in compliance with standards and principles for safety of people and equipment. However, as it is supplied by a 230 V AC three-phase network, its operation requires a minimum number of precautions to eliminate all risk of accident relating to use of live equipment. The lab exercises must therefore be supervised by a teacher or an authorised person trained in using equipment with power on Carefully study all the documentation on the bench and store it in a safe place. Thoroughly follow the warnings and instructions given both in the documentation and on the actual bench. For putting into operation of the bench and its environmental conditions, comply with the instructions given in the Technical Manual. Symbols used:
!
Caution Earth Terminal On Off
Content
Page
1 Introduction
1.1 Disturbances generated by harmonics 1.2 EMC: general information 1.3 Teaching skills and strategy
2 Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

2.1 Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads 2.2 Harmonics: summarising course 2.3 Harmonic evaluation: multiple choice questionnaire 2.4 Exercise: Study of harmonic disturbances on distribution (lighting) 2.5 Exercise 2: Study of solutions
15
2.6 Exercise 3: "Harmonics and reactive energy correction" study 2.7 Exercise 4: Influence of source impedance on the voltage distortion factor
3 Lesson and exercises EMC

3.1 "EMC" course 3.2 Exercise 1: Measuring radiation of a cable at the speed controller output
155
3.3 Exercise 2: Measuring radiation of a cable on a cathode ray tube display 3.4 Exercise 3: Measuring efficiency of a EMC cabinet on the radiated field 3.5 Exercise 4: Measuring High Frequency conducted emission re-injected on the network 3.6 Exercise 5: Correlation between measurement on site and in a laboratory
HarmoCem
1Introduction
1
Chapitre
Introduction
Title 1.1 1.2 1.3 Disturbances generated by harmonics EMC: general information Teaching skills and strategy
page 6 8 10
HarmoCem
1.1
Disturbances generated by harmonics
The harmonic voltage and currents superimposed on the fundamental wave combine their effects on the devices and equipment used. The effects of these harmonic magnitudes vary according to the loads in question: either instantaneous effects, or long-term effects due to temperature rises.
Instantaneous effects
On electronic systems, harmonic voltages may disturb the regulation devices. They can affect "low current" equipment and connections. Induction energy meters exhibit additional errors in the presence of harmonics: for example a class 2 meter will give an additional error of 0.3% with a 5th order total harmonic distortion of 5% on current and voltage. The centralised remote control loads with musical frequency used by energy utilities can be disturbed by harmonic voltages of a frequency close to that used by the system. We shall also mention other causes of disturbance of these relays relating to network harmonic impedances. Vibrations, noise Due to electrodynamic stresses proportional to the instantaneous currents present, harmonic currents will generate vibrations and acoustic noises, particularly in electromagnetic devices (transformers, inductances). Pulsating mechanical torques, due to harmonic rotating elds, will generate vibrations in rotating machines. Disturbances induced on low current lines (telephone, control and monitoring) Disturbances occur when a low current line is routed alongside an electrical distribution trunking with distorted currents and voltages. Parameters such as length of parallel routing, distance between the two circuits, harmonic frequency (coupling increases with frequency) must be taken into account.
Introduction
Long-term effects
Besides the mechanical fatigue of materials due to vibrations, the long-term effect is temperature rise. Capacitor temperature rise Losses, the cause of temperature rise, are due to two phenomena: conduction and hysteresis in the dielectric. As a rst approximation, they are proportional to the square of the applied voltage, and to frequency for hysteresis. Capacitors are thus sensitive to overloads, whether they are due to an excessively high fundamental voltage or to the presence of harmonic currents. These temperature rises may lead to breakdown. Temperature rise due to additional losses of machines and transformers Additional losses in the machines, in their stator (copper and iron) and mainly in their rotor circuits (cages, dampers, magnetic circuits) due to large speed differences between the harmonic inductor rotating elds and the rotor. Additional losses of transformers due to the skin effect (increased copper resistance with frequency), hysteresis and eddy currents (in the magnetic circuit). Temperature rise of cables and equipment Losses of cables, through which harmonic currents ow, increase, resulting in temperature rise. Some of the causes of additional losses are: increase in apparent resistance of the core with frequency: phenomenon due to the skin effect., increase of dielectric losses in the insulator with frequency, if the cable is subjected to non negligible voltage distortion, phenomena of proximity, ducts, screens earthed at both ends, etc.
Note:
These effects are dealt with by standard IEC 287. Generally speaking all the equipment (electrical switchboards) subjected to voltages or through which harmonic currents ow, have increased losses and must be derated if necessary.
HarmoCem
1.2
EMC: general information
Denition of electromagnetic compatibility Electromagnetic compatibility - EMC: Ability of a device or system to operate in an environment in a satisfactory manner without producing any intolerable electromagnetic disturbances for all the elements found in this environment. Relationship with an environment Polluters Relays peripherals Motor TV, radio Lightning network Walkie talkie measurement Why electromagnetic compatibility? Guarantee quality and proper operation of installations and electrical and electronic equipment. Changes in technology. Everyone is concerned. Standard aspects. Financial aspects. Electronics in a disturbed environment Main sources of natural origin. atmospheric, galactic, solar, terrestrial thermal noise. Main sources of articial origin. intentional transmitters: - radioelectric transmitters, walkie-talkie, television, radars, microwave ovens. unintentional transmitters. - electrical traction, IC engine ignition systems, electric motors, computers, contactors, circuit-breakers, power electronics (switch mode power supply), electrodomestic devices, uorescent tubes, supply systems (HV, LV). electrostatic discharges. Polluted
Introduction
... as well as introduction of numerical electronics, increasing sensitivity of components, coexistence of strong and weak currents.
HarmoCem
1.3
Teaching skills and strategy
A - The technician's skills in this area

The increasing use of electrical devices using semi-conductors, both in industrial installations and for electrodomestic requirements, is responsible for harmonic and electromagnetic disturbances in electrical installations and distribution and transmission networks alike. The requirements of industrial and tertiary customers concerning electrical current quality are increasingly demanding. Technical reasons (development of automated systems and information technology) are now completed by the needs generated by quality approaches, the search for the zero fault, which require users to perfectly master the operation of their equipment. Elimination of harmonic and electromagnetic disturbances has become one of the main concerns of electrical power operating managers in plants. For this purpose, in the presence of an automated system, with technical documentation and diagrams provided, an electrical technician must be able to: H0 : Identify applicable LF and HF standards, EC marking as well as their scope; H1: Know and be able to implement cabling and installation rules to ensure the coexistence of the various currents (strong and weak); H2: Choose and Apply a protection strategy according to manufacturer data (assembly and solutions); H3: Identify, on an installation, the disturbance propagation media (strong and weak currents); H4: Identify the various polluters and victims of the installation; H5: Propose a site investigation and measurement protocol, faced with an installation; H6:Determine, according to predened criteria, the protection strategy used on the installation. Calculate and Justify this strategy.
10
Introduction
B - Harmonics/EMC teaching strategy

H0 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Information, understanding the subject ... Expression, mastering know-how Knowledge H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Understanding
Mastering a tool, a know- Application how Methodological mastery of an approach Analysis Summary Evaluation
Level 4
Study of lighting loads Standards and regulations Harmonics Distribution: effect on components Solution studies Harmonics and cos capa. Source impedance E.M.C.
Exercise no. 1 Lesson Exercise Exercise no. 2 Exercise no. 3 Exercise no. 4 Lesson 1
Standards and directives Lesson 2 Couplings Cabling rules and earthing systems EMC Cable radiation Influence of cable radiation Influence of cable radiation Measuring conducted emission Site/Laboratory correlation Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Exercise no. 1 Exercise no. 2 Exercise no. 3 Exercise no. 4 Exercise no. 5
11
HarmoCem
C - Development of the Harmonics teaching strategy
Inductive approach Learning Hands-on exercise no. 1 Study of lighting loads - Defining the vocabulary - Main parameter definitions H4,H5 This strategy is used to stimulate the trainee's interest on problems of disturbance by highlighting phenomena through a lab exercise, then by describing the standard, an activity that is more complex but essential, by means of a summarising lesson. The teacher will then work on transfer and completion of knowledge on industrial machines.
Evaluation on training during the exercises
NO Good results List results YES
Prepare a new training contract
Lesson no.1 - Standards and regulations - Difference between a power factor and cos - Study of a polluting load H0,H1
Validation
Concise evaluation MCQ
NO Good results List the results
YES
Extra lessons
Transfer and completion of knowledge Exercise no. 1 Study of harmonic disturbances on distribution: effects on components - Influence on continuity of supply - Choice of protection switchgear - Choice of trunking Technological addition - Industrial cables - Cable cross-section Hands-on exercise no. 2 Study of filtering solutions - Highlighting of harmonic disturbances and relationship with the standard - Implementation of solutions and analysis of effects - Technical and economic analysis Hands-on exercise no. 3 Study of the influence of harmonics on reactive power correction capacitors - Study of the reactive power corrector - Highlighting of resonance phenomena, calculation - Installation of an anti-resonance reactor - Theoretical reminder of anti-resonance H0, H3, H4, H5, H6 Hands-on exercise no. 4 Influence of source impedance on TDHu - Importance of the load power / source power ratio
H0, H3, H6
H0, H2, H4, H5, H6
H0, H2, H5
12
Introduction
D - Development of EMC teaching strategy
Learning
"EMC" lesson A - EMC: theoretical definitions and reminders B - Standards, directives and markings C - Couplings: transmission of disturbances D - Cabling rules and earthing systems H0, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6
Inductive approach This strategy presents the EMC standards and directives as well as cabling rules in the form of a lesson sufficiently "evocative" to ensure trainee interest. The teacher will then check phenomena and solutions by means of lab exercises.
Validation Concise evaluation: MCQ
NO Good results
Additional lessons
YES
Transfer and completion of knowledge Hands-on exercise no. 1 Measuring radiation of a cable leaving the variable speed drive - Highlighting the efficiency of a shielded cable H1, H2, H4, H5 Hands-on exercise no. 2 Measuring radiation of a cable on a cathode screen Hands-on exercise no. 3 Measuring efficiency of an EMC cubicle on the radiated field - Highlighting the efficiency of a shielded cubicle H2, H5 Hands-on exercise no. 4 Measuring HF conducted emission re-injected on the network - Implementation and advantage of an EMC filter H0, H1, H4, H5 Hands-on exercise no. 5 Establishing the correlation between current measurement on site and voltage measurement in the laboratory
- Highlighting the advantage of grouping the conductors H1, H2, H5
H0, H5
13
HarmoCem
14
2Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"
2
Chapitre
Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"
Title 2.1 2.2 2.3 Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads Harmonics: summarising course Harmonic evaluation: multiple choice questionnaire Exercise: Study of harmonic disturbances on distribution (lighting) Exercise 2: Study of solutions Exercise 3: "Harmonics and reactive energy correction" study Exercise 4: Influence of source impedance on the voltage distortion factor
page 17 47 58
2.4
59
2.5 2.6
69 129
2.7
145
15
HarmoCem
16
2.1
Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads
St udy of harmonic phenomena

Place of System test laboratory activity Learning
Exercise Safety conditions The teacher must clearly explain the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: All measurement points are accessible on the side of the cubicle by safety terminals. The measurement instruments must be connected solely using safety cords. Equipment and documents used The system "EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbance study bench", The system technical le, A harmonic analyser. Prerequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard
Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the operative part supply cable to the main cubicle. Use safety cords to connect the harmonic analyser to the terminals U1, used to measure mains voltage. Replace one of the jumper links l1 (phase or neutral) by the "10turn" cord supplied to install the clamp Tl of the harmonic analyser and measure network current. Use selector switches C1 to C4 corresponding to the various lighting loads.
Purpose of the Acquire the main vocabulary, notions and denitions relating to exercise the study of harmonic phenomena via the lighting load study. H4 : Identify the various polluters and victims of the installation. H5 : Propose a site investigation and measurement protocol.
Abrviations dcran
17
HarmoCem
Display
+ 0 -
Name and description Phase angle (in degrees) RMS current value (including the DC component) Peak current (1/2 of peak-peak value) Current in DC RMS current of harmonics For a current-oscillogram, A HM expresses the total harmonics current. Current leads Volts Evidence of a capacitive reactance in the system: the currentoscillogram leads the voltage-oscillogram Volts lead current Evidence of an inductive reactance in the system: the currentoscillogram appears after the voltage-oscillogram. Crest factor Ratio between peak values and RMS values. Peak voltage (1/2 of peak-peak value) Volts in DC RMS voltage of harmonics For a voltage-oscillogram, V HM expresses the total harmonics voltage. Volts-amperes or kilovolts-amperes Apparent Power - Value calculated by multiplying the RMS current by the RMS voltage Reactive volts-amperes or kilovolts-amperes The reactive power, component of the fundamental frequency. Active power Average dissipated power (or true power) Displacement Power Factor Ratio between the active power (W) and the apparent power (VA RMS) at the fundamental frequency. Equivalent to cos . Frequency in Hertz K-Factor model 4 Transformation ratio for calculation of harmonic tolerance Power Factor Ratio between the active power and the apparent power (including the harmonics). Total Harmonics Distortion (in % of the fundamental) Denes the harmonics distortion level in % of the fundamental frequency oscillogram. Total Harmonics Distortion (in % of the total RMS power). Denes the harmonics distortion level in % of the oscillogram RMS values at all frequencies (fundamental and harmonics). RMS voltage (including the DC component)
A RMS A PK A DC A HM
A LEAD
A LAG
CF V PK V DC V HM
VA, KVA
VAR, KVAR W, KW DPF
HZ KF PF
% THD-F
% THD-R
V RMS
18
Study of harmonic phenomena
Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads A - Reading on a full load dimmer
1/28
The basics
Notion of linear load, of distortion factor DF and of the pollution THD, Notion of root mean square (rms) values, Notion of power factor PF, phase shift cos and crest factor.
Measurement
Safely measure, using a harmonics analyser, the parameters for supplying electrical power to the enclosure at the measurement points U1 l1. The analyser offers us a large number of measurements. We shall only treat the following values: - THD for voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDFund), - Root mean square current (IRMS), - H1 for the fundamental, - the Power Factor (PF), - the Cos (DPF), - the crest factor (CF), - the active power (KW), - the apparent power (KVA). - as well as the graphs for voltage, current, power and their harmonic spectrum.
19
HarmoCem
2/28
Harmonic Number Measurement in "mains voltage" U1. We note that mains voltage is nearly perfect. It has a sinusoidal shape. Its spectrum is limited to the fundamental.
20
3/28
Measurement in l1 with 10-turn cord. Load: halogen dimmer at full load 100W halogen lamp. Note that the current drawn up by this load is practically perfect. It has a sinusoidal shape. Its spectrum is limited to the fundamental
21
HarmoCem
4/28
Measurement in U1I1 load: "dimmer on full load". Use of the 10-turn cord. The cos and PF values are used to dene that the load is resistive There is a ratio of 2 between rms and maximum values Full load dimming constitutes a non-polluting linear load.
22
5/28
Measurement in U1I1. Load: halogen dimmer on full load. 100W halogen lamp As load is resistive, power is always positive, U/l in phase Fundamental power only
23
HarmoCem
6/28
Using the readings
1 - Place the "max" values on the voltage and current lines and plot the rms values. Notion of CF crest factors According to the denition given by the IEC, it is the ratio of the peak value over the rms value of a periodic magnitude. CF =Ypeak/Yrms 2 - What do we call the shape of voltage and current? What is the crest factor? Does it resemble a known value? Sinusoidal shape, the crest factor is 1.41 in current, i.e. 2 . Notion of PF power factors and phase shift factor. According to the IEC, the power factor is the ratio of active power P over apparent power S: PF = P / S This power factor must not be confused with the phase shift factor cos which represents the cosine of the angle between the fundamental components (frequency sinusoidals f) of voltage and current. 3 - Is there a difference between the Power Factor and the cos for this load? PF = 1 ; cos = 1 There is no difference between the power factor and the phase shift factor. What is the type of load (capacitive, resistive, inductive)? The graph lines are characteristic of a resistive load. Notion of DF distortion factor According to the IEC standard, it is used to dene the link between the power factor PF and the cos : DF = PF / cos The DF expresses the distortion of the signal with respect to the sine wave. It gives an image of the harmonic content. 4 - What is the distortion factor of this load? DF = 1 This load is not distorted. It requires a sinusoidal current.
Y peak
24
7/28
Notion of a linear load

U
A load is said to be linear if the current it draws up is sinusoidal when it is supplied by a sinusoidal voltage.
C/H_I07
A load is said to be non-linear if the current it draws up is not sinusoidal when it is supplied by a sinusoidal voltage.
I U
C/H_I08
5 - Is this incandescent lamp a linear load? The full load dimmer is a linear load. Notion of pollution THD stands for the distortion as a % of the voltage or current pulse. It indicates installation pollution. 6 - Assess the THDu and THDi values. Is this incandescent lamp a polluting load? THDu = 2.9%; THDi = 2.9% These pollution levels are low, this load is not polluting. These values express the quality of the supply network. 7 - Compare the IRMS and IH1 values. IRMS = 0,454A ; IH1 = 0,454A The values are equal.
25
HarmoCem
8/28
B - Readings on the uo compact lamp or the electronic ballast lamp

The new essential tools Notion of a non-linear load: A load is said to be non-linear if the current it draws up is not sinusoidal when it is supplied by a sinusoidal voltage. Introduction of the decomposition of a "Fourrier" pulse, of spectrum, total harmonic distortion, cos and distortion factor. Establish the link between the current distortion generated by the load, converted by the source impedance into voltage distortion. Measurements Using the load enclosure: Safely measure, using a harmonics analyser, the parameters for supplying electrical power to the enclosure at the measurement points U1 l1. - THD for voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDFund), - root mean square current (IRMS), - H1 for the fundamental, - the Power Factor (PF), - the Cos (DPF), - the crest factor (CF), - the active power (KW), - the apparent power (KVA). - As well as the graphs for voltage, current, power and their harmonic spectrum.
26
9/28
Measurement in l1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: 23W electronic ballast lamp. Note that the current drawn-up is of the impulse type and far removed from a sinusoidal. Its associated spectrum is thus very rich.
27
HarmoCem
10/28
Measurement in U1I1, load: 23W electronic ballast lamp Note that the cos and PF values are very different and that the current crest factor is far greater than 2 . The current total harmonic distortion is very important and is a good expression of the impulse shape of the current. The voltage total harmonic distortion is not deteriorated. The load power/mains power ratio is far too low to make it change. The electronic ballast lamp is a polluting non-linear load.
28
11/28
Measurement in U1I1, load: 23W electronic ballast lamp. Despite a rich current spectrum, the power spectrum is limited to the fundamental just as for voltage, as voltage is sinusoidal and thus only the fundamental power is maintained.
29
HarmoCem
12/28
1 - Is current always sinusoidal? Comment on the changes in PF, Cos and DF. Current is no longer sinusoidal, but remains periodic and has an impulse shape Full load dimmer FP cos FD 1 1 1 Fluo compact 0.48 0.86 0.56
- PF cos - DF expresses a very distorted pulse. 2 - Is this uo compact lamp a linear load? This load is not linear, current is not sinusoidal Note To study non-sinusoidal currents, a reminder must be given of electrical magnitudes in the presence of harmonics. Harmonic decomposition of a periodic function
fondamental
Y1
distored wave
harmonic
Fourier's theorem indicates that all non-sinusoidal periodic functions can be represented in the form of a sum of terms (series) made up of: A sinusoidal term at the fundamental frequency Y1 (fundamental), Sinusoidal terms whose frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental Yn (harmonics), Possibly a continuous component The formula corresponding to harmonic decomposition of a periodic function is as follows:
n=
y (t )= Y 0 +
n= 1
Yn 2 sin ( n t n )
- Yo : value of the continuous component, - Y1 : rms value of the fundamental , - Yn : rms value of the nth harmonic, - : pulsation of fundamental frequency, n : phase shift of the harmonic component at t = 0.
30

Rms value of a non -sinusoidal alternating magnitude.
13/28
The rms value of the distorted magnitude conditions temperature rises. Thus harmonic magnitudes are normally expressed in rms values. For a sinusoidal magnitude, the rms value is the maximum value divided by a root of two. For a distorted magnitude in steady state conditions, the energy lost by the JOULE effect is the sum of the energies lost by each of the harmonic currents, i.e. application of the general formula Y rms = 1 T 2 -- y ( t ) dt T 0
n=
Gives with the harmonic representation:
Y rms =
n=1
Yn
"Individual harmonic distortion" and spectrum: gives a measurement of the importance of each harmonic with respect to the fundamental. Individual harmonic distortion is the ratio of the rms value of the amplitude of the nth harmonic with that of the fundamental. This enables the harmonic "spectrum" of the pulse to be dened as a bargraph whose amplitude is often given in relation to that of the fundamental.
3 - Compare the I RMS and IH1 values. IRMS = 0.185A ; IH1 = 0.099A. These values are no longer equal 4 - Compare the richness of the current spectra of the full load dimmer and the uo compact lamp? The spectrum of the uo compact lamp is far richer. 5 - How to calculate lrms with knowledge of the current Harmonic spectrum? 2 2 2 IH 1 + IH 2 + IHn = 0, 185A
I rms =
31
HarmoCem
14/28
6 - Calculate the active power drawn up by the uo compact lamp. P = Urms.Irms.FP = UH1.IH1.cos = 20W 7 - Comment on the shape of the power spectrum. Active power is the sum of active powers due to voltages and currents of the same order. In our case, despite a very rich current spectrum, active power only transits via the fundamental. This is accounted for by the voltage which is sinusoidal, thus only made up of the fundamental. P = UH1.IH1.cos1 + UH2.IH2.cos2 + + UHn.IHn.cosn where UH2 = 0 UHn = 0. Notion of Total Harmonic Distortion This gives a measurement of the thermal inuence of all harmonics: it is the ratio of the rms value of the harmonics over that of the rms value of the fundamental only or of the magnitude measured.
Total Harmonic Distortion (as per denition given by the IEC dictionary) This parameter, also called harmonic distortion or distortion factor, is the ratio of the rms value of the harmonics (n 2) over that of the rms value of the fundamental Y1. THD% = 100
n= 2
Yn
8 - What do the values of THDFund represent for this load? THDu = 2.4%, voltage is not distorted. THDi = 156.3%, current is very distorted. The uo compact lamp imposing this current is thus a polluting load.
32
Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads C - Reading for all the loads
15/28
Comparative study of the various loads Measurement
Notion of power at stake Using the load enclosure : Safely measure, using a harmonic analyser, the parameters for supplying electrical power to the enclosure at the measurement points U1 l1. - THD for voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THD Fund), - Root mean square current (IRMS),H1 for the fundamental, - The Power Factor (PF), - The Cos (DPF), - The crest factor (CF), - The active power (KW), - The apparent power (KVA). - As well as the graphs for voltage, current, power and their harmonic spectrum. 1 - Complete the following representation as well as the summarising table.
Main cubicle
U1
ergsj hdfk iergsjj
I1
Full load dimmer Light dimmer
Induction lamp
Variable speed drive M
Switch mode power supply
Fluo Asynchronous
THD (i) 130 %
THD (i) THD (i) THD (i)

2,9% 169%
(unloaded)
Half-load THD (i)

75,3%
THD (i)
Magnetic ballast 9,9%
120 % THD (i)

(loaded)
All loads TDH (i)
36%
THD (i)
Electronic ballast 156,3%
108 %
33
HarmoCem
16/28
TDHu(%) TDHi(%) Ieff(A) 100W full load dimmer 9W magnetic ballast lamp 23W electronic ballast lamp L23W induction lamp 50W half-load lamp All loads (half-load dimmer) 2.6 169 75.3 36.1 0.175 0.387 0.91 2.9 9.9 156.3 0.454 0.174 0.185
IH1(A) IH3(A) FP 0.453 0.173 0.099 0.088 0.277 0.854 0 0.16 0.083 0.073 0.174 0.089 1 0.37 0.48 0.45 0.65 0.88
Cos FC 1 0.36 0.86 0.86 0.81 0.93 1.4 1.56 4.12 4.35 2.39 1.93
S(VA) P(W) 100 40 42 40 79 210 100 15 20 18 51 180
2 - Analysing the readings (see comments on the readings already made) We note a marked distortion of currents on the electronic ballast lamp and induction lamp loads, which gives, according to Fourrier's theorem, a very large, harmonic-rich spectrum and thus a high THDi and a low power factor PF. These loads are very polluting but their low power means that they do not disturb our installation. A word of warning: although low power, these devices installed in large numbers and operating at the same time, have very serious consequences on harmonics of orders 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13 appearing on the network. Dimmers are identied polluters as powers are normally around 0.5 to 1 kW. Although the THDi of a dimmer is less than the THDi of an electronic ballast lamp, what matters is the amplitude of the harmonic currents. The "all loads" readings highlight the fact that THDi is 36% and PF 0.88. This shows that the THDi of the various polluters do not add up algebraically. In fact the value obtained is even far lower than each of the three polluters taken individually. Why is this? The loads are parallel-connected by cables of different lengths and all have different types of spectra: addition of harmonic lines is not an algebraic but a vector sum.
34
17/28
Measurement in l1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: 23W induction lamp. Very rich spectrum.
35
HarmoCem
18/28
Measurement in l1 with a 10-turn cord Load: 23W induction lamp Very rich spectrum.
36
19/28
Measurement in U1I1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: induction lamp.
37
HarmoCem
20/28
Measurement in l1 with a 10-turn cord Load: 9W magnetic ballast lamp Current is highly phase-shifted with respect to voltage, but its shape remains close to a sine wave. Its spectrum is thus very poor.
38
21/28
Measurement in U1I1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: 9W magnetic ballast lamp. The various values show that this load is linear and not polluting.
39
HarmoCem
22/28
Measurement in U1I1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: 9W magnetic ballast lamp. As U and I are phase-shifted, an alternating power appears.
40
23/28
Measurement in l1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: halogen dimmer on half-load. 100W halogen lamp. This well known shape is removed from the sine wave, hence a rich harmonic spectrum.
41
HarmoCem
24/28
Measurement in U1I1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: dimmer on half-load. The current total harmonic distortion is markedly less than for an electronic ballast load, but the difference in power involved, 100W/ 23W, means that it produces higher values of IH. In our particular case, it is the most polluting load.
42
25/28
Measurement in U1I1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: dimmer on half-load.
43
HarmoCem
26/28
Measurement in l1 with a 10-turn cord. Load: all lamps with halogen dimmer on half-load.
44
27/28
U1I1 all loads.
45
HarmoCem
28/28
U1I1 all loads.
46
2.2
Harmonics: summarising course
This course on Harmonics includes: Standards and regulations A theoretical electrotechnical reminder Study of a non-linear load (switch-mode power supply)
47
HarmoCem

Standards and regulations
1/7
Aim
Know the current state of standards, evolution, trends and consensus. Electromagnetic disturbances: All electromagnetic phenomena likely to create malfunctioning of a device or a system are considered to be electromagnetic disturbances. Electromagnetic compatibility Aptitude of a device or system to operate in an environment in a sataisfactory manner, and without generating electromagnetic disturbances that cannot be tolerated by the components of this environment. Immunity Aptitude of a device or system to operate correctly in the presence of an electromagnetic disturbance.
Denitions
Various levels of disturbance
Level of disturbance
Levels of susceptibility Level of disturbance as from which there is malfunctioning of an equipment item or a system. Level of immunity: c Standardised level of a disturbance supported by an equipment item or a system. Level of electromagnetic compatibility: a Maximum specied level of disturbances that can be expected in a given environment, in normal situation. Level of emission: b
immunity margin
Maximum level authorised for a user or for a device.
The various levels of disturbance will be dealt with in what follows, from letter a to c.
48
Study of harmonic phenomena Standard coexistence

2/7
Production Distribution (energy provider)
Consumption Consumers
Zl
Zs
Zc
Zc
Interaction
Interaction
R
C/H_I16
Develops and transmits voltage distortion. Network enhancement.
Generates current distortion. Load enhancement.
Compromise
C/H_I17
49
HarmoCem

3/7
a Levels of compatibility (supply voltage quality)
Public networks Electrical table IEC 61000-2-2 n = harmonic number n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 TDHu LV/MV (%) 2 5 1 6 0.5 5 0.5 1.5 0.5 3.5 0.2 3 8% HV (%) 1.5 2 1 2 0.5 2 0.2 1 0.2 1.5 0.2 1.5 3%
Industrial installations Table IEC 61000-2-4 n class 1(%) sensitive devices 2 3 1 3 0,5 3 0,5 1,5 0,5 3 0,2 3 5% class 2(%) averagely sensitive devices 2 5 1 6 0,5 5 0,5 1,5 0,5 3,5 0,2 3 8% class 3(%) high power devices 3 6 1,5 8 1 7 1 2,5 1 5 1 4,5 10 %
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 TDHu
50

Standards and regulations On LV switchgear connected to the public network 1 - Consuming less than 16 A per phase:
4/7
b Emission level
IEC 61000-3-2 imposes limits on devices according to their classication (date of application 2001). - class A: balanced three-phase devices and all other devices except for the following classes. Limit for domestic device 75W to 16A (per device). Limit for professional device 75W to 1kW (per device). The lower limit of 75W will be brought to 50W in 2000. - class B: hand-held tools. - class C: lighting devices including dimmers. - class D: devices P < 600W, with a special shaped current, of the following gauge example: switch mode power supply (TV, micro-computer) current shape of a switched-mode power supply I /3 /3 /3
0.35 0 0 t
/2
51
HarmoCem

5/7
IEC 61000-3-2: limits by class - Class A: Harmonic number n 3 5 Odd harmonics 7 9 11 13 15 n 39 2 Even harmonics 4 6 8 n 40 - Class B: limits for class B are equal to limits of class A x 1.5. - Class C: Harmonic number n 2 3 5 7 9 11n39 (odd harmonics only) is the power factor. Acceptable maximum harmonic current (in amperes) 2 30.= 18% of IH1 10 7 5 3 0.23 x 8/n Acceptable maximum harmonic current (in amperes) 2.3 1.14 0.77 0.4 0.33 0.24 0.15 x 15/n
52

6/7
- Class D: Number of harmonic n 2 3 5 7 9 11n39 (odd harmonics only) Maximum current authorised by Maximum harmonic current Watt (mA/W) authorised in amperes (A) 3.4 1.9 1 0.5 0.35 3.85 / n 2.3 1.14 0.77 0.4 0.3 see table class A
is the power factor. 2 - Consuming more than 16A per phase: No standard at present, but guide IEC 1300-3-4 is currently being prepared.
In "green" rate EDF is extending its new green "EMERAUDE" contracts. EDF commits to:
Limit of injected harmonic currents
- a standard number of brief and long breakings, Number Odd 3 4 >4 5 7 9 11 13 > 13 - 2 breakings for work less than 4 h, Hn (%) 2 4 1 0.5 5 5 2 3 3 2 - voltage uctuations < or = than 5 %. - an unbalance level of 2 %. The user commits to generated disturbances of the type: - sudden voltage uctuation 5 %, - unbalance 1 % (load > 500 kVA), - ickers as per IEC 61000-2-2, - injected harmonic current.
Even 2
53
HarmoCem

7/7
c Immunity: acceptable TDHu level
Immunity levels: no ofcial standard today, but projects: 77A (sec) 99 immunity in LV installations. It is set to 12% for sensitive devices and to 16% for non-sensitive devices.
54

A theoretical electrotechnical reminder
1/2
Difference between power factor and cos :
Power factor FP and displacement factor. According to IEC, the power factor is the ratio of active power P over apparent power S: FP = P / S FP allows for harmonics.
This power factor must not be confused with the displacement factor cos that represents the cosine of the angle between the fundamental components (f frequency sinusoidals) of voltage and current. cos 1 = P1/S1 It does not allow for harmonics.
We start from the hypothesis that voltage is sinusoidal (TDHu < 8 %, no voltage distortion) and we can write the following equation:
I1 FP = cos 1 --------------IRMS I1 --------------- = FD =distortion factor IRMS
Presentation of the various loads and solutions:
Resistive load: Cos = FP = 1 Study of the solution? None as no phase displacement and no harmonics.
C/H_I07
U I
C/H_I09
Inductive load (motor): Cos = FP < 1 There is phase displacement but no harmonics are generated. Study of the solution? The solution is use of capacitors intended to enhance the Cos .
55
HarmoCem

A theoretical electrotechnical reminder
2/2
Voltage rectier example: speed controller, switch mode power supply
I U
C/H_I08
upstream of a rectier + capacitor Current rectier example: inverter
U I
C/H_I08
upstream of a rectier + induction coil
Cos = 1 as the current fundamental is in phase with voltage. FP << 1 as there is a high harmonics presence Study of the solution The solution is use of harmonic suppression lters but never use of capacitors to avoid over correction as,cos = 1.
Conclusion: cos FP and FP < cos 1
56

Study of a non-linear load (switch-mode power supply) 1/1
Voltage rectier
The following diagram represents the input structure of the main polluting sources studied
Diagram
Cble L r i e v C
switch mode power supply

e R U i
Curves
u
C/H_I11
t e<u,i=0 Discharge e > u , of C Charge of C i>0 e < u, demagntisation of induction coil L

C/H_I12
Values: FC = 2.35 FP = 0.72 DPF = 0.98 THD = 7.5 %
e<u,i=0
Voltage rectiers result in current distortion and are thus harmonic generators due to the load of the capacitor behind a diode bridge. These loads proliferate both in industry and in the domestic environment: - speed controller, - micro-computer, - lighting with electronic ballast, - induction lamp, - TV set, - etc.
57
HarmoCem
2.3
Harmonic evaluation: multiple choice questionnaire

Denition of rms current: I RMS Irms RMS Ih1 Irms
Calculation of rms current: Ih1 Ih3 Ih1 + Ih3

Ih 1 +
2 n= n=2
Ihn
Difference between power factor and cos 1 on a non-linear load: FP = cos 1 FP cos 1 FP > cos 1
Current curve of a non-linear load (switch mode power supply):
U I
C/H_I09
C/H_I07
I U
C/H_I08
U I
C/H_I08
Denition of current distortion TDHI:

n=
n=2 --------------------------IRMS
Ihn
n=
n=1 --------------------------IRMS
Ihn
n=
n=2 --------------------------Ih 1
Ihn
58
2.4
Exercise: Study of harmonic disturbances on distribution (lighting)
The aim of this exercise is to study the effect of the harmonics genreated by lighting on an installation. We shall also deal with determination of protection and cross-section of cables according to the various lighting technologies.
This exercise is structured as follows: A - On an industrial installation not presenting any harmonic current B - On an installation exhibiting harmonic currents C - Reminders of some denitions for determining cable crosssection D - Information on choice of cables with respect to circuit-breaker types E - Precautions to be taken for the study of an installation presenting harmonic currents (e.g. switch mode power supplies)
59
HarmoCem
1/8
A - On an industrial installation not presenting any harmonic current

Specication A uorescent lighting installation with magnetic ballast (linear load) in a large store exhibits the following characteristics: IRMS = 35 A by phase, copper multi-conductior cable, PR insulator, installed on cable tray, = 35C. Work 1 - Determine the cross-section of the conductors using the SCHNEIDER LV catalogue (K pages). IB = 35 A, letter E, K1 = 1, K2 = 1, K3 = 0.96, I'Z = 37 A choice of cross-section 4 mm2 (42 A). Sph = Sn as S< 16 mm2, circuit-breaker series multi9 C60N 40 A C curve (4P+4D). 2 - If load is balanced, what is the value of the current ln owing in the neutral? No current.
3 - We remove a lighting ramp, what is the value of the current ln owing in the neutral? Current of a phase = 35A.
4 - We remove 2 lighting ramps, what is the value of the current ln owing in the neutral? Current of a phase = 35A Conclusion: This installation operates normally for this type of circuit-breaker and this cable cross-section.
60
2/8
B - On an installation exhibiting harmonic currents

Specication We decide to replace the uorescent lighting with magnetic ballast by a uorescent lighting with electronic ballast (non-linear load). Measurement on site of the three ramps in operation:
IH1 phase IRMS phase
IH1 neutral = 4A IH3 neutral = 45 A
Neutral Current total harmonic distorsion Total distorsion
51,5
Current total harmonic distorsion Total distorsion
1130
61
HarmoCem
3/8
Work
1 - Calculate the IRMS current by phase using the spectrum in phase 1, bearing in mind that the 3 lighting ramps operate. n= IRMS = n=1
2 Ihn = 39A
Analysis of current In. The harmonic study is limited to the IH3.

IRMS I phase 1 Fundamental
IH3 I phase 2
I neutral = In
I phase 3
We realise that the IH3 are added up in the neutral conductor. 2 - Calculate current In. What happens on our installation? We shall limit ourselves to harmonic current 3 In = 3Ih3 phase = 3 x 15A = 45A Thermal tripping of circuit-breaker C60N40A providing protection of cables but leading to loss of installation continuity of supply.
62
C/H_I13
4/8
3 - We remove a lighting ramp, what is the value of the current ln owing in the neutral? What happens on our installation ?
In = Ih 1 + ( 2 Ih 3 ) =
2 2
35 + ( 2 15 ) = 46 A
Problem identical to the previous case

I phase
I phase
I neutral
I phase
Conclusion:
For these last 2 cases, treated above, work is required on our installations. There are two possible solutions to restore continuity of supply: attenuate harmonics by ltering. However this solution seems hard to implement on an installation of this type for cabling reasons (multiplication of lters, price, etc.) increase conductor cross-sections and circuit-breaker rating. This complies with the principle of standard NF C 15-100 that talks of estimation of harmonics. 4 - Determine conductor cross-section and protection rating to make this installation usable. We place ourselves in the most unfavourable case for the neutral: we remove a ramp In = 46 A - IB = 46 A, letter E, - K1 = 1; - K2 = 1; K3 = 0.96; - I'Z = 48A choice of cross-section 6 mm2 (54 A) - Sph = Sn as S < 16 mm2, circuit-breaker series multi9 C60N 50 A C curve (4P+4D)
C/H_I14
63
HarmoCem
5/8
5 - We remove 2 lighting ramps. What is the value of current ln owing in the neutral? What happens on our installation?
In = Ih 1 + ( 1 Ih 3 ) =
2 2
35 + 15 = 38 A
The installation operates correctly with circuit-breaker C60N 40A.
I phase
I phase
I neutral
I phase
64
C/H_I15
6/8
C - Reminders of some denitions for determining cable cross-section

IB: current rating = current owing in the cable IN: circuit-breaker rating IZ: current acceptable by the busbar trunking Rule to be complied with: IB < IN < IZ IZ: theoretical current required IZ = IB / Kt Calculation method described in the "K" pages of the "Schneider Electric LV" catalogue.
65
HarmoCem
7/8
D - Information on choice of cables with respect to circuit-breaker types

1 3 N Note: 2 PE Various types of multipole cables on the market. Neutral cross-section = Phase cross-section Neutral cross-section = (Phase cross-section) / 2 in a multipole cable, neutral cross-section will not be greater than phase cross-section. Calibration of the neutral cable Neutral cross-section = phase cross-section below 162. Reduction of neutral cross-section between 162 and 502 copper, or 702 alu. Neutral cross-section will be half after this value. Possible protection by circuit-breaker If neutral cross-section > phase cross-section: - circuit-breaker 4P 3D in TT or TNS - circuit-breaker 4P 4D in IT. If half neutral cross-section: circuit-breaker 4P 3D + N/2 in TT, IT or TNS. Note: If harmonic current is present, you must adapt neutral cross-section allowing for the RMS current in the neutral that might be greater than the RMS current in phase. There are several possible solutions: If multipole cable with overloaded neutral: add a second cable in parallel. If single-pole cable: possibility of placing a neutral cable with a cross-section greater than the phase cross-section with circuit-breaker 4P 3D in TT and TNS. Note: the circuit-breaker rating must correspond to the current in the neutral in order to protect the breaking pole. Possibility of placing 4 cables of identical cross-section with circuit-breaker 4P 3D for TT and TNS.
66
8/8
E - Precautions to be taken for the study of an installation presenting harmonic currents (e.g. switch mode power supplies)
There are two possibilities: Curative solution: corresponding to equipment already installed without any special precautions. Procedure: - Measurement of harmonic currents with installation expert analysis. - Make the necessary modications on the cables and protection devices. Preventive solution: case of a new study (equipment not installed). Consultation of standard NFC 15100. As per article 523-5-2 The standard stipulates application of a reduction factor on parameter K for calculation of cable cross-sections: a factor of 0.84 to acceptable current values IZ, for cables with 3 or 4 conductors, when the conductor is loaded by possible harmonic currents. As per article 524-3 The neutral must not have a cross-section less than that of the phase conductors.
67
HarmoCem
68
2.5
Exercise 2: Study of solutions

Place of System test laboratory activity Transfer and addition of skills
Completion con- Safety ditions The teacher must clearly state the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: All measurement points are accessible on the side of the cabinet by safety terminals Measurement instruments must be connected only by safety cords Equipment and documents used The system "Bench for study of EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbances", The system technical le, A harmonics analyser, a non RMS ammeter, a RMS ammeter Prequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard. Knowledge of the standards and denitions linked to harmonic studies. Basic electrotechnical knowledge.
Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cabinets by: - the operative part supply cable. - the identied speed controller supply cable (EMC connected). Use safety cords to connect the harmonics analyser to terminals U1 and U3 to measure network voltage, Replace one of the jumper links I1 (phase or neutral) and lFP by a safety cord to allow installation of the harmonics analyser CT clamp and measure network current. Use the pushbuttons for the lters implemented. Replace one of the jumper links IM speed controller output current by an RMS ammeter to measure charging current set by the powder brake. Aim of the Implement and analyse the various solutions. activity H0: Be familiar with applicable LF and HF standards, CE marking and their areas of application ; H2: Choose and apply a protection strategy according to manufacturers data (mounting and solutions); H4: Identify the various installation polluters and victims; H5: Propose a protocol for investigation and measurement on the site; H6: Determine, according to predened criteria, the protection strategy used on the installation and justify it.
69
HarmoCem
1/58
Procedure for starting the ALTIVAR speed controller and braking the motor by powder brake.
On the control cabinet Switch on the speed controller using pushbutton I/O on the front panel. motor starting, rotation direction and stopping order given by the three-position selector AV, O, AR on the front panel. On the operative part validation and adjusting of motor braking. validation or stopping of braking by pressing selector C5. adjusting braking by potentiometer P1. Braking will be adjusted to adjust the speed controller output current for example at IN = 2.1A thanks to an ammeter placed in series on an output jumper link IM. Note: During exercises, we recommend that to start or stop the motor you use the AV, O, AR selector and not the PB (I/O) to avoid using speed controller input stage protection too frequently.
70
Exercise 2: Study of solutions A - Highlighting the polluter
2/58
You are a designer of an asynchronous motor supply cabinet in LV < 16 A and as such subjected to product regulations with restrictions by cord (IEC 61000-3-2). Installation analysis Cabinet without lter: measurement points U1-I1. 1 - Use the diagram to highlight the electrical energy transfer chain. Use a highlighter to follow the energy path on the diagram, then complete the following representation:
Supply network
Single-phase 240V 50Hz

Monophas 240 V 50 Hz
Single-phase ALTIVAR electrical energy modulator
Electrical/mechanical energy converter

Three-phase asychronous motor
Fixed voltage Fixed frequency
Variable voltage Variable frequency
2 - In complete safety read the line current value with a non RMS device (i1), then a RMS device (i2). What do we observe? i1 i2, it is thus important to use the right measurement instrument. 3 - In complete safety read the voltage/current curve on the supply line. Is current sinusoidal? We note that current is AC non sinusoidal. This curve accounts for the difference in reading observed in question 1 by the presence of harmonics. 4 - According to this information, is the load formed by this cabinet a linear load? Identify the polluting element of this installation. Load is not linear and the polluter is the ALTIVAR modulator.
71
HarmoCem
3/58
Harmonic study:
Using a spectrum analyser. Use an analyser to read in complete safety the electrical energy supply parameters of the box at the measurement points U1I1. The analyser offers us a large number of measurements, we shall limit ourselves to the following values: TDH for voltage and current distortion with respect to the fundamental (THD Fund), root mean square current (IRMS), H1 for the fundamantal, the power factor (PF), the cos (DPF), the peak factor (CF) the active power (KW), the apparent power (KVA), as well as voltage, current and power curves and their harmonic spectrum. Using the readings:
TDHu (%) TDHi (%) IRMS 3.3 108.2 4.96
IH1 (A) IH3 (A) IH5 (A) IH7 (A) IH9 (A) PF 3.36 2.74 1.8 0.96 0.7 0.65
Cos 0.98
P (kW) 0.72
Q (kVA) 1.12
Aims of exercise 2:
Study of the behaviour of an energy modulator with respect to standard IEC 61000 - 3 - 2. In the mock-up we use an ALTIVAR type frequency converter, allowing an output current of 2.1A (see chapter 7.11 on the characteristics of the components of the technical manual). This current value of 2.1A will be used as a reference for our measurements.
72
4/58
Measurement of voltage in U1
73
HarmoCem
5/58
Measurement of voltage in I1 SC at In Rich spectrum
74
6/58
75
HarmoCem
7/58
76
8/58
Work on readings:
5 - Does our installation comply with the standard? Which parameter is important? Our cabinet is not compliant. IEC 61000-3-2: emission standard for LV switchgear < 16 A: IH3 < 2.3 A Note: it would be compliant in an industrial environment with private distribution (large parts of applications). 6 - Compare value IH1 with the current reading made by the non RMS device (i1). What conclusions can we draw? IH1 = i1, a non RMS device measures the current fundamental 7 - How can IRMS be calculated according to the harmonic spectrum?
IRMS =
( IHn )
8 - Search for the denitions of FP and cos . What do these two values express? There is no phase displacement upstream of a speed controller cos = 1 but the richness of the harmonic spectrum greatly deteriorates the power factor PF = 0.68. 9 - Analysis of spectra: Explain the poorness of the power spectrum and conclude as to transmission of active energy. Active power is the sum of the active powers due to voltages and currents of the same number. In our case, despite a very rich current spectrum, active power only transits via the fundamental. This is accounted for by voltage that is sinusoidal and thus only made up of the fundamental. P = URMS.IRMS.PF = UH1.IH1. cos + UH2.IH3. cos2 + UHn.IHn. cosn + where UH2 = 0 UHn =0.
77
HarmoCem
Exercise 2: Study of solutions B - Polluter study
9/58
The harmonics generator is a frequency converter ATV
1 - Explain its role, giving the principle of speed control of an asynchronous motor. 2 - Use the manufacturers documents to complete the internal block diagram of the modulator.
1 AC 1Ph network, with xed voltage and frequency Rectifier 2
3 3ph network with variable frequency and voltage
Filter
Inverter
1 - Fixed AC/DC converter, normally consisting of a diode bridge 2 - Filter made up of a capacitor bank. 3 - AC/DC converter with pulse-duration modulation consisting of IGBT transitors. This inverter bridge aims at supplying the motor with a three-phase AC voltage system of variable amplitude and frequency. Analysis of manufacturers parameters: Network U1 200 U2 240 Line current (A) U1 4.4 U2 3.9 0.37 kW 0.5 HP Motor Power marked on the plate ATV Permanent out- Transient curput current (A) rent (A) 2.1 3.1 Power loss at nominal load (W) 23
singlephase 50/60 Hz
78
C/H_I18
10/58
3 - Calculate the active power absorbed by the speed controller for network voltage U2 of 240 V. Decode the manufacturers parameters and use one of the following two factors: FP = 0.65 or cos =0.98. Pa = Urms.Irms.FP = 226 x 4.96 x 0.65 = 728W 4 - Calculate speed controller output power (Pu), for a sinusoidal output current, an output rms voltage of 240 V, the power factor is linked to the cos imposed by the load, i.e. 0.6. Pu = 240 x 2.1 x 0.8 x 3 = 698 W We nd the 23W for power loss at nominal load in the speed controller.
5 - What does the power of 0.37 kW on the speed controller represent? It represents the power available on the motor shaft, taking an efficiency of around 0.6.
79
HarmoCem
11/58
Possible industrial solutions
General solutions: reduce harmonic impedance act on installation structure: increase short-circuit power choose the right earthing system use specic transformers conne polluting loads equipment derating Neutralisation solutions: protection of reactive energy correction capacitors installation of harmonic suppression coil (SAH) harmonic ltering: current smoothing resonant shunt passive ltering active ltering hybrid ltering
80
Exercise 2: Study of solutions C - The solutions
12/58
The previous readings show that current distortion is too great at the rectier input. Harmonic currents must therefore be reduced. There are four possible methods: place an additional inductance at the input to the rectier to globally attenuate harmonic amplitude; use a passive lter tuned to a specic frequency, rich in harmonics; use an active lter able to sweep the entire harmonic spectrum; use a hybrid lter to optimise ltering.
Installation of an inductance at the rectier input: current smoothing
You can limit the harmonic currents of some converters by inserting a "smoothing" inductance between their connection point and their input. This arrangement is particularly used for rectiers with capacitors at the head. The inductance can even be proposed optionally by manufacturers. 1 - What does the manufacturer recommend and how does he justify use of a line inductance? (ALTIVAR catalogue) Reduction of the harmonic factor and protection against network overvoltages, standard EN 50178, the value of the induction coil is defined for a voltage drop of between 3% and 5% of network nominal voltage to avoid motor torque loss. Inductance proposed 10 mH 4A
LF: filtering inductance of the rectifier LS : source total inductance (generator + wiring) e: perfect voltage source D, D: total distorsion
81
HarmoCem
13/58
2 - Use an analyser to read in complete safety the electrical energy supply parameters of the box at the measurement points U1I1. The analyser offers us a large number of measurements, we shall limit ourselves to the following values: TDH for voltage and current distortion with respect to the fundamental (THD Fund), root mean square current (IRMS), H1 for the fundamantal, the power factor (PF), the cos (DPF), the peak factor (CF) the active power (KW), the apparent power (KVA), as well as voltage, current and power curves and their harmonic spectrum. Using the readings: 0.89 3 TDHi (%) IRMS 59.8 3.95 IH1 (A) IH3 (A) IH5 (A) IH7 (A) IH9 (A) PF 3.38 1.92 0.5 0.34 0.14 0.82 Cos 0.95 P (kW) 0.95 Q (kVA) 0.72
3 - How has installation TDHi evolved? Comment on the evolution of IH, FP and cos . The induction coil smoothes current but does not cancel harmonics. The TDHi is virtually divided by 2, we realise that the coil does not act on the fundamental but considerably attenates the harmonics, thus enhances the PF without overly affecting Cos . The use of line inductances upstream from the frequency converters has the following effects: - Reduction of current harmonics and thus of the rms value of the current demand at the network. - Maintaining the value of IH1 (fundamental) to maintain motor torque. - Increase power factor FP without introduction of displacement cos remains constant. - Reduction of the peak factor.
82
14/58
4 - Calculate the value of the induction coil according to manufacturers data. Calculate the value of the induction coil voltage drop: u total and acceptable to maintain motor torque at 3% of 240V u at 7V
u 7 L 1 = ---------------- = ----------------------------- = 10 mH Ih 1 2 50 2, 4
Calculation of current of induction coil L1 IrmsL1 = Irms of speed controller = 4A Note: allow for any harmonic currents already existing on the network Choice of L1: no. 18175 AGECELEC; 15 mH; 6,5A. Note: a larger induction coil has been chosen deliberately for teaching aims in order to optimise visualisation of the TDHu (see question 4), however, motor torque will be slightly reduced.
83
HarmoCem
15/58
Measurement on network L1 = 15 mH SC at IN IN = nominal current = 2.1A Slight attenuation of all spectra

84
16/58
85
HarmoCem
17/58
86
18/58
Principle Use of passive harmonic lters: A preliminary measurement is required to tune the lter and check that the network does not generate harmonics that could saturate the lters. The aim is here to use a capacitor in series with an inductance so as to obtain tuning on a given frequency harmonic. This assembly placed in bypass on the installationn has a very low impedance for its tuning frequency and behaves like a short-circuit for the harmonic considered. It is possible to simultaneously use several assemblies tuned to different frequencies in order to eliminate several harmonic numbers. Apparently simple, this principle requires however a thorough study of the installation as, although the lter behaves like a short-circuit for the required frequency, it may exhibit resonance risks with the other network inductances on other frequences and thus increase the harmonic levels. Block diagram:
IH Lsu L1 I'H I''H L2 LF
Principle: The lter parallel branch consists of a circuit tuned to the greatest harmonic that will present a zero impedance for the latter. The lter serial branch contains an inductance L1 intended to perform decoupling of the parallel branch with respect to the source.
C1
C/H_I20
87
HarmoCem
19/58
By calling Zpn and Zsn the impedances of the lter parallel and serial branches for harmonic number n, and if the current generated by the rectier for this number is lHn, the current supplied by the source is: IHn = lHn. (Zpn / (Zpn+Zsn) - for the tuned harmonic, parallel impedance is zero. The entire harmonic current thus ows through the lter parallel branch and this harmonic no longer affects the other applications. - for the higher harmonic, due to tuning proximity, the parallel impedance is still low and a large part of this harmonic is also eliminated. - nally, for high number harmonics, lter parallel impedance is very close to that of its inductance Lp: the lter operates as a current divider. For high number harmonics: IHn = I'Hn. L2 / (L2 + L1 + Ls). If L2 is chosen so as to obtain: L2 = Ls + LF, then IHn = 0.5.I'Hn
HV
I harmonic
Transformer HV/LV
M Harmonic generator Harmonic lter tuning number: - numbers 5 and 7 in three-phase - numbers 3 and 5 in single-phase Harmonic filter
88

Measurement
20/58
1 - Put into operation the induction coils L1 and the passive lter L2-C2 (lter tuned on number 3 harmonic). Use an analyser to read in complete safety the electrical energy supply parameters of the box at the measurement points U1I1 (on the network). TDH for voltage and current distortion with respect to the fundamental (THD Fund), root mean square current (IRMS), H1 for the fundamental, the power factor (PF) the cos (DPF), the peak factor cos, active power (KW) and apparent power (KVA). As well as the voltage, current and power curve and their harmonic spectrum TDHu (%) TDHi (%) IRMS 3.4 19.6 3.78 IH1 (A) IH3 (A) IH5 (A) IH7 (A) IH9 (A) PF 3.7 0.47 0.48 0.10 0.22 0.88 Cos 0.89 P (kW) 0.74 Q (kVA) 0.85
2 - How has installation TDHi evolved? Comment on evolution of IH, FP and cos . The passive lter "hits" a harmonic number but does not treat the entire spectrum. The TDHi is pratically divided by 4, we realise that the fundamental is not affected, that the lter is tuned on number 3 (resonance frequency) but also acts on close numbers (5,7,9), the PF and cos are virtually unitary. We more than satisfy the 1A standard of IH3. Use of a passive lter upstream from the frequency converters has the following effects: - Redution of current harmonics and thus of the rms value of the current demand on the network. - Maintaining of value IH1 (fundamental) to maintain motor torque. - Increase in power factor FP. - Decrease in peak factor.
89
HarmoCem
21/58
Measurement on network in I1. SC only at IN. Passive lter connected with L2 = 46mH. Very great reduction of number 3 thanks to the passive lter tuned to this number. The rest of the spectrum remains.
90
22/58
91
HarmoCem
23/58
92
24/58
3 - Use a harmonics analyser to measure in complete safety the parameters of the passive lter at the measurement points U1 IFP
Measurement of I in the passive lter. SC at IN where L1 = 15 mH and L2 = 46 mH high Ih3 in the passive lter
93
HarmoCem
25/58
94
26/58
Calculation of the passive lter Introduction:

Z
The parallel branch of the lter consists of a capacitor Cp in series with an inductance Lp at a complex impedance Zp = r + j (L - 1/C) Where r is the resistance of inductance Lp. The study of this impedance as a function of frequency exhibits: - a resistive minimum value at resonance frequency fr; - a capacitive impedance for frequencies of less than fr;
r
- an inductive impedance for frequencies greater than fr;

frequency fr IZI line to eliminate line
The aim is to tune this lter to the number richest in harmonics. Thus the current produced by the load moves towards the lter and not the network. The lter is thus an absorber of harmonic currents. The entire installation exhibits an impedance A whose behaviour is shown on the following graph. We observe an antiresonance frequency where Z has a maximum impedance. It is important to have thorough knowledge of the harmonic spectrum in order to adjust our lter correctly. In our case this is determiend to eliminate the IH3 and is thus tuned on 150 Hz. You must: - check that the antiresonance is not on a harmonic-rich number; - allow for the harmonics already existing on the network that could result in an additional temperature rise of the capacitors;
Rmax 0 r fr f (Hz)
anto-resonnance frequency
95
HarmoCem
Study of harmonic phenomena Harmonic spectrum of the ALTIVAR (370W) IRMS line IH1 IH3 IH5 IH7 IH9 = 4A = 2.4A = 2.3A = 2A = 1.8A = 2.3A

Calculation
27/58
1 - Calculation of apparent power SN (input) of the ALTIVAR. Without the line induction coil L1: S(KVA) = Urms.Irms = 240 X 4 = 960VA. With the line induction coil L1: This coil limits the harmonic spectrum and thus will reduce apparent power. The coil must necessarily be associated with the passive lter in order to eliminate by "impedant decoupling" the harmonic current uctuations already existing on the network. The passive lter will thus be sized only for the harmonics generated by the load to be depolluted. Calculation of SN: The value of the lter capacitor is determined on the fundamental: SN = U1.I1 = 240. 2.4 = 570 VA 2 - Calculation of QC. Working hypothesis: If the reactive energy correction capacitor is present on the installation: (QC / SN) < 15% where QC is the passive lter and SN is the supply transformer power. If no capacitor: (QC / SN) < 30% where QC is the passive lter and SN the supply transformer power. Note: if load power is far lower than that of the supply transformer to calculate QC, we shall choose the load SN. This will be the case in our application.
QC -------- < 30 % thus QC = 170 VAR 570
Without line inductor at Un = 240V
96

3 - Calculation of C2 Q = U2.C
170 Q - = 7, 4 F C = --------------- = -------------------------------2 2 270 2 50 U
28/58
4 - Calculation of sizing voltage Ud of capacitor C1

n -+ Ud = U ( 50 Hz ) -------------2 n 1
2 2 n= n=2
Uhn
n - + Uh 3 + Uh 5 Ud = U ( 50 Hz ) -------------2 n 1 n - allows for the overvoltage of the induction coil on cirThe term -------------2 n 1
2
culation of harmonic currents. In our case we shall take n = 3 as number 3 lter, thus
n -------------- = 1, 125 2 n 1 3 2, 3 - = 330 V Calculation of Uh 3 = Ih -------- = -----------------------------------------------6 C 7, 4 10 2 150
2
Calculation of Uh5: By hypothesis, we shall set a value of 30% of circulation of Ih5 in the lter.
Ih 5 0, 3 2 0, 3 Uh 5 = --------------------- = ------------------------------------------------ = 51 V 6 C 7, 4 10 2 250
Calculation of Ud Ud = (240 x 1,125) + 330 + 51 = 651V Note: the addition is made algebraically in order to take a safety margin. This voltage is very high for this low capacitor value and does not correspond to a standard product. We shall choose a standard capacitor value of 24.8F. This technological data modies the initial hypotheses and will allow reduction in sizing voltage Ud.
97
HarmoCem
29/58
New calculation of Ud
Ih 3 2, 3 - = 98 V Uh 3 = -------- = --------------------------------------------------6 C 24, 8 10 2 150 Ih 5 0, 3 2 0, 3 - = 15 V Uh 5 = --------------------- = --------------------------------------------------6 C 24, 8 10 2 250 9 - + 98 + 15 = 385 V Ud = 240 ----------91
5 - Calculation of current sizing of capacitance C1 Irms =

IcH 1 + IcH 3 + IcH 5 (in the capa)
2 2 2
IcH1 = U1C1 = 240. 24.8. 2. 50 = 1.8A IcH3 = U3C3 = 98. 24.8. 2. 150 = 2.3A IcH5 = U1C5 = 2. 0.3 = 0.6A Irms =
1, 8 + 2, 3 + 0, 6
2 2 2
= 3A
Choice of capacitor C1: RECTIPHASE: reference D12A 3.3A; 600V; 50Hz; 24.8F This standard capacitor is suited to the new sizing voltage Ud. 6 - Calculation of induction coil L2 LC2 = 1 at tuning to number 3 = 150 hz.
1 1 - = 46 mH L = ---------- = ---------------------------------------------------------2 6 2 C 24, 8 10 ( 2 150 )
Note: account can be taken of the drift of capacitor value in time by tuning the lter to a value slightly less than number 3 (for example 2.95). Choice of induction coil L2: AGECELEC no. 181120; 46mH; 3.5A
98
30/58
The active equaliser: explanation of theoretical operation.
Presentation of the active equaliser The aim is to minimise and even to cancel at the connection point the current (or voltage) harmonics by injection of a current (or voltage) said to be "complementary".. Provided that the device is able to inject at all times a current each harmonic component of which has the same amplitude as that of the current in the load, and of opposite phase, then the current addition law in A guarantees that the current supplied by the source is purely sinusoidal. The combination of "disturbing loads + active equaliser" forms a linear load.
Load current iF+ iH
load(s) network
active compensator
Source current iF
iF
iF + i H
Source
polluting load to compensate iH

C/H_I25
Compensator current iH
harmonic active compensator
This type of device is ideal for pollution control of LV networks, regardless of the connection point chosen and the type of load (as the device is self-adapting). The "shunt" active equaliser forms a current source that is independent from network impedance, presenting the following inherent characteristics:
99
HarmoCem
31/58
its bandwidth is sufcient to guarantee elimination of majority (in statistical terms) harmonic components in the charging current. Typically, we consider that the range H 2 - H 23 is satisfactory, as the higher the number, the lower the harmonic level. its response time is such that harmonic correction is effective not only in steady state but also in "slow" transient state (a few tens of ms), its power ensures achievement of xed pollution control aims, which does not necessarily mean total and permanent correction of the harmonics generated by the load(s). Provided that these three aims are simultaneously reached, the "shunt" active equaliser forms an excellent pollution control device as it is self-adapting and presents no risk of interaction with network impedance.
Block diagrams
HV
I harmonic
Transformer HV/LV
M Harmonic generator
Active compensator 5 7
100
32/58
Information on network state Configurations Settings linked to teaching utilisation Supply network
Current measurement
Voltage measurement Partial or total compensation Active compensator Parameter display
Disturbed network (measure) Load
Single-wire principle diagram

Source HV filter Lf DJ Rf TI Extraction of harmonics lh Regulation and control Udc K1 lm R1 Inverter K2 LEM T1 C2
T2 C3
Load CONTROL ELECTRONICS
Generation of command signals
Command signals T1 / T2
101
HarmoCem

Control desk block diagram
33/58
command
R31 R28 VT17
power
R34
LEM Ph
H1
D1
UC
C24 C25 K2
R32 VT12
M
D2 H2
UC
C21 C22 2 K2
N Control desk characteristics Phase monitoring
Capacitor precharge and control
102

Power part
34/58
K2
R34
C25
R32 C24 VT12

M
FU2
MOTY
C11
R20
FU1
K1
Network
XM2
L1
K2
LEM
VT17
C21
C22
K2
TI
R 8
R R 9 10
Loads
XM4
(NUMY)
MERY
R 7
R 6
XM1
XM15
XM17
R31 R28
103
HarmoCem
104
Power part
Control distribution IGBT controls
MERY - NUMY Quick control
Slow controls
Multiplier sine generator
Regulation of static converter controls
Analog acquisitions Harmonic extraction
Synchronisation
Harmonic extraction (NUMY)
Configuration
Logic acquisitions
Display
Train bus
I.H.M.
Analog outputs Quick controls Sequencing

5
Communication Contactor controls Slow controls
Monitoring and sequencing
35/58
36/58
Three-phase creation
Control part
MERY
PE
CT
Power part
MOTY
ALIY
NUMY
Precharge contactor
PE
Network
LP filter
LEM
Discharge contactor
10 kHz filter
Capacitors
LEDY
Load
AFFY
105
HarmoCem
37/58
Description Active lter technology IGBT (Insolated Gate Bipolar Transistor) type transistor Mixing of MOS and two-pole technologies to combine the advantage of the two-pole (good current output capacity) and MOS (speed, low control current consumption).
www.mgeups.com
Telecom
Data centres
Process & Infrastructures
Active harmonic equaliser

SineWave
20/30/45/60/90/120 A
Controlled and selective neutralisation of harmonics

Applications function more efficiently
By neutralising harmonics, the SineWave eliminates:
nuisance tripping
Total control of harmonics for installations up to 1000 kVA
of circuit-breakers,
premature ageing of equipment.
Complies with current technical standards

SineWave conforms to the set of three technical standards currently in force:
equipment standards:
> IEC 61000-3-2 or EN 61000-3-2 > IEC 61000-3-4 or EN 61000-3-4

power quality standards:
How does an active equaliser work? Equaliser analyses the harmonics demanded by the load. Consequence: at the point of connection, there is total neutralisation of the harmonic currents. This means that these currents cease to circulate upstream and are no longer supplied by the power source.
Neutralisation of harmonics in server segmentation power supplies, PCs, hard disk drive motors, etc.
EN 50160 and IEEE 519

standards for compatibility between
electrical systems and products: > IEC 61000-2-2 and ICLES Recommendations (International Conference on Large Electrical Systems) > IEC 61000-2-4.
Active equaliser
Power source
Load
Neutralisation of harmonics in speed regulators, DC motors, etc.
Energy saving
The SineWave also corrects the cos . Less current and a cos close to unity signify a lower factor in terms of apparent and reactive power output.
Schematic diagram of the parallel equaliser. IF: fundamental current; IH: sum of the harmonic currents.
A customised installation
Fewer harmonics signifies less current, with the following benefits: smaller cable cross-sections and a reduction in the size of cutouts, Fewer overloads on transformers, capacitors and generating sets.
Ultra-simple integration
The SineWave is extremely compact.
It can be mounted on a wall or installed in a switchgear cubicle;

The SineWave can be connected in
parallel, allowing future increases in power demand without disconnecting the supply.
The SineWave adapts automatically to
any single-phase or three-phase load: computer load, speed regulators, etc. It is compatible with any type of neutral configuration.
106
38/58
Active harmonic equaliser - SineWave

Where should an equaliser be installed?
Main low voltage panel
Splitter panel
Active equaliser
Terminal distribution
Active equaliser
Active equaliser
Diagram of the low voltage distribution circuit, showing the various installation points for an active equaliser depending on the required level of neutralisation.
Technical characteristics
Model Equalisation capacity per phase Equalisation capacity in the neutral(1) System input Nominal voltage(2) Nominal frequency Number of phases Current transformers Technical characteristics Equalised harmonic currents Harmonic attenuation rate Equalisation of cos Response time Overload Induction current Heat loss Acoustic noise (ISO 3746) Colour Environmental conditions Operating temperature Relative humidity Operating altitude Reference technical standards Construction and safety Design Protection EMC Conducted and radiated emission Immunity to electrostatic discharge Immunity to radiation fields Immunity to shockwaves SW20 20 A rms 60 A rms SW30 30 A rms 90 A rms SW45 45 A rms 135 A rms SW60 60 A rms 180 A rms SW90 90 A rms 270 A rms SW120 120 A rms 360 A rms
Standard functions
Full equalisation or individual
harmonic equalisation, from H3 to H25, adjustable, equalisation for the power factor (cos ) (adjustable), configuration for types of load: computer loads, rectifier, etc. IGBT technology and control by DSP circuit, 3 LEDs to indicate operating condition, digital 7-language display unit, diagnostic and maintenance system, configuration and parameter assignment menu, remote control (lockable), redundancy parallel connection facility, wide range of current transformers, etc.
400 V - 20 + 15 % 50Hz, 60 Hz, +/- 8 % 3 phases with or without neutral (operation is possible with single-phase or unbalanced loads) range from 300/1 to 4000/1 H2 to 25, full equalisation or individual equalisation THDI load /THDI system less than 10, at the nominal rating of the equaliser up to 1.0 < 40 ms Limitation of the nominal current, possibility of continuous operation with current limitation < 2 x the nominal peak current 1000 W 1300 W 2100 W 2600 W 4200 W 5200 W < 55 dBA < 55 dBA < 60 dBA < 60 dBA < 65 dBA < 65 dBA RAL 9002 0 to 30C continuous, <25C recommended 0 to 95 % without condensation < 1000 m EN 50091-1 IEC 146 IP 30 conforming to IEC 529 EN 55011 level A IEC 1000-4-2 level 3 IEC 1000-4-3 level 3 IEC 1000-4-4 and IEC 1000-4-5 level 4
Associated communication
JBus/ModBus card (optional) To connect the SineWave to a building management system. Status information card To relay the status of the SineWave via 3 volt free contacts.
MGE PowerServices
1-year warranty. Associated services (1) Commissioning: setting up the SineWave in conformity with your installation. Teleservice: remote monitoring via the telephone system. Maintenance contracts: a selection of suitable maintenance packages. Site audit: analysis and recommendations based on the technical environment.
1: Depending on the country, visit www.mgeups.com/services.
1: Maximum capacity with PC-type data processing load and with three-phase balanced supply. 2: Other voltages - 208 V, 220 V, 480 V - available on request.
weight: 65 kg SW 20, SW 30
Headquarters 140, avenue Jean-Kuntzmann ZIRST - Montbonnot Saint-Martin 38334 Saint-Ismier Cedex - France Tel.: +33 (0)4 76 18 30 00
SINW023UK
Due to developments in technical standards and the equipment described in this document, we cannot be held liable for compliance with the characteristics indicated by the images and text unless they are confirmed by us. All the brand names referred to in this document are protected by copyright. Publication: MGE UPS SYSTEMS (July 2004) - Design and rewriting: 3c-evolution.com - Integration: Pamplemousse: +33 4 79 37 87 66 Translation: TTP: +33 4 78 66 47 99.
The neutralisation of harmonics requires precise knowledge of the installation concerned. In new installations, it is recommended that the distortion factors at different key locations should be calculated at the design stage. In existing installations, an expert should visit the site in order to carry out a full assessment with audit.
In each case, it is important to specify the objective: either compliance with technical standards As a preference, the active equaliser should be installed upstream of the installation (at an insertion point near the connection with the power supply distribution system), or a reduction of the level of pollution in the installation In this case, the purpose is to neutralise the harmonics as close as possible to the principal source of non-linear loads. The active equaliser(s) should then be located downstream (secondary or terminal distribution system).
107
HarmoCem
39/58
Active lter conguration and operation note
- Programming the active equaliser Energising using the switch on the rear panel Putting the device into operation Start: keys RUN + ENT Stop: keys + ENT
STOP
Conguration of harmonic numbers: modication of programming Move around in the main menu using the keys GURATION Validate via ENTER Enter the password: type 5555 on the keyboard + ENT In the new conguration menu, look for the parameter CHOICE OF HARMONICS using keys + ENT up to CONFI-
Select the relevant harmonic numbers using keys F2 = YES; F3 = NO; + ENT at end of programming
Conrmation of memorisation (MEM) of this programming: F2 + ENT END OF PROGRAMMING Note: Program H2 to H25 = NO; Active lter only Program H2 / H3 = NO; H4 to H25 = YES; Active + Passive Hybrid ltering
108
40/58
- Active lter ON/OFF procedure: Switch on the device using the swich on the rear panel LED
! ON (voltage present)
Note: the load is supplied by the EDF network Put into operation using keys RUN + ENT ; LED (active lter in operation) Put out of operation using keys (voltage present) ON
STOP
+ ENT ; LED
! ON
Note: the load is supplied by the EDF network Operation in overload: control LED ! ON when the central device exceeds its pollution control capacity, approximately 2A of harmonic current
109
HarmoCem
41/58
Measurement
Put into operation the active lter and congure it to sweep the entire spectrum. Using a harmonics analyser, measure in complete safety the electrical energy supply parameters at measurement points U "voltage" I "network" and I "lter" located on the active equaliser and no longer on the test points U1I1 of the control cabinet. Choice of harmonics: YES on all numbers Produce for the three situations below: - With low load - Active lter at overload limit - A In motor Reading and analysis: at speed controller In, the lter is in overload and thus does not completely depollute our installation.
110
42/58
Measurement on network l (on active equaliser) SC only with very low load Active lter only programmed for numbers H2 to H25 Complete pollution control of the spectrum
111
HarmoCem
43/58
112
44/58
Measurement on network I SC only Active lter at overload limit (1.7A RMS) programmed for orders H2 to H25
113
HarmoCem
45/58
114
46/58
Measurement on network I SC only at In Active lter only programmed for numbers H2 to H25 Conclusion: we observe a deterioration of parameters. In point of fact, as the lter is limited by electronic protection to its nominal current, it can no longer achieve pollution control aims The active lter is in overload
115
HarmoCem
47/58
116
48/58
117
HarmoCem
49/58
Measurement of current absorbed in the active lter SC only at In thus active lter in overload Active lter only programmed for numbers H2 to H25 Conclusion: no fundamental; presence of the harmonic spectrum in the active lter (within its pollution control limit), from Ih3 to Ih25
118
50/58
119
HarmoCem
51/58
Calculation of sizing of an active lter
Measurement of the rms current absorbed by the distorting load

n=
Ieff =
n=1
Ihn
Sizing of the passive lter:

n=
Ieff =
n=2
Ihn
Note: industrial active lters work up to roughly number 25.
120
52/58
Hybrid ltering
Advantage of this method. Out of the many so-called "hybrid" variants, we shall be particularly concerned with the "serial/parallel" type combining active and passive equalisers with a denite advantage for pollution control as close as possible to high power converters. The passive equaliser "hits" the small numbers with high amplitudes and prevents saturation of the active equaliser that can devote itself to high numbers with lower amplitudes.
Load(s) Network
Active
Passive
C/H_I26
HV
Transformer HV/LV I harmonic
M Harmonic generator 3
C/H_I21c
Active compensator
121
HarmoCem
53/58
Measurement with hybrid lter
Put into operation the passive lter, the induction coil L1 and the active lter congured to sweep the spectrum during numbers 4 to 25. number 3 will be approached by the passive lter Using a harmonics analyser measure in complete safety the electrical energy supply parameters of the box at measurement points U voltage; I network and l lter placed on the active equaliser.
Note:
122
Study of harmonic phenomenas
54/58
Hybrid mounting: Measurement on network SC only at In Active lter only programmed for numbers H4 to H25 Line induction coil L1 and passive lter (number 3) connected Conclusion: as the active lter is no longer in overload (thanks to contribution of the passive lter), pollution control is total This lets you undersize the active equaliser Note: The harmonic content of Ih3 corresponds to the quality factor of the passive lter
123
HarmoCem
55/58
124
56/58
Hybrid mounting: Measurement on current absorbed in the active lter Active lter only programmed for numbers H4 to H25 Line induction coil L1 and passive lter (number 3) connected Conclusion: no fundamental, presence of the harmonic spectrum from Ih5 to Ih25 in the lter (as number Ih3 is absorbed by the passive lter)
125
HarmoCem
57/58
126
58/58
Conclusion Further to this solution study, we now need to summarise the reasons for their respective application. To do this we propose a progressive technical and economic list of arguments beginning with the basic solution.
Solutions
Filtering efciency
Economic effect on the installation
Cost of the solution (order of idea varies with power) * A
Line inductance only
Weakening of all spectra as induction coil not tuned, no elimination of harmonic number Tuning the capacitor + induction coil serial branch on a harmonic-rich number, total elimination of the tuning number.
According to their efciency, effects on the installation are the following reductions: - reduction of IRMS in the cables and in the installation. - reduction of ph + neutral cable cross-sections, - reduction of protection device and contactor rating, - reduction of cable magnetic radiation, - reduction of TDHU - reduction of installation cost.
Passive lter, shunt tuned, cubicle with protection.
Active equaliser sized for total power Hybrid ltering, association of active equaliser and passive lter
Elimination of an entire harmonic spectrum (approx. 2 to 23). Very efcient solution, elimination of all spectra: - low numbers = passive ltering, - high numbers = active ltering. The system lets you optimise the power of the active lter
- Thus global enhancement of proper operation of the installation (continuity of supply). - Compliance with standards (in particular the spectrum). - Solution ideal for network ltering. - Reactive energy correction.
D C
(*) A: - expensive D: + expensive
127
HarmoCem
128
2.6
Exercise 3: "Harmonics and reactive energy correction" study

Place of System test laboratory activity Transfer and addition of knowledge
Completion con- Safety ditions The teacher must clearly state the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: All measurement points are accessible on the side of the cabinet by safety terminals Measurement instruments must be connected only by safety cords Equipment and documents used The system "Bench for study of EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbances", The system technical le, A harmonics analyser. Prequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard. Knowledge of the standards and denitions linked to harmonic studies. Basic electrotechnical knowledge. Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cabinets by: - the operative part supply cable. - the identied speed controller supply cable (EMC connected). Use safety cords to connect the harmonics analyser to terminals U1 to measure network voltage, Replace the jumper links lAR and I1 by a safety cord to allow installation of the harmonics analyser CT clamp and measure network current. Use the pushbuttons for the lters implemented. Replace one of the jumper links IM speed controller output current by an RMS ammeter to measure charging current set by the powder brake. Do not de-energise the speed controller between the various exercises to avoid overloading the precharge resistance of the speed controller input capacitor. To do this use the 3-position selector to start and stop the motor.. Aim of the Highlight and calculate resonance phenomena, implement a soluactivity tion. Highlight reactive energy correction. H0: Be familiar with applicable LF and HF standards, CE marking and their areas of application ; H3: On an installation, identify the disturbance propagation media (strong and weak currents); H4: Identify the various installation polluters and victims; H5: Propose a protocol for investigation and measurement on the site; H6: Determine, according to predened criteria, the protection strategy used on the installation and justify it.
129
HarmoCem
1/14
The mock-up allows (although this is not its main aim) viewing of the reactive energy correction process thanks to the built-in capacitor C3. Correction determination method: Formula used: QC = Pa(tg 1 - tg 2) Pa: Power absorbed by the loads tg 2 to be obtained = 0.4 equivalent to cos = 0.93. Example: a motor absorbs a power of 100 kW with a cos of 0.75 (tg = 0.88). To move to a cos of 0.93 and thus tg = 0.4 we must install a capacitor bank: QC = 100 (0.88 - 0.4) = 48 kVAR. Note: In our mock-up, C3 represents a correction of 2.8 kVAR. For more details, consult the RECTIPHASE LV guide proposed ART 73190. Checking efciency of the reactive energy correction of capacitor C3: - For example connect a nominal power of approximately 1000W of halogen dimmer to the power socket available on the control cabinet. - Downgrade cos to approximately 0.8 with the dimmer by shifting the phase angle. Note: The speed controller cannot be used for this exercise as its upstream cos is approximately 1 regardless of its power. - Connect C3 (L3 disconnected), check enhancement of cos = 0.9.
130
Exercise 3: "Harmonics and reactive energy correction" study A - Reminder of antiresonance

Construction of a network model Network model at 50Hz
2/14
Scc upstream transformer Sn, Ucc
reactive energy compensation capacitor
motor, rsistors, lightning (linear load)
power electronic equipment
generator of harmonics
Its harmonic model
N Scc HT Scc, L Scc Tr
Q C N
P R N N
Ih
Scp
131
HarmoCem
3/14
If there is no already existing harmonic current on the network, the diagram can be represented as follows:
Scc
P Scp
Ih L C R
Highlighting of a parallel RLC circuit, whose frequency impedance response is reprsentative of the following curve (impedance maximum):
IB Z
jLw
A
O f FR
Meaning of the amplication factor FA FA = OB / OA
132
4/14
What happens at resonance?
Q j F a Ih
- j F a Ih Ih C Ih
at resonance we have: Ih in the load FA X Ih in the capacitors FA X Ih in the source and thus in the transformer and on the MV network Conclusion: the harmonic currents injected by the installation polluters are amplied by the LC circuit Characteristic of the antiresonant circuit
Scc
P Scp (Scp for "S charge polluante", i.e "polluting load")
Ih L C R
1 Resonance pulsation: R = ----------LC
Amplication factor: F A = R C --L Scc Scc Q ---------- ; F A = ----------------------Q P
Other formulation: h R = hR: antiresonance number FA: amplication factor

133
HarmoCem
5/14
The numerical applications Calculation of the resonance number Scc jdB = 20 MVA Q jdB = 400 kVAR jdB = busbar
hR = Scc ---------- = Q 50 = 7.1
Calculation of the amplication factor Scc jdB = 20 MVA Q jdB = 400 kVAR P jdB = 500 kW
Scc Q 20 10 400 10 - = ------------------------------------------------- = 5.6 F A = ----------------------3 P 500 10
6 3
Conclusion: this circuit amplies the number 7 by a factor of 5.6, resulting in current overload of the capacitor. Antiresonance also generates overvoltages on the circuit.
134
6/14
Solution to combat antiresonance phenomena Aim: tune circuit LaH to a frequency poor in harmonics in order to eliminate the risk of high harmonic currents in capacitors. Means: mounting in series with the capacitor of a "harmonic suppression" type coil. Standard tuning frequency fR: 135 Hz number 2.7 if the 1st signicant number is 3. 190 Hz number 3.8 (LV) if the 1st signicant number < 5 in LV. 225 Hz number 4.5 if the 1st signicant number > 5 in MV. The tuning frequency of the antiresonant circuit is known as the antiresonance frequency (equivalent impedance max.) The tuning frequency of the harmonic suppression coil branch of the capacitor is known as the resonance frequency. Principle HV
I harmonique
Transformer HV/LV
Lah M Harmonic generator C capacitors with protection inductors
135
HarmoCem
7/14
Equivalent antiresonant circuit
C L Lah R Ih
FR = 135 Hz if line 1 = Ih3 and 190 Hz if line 1 = Ih5

with Lah line 1 without choke Lah
f(Hz) f = 10% mini f ar fr
136
8/14
C3 represents a raising capacity cos . We shall study the inuence of harmonic currents on capacitor C3.
B - Study of antiresonance
1 - Highlight the antiresonance phenomenon Using a spectrum analyser, measure in complete safety the current in capacitor C3 and the network voltage and current. Measurement condition: - Put L1 into operation, it simulates the network induction coil. - Connect C3, to simulate antiresonance.
137
HarmoCem
9/14
Measurement of current IAR in C3 with SC at In L1 and L2 connected Conclusion: appearance of antiresonance on numbers 5 and 7; overload of capacitor C3.
138
10/14
139
HarmoCem
11/14
2 - Solution used to eliminate antiresonance: putting into operation of induction coil Lah L3
Measurement of current IAR in C3 with SC at In L1, L3 (Lah), C3 connected Conclusion: - shifting antiresonance to 135 Hz (number poor in harmonics) by induction coil L3; - reduction of antiresonance on numbers 5 and 7; - reduction of current and voltage stresses in C3.
140
12/14
141
HarmoCem
13/14
Highlighting overvoltage at the terminals of capacitor C3 and thus on the network at antiresonance. Measurement condition: - Voltage and current measurement in C3. - Analyser in U2 and IAR - Induction coil L1 connected to be decoupled from the network so as to create an overvoltage despite the low reactive power of C3 Measurement table: Measurements C3 disconnecU2 (V) and IAR ted (A) Uh1 Uh5 Uh7 Urms TDHu (%) Ih5 Ih7 Irms 218 16 11 220 14 / / / C3 connected L3 disconnected 231 43 25 237 24 1.65 1.3 2.9 C3 and L3 connected 227 18 / 228 11 0.25 0 2.35
Verication by calculation of this overvoltage linked to antiresonance on numbers 5 and 7 with C3 connected and L3 disconnected Ih5 in C3 = 1.65A (see table) Ih7 in C3 = 1.3A C3 = 24.8 H Calculation of overvoltage
Ih 5 1, 65 - = 42 V Uh 5 = -------- = --------------------------------------------------6 C 24, 8 10 2 250 1, 3 Ih 7 - = 24 V Uh 7 = -------- = --------------------------------------------------6 C 24, 8 10 2 250
142
14/14
Uh1 = 231V
231 + 42 + 24
2 2
= 236V
Calculation of TDHu:
n=
100 42 + 24 n=2 = ---------------------------------------- = 21 % TDHu % = 100 -----------------------------Uh 1 231
Uhn
2 2 2
Note:
The calculations conrm the measurements. Solution: overvoltage and the TDHu will be considerably reduced by induction coil L3 in series with C3. Conclusion: putting into operation of induction coil L3 eliminates anti-resonance numbers 5 and 7. There is a considerable reduction: - of overvoltage at the terminals of C3 and the network in U2, - of currents Ih5 and Ih7 and thus of rms I in C3 and of the current amplication factor (FA) linked to antiresonance. A simple rule: - GH: harmonic generator power. - SN: supply source power. - C: reactive energy capacitor = C3 in our application. - Lah: antiresonance induction coil = L3 in our application.
GH If --------- < 15 % then C standard SN GH If15 % < --------- < 25 % then C of class H (voltage and current overSN
rating)
GH If 25 % < --------- < 60 % then Lah in series with C SN GH Si --------- > 60 % then installation of a tuned harmonic suppression SN
lter
143
HarmoCem
144
2.7
Exercise 4: Inuence of source impedance on the voltage distortion factor

Completion con- Safety ditions The teacher must clearly state the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: All measurement points are accessible on the side of the cabinet by safety terminals Measurement instruments must be connected only by safety cords Equipment and documents used The system "Bench for study of EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbances", The system technical le, A harmonics analyser. Prerequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard. Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cabinets by: - the operative part supply cable. - the identied speed controller supply cable (EMC connected). Use safety cords to connect the harmonics analyser to terminals U1 and U3 to measure network voltage, Replace one of the jumper links I1 (phase or neutral) by a safety cord to allow installation of the harmonics analyser CT clamp and measure network current. Use the pushbuttons for the lters implemented. Replace one of the jumper links IM speed controller output current by an RMS ammeter to measure charging current set by the powder brake. Press pushbutton S1 to connect L1. Do not de-energise the speed controller between the various exercises to avoid overloading the precharge resistance of the speed controller input capacitor. To do this use the 3-position selector to start and stop the motor. Aim of the Inuence of line or source impedance on the TDHu. activity H0: Be familiar with applicable LF and HF standards, CE marking and their areas of application; H2: Choose and apply a protection strategy according to manufacturers data. H5: Propose a protocol for investigation and measurement on the site.
145
HarmoCem
Exercise 4: Inuence of source impedance on the voltage distortion factor A - Introduction
1/8
U1 Zs e
U3
Study of voltage distortion factor: inuence of the load power / source power (network) ratio
S
Link between current and voltage distortion: source impedance For each current harmonic IHn, a voltage UHn appears at the terminals of the source impedance Zsn. UHn = Zsn. IHn For S to be affected by this voltage UHn, the harmonic spectrum must be rich and of an amplitude in keeping with the source power e. In our case, the source power / load power ratio is such that the TDHu measured only depends on this load, but is the image of voltage distortion of the sites supply network.
U'1
U'3
Use of the load box: reading with the speed controller at In, L1 connected L1 simulates the network induction coil (15mH). The load power / source power ratio does not highlight a signicant TDHu generated by circulation of harmonic current. To highlight this phenomenon, we articially increase network impedance (reduction of source power) by inserting a high value induction coil L1 = 15 mH. The simulated network is measured in U3.
146
Exercise 4: Inuence of source impedance on the voltage distortion factor B - Measurement
2/8
Using an analyser, measure in complete safety the electrical energy supply parameters of the box at measurement points U1I1 (measurement of TDHu upstream from L1), TDH for voltage and current distortion with respect to the fundamental (THD Fund). Using an analyser, measure in complete safety the electrical energy supply parameters of the box at measurement points U3I1 (measurement of TDHu downstream from L1), TDH or voltage and current distortion with respect to the fundamental (THD Fund).
Note: we consider that 1 metre of round cable is equivalent to an induction coil of 1 H/metre, regardless of its cross-section and the frequency of the currents owing through it.
147
HarmoCem
3/8
Measurement on the network in U1I1 (upstream from L1) SC only at In Induction coil L1 connected
148
4/8
Measurement on the network in U1I1 SC only at In Induction coil L1 connected No TDHu
149
HarmoCem
5/8
150
6/8
Measurement on the network downstream of L1 in U3I1 SC only at IN Induction coil L1 connected Appearance of TDHu
151
HarmoCem
7/8
152
Exercise 4: Inuence of source impedance on the voltage distortion factor C - Comments on the readings:
Each harmonic number contributes to a voltage drop Uhn = Zsn.Ihn Thus the TDHu will depend on: - the richness of the harmonic spectrum - the source or line impedance
8/8
With L1 TDHu% in U1 upstream from L1 2.9 TDHu% in U3 downstream from L1 14.6
This TDHu of 2.9% upstream, measured on the simulated network, is compatible with the standard 8% TDHu set by the network compatibility level. On the other hand, the downstream TDHu of 14.6% must not adversely affect motor torque. Remember that induction coil L1 with 15 mH deliberately exceeds the value proposed in the standard of10 mH in order to better highlight the TDHu.
153
HarmoCem
154
3Lesson and exercises EMC
3
Chapitre
Lesson and exercises EMC
Title 3.1 3.2 "EMC" course Exercise 1: Measuring radiation of a cable at the speed controller output Exercise 2: Measuring radiation of a cable on a cathode ray tube display Exercise 3: Measuring efficiency of a EMC cabinet on the radiated field Exercise 4: Measuring High Frequency conducted emission re-injected on the network Exercise 5: Correlation between measurement on site and in a laboratory
page 156 197
3.3
207
3.4
211
3.5
213
3.6
222
155
HarmoCem
3.1
"EMC" course
1. General
Aim: Give the main denitions. Dene the theoretical reminders
2. Standards, directives and CE marking

Aim: Present the state of the art concerning the main standards and the EMC directive with its challenges, as well as CE marking.
3. The couplings
Aim: Dene the disturbance transmission modes.
4. Cabling rules
Aim: - Familiarise yourself with and learn how to implement the practical installation and cabling rules. - Familiarise yourself with the earthing systems on an installation in disturbed environment.
156
Electromagnetic compatibility
"EMC" course
1. General
1/9
A - Reminders
The magnetic eld Denition The magnetic eld is the space in which a magnet is submitted to forces. I H is expressed in Amperes per metre (A/m) Some magnetic eld sources: R leakage eld of a transformer, low frequency current in the conductors, lightning current. H
I H = ---------2R
Some disturbing effects of the magnetic eld: distortion of cathode ray tube images (screens of PCs, TV sets, etc.), induced voltage in the loops.
UA UB U - in V/m - Examples: E = --- = --------------------d d
The electric eld
+ 1 000 V
A
d=1m
+ 1 000 V d = 80 cm + 1 000 V d = 30 cm E = 3 333 V/m
B
E = 1 000 V/m
B
E = 1 250 V/m
A B
The formulas
Inductance
Z = L U = Z I
Z increases with f
Resistance
l R = -------S U = RI
R independent from f
Capacitor
dv i = C -----dt i = CU 1 1 - = ----------------Z = -----------C C 2f
Z decreases with f
Induction
dH e = 0 S ------dt
Wave length
c = -f : wave length (metres)
c: speed of light (300 000 km/s)
f in Hz
157
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
1. General
2/9
The decibels
Denition A number without dimension, taken from the basic relationship: number (dB) = 20 . Log10 (number) The Log commodity consists in transformation: - of multiplications to additions, - divisions to subtractions. Values: 0 dB = 20 . Log10 (1) 20 dB = 20 . Log10 (10) 40 dB = 20 . Log10 (100) Examples Amplier gain: the ratio of amplitudes expressed in dB:
U output gain ( dB ) = 20 Log 10 ------------------ U input (Simplification of calculations)
Log10 (1) = 0 Log10 (10) = 1 Log10 (100) = Log10 (10) + Log10 (10) = 2
Table of the main values to remember: dB 0 1 2 3 6 10 ratio 1 1.12 1.26 1.41 2 3.2 dB 12 14 20 40 60 80 ratio 4 5 10 100 1 000 10 000
Calculation examples: 1.26 x 10 x 2 4 = ? in dB: 2 + 20 + 6 + 12 = 40 dB, hence a ratio 100 > 1.26 x 10 x 2 4 = 100
100 4 - =? ------------------4 1.41
in dB: 260 + 12 12 3 = 57 dB 57d B = 60 dB 3 dB

100 4 - = 709 > ------------------4 1.41
158
"EMC" course
1. General
3/9
B - The sources of disturbance

General Origin of High Frequency disturbances in power electronics
-, -----, -------- high Origin: ------dV dI dH dt dt DT
Example: power transitor switching

VCE dV inV/s dt t (s) dt Ground Curve of VCE Component mounting semi-conductor insulator heat sink
dV
parasitic capacitance V CP IMC
Characteristics of disturbances: waveform or rise time Conversion of rise time into equivalent frequency:
1 0, 35 F = ------------- = ----------- (Hz), tm tm
where tm (s) = rise time from 10 to 90% of signal amplitude
Equivalent frequency HF depends on the rise time tm and not on the period T
S 90% S
T = signal period
10% S tm
Example - opening of a CMOS circuit: tm = 50 ns

0.35 F = ------------------- = 7 MHz 9 50 10
- lightning stroke: tm = 1 s
0.35 F = ---------------- = 350 kHz 6 1 10
159
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
1. General
4/9
Application: switch mode power supply The 6 types of different disturbances:

1 Input/output
radiation
common mode
Cp2
1
differential mode
1
differential mode
use
Public network
1
differential mode
heat sink
1 Cp1
common mode
Cp1 et Cp2 : parasitic capacitances
non regulated energy
regulated energy
160
Electromagnetic compatibility Conducted emission
"EMC" course
1. General
5/9
Conducted emission by a switch mode power supply without ltering IC/2 ID
victim
source
EDF
use IC/2 ID IC Cp
This type of power supply generates currents of the differential and common mode. The differential mode current (ID) is generated by the dI/dt derived from the switching of the semi-conductors. ID circulates between the live conductors. The common mode current IC is generated by the dU/dt derived from switching of the semi-conductors. IC circulates on the frames or the PE conductor by the inuence of the stray capacitances (CP) and is relooped on the live conductors. Conclusion: the network is polluted. Conducted emission by a switch mode power supply with ltering
victim
IC/2 C1 ID
source
EDF C3 C2
use IC/2 Cp IC
Solution: - insertion of C1 to reloop ID, - insertion of C2 and C3 to reloop IC. Conclusion: the network is no longer polluted.
161
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
1. General The solutions: upstream and downstream lters
6/9
Public network
Upstream filter
R C
use
disturbances disturbances
Differential mode ltering: Lf and CX. Common mode ltering: LMC and CY. Lf and LMC are differentiated by their winding direction and their value (Lf < LMC). Today these lters are increasingly incorporated in the product (source) - example: ATV speed controller. When they are not, they must be cabled as close as possible to the product.
LMC CX1 LMC CY1 CY1
Lf CX2 Lf CY2 CY2
These lters are bidirectional.

High Frequency filter diagram
Measurement: Measurement of currents on site in order to adapt the solution to make the installation compliant or functional:
Measurement in differential mode
Measurement in common mode
Caution with bandwidth, sampling speed and the transfer impedance Zt of the measurement toroid. Need for a spectrum analyser.
162
Electromagnetic compatibility Radiated emission
"EMC" course
1. General Study of the radiation phenomenon of a power cable In differential mode: IMD
7/9
ph IMD
N IMD
Cables placed at a distance, thus each cable radiates
ph IMD
N IMD
Cables approached, thus elds cancelled: global radiation decreases considerably
ph
1/ 2IMC 1/
In wire common mode: IMC

N
2IMC
PE IMC
The phenomenon is the same provided that you tighten all the cables, including the PE protection cable. Thus the cable will not radiate, not even on a fault current. Solution: use of multipole cable or of single-pole cables brought up together
Cp
frame
The TRUE common mode: IVMC

ph ph NN
1/1/ IMVC )) 2(I 2(I MC MC +I + MVC
PE PE IMC IMC
per per cable cable
In reality, due to the relative impedance of the PE in high frequency, there will always be a current called the "TRUE common mode" (IMVC) that will escape from the cable to be relooped by the metal structures (cable tray) via the stray capacitors (Cp).
IMVC IMVC CC pp
CC pp
The cable then becomes radiating once again. The solution is to use a shielded cable: as shielding has low impedance, the global cable will not radiate.
frame frame
163
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
1. General Cable shielding Unshielded cable:
8/9
ph
N
1/ (I 2 MC + IMVC)
PE IMC IMVC Buiolding metallic structure
per cable CT clamp
Measurement (by CT clamp):

I0
Cp Cp frame
thus radiating cable
Shielded cable connected on both sides:

ph N IMC PE
Measurement (by CT clamp):

IMVC I=0
CT clamp
Shielding Cp thus non radiating cable
frame
164
Electromagnetic compatibility Conclusion
"EMC" course
1. General In the laboratory:
9/9
measurement of the differential mode and the wire common mode current
measure of ID + 1/2IMC ph N PE
Aim: prevent devices from re-injecting High Frequency current on the network or in the other equipment.
On site: measurement of the true common mode iVMC
measure of IVMC ph N PE
iVMC
Aim: prevent cables from radiating in the installation, thereby generating radiated disturbances on sensitive loads in the vicinity of cables.
165
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
1/10
A - General
The standardisation authorities
GENEVA
BRUSSELS
PARIS
IEC CE 65, CE 77, CISPR
CENELEC CT 210
NF NF-EN......
Denitions
Strong and weak currents
Strong currents: applies to electrical energy distribution installlations. Weak currents: applies to transmission of information or signals between electronic devices.
Electromagnetic compatibility is the art of allowing co-habitation of strong and weak currents.
166
"EMC" course
2/10
The environment
Electronics in a disturbed environment Main sources of natural origin: Atmospheric (lightning), galactic, solar, terrestrial thermal noise. Main sources of articial origin: Intentional transmitters: radioelectric, walkie-talkie, etc. Non intentional transmitters: traction, motors, switchgear, computers, uorescent tubes, etc.
... and at the same time: Proliferation of numerical electronics. Increasing sensitivity of components.
The various levels of disturbance Level of disturbance Level of susceptibility: Level of disturbance as from which there is malfunctioning of an equipment item or a system.
immunity margin
Level of immunity: Standardised level of disturbance supported by an equipment item or a system.
Level of electromagnetic compatibility: Maximum specied disturbance level that can be expected in a given environment.
Emission limit: Standardised emission level that an item of equipment must not exceed.
167
HarmoCem
Electromagnetic compatibility Laboratory measurements:
"EMC" course
2. Standards, directives and CE marking Aims
3/10
validation of equipment to ensure proper operation on site of the complete installation, compliance with directive CEM 89/336 CEE to obtain the marking for EMC The 5 measurement families in the laboratory For this purpose, 5 measurement families are created:
Radiated immunity Compliance with IEC 6100-4-3. Test in Faraday shield, with eld generation of 3 V/m in domestic sector, and 10 V/m in industrial sector, with antenna at 3 m.
Radiated emission Compliance with EN 55022 and 55011 Device in industrial environment, class A Device in residential environment: class B 30 MHz - 1 GHz unit dB V/m with antenna and spectrum analyser. Test in Faraday shield. Conducted emission Compliance with EN 55022 and 55011 Device in industrial environment: class A Device in residential environment: class B 150 KHz - 30 MHz unit dB V with RSIL and spectrum analyser These standards are taken into account on product design by manufacturers, and appear on their documentation. See the examples on the following pages.
Electrostatic discharge
victim
Compliance with IEC 6100-4-2.
source
Conducted immunity Compliance with IEC 6100-4-4. Injection of brief disturbances from 500 V to 4 kV.
168
"EMC" course
2. Standards, directives and CE marking Extracts from a manufacturers document
4/10
Presentation (continued)
Variable speed drives for asynchronous motors

Altivar 31
Applications
The Altivar 31 drive is a frequency inverter for 3-phase squirrel cage asynchronous motors. The Altivar 31 is robust, compact and easy to set up. It conforms to EN 50178, IEC/EN 61800-2 and IEC/EN 61800-3 standards, UL and CSA certification and the relevant European directives (& marking). It incorporates functions that are suitable for the most common applications, including: # Materials handling (small conveyors, hoists, etc) # Packing and packaging machines # Specialist machines (mixers, kneaders, textile machines, etc.) # Pumps, compressors, fans Altivar 31 drives communicate on Modbus and CANopen industrial buses. Both these protocols are integrated as standard in the drive. Altivar 31 drives are supplied with a heatsink for normal environments and ventilated enclosures. Several units can be mounted side-by-side 3, to save space. Drives are available for motor ratings ranging from 0.18 kW to 15 kW, with four types of power supply: # 200 V to 240 V single phase, 0.18 kW to 2.2 kW # 200 V to 240 V three phase, 0.18 kW to 15 kW # 380 V to 500 V three phase, 0.37 kW to 15 kW # 525 V to 600 V three phase, 0.75 kW to 15 kW Altivar 31 drives are available with a choice of two different human-machine interfaces: # 1 ATV 31H//// with displays and menu navigation keys # 2 ATV 31H////A with displays, menu navigation keys and local control (Run/Stop and speed reference set by a potentiometer). Electromagnetic compatibility EMC The incorporation of EMC filters in ATV 31H///M2 and ATV 31H///N4 drives simplifies installation and provides an economical means of ensuring machines meet & marking requirements ATV 31H///M3X and ATV 31H///S6X drives are available without EMC filter. Filters are available as an option and can be installed by the user if conformity to EMC standards is required (see pages 60267/2 and 60267/3).
Functions
The Altivar 31 drive has six logic inputs, three analog inputs, one logic/analog output and two relay outputs. The main functions integrated in the drive are as follows: # Motor and drive protection # Linear, S, U or customized acceleration and deceleration ramps # +/- speed # 16 preset speeds # PI regulator and references # 2-wire/3-wire control # Brake sequence # Automatic catching a spinning load with speed detection and automatic restart # Fault configuration and stop type configuration # Saving the configuration in the drive Several functions can be assigned to one logic input.
Options and accessories

The following options and accessories can be used with the Altivar 31 drive: # Braking resistors # Line chokes # EMC radio interference input filters and output filters # Plates for mounting on rail # UL Type 1 conformity kit # Adaptor plate for replacing an Altivar 28 drive Various dialogue and communication options 4, 5 and 6 can be used with the drive, see pages 60260/8 and 60260/9.
Characteristics: pages 60261/2 to 60261/5
References: pages 60262/2 to 60262/5
Dimensions: pages 60263/2 to 60263/7
Schemes: pages 60264/2 to 60264/5
Functions: pages 60270/2 to 60270/19
60260-EN_Ver3.1.fm/3
Electromagnetic compatibility EMC The filters are integrated in the variable speed drive. The incorporation of filters in variable speed drive simplifies installation and provides and economical means of ensuring machines meet CE marking requirements. They are designed to comply with EN 61800-3/IEC 1800-3 standards, domestic and industrial environment.
169
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
2. Standards, directives and CE marking Extracts from a manufacturers document
5/10
Characteristics
Variable speed drives for asynchronous motors

Altivar 31
Environmental characteristics
Conformity to standards Altivar 31 drives have been developed to conform to the strictest international standards and the recommendations relating to electrical industrial control devices (IEC, EN), in particular: low-voltage EN 50178, EMC immunity and EMC conducted and radiated emissions. IEC/EN 61000-4-2 level 3 IEC/EN 61000-4-3 level 3 IEC/EN 61000-4-4 level 4 IEC/EN 61000-4-5 level 3 (power part) IEC/EN 61800-3, environments 1 and 2 IEC/EN 61800-3, environments: 2 (industrial supply) and 1 (public supply), restricted distribution EN 55011 class A group 1, EN 61800-3 category C2 With additional EMC filter: # EN 55022 class B group 1, EN 61800-3 category C1 EN 55011 class A group 2, EN 61800-3 category C3 With additional EMC filter (1) : # EN 55022 class A group 1, EN 61800-3 category C2 # EN 55022 class B group 1, EN 61800-3 category C1 With additional EMC filter (1): # EN 55011 class A group 1, EN 61800-3 category C2 # EN 55022 class B group 1, EN 61800-3 category C1 The drives carry & marking in accordance with the European low voltage (73/23/EEC and 93/68/EEC) and EMC (89/336/EEC) directives C-Tick UL, CSA, N998
EMC immunity
EMC conducted and radiated emissions for drives All drives ATV 31H018M2...HU15M2, ATV 31C018M2...CU15M2, ATV 31H037N4...HU40N4, ATV 31C037N4...CU40N4 ATV 31HU22M2, ATV 31CU22M2, ATV 31HU55N4...HD15N4, ATV 31CU55N4...CD15N4 ATV 31H018M3X...HD15M3X, ATV 31H075S6X....HD15S6X & marking Product certifications All drives ATV 31H/K/////, ATV 31H/////X, ATV 31C///M2, ATV 31C037N4CU40N4 Degree of protection ATV 31H///M2, ATV 31H///N4, ATV 31H///M3X, ATV 31H///S6X ATV 31C///M2, ATV 31C///N4 Degree of pollution Climatic treatment Vibration resistance Drive without rail option Shock resistance Relative humidity Ambient temperature around the unit
Storage Operation ATV 31H///
% C C
IP 31 and IP 41 on upper part and IP 21 on connection terminals IP 20 without cover plate on upper part of cover IP 55 2 TC Conforming to IEC/EN 60068-2-6: 1.5 mm peak to peak from 3 to 13 Hz, 1 gn from 13 to 150 Hz 15 gn for 11 ms conforming to IEC/EN 60068-2-27 595 without condensation or dripping water, conforming to IEC 60068-2-3 - 25+ 70 -10+50 without derating, with protective cover on top of the drive -10+60 with derating, without protective cover on top of the drive (see derating curves, page 60264/4) -10+40 without derating 1000 without derating (above this, derate the current by 1% per additional 100 m)
ATV 31C/K/// Maximum operating altitude Operating position Maximum permanent angle in relation to the normal vertical mounting position
C m
Drive characteristics
Output frequency range Switching frequency Speed range Transient overtorque Braking torque With braking resistor Without braking resistor 0500 216 adjustable during operation 150 170 to 200% of nominal motor torque (typical value) 100% of nominal motor torque continuously and up to 150% for 60 s Value of nominal motor torque (typical value) according to ratings: 30% for > ATV 31/U15// 50% for 6 ATV 31/U15// 100% for 6 ATV 31/075// 150% for 6 ATV 31/018M2 150% of the nominal drive current for 60 seconds (typical value) Sensorless flux vector control with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) type motor control signal Factory-set for most constant torque applications Possible options: specific ratios for pumps and fans, energy saving or constant torque U/f for special motors Factory-set with the speed loop stability and gain Possible options for machines with high resistive torque or high inertia, or for machines with fast cycles Automatic whatever the load. Can be suppressed or adjusted (1) See table on page 60267/3 to check permitted cable lengths. Hz kHz
Maximum transient current Voltage/frequency ratio
Frequency loop gain
Slip compensation
60261-EN_Ver2.2.fm/2
170
"EMC" course
6/10
B - The emission standards

Various emission standard levels The "product family" emission standards EN 55011: industrial, scientic and medical devices EN 55022: information processing devices EN 55014: electrodomestic appliances EN 55015: light ttings The "product" emission standards Example: speed controllers - IEC 61800-3 The generic standards EN 50081-1 (residential) EN 50081-2 (industrial) Application by default of "product family" or "product" standards. Examples: systems, devices, etc.
The product family standardst EN 55011 and EN 55022
Industrial environment Conducted emission level in industrial environment EN 50081-2 (generic) level EN 55011 class A (restricted distribution).
level
Standard gauges
quasi-crest average
frequency in MHz
171
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
2. Standards, directives and CE marking Domestic environment
7/10
Conducted emission in domestic environment EN 50081-1 (generic) level EN 55022 class B (unrestricted distribution).
Standard gauges level quasi-crest average
frequency in MHz Note: in conducted emission, the standard imposes 2 gauges (quasi-peak and average value) derived from 2 different measurement protocols. For memory, 60 dB stands for a factor 1000: 60 dBV = 1000 V, i.e. 1 mV
Particularity concerning the PDSs (Power Drive Systems)
Example: speed controller. Existence of a product standard IEC 61800-3: Area of application: PDS (POWER DRIVE SYSTEM). Denition of conducted and radiated disturbance levels depending on: PDS power. the environment: - First Environment: measurement of and compliance with the level of disturbances at product level. - Second Environment: measurement of and compliance with the level of disturbances at victim level. the restricted or not restricted distribution area.
172
"EMC" course
8/10
Product standard IEC 61800-3: emission levels
PDS in rst Environment: PDS supplied by a public transformer that also supplies domestic purpose buildings. Conducted disturbances PDS I < 25A not restricted EN 55022 class B restricted EN 55011 class A EN 55011 class A
Measurement in laboratory RFI lter class A or B
I > 25A
Note: Class B is more restrictive than class A as it affects the domestic sector (product mass distribution).
Radiated disturbances PDS Measurement in laboratory with measurement antenna I < 25A I > 25A not restricted EN 55022 class B restricted EN 55011 class A EN 55011 class A
PDS in second Environment: PDS supplied by a public or private transformer that does not supply domestic purpose buildings. External installation in rst Environment: measurement at victim level conducted disturbances: EN 55022 class B External installation in second Environment: conducted disturbances: EN 55011 class A radiated disturbances: EN 55011 class A
measurement at victim level RFI lter class A
Measurement antenna 30 metres from the enclosure wall
173
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
9/10
C - The immunity standards

The main immunity standards IEC
61000-4-2 61000-4-3 61000-4-4 61000-4-5 61000-4-6 61000-4-8 61000-4-9 61000-4-10 61000-4-11 61000-4-12
: electrostatic discharges : radiated elds (radiated immunity) : rapid transients (conducted immunity) : shock waves : induced High Frequency voltage : 50/60Hz magnetic eld : impulse magnetic eld : damped oscillatory magnetic elds : short voltage sags and breaking : oscillatory waves
174
"EMC" course
10/10
D - Marking
Directive 89 / 336 / CEE CE marking as part of EMC is compulsory since 1 January 1996: this concerns directive 89/336 CEE Note: do not forget CE marking with respect to the "machine" and low voltage" directives. The scope Disturbing electrical and electronic devices. Susceptible electrical and electronic devices. Essential requirements (EMC) Limited disturbances. Suitable level of immunity. These requirements are complied with if devices conform to the relevant national standards. CE marking (01/96) This is not a quality label, but a label ensuring conformity to all product applicable directives. It concerns EMC but also LV, machine and construction product directives. Marking is possible after a declaration of conformity to be submitted to the Department of Finance, if it so requires. The technical le is required due to professsional ethics, and in the event of an inspection. The 2 certication channels (Autocertication) article 10.1 article 10.2 (Competent external laboratory)
application of harmonised standards partial + application of other standards technical construction file
performed by the manufacturer
declaration of conformity CE marking
175
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
3. The couplings
1/4
Study of couplings
Source
couplings
Victim
Couplings depend on the installation.
Main couplings
A - Coupling by common impedance B - Inductive coupling C - Capacitive coupling D - Cable eld coupling E - Loop eld coupling
176
"EMC" course
3. The couplings
2/4
A - Coupling by common impedance

Current I will create a voltage drop u, generating a disturbing ddp between A and B. A u' u + u' B u = Z . I = L I L represents the induction coil due to PE cable length Inductance per unit length: 1 H for 1 m of cable
PE
u'
Solutions current ltering, reduction of common impedance by meshing of frames.
B - Inductive coupling
The magnetic eld H generated by I1 will generate a current I2 on the victim wire. A voltage is inserted in the victim loop:
u = 2 f M I 1 I1 victim I2
v lo ictim op
1 if I1 is sinusoidal, and u = M --------
dI dt
if I1 is
impulse M = mutual inductance, depends on: the distance between the two cables, the surface of the loop of the victim cable. Solutions distancing of the 2 cables, reduction of the victim loop surface by twisting, shielding, metal cable tray.
177
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
3. The couplings
3/4
C - Capacitive coupling
We collect a current i2 and a voltage u2 on the victim cable by capacitive coupling due to the stray capacitor Cp.
I1 dV dt CP i2 R victim wire R dv -, thus u 2 = R i 2 i 2 = C p -----dt
Solutions distancing of the 2 cables, shielding,
u2
metal cable tray.
D - Cable eld coupling

An electric eld E, generated for example by a walkie talkie, will introduce a current i on the victim cable, resulting in a disturbance on the equipment.
-: If L -E i = ----------- , where is the wave length of the walkie talkie (in m), 240
vi eq ctim uip me
lkie e-wa i k l a t MHz 144
E (V/m)
nt
Example: Calculation of of the walkie talkie:

c = -- , where c is the speed of light = 300 000 km/s, f = 144 MHz f 3 10 = -------------------- = 2.08 m 6 144 10
8
Calculation of current i for a walkie talkie generating an electric eld E = 10 V/m, placed at L = 1 m from the victim.
E 10 2.08 i = ----------- = -------------------- = 83 mA 240 240
Solutions distancing, shielding, metal cable tray, ltering.

178
"EMC" course
3. The couplings
4/4
E - Loop eld coupling

Current I1 will create a magnetic eld H inducing a voltage u in the victim cabling loop:
dH - in impulse conditions u = 0 S ------dt u = 0 S 2 f H in sinusoidal conditions
vi eq ctim uip me
I1
H
e of th S p a are ling loo b ca
0 = relative permeability of air = 4 10

nt
pha
u
se
Solutions reduction of loop surface by twisting or meshing,
PE
I1 H = --------------2 R
distancing, metal cable tray.
179
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
1/16
A - Introduction
Manufacturers documentation The marking commits the manufacturer to comply with standardised levels concerning the product. However, on the site, the end purpose is to ensure proper nal operation of the installation as a whole. This aim will be achieved provided that the EMC cabling rules recommended by the relevant manufacturer(s) are complied with. Problem solving method: installation inventory What is the type of environment? urban, rural, industrial zone. Adjacent disturbing agents: transmitters, industries, distribution networks, etc. Conduct the survey with users to determine: the problems encountered - which equipment? type of faults, - place and time, - how often. the earthing systems, earthing, the electrical, computer connections, etc. between buildings: - earthing of electrical and mechanical busbar trunkings (by wire, braid, cross-section, length, etc.), - lightning rod downcomer (number, length, cross-section, earthing, etc.); earthing of metal frameworks, cable trays, trunkings, equipment, surge surpressors, lters, presence of meshing or a ground reference plane, dimensions of meshes, connection, quality of shielding reworks (connectors, anges, clamps, etc.), cable insertion (wall, ceiling, oor): - type of signals conveyed, - type of cable; equipment: - incoming, connection, - type of cables, shielding reworks, - wire protection and implementation, - equipment internal cabling.
180
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
2/16
Example of cabling rules recommended by a manufacturer
VVDED303041NA 05/2004
Altivar 31 Installation Manual Electromagnetic Compatibility
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
Installation Recommendations for Meeting EN 55011 Class A
Ensure that the grounds of the drive controller, the motor, and the cable shields are at equal potential. Use shielded cables with the shields connected to ground at both ends of the motor cable, control cables, and the braking resistor (if used). Conduit can be used for part of the shielding length, provided that there is no break in continuity. Ensure maximum separation between the power supply cable (line supply) and the motor cable.
Frame Sizes 1 to 7
Frame Size 8
Frame Size 9
2 2 2
3 1 8 6
3 5 4 7 1 8 6
3 1
5 7
8 6
4 7
Frame Size 1
ATV31 H018M3X, H037M3X
2
H055M3X, H075M3X
3
H018M2, H037M2
4
H055M2, H075M2
5
HU11M3X, HU15M3X HU22M3X
6
HU11M2, HU15M2 H037N4, H055N4, H075N4, HU11N4, HU15N4 H075S6X, HU15S6X HU22M2
7
HU30M3X, HU40M3X HU22N4, HU30N4, HU40N4 HU22S6X, HU40S6X
8
HU55M3X, HU75M3X HU55N4, HU75N4 HU55S6X, HU75S6X
9
HD11M3X, HD15M3X HD11N4, HD15N4 HD11S6X, HD15S6X
1. EMC plate supplied with the drive controller, installed as illustrated on page 19. 2. ATV31 drive controller. 3. Non-shielded power supply wires or cables. 4. Non-shielded wires for the output of the safety relay contacts. 5. The shields for cables 6, 7, and 8 must be securely attached to the EMC plate with stainless steel clamps (item 5). Strip cables 6, 7, and 8 to expose the shields. Apply appropriately-sized clamps around the stripped portion of the cables and fasten them to the EMC plate. 6. Shielded cable for connection to the motor, with shield connected to ground at both ends. This shield must not be interrupted. If intermediate terminal blocks are used, they must be in EMC-shielded metal boxes.
2004 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved 39
ENGLISH
The ATV31 controller is considered to be a component. It is neither a machine nor a piece of equipment ready for use in accordance with the European Community directives (machinery directive or electromagnetic compatibility directive). It is the users responsibility to ensure that the machine meets those standards.
181
HarmoCem
Electromagnetic compatibility Classication of electric signals
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules 4 separate groups Group 4: Very sensitive. Group 3: Sensitive to impulses, disturbs the previous group. Group 2: Not very sensitive but disturbs the previous groups Group 1: Not very sensitive but disturbs the previous groups
3/16
Group 4
Interface Analog connection (sensor)
Group 3
DIgital connection (bus)
Group 2
System
Digital I/O
Relay connection
Group 1
Power connection (power supply)
Note:
Couplings appear between these various coupling types
182
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
4/16
B - The cabling rules

Basic rules Distance incompatible cables.
cross incompatible cables at right angle NO! YES!
sensitive cable
noisy cable
sensitive cable
noisy cable
Risk of crosstalk in common mode if e < 3h, if cables are unshielded
unshielded cables from different groups
shielded cables from different groups
NO !
YES!
gr ou n
pl a
ne
183
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
5/16
Distribution of cables in a tray

metal trays
NO!
YES!
power or noisy cable digital I/O cable, relays measurement or sensitive cable
Note
Do not forget cable segregation
Metal cable trays
General
Cable tray earthing must be perfect from end to end.
H Strong current Weak current
Pay attention to crosstalk: short eld line = high eld H.
184
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
6/16
Distribution of cables
sensitive noisy very sensitive wire
guiding cable noisy cable
metal tube sensitive, not protected, digital, analog Insensitive, shielded Quiet, shielded noisy not protected PE outside (power suply, relays, digital, power)
The trunkings Partitioning: average result
power
Covered partitioning: good result

low currents
Separate covered trunkings: excellent result
185
HarmoCem
Electromagnetic compatibility Cabling and connections
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules Incompatible signals > different cables and strands
7/16
Power connections Relayed I/O connections Analog connections Digital connections power + analog digital + relays
NO!
YES!
power + relays
digital + analog
Connection of shieldings
"jumper link, flange collar" To be banned Acceptable
earth bar connected to the chassis "pigtail"
all earth reworks will take place on a resist plate

"jumper link, flange clamp"
Correct
Ideal
Partition bushing = circumferential contact on equipotential plate Shielding incorrectly connected = loss of efciency
186
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules Connections
8/16
Separate conductors according to the type of signals conveyed

digital "O V" Analog signal pins Digital signal pins
analog "O V" Separation
Twisting the wires
IP S
Limitation of IP: twisting of wires
IP S IP
IP S IP
Reduction of disturbances induced by use of twisted wires: Type of conductor Parallel wires Twisted pair, pitch of 10 cm Twisted pair, pitch of 5 cm Twisted pair, pitch of 2.5 cm Reduction ratio 1/1 1/14 1/112 1/141 dB 0 23 41 43
187
HarmoCem
Electromagnetic compatibility Cable and strand routing
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules Routing of INCOMING/OUTGOING connections
9/16
NO
YES
Digital I/O electronic board
Very large loop surface
Digital I/O electronic board
Supply
Supply
Note
Incoming and outgoing wires must always remain adjacent in order to eliminate loop surfaces. Free cabling rows
NO YES
Electronic system Wires distanced from plates or not referenced to the frame
Antenna
Electronic system
Equipotential plate
Equipotential plate
Note
Connect the free wires to the frame (except for LF very low level cables)
188
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules Routing: practical case
10/16
chassis 1
chassis 1
chassis 2
chassis 2
chassis 3
chassis 3
supply
I/O interf.
supply
I/O interf.
All metal parts (chassis, structures, enclosures, etc.) are equipotential. Flatten the wire connections end to end against the frame An interesting statistic: error ratio of a quick connection in a variety of congurations Shielding reworks: 7.5 cm pigtails 9590 errors 11840 errors Shielded pair connection at 2 Mbits/s - test IEC 61004-4 Measurement taken in the laboratory
12010 errors
4010 errors
4460 errors
4580 errors
0 errors
0 errors
0 errors Cable tray without cover

Origin: N.T. 723 CNET
0 errors Cable tray with cover
189
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
11/16
C - Earths and frames

Specicities with respect to the various types of earthing system Reminder of denitions
Earthed neutral TT
L1 L2 L3 N
Z RB RA
PE ground
Unearthed neutral IT
L1 L2 L3 N
PE RB RA ground
Neutral connection TN-C
L1 L2 L3 PEN
RPAB
ground
Neutral connection TN-S
L1 L2 L3 N PE
N and PE separate RPAB ground
190
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules Connection to the PE Connection to the closest protective conductor. smaller earth loop surface, lower common impedance, economic, low contact voltage, attention to poor discharge of High Frequency currents.
12/16
Comparison of earthing systems in disturbed environments
TT Safety of people Good Residual current device compulsory Safety of equipment re hazard risk for equipment Good
TN-C Good
TN-S Good
IT Good
Be vigilant and ensure continuity of the PE conductor during installation extensions Bad Very high currents in the PEN conductor (> 1kA) Forbidden in premises with high risk Good Bad Bad Good
500 mA earth leakage Recommended in failprotection safe as no electric arc
Energy availability Good Behaviour in "EMC" and harmonics Good The PE is no longer a single potential refernece for the installation.
Good Very Good
Very Good Good Take precautions on installation of the Common Mode High Frequency lter It may be necessary to fragment the installation to reduce cable length and limit leakage currents TN system on 2nd fault.
Circulation of distur- Requires managebing currents in the ment of equipment frames with high leakage cur Radiation of "EMC" rent located downs Surge arresters to disturbances by the tream from earth be provided (oveleakage protection PE rhead distribution) devices Not recommended if Requires manage- harmonic generator in High fault currents ment of equipment in the PE (induced disthe installation with high leakage curturbances) rents located downs A single earth tream from earth leakage protection devices Good With CM + DM surge arrester Good With CM + DM surge arrester Good With CM + DM surge arrester
Lightning
Good With CM surge arrester
191
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
13/16
D - The reducing components

Implementation of lters
Mains lter: do not use green-yellow wires to earth the lter, pay attention to lter direction! avoid coupling between input/output wires, reference the lter with respect to an earth plane, separate the input and output wires, atten the cables against the earth plane
PE
NO !
I O
YES
PE
192
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
14/16
Emergency solutions: "solutions kit to be used on site"
Class X or Y capacitors
The earth inductances
The modular lter
The ferrites
The HF "door gasket"
The adhesive copper ribbon
193
HarmoCem
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules The surge suppressors Example: calculation of surge during a lightning stroke Lightning is assimilated to a high frequency phenomenon
15/16
i Device to be protected
VL1 VPF i VL2
Vprot
I lightning = 10 kA L1 = 0.5 m L2 = 1.50 m dt = 10 s VPF = 1200 V 1 m cable = 1
Earth Vprot = VL1 + VL2 + VPF where VL1 = L1 di/dt = 0.5H x 10kA / 10S = 500V VL2 = L2 di/dt = 1.5H x 10kA / 10S = 1500V Vprot = 500 + 1500 + 1200 = 3200 V Device surge withstand level is 2 kV. As such there is a risk of the device being destroyed due to the very long lengths of cables L1 and L2 causing surges.
Cabling rule:
Connect the device to be protected to the surge arrester terminals.
194
"EMC" course
4. Cabling rules
16/16
E - The conclusions
Anticipate Comply with cabling rules Remain homogeneous Distrust "home-made recipes"
Important
For strong/weak current co-habitation, think about cabling
195
HarmoCem
"EMC" evaluation
multiple choice questionnaire
1/1
1 - High frequency current reduction solution:
a harmonic suppression lter a shielded cable a high frequency lter
2 - Cable radiation reduction solution
an unconnected shielded cable a high frequency lter a shielded cable connected at 360
3 - Measurement means of a high frequency current:
Moebius probe RMS CT clamp high frequency clamp High Frequency measurement antenna
4 - Incidence of inductive coupling in a cabling earth loop surface
capacitive crosstalk generation of a disturbing voltage generation of an electric eld
196
3.2
Exercise 1: Measuring radiation of a cable at the speed controller output
EMC - Electromagnetic compatibility

Completion con- Safety ditions The teacher must clearly state the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: measurement instruments must only be connected by safety cords. Equipment and documents used The system "Bench for studying EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbances ", The system technical le, A High Frequency spectrum analyser or an oscillosope + 50 adapter, A Moebius loop, a twisted computer pair, 3 speed controller cables). Prerequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard EMC course.
Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cabinets using: - the operative part cabinet supply cable, - the three speed controller cable types according to the questions. Use the High Frequency clamp to measure cable radiation. Connect the input FVV lter. With the speed controller at In, no connected harmonic ltering solution.
Aim of the Highlight the efciency of a shielded cable. activity H1: Know and be able to implement the cabling and installation rules to ensure co-habitation of strong and weak currents H2: Choose and apply a protection strategy according to manufacturers data (mounting and solutions) H4: Identify the various installation polluters and victims H5: Propose a a protocol for investigation and measurement on site, confronted with an installation malfunctioning problem
197
HarmoCem
Exercise 1: Measuring radiation of a cable at the speed controller output A - Measuring cable radiation
1/8
Measurement congurations Conguration
Speed controller at In - Upstream RFI lter in operation Spectrum analyser HAMEG HM 5005 3 phases without PE 3 phases with PE 70 dBV 60 dBV
Oscilloscope 0.2 V/div - 0.1 ms/ div 3 phases without PE 3 phases with PE
Cable: > 2 Vdc Shielding not connected Cable: Shielding connected with "pigtail" Cable: shielding connected to "EMC" (IVMC)
1.5 Vdc
0.3 Vdc
50 dBV
0 Vdc
20 to 30 dBV
Notes:
All the measurements taken using the oscilloscope with the High Frequency clamp (50 ) use the 50 adapter.
HF clamp
50 adapter
1 M
oscilloscope
All the measurements made with the spectrum analyser are taken by direct input without adapter.
HF clamp
50 adapter
50
analyser
198
3/8
Cable not connected: measurement on the 3 phases
Measurement of IMC on the three phase without the PE conductor

HF clamp
Var
ph PE
Oscilloscope or analyser
f
Oscilloscope 0.2 V/div - 0.1 ms Analyser 10 dBV/div 2 MHz/div
199
HarmoCem

Measurement of IVMC on the three phases + le PE conductor
HP clamp
3/8
Cable not connected: measurement on the 3 phases + PE
Var
ph PE
f
200

Measurement of IVMC
"pigtails" HF clamp
4/8
Shielding connected with "pigtail"
Var
ph PE
f
201
HarmoCem

Measurement of IVMC
5/8
"EMC" connected shielding
HF clamp
Var
ph PE
very short
f
202

Installation reworked to conformity:
6/8
Conclusion
at the output thanks to the shielded cable connected to both sides at 360, at the input thanks to the efciency of the RFI lter built into the speed controller. By measurement concerning the three power cables, it is proved that the properly connected shielded cable yields the best results, as the entire current is re-looped by the PE + the shielding. ITRUE COMMON MODE = 0 the cable does not radiate Moreover, this shielding ensures repetitive measurements, when the 4 cables are mechanically forced to be attened up against each other, thereby eliminating the cabling loop surfaces.
On the other hand, in the 2nd series of measurements (3 phases + PE), the result is variable, as it depends on: PE impedance with respect to the building metal structures, proximity of a cable tray, modifying the value of stray capacitors, spacing of the 4 cables with one another.
203
HarmoCem
Exercise 1: Measuring radiation of a cable at the speed controller output B - Inuence of radiation of a cable on a computer link
7/8
Non-connected cable
HF clamp
Var
ph PE
R R Oscilloscope 1m
Oscilloscope 0.2 V/div - 0.1 ms
16 Vdc
EMC connected cable
u Var t
HF clamp
ph PE
R R Oscilloscope 1m
very short
2 Vdc
Conclusion
The "EMC" connected cable is the one that generates least pollution. It is recommended by the manufacturer.
204
8/8
C - Measuring radiation of a cable due to spacing of conductors

Unshielded cable phase spaced
PE
Var
Moebius loop
Unshielded cable 3 phases + PE grouped
Var
PE
M
Moebius loop Oscilloscope or analyser
Conclusion
Grouping of cables cancels radiation by cancellation of the magnetic elds.

205
HarmoCem
206
3.3
Exercise 2: Measuring radiation of a cable on a cathode ray tube display

Completion con- Safety ditions The teacher must clearly state the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: measurement instruments must only be connected by safety cords. Equipment and documents used The system "Bench for studying EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbances ", The system technical le, A cathode ray tube display, A stripped supply extension cable (Ph + N + PE). Prerequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard EMC course.
Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cabinets using: - the operative part cabinet supply cable, - the speed controller cable connected to the "EMC" cabinet. Place the stripped extension cable in series with the bench supply cord. Flatten the phase cable up against the CRT display. With the speed controller at In, there is no connected harmonic ltering solution.
Aim of the Highlight the efciency of a shielded cable. activity H1: Know and be able to implement the cabling and installation rules to ensure co-habitation of strong and weak currents H2: Choose and apply a protection strategy according to manufacturers data (mounting and solutions) H5: Propose a a protocol for investigation and measurement on site, confronted with an installation malfunctioning problem
207
HarmoCem
1/2
A - Conguration
Inuence of the magnetic eld generated by radiation of a cable on a computer cathode ray tube display.
Cable portion partially stripped
PE N
Elec. network
Separation ph/N
ph
Speed variator bench + motor
R 20 cm between phases and deflection yoke coil of the tube
Screen coil
CRT
B - Description
1 - Connect the bench using a 1P cable with three conductors ph, N, PE as separate as possible from each other (stripped cable supplied). 2 - Flatten the phase cable against the front panel of the CRT display, with the computer energised. 3 - Put the bench into operation, with the speed controller at IN = 2.1 A at the output. Note: Do not start up any harmonic lters. 4 - Measure Irms upstream: 4.6 Arms 5 - We observe a distortion at 150 Hz of screen image. Why? As the phase is separate from the neutral, this cable will radiate a
I magnetic eld H = --------------2 R
R = 20 cm = 0.2 m = distance separating the cable from the cathode tube deection coils.
4.6 H = ------------------ = 3.7 A/m 2 0.2
The level of immunity of a CRT display is approximately 1A/m. Note: Liquid crystal displays (lap-top computers) are not disturbed.
208
2/2
C - Solutions
Distancing the cable We can reduce the magnetic eld by distancing the cable from the screen. Calculate this distance R for a reduction of 1A/m:
I H = --------------2 R I 4.6 R = --------------= --------------- = 0.7 m 2 H 2 H
Check the phenomenon in practice.
Approaching phase and neutral
We can reduce the magnetic eld and thus cable radiation by approaching the two phase and neutral cables. As the two elds cancel each other out in differential mode, cable radiation ceases. We can observe the advantage of a multipole cable.
Interposition of a harmonic suppression lter
the various bench harmonic suppression lters can be implemented: induction coil L1, number 3 passive lter. However, radiation persists on the 50 Hz fundamental current (screen disturbed at 50 Hz).
D - Conclusion
A multipole cable naturally grouping the cables will be less polluting than separate single-pole cables. (cancellation of magnetic elds) This solution is to be preferred.
209
HarmoCem
210
3.4
Exercise 3: Measuring efciency of a EMC cabinet on the radiated eld

Completion con- Safety ditions The teacher must clearly state the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: measurement instruments must only be connected by safety cords. Equipment and documents used The system "Bench for studying Harmonics and EMC electrical network disturbances ", The system technical le, A High Frequency technical le, A Moebius loop. Prerequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard EMC course.
Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cabinets using: - the operative part cabinet supply cable, - the speed controller cable connected to the "EMC" cabinet. Set speed controller current to In Place the Moebius loop in front of the cabinet Operate the door according to the teachers instructions and use button SA0 to work with the door open.
Aim of the Highlight the efciency of an EMC cabinet. activity H2: Choose and apply a protection strategy according to the manufacturers data (mounting and solutions) H5: Propose a protocol for investigation and measurement on site, confronted with an installation malfunctioning problem.
211
HarmoCem
Exercise 3: Measuring efciency of a EMC cabinet on the radiated eld
1/1
Cabinet
Analyser
A - Conguration
Measurements are taken at the Moebius loop connected to the spectrum analyser. The High Frequency lter (F Variable Speed) is connected The speed controller is on full load
Var
Moebius loop
B - Description
Cabinet with door open
f
Cabinet with door closed
Analyser 2 MHz/div
Analyser 2 MHz/div
C - Conclusion
Radiation is reduced when the door is closed.
212
3.5
Exercise 4: Measuring High Frequency conducted emission reinjected on the network

Place of System test laboratory activity Transfer and completion of knowledge
Exercise Safety conditions The teacher must clearly explain the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: The measurement instruments must be connected solely using safety cords. Equipment and documents used The system "EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbance study bench", The system technical le, An High Frequency clamp, An High Frequency spectrum analyser or an oscilloscope + adapter 50 Prerequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard EMC lesson.
Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cubicles by: - the PO cubicle supply cable, - the "EMC" connected Variable Speed cable. Replace the jumper links l1 (phase or neutral) by 2 safety cords to allow measurement of conducted currents. Use pushbutton S5 to add or remove the F Variable Speed lter (built into the variable speed drive). Variable speed drive off-load, with no harmonic ltering device connected.
Purpose of the Highlighting the advantage of an EMC Filter. exercise H0 : Knowledge of applicable LF and HF standards, EC marking as well as their scope H1 : Knowledge and learning how to implement the cabling and installation rules to ensure coexistence of the various currents (strong and weak) H4 : Identify the various polluters and victims of the installation. H5 : Propose a site investigation and measurement protocol faced with an installation malfunctioning problem.
213
HarmoCem
1/8
A - Conguration
Measurement of High Frequency conducted emission re-injected on the network at the input to the bench. Measurement tool: High Frequency clamp. Measurement position: on the two l1 jumper links
B - Description
1 - Measuring High Frequency current with the oscilloscope and spectrum analyser, by connecting and disconnecting the lter (F Variable Speed) built into the variable speed drive by pressing the S5 pushbutton. 2 - Calculating current measured using the High Frequency clamp 3 - Correlation (for teaching purposes) between the current measured using the clamp and the standard measurement (voltage) taken in the laboratory. Notes : The measurements taken with the oscilloscope will use the 50 adapter, Direct input (without adapter) on the analyser.
214
2/8
High Frequency emission measurements at the input of the background noise to the spectrum analyser
Clamp HF
Bench EMC
u
Spectrum analyser
The level of background noise is on average 10 dBV
Analyser 10 dBV/div 2 MHz/div
Bench de-energised
215
HarmoCem
3/8
High Frequency emission measurements at the input to the spectrum analyser in common mode
Clamp HF
Var
Spectrum analyser
f
Variable speed drive only without filter Analyser 10 dBV/div 2 MHz/div Variable speed drive only with filter
Reminder: 10 dB correspond to an attenuation of a factor of 3
216
4/8
High Frequency emission measurements at the input to the spectrum analyser in differential mode
Clamp HF
Var
Spectrum analyser Reversed turn
f
Variable speed drive only without filter Analyser 10 dBV/div 2 MHz/div Variable speed drive only with filter
217
HarmoCem
5/8
High Frequency emission measurements at the input to the background noise to the oscilloscope in the common mode
Clamp HF
Bench EMC
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope 5 mV/div 2 ms Bench de-energised
Oscilloscope adapted to 50
218
6/8
High Frequency emission measurements at the input to the oscilloscope in common mode
Clamp HF
Bench EMC
Oscilloscope
Variable speed drive only without filter
Variable speed drive only with filter
Oscilloscope 0.5 V/div 2 ms
Oscilloscope adapted to 50
219
HarmoCem
7/8
High Frequency emission measurements at the input to the oscilloscope in differential mode
Clamp HF
Var
Oscilloscope reversed turn
Variable speed drive only without filter
Variable speed drive only with filter
Oscilloscope 1 V/div 2 ms
Note: Visualisation of the current at 50 Hz is identical with and without lter. Note that the RFI lter attenuates High Frequency but not LF.
220
8/8
C - Conclusion
We have shown the efciency of the lter according to the various measurement methods used, with an oscilloscope and with a spectrum analyser. The High Frequency lter markedly attenuates electromagnetic disturbances, provided that cabling is correct, regardless of the load level (LF) of the variable speed drive.
Notes concerning high frequency lter (FEN))
In the bench, the High Frequency disturbances are ltered by the lter (FVV) built into the variable speed drive. The FEN thus only has a teaching function, and is used to highlight the cabling rules of an High Frequency lter. (refer to lesson on cabling rules)
221
HarmoCem
3.6
Exercise 5: Correlation between measurement on site and in a laboratory

Place of System test laboratory activity Transfer and completion of knowledge
Exercise Safety conditions The teacher must clearly explain the safety instructions. To minimise electrical hazards: the measurement instruments must be connected solely using safety cords. Equipment and documents used The system "EMC and Harmonics electrical network disturbance study bench". The system technical le. An High Frequency clamp. An High Frequency spectrum analyser. Prerequisites Awareness of the electrical hazard. EMC lesson.
Measurement System conguration conditions Connect the two cubicles by: - The PO cubicle supply cable, - The "EMC" connected VV cable. Replace the jumper links l1 (phase or neutral) by 2 safety cords to allow measurement of conducted currents. Use pushbutton S5 to add or remove the FVV lter.
Purpose of the H0 : Knowledge of applicable LF and HF standards, EC marking exercise as well as their scope H5 : Propose a site investigation and measurement protocol faced with an installation malfunctioning problem
222
1/12
A - presentation of the LISN

Standard voltage measurement in the laboratory is performed by means of a Line Impedance Stabilising Network or LISN.
Power supply (1 phase)
d Source (tested element) h
L2 C2
L1
C1 (1 k ) Faraday shield Load I Input impedance: 50 Sweeping 10 kHz - 30 MHz Pass-band 200 Hz - 10 kHZ 4 types of detector Measurement time 0,005 100 s Plotting table
Level
60 dBV Frequency
Conducted emission is measured by a voltage level. For example: 60 dBV 1 mV The LISN only measures on one wire, so as to highlight the High Frequency disturbances that enter the equipment in the common and differential modes. Purpose and operating principle of the LISN Elimination of the disturbances coming from the network by 50 Hz low pass lter (L1 - C1). The LISN stabilises network impedance at 50 in High Frequency. C2 shunts the High Frequency disturbances coming from the tested device to the measurement analyser (high pass lter) and blocks the 50 Hz. L2 prevents the lHF from returning to the network. This LISN, connected to a spectrum analyser, will enable standard measurements to be performed.
223
HarmoCem
2/12
Standard levels of conducted emission on the network Standard EN 55011 for scientic and medical apparatus: - A class = installation in industrial environments behind a private transformer. - B class = installation in residual environments behind a public transformer. For each class, three measurement levels are taken in the passband from 150 kHz to 30 MHz: - Crest detection, - Quasi-crest detection (elimination of intermittent peaks), - Mean value detection (average value). In standard industrial applications, we choose the quasi-crest and mean value measurements. The levels are xed by the enclosed gauges. Note : The bench complies with the A class limits of standard EN 55011.
224

Conducted emission levels: EN 55011
3/12
120
Mean value detection - Neutral or Phase measured line

Level in dBV
100
80
A Class
60
B Class
40
20
0 0.01 120 0.1 1 10
frequency in MHz
30
Quasi-crest detection
Level in dBV
100
80
A Class B Class
60
40
20
0 0.01 0.1 1 10
frequency in MHz
30
225
HarmoCem
4/12
B - Method used to perform measurement correlation (site/lab)

Voltage measurement using the LISN in the laboratory Wire by wire measurement.
Mains IHF 1k phase IHF TE Tested Equipment
LISN
uLABO
Zi = 50
Laboratory spectrum analyser
ULABO = R . IHF = 50 . IHF ULABO : voltage measured at the spectrum analyser R = 50 (spectrum analyser input impedance)
Current measurement using the High Frequency clamp on site
Clamp HF phase IHF Spectrum analyser HAMEG
Source
up I HF = ----Zt
Up : U of clamp measured at the HAMEG analyser Zt : Clamp transfer Z The clamp must be placed on a single wire (phase or Neutral) for an equivalent measurement.
226
5/12
With knowledge that the current IHF is the same for both measurements (if the 50 W source impedance is the same), we can write
up u LABO = 50 ----Zt
Thus the link between the current measurement IHF with the clamp and the voltage measurement ULABO with the LISN is: ULABO = IHF x 50 Notes : A word of warning: this correlation only has a teaching purpose. It is very approximate as: Measurement using the clamp is performed on a 50 network in High Frequency (knowing that Znetwork 50 at 1 MHz) I is measured on a single wire (LISN measurement); and is equivalent to:
1 -I I DIFERENTIAL MODE + -2 COMMON MODE
We assume that there is no pre-existing pollution from the network, resulting in a comparative measurement error. We do not take into account clamp disturbances from the adjacent elds (the teaching clamp is not shielded). The reading for the transfer impedance Zt curve of the teaching clamp is approximate.
Units :
The values of u and Zt are given in dB. The current in the clamp IHF will be :
up I HF = ----Zt
IHF (dBmA) = up (dBV) Zt (dB)
227
HarmoCem
6/12
Frequency in MHz
Impedance curve of the "teaching" High Frequency clamp
Transfer impedance dB
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
228
40
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
7/12
About the High Frequency clamp
The accuracy of the transfer impedance curve for this teaching High Frequency clamp is approximate, due to the adaptation of this tool for teaching purposes. In particular this clamp is not shielded (sensitivity to the environment). In point of fact, the aim is not to take standard measurements, but to display phenomena for teaching purposes, by using relatively inexpensive measurement tools (as a guideline, the cost of a standard High Frequency clamp is around 1100 ). Furthermore, this teaching clamp could be easily reproduced by teachers (diagrams and technical data for components are enclosed with the manuals). Precautions for using the clamp: Do not exceed an LF current of approximately 3 A to avoid saturation.
229
HarmoCem
8/12
High Frequency emission measurement at the input to the spectrum analyser on a wire (phase)
This measurement is used to establish a correlation with the standard measurement taken using the LISN in the laboratory.
ph N
Clamp HF
Bench EMC Var no load
Test points l1
Spectrum analyser HAMEG 5005
2 MHz Figure 1 : variable speed drive only without filter Analyser 0.5 MHz/div 10 dBV/div
2 MHz Figure 2 : variable speed drive only with filter
230
9/12
Calculating current I measured using the High Frequency clamp
Off-load variable speed drive with High Frequency lter (F Variable Speed) disconnected (see measurement reading in gure1, page 230) Example: measurement point at 2 MHz uHAMEG ANALYSER = 50 dBV Calculating u measured on the analyser
1 - ), where u0 = 1 V (as measurement unit in V) u dBV = 20 . log( -----
u u0
50 dBV = 20 . log(u1),
- = 2.5 (value read on the analyser) where log(u) = ----50 20
u1 = 316 V Calculating Zt of this clamp at 2 MHz Clamp transfer impedance read on the curve on page 228: Zt = 3 dB at 2 MHz Zt dB = 20 . log(Zt) 3 dB = 20 . log(Zt),
3 - = 0.15 where log(Zt) = ----20
Zt = 1.4
u 316 V I = ----- = ----------------- = 225 A Zt 1, 4
Correlation with the standard voltage measurement: (Choice of standard EN 55011 A class - industrial environment) - Mean value detection corresponding to the measurement of the HAMEG 5005 analyser - The standard value not to be exceeded on the gauge at 2 MHz is 60 dBV = 1 mV - uLISN in the lab = 82 dBV (see record 1, page 232), i.e. 12 mV CCurrent/voltage correlation: u = 50 x ICLAMP HF u = 50 x 0.225 = 11.2 mV Notes : In view of the approximation of the teaching clamp, correlation is good. The standard gauge of 60 dBV (i.e. 1 mV) is exceeded as the RFI lter (FVV) of the variable speed drive is disconnected.
231
HarmoCem

Reading the EMC bench noise off-load: - In the laboratory with LISN - Without RFI lter - Mean value detection - Measured Line: Neutral
10/12
dBV
Record 1
232

Variable speed drive with RFI lter (FVV) connected (see measurement reading in gure 2 page 230) Example: measurement point at 2 MHz uHAMEG ANALYSER = 25 dBV Calculating u measured on the analyser u = 25 dBV = 17 V Clamp transfer impedance: Zt = 3 dB 2 MHz or Zt = 1.4 (the same)
- = -------------- = 12.1 A I = ----u Zt 17 V 1, 4
11/12
Correlation with the voltage measurement standard: - uRSIL in the lab = 43 dBV (see record 2, page 234), i.e. 141 V - Current/voltage correlation : u = 50 x IHF u = 50 x 12.1A = 605 V Notes : Correlation is correct, in view of the approximations made. The A class standard gauge of 60 dBV, i.e. 1 mV is complied with as the RFI lter (FVV) of the variable speed drive is reconnected. We remind you that measurement is approximate and only has a teaching purpose. Measurements using the High Frequency clamp are mainly intended to check proper operation of an installation.
233
HarmoCem

Reading the EMC bench noise off-load: - In the laboratory with LISN - With RFI lter - Mean value detection - Measured Line: Neutral
12/12
dBV
Record 2
C - Conclusion
We have thus shown the efciency of the lter built-into the variable speed drive: this drive complies with the standard. Filter attenuation is 40 dB, i.e. a factor of 100.
234
IInstitut Schneider Formation CITEF S.A.S. 89 Boulevard Franklin Roosevelt F-92500 Rueil Malmaison France
This document is the property of Institut Schneider Formation. It may not be reproduced, even partially, without its express prior authorisation.
MDG9AD152EN
07-2005 / IE : 03
Writing & editing: LCSI - www.lcsi.fr

Mdg9ad152en Harmocem TP en Ie03

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Mdg9ad152en Harmocem TP en Ie03

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

HarmoCem Study of electrical network disturbances

HarmoCem Study of electrical network disturbances

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Caution Earth Terminal On Off

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

2 Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

3 Lesson and exercises EMC

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Disturbances generated by harmonics

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

EMC: general information

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Teaching skills and strategy

A - The technician's skills in this area

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

B - Harmonics/EMC teaching strategy

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

C - Development of the Harmonics teaching strategy

Evaluation on training during the exercises

NO Good results List results YES

Prepare a new training contract

Concise evaluation MCQ

NO Good results List the results

H0, H2, H4, H5, H6

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

D - Development of EMC teaching strategy

Validation Concise evaluation: MCQ

- Highlighting the advantage of grouping the conductors H1, H2, H5

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

2Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads

St udy of harmonic phenomena

VAR, KVAR W, KW DPF

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

Study of harmonic phenomena

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Study of harmonic phenomena

Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

Study of harmonic phenomena

Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Study of harmonic phenomena

Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Lessons and exercises "Harmonics"

Study of harmonic phenomena

Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads

Institut Schneider Formation / MDG9AD152EN / 07-2005 / IE : 03

Study of harmonic phenomena

Exercise 1: Study of the various lighting loads

Using the readings