Report

to

Congress
HOV

ecies

Recoveiy Program
i

^*
r.\^

Prepared by
lent of the Interior and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. 20240

December 1990

;v^

THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR WASHINGTON

ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT

Report of the Department of the Interior

Section 4(f)(3) of the Endangered Species Act requires

that:

The Secretary shall report every two years to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on
Merchant Marine and
Fisheries of the

House of Representatives on the

for all listed

status of efforts to develop

and implement recovery plans

species listed pursuant to this section

for

and on the

status of all species

which such plans have been developed.

Department of the
Interior is limited

The
the

responsibility of the

by Section 3(14) of

Endangered Species Act, which outlines the responsibilities of the Secretaries.

of

The Secretary
and
terrestrial

Commerce

is

generally responsible for

is

most marine species

(except birds), and the Secretary of the Interior

generally responsible for birds

and freshwater species. Exceptions include the West Indian manatee,

sea turtles (on land), and sea otters, which are under the Secretary of the Interior's
jurisdiction.

Accordingly, published herewith

in

is

the first report of the

Department of the Interior

to the

accordance with the requirements of the 1988 amendments

Endangered

Species Act, on the recovery program for federally listed species under the
Secretary of the Interior's jurisdiction. This report represents the recovery status
of listed species occurring in the United States and/or trust territories through

September 30, 1990.

7 <>&~MJtcg ( ^'(P
<

<

Report

to

Congress

Endangered and Threatened Species Recovery Program

Prepared by
U.S.

Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. 20240

December 1990
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2013

http://archive.org/details/endangeredthreat1990usfi

Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
v

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW
Recovery Successes
2
3

RECOVERY POLICY
THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT AMENDMENTS OF
Public Review of Recovery Plans

1988

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Recovery Plan Status Report

Monitoring of Recovered Species
Section 6

Amendments

Annual Reporting of Recovery Expenditures

Recovery Plan Requirements

ENDANGERED SPECIES RECOVERY APPROPRIATIONS

SERVICE GUIDANCE AND ENDANGERED
SPECffiS

ACT IMPLEMENTATION

8 8 9 9 9 9

Recovery Priority System

Recovered Species Monitoring Program

Endangered Species Act (1988 Amendments) Compliance Endangered Species Expenditures Report
Service Guidance

Recovery Program Implementation LISTED SPECIES RECOVERY STATUS REPORT

1

10 10
11

OVERVIEW
Appendix Appendix
Appendix
II

11
11 11

III

Appendix IV

DATA ANALYSES

12

in


LIST
Map 1. Map 2.

OF MAPS
Regional Boundaries
Listed Species by State/Territory
11

As

of October

1,

1990

44

LIST
Table
1.

OF TABLES
Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery Priority System
8

Table 2. Endangered and Threatened Species

Listed by Taxonomic

Group

12

Table 3. Listed Species With and Without Approved Recovery

Plans

Taxonomic Distribution

13

Table 4. Listed Species Recovery Plan Status

14

LIST
Figure
1.

Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4.

Figure 5.

OF FIGURES All Listed Species Separated by Taxonomic Group Length of Time on Separated by Taxonomic Group Recovery Separated by Taxonomic Group
List
Priority

12 12
13
13

Recovery Priority
Listed Species

With and Without Conflicts

All Listed Species

Percentage With and

14
15

Without Recovery Plans

Figure 6. Figure
7.

Recovery Status

Recovery Status of Listed Species Separated by Taxonomic Group

Recovery Status Species With and Without Approved Recovery Plans Recovery Objectives Achieved

15

Figure

8.

16 16

Figure

9.

All Listed Species

Figure 10. Recovery Objectives Achieved

Separated by Taxonomic Group

Figure 11. Fraction

17 17

Of Species

Declining as a Function of Years Listed

APPENDICES
APPENDDC APPENDDC
I.

Status of Listed Species with Approved Recovery Plans

19

n.

Development and Implementation of Recovery Plans for Listed Species

Status of the

29 43
77

APPENDDC APPENDDC

IE. Listed Species Occurrence by State(s)

rv.

Individual Species Recovery Progress Reports

Literature citations should read as follows:

U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, 1990. Report

to

Congress: Endangered and Threatened

Species Recovery Program. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,

Washington, D.C. 406pp.

iv

Report to Congress

Endangered and
Threatened Species Recovery Program
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
On October 7,
1988, President
cure, self-sustaining wild populations

of species with the

minimum neces-

sary investment of resources.

Reagan signed into law a bill amending the Endangered Species Act (Act)
and authorizing increased appropriations to implement the Act through fiscal year 1992 (Public Law 100478). One of the major amendments

The goal
is to:

of the Fish and Wildlife

Service's (Service) recovery

program

(1) identify those ecosystems

and organisms that face the highest degree of threat, (2) determine tasks
necessary to reduce or eliminate the threats, and (3) apply the resources
available to the highest priority recov-

made more

specific the general

requirement that the Secretaries of

the Interior and

Commerce develop

and implement recovery plans.

ery tasks.

The ultimate goal

is to

re-

The amendment

store listed species to a point

where

further directs the Secretary to report every two years on the status of efforts to develop and implement recovery plans for
all listed

they are viable self-sustaining

comto

ponents of their ecosystem, so as allow delisting.

species

of

all

species for

and on the status which recovery

The
is

first

step in the recovery process

plans have been developed.

is the first Report to Congress on the status of the Recovery Program for federally listed endangered and threatened species under the Secretary of the Interior's

This report

development of species-specific recovery goals and the identification and ranking of species information and management needs in terms of their relative importance and timing
the
for recovery. This information is typi-

cally set forth in a recovery plan.

recovery plan delineates, justifies,

jurisdiction.

and schedules the research and management actions necessary to support

recovery of a species, including those
that, if successfully

Recovery
Recovery
is

the process by

which the

undertaken, are

decline of an endangered or threat-

likely to permit reclassification or

ened species is arrested or reversed, and threats to its survival are neutralized, so that
its

delisting of the species.

Recovery

plans are prepared to help organize

species information and
sive

long-term survival in

management

nature can be ensured.

this

The

goal of

needs. These plans are comprehen-

process

is

the maintenance of se-

documents

that identify all

known recovery

actions for a species

and associated costs by

all

cooperat-

Report Overview
The Species Status Report
is

ing agencies. They serve as a

blueprint for private, Federal, and
State interagency cooperation in the

divided into four major sections.

1, 1990, 581 species endangered or threatin the United States and/or Trust Territories. All taxonomic groups are

As

of October
listed as

were ened

implementation of recovery actions. A recovery plan is a document that sets forth the information base and management needs to allow the
species a chance at recovery so that

Appendices presenting each section

are explained below.

represented.

The Lead
Four hundred and fifty-two of the species have been listed for longer
than 3 years. Species listed in the last
3 years have been dominated by
plants (58%).

Region

is

listed for

each species.

Coordination
ing species'

among Regions regardstatus occurs when

overlap Regional

protection under the Endangered

known ranges
boundaries.

Species Act
required.

may no

longer be

Most

species listed less

Appendix
proery plan.
tified as

than 3 years do not yet have final

I

addresses the status of

species' status

approved recovery plans. Many,

however, have plans in

The recovery planning process

each species with an approved recov-

some

stage of

vides for public participation to en-

Each

is

iden-

development. Recovery outlines are

hance coordination and acceptance, which are vital to species' survival and eventual recovery. The Service recognizes the need to develop recovery plans for listed species and has
increased efforts in this area, particularly

Improving, Stable,

Declining,

Unknown,

developed within 60 days of publication of the final rule listing a species

or Extinct.

Appendix

II outlines the status of

and are submitted

activities until

to the

Service

development and implementation of

recovery plans for
Territories.
all

Director to be used as a guide for

species occur-

recovery plans are

ring in the United States and/or Trust

developed.
Individual species recovery priorities

by increasing the number of

multi-species recovery plans, coordi-

nating plan preparation, and identifying plans where other conservation

Appendix

III indexes all listed

are assigned using the Service's published guidelines. Sixty-one percent

species by State(s) and/or territory of

agencies can participate in order to

accelerate critical recovery task im-

occurrence. Each State and/or Trust

Territory is listed individually with
listed species cross-referenced

of the species are assigned high recovery priority numbers, signifying

plementation.

with a
re-

an imminence of extinction for nearly

two-thirds of the listed species.

"Species Account Number". The

While

and delistings demonstrate that there can be successes in recovery, removal from
reclassifications

Species Account

Number directly
in

lates to the Individual Species

Recovery Report

Appendix

IV.

Approximately 35% are assigned moderate recovery priority numbers and 4% are assigned low numbers.

the

list is

not a reasonable goal for

all

High priorities

are assigned across

all

endangered species. Primary recovery

efforts generally

Appendix IV provides
all

individual

aim

at stabilizing or

species recovery progress reports for

species occurring in the United

taxonomic groups with no bias towards any taxonomic group.

reversing deterioration of a species'

habitat or decline in
its

numbers and

States and/or Trust Territories.

An

An

additional designation

"C"

is

ap-

then restoring

it

to a

condition in

index of the species, listed alphabetically by

which

it is

likely to survive over the

common name,
IV.

is at

the end

long term.
the

A more realistic measure

delisted
is

of

Appendix

pended to those species recovery priority numbers where a known threat or "conflict" exists. Approximately

of the Service's recovery efforts than

25%
This year's report includes
listed as of
all

of listed species have possible

species

number of species
whose

conflicts with

October

1,

1990.

probably the proportion of

species
lized, particularly

or other forms of

listed

development projects economic activity.

status has been stabi-

Recovery plan information is current through September 30, 1990. Data

are outlined for species occurring in

The majority

of listed species are not

among

species that

in conflict with other activities.

are habitat-limited and thus

more

vul-

the United States and/or Trust

Territories only.

Of the 581

nerable to changes in their environ-

No foreign species
of listing for

ment. Maintenance of remaining populations of listed species and prevention of their extinction
objective of the program.
is

are reported.

The date

U.S. listed species, 352 (61%) have approved recovery plans as of October 1, 1990.

a basic

each species is the date the rule was published in the Federal Register. The
effective date of the rule is usually
thirty

Eighty-three percent of listed species

have either an approved recovery plan or one that is in some stage of devel-

days succeeding publication in

the Federal Register.

opment. Eighteen (3%) of the species

will not have recovery plans

Of the 8 1 species with recovery plans "pending," that is,

prepared.

planned but not yet initiated, 41 have been listed less than 3 years. The remaining forty (7%) of the species
that warrant

having recovery plans

VI

developed, but have yet to have a plan initiated, have been listed longer than
3 years.

Summary
The Service has placed increased emphasis on recovery planning.

The

7%

constitutes the actual

recovery plan backlog in the Fish and

Wildlife Service.

A probeen

cess has been developed to reduce the

backlog of species without recovery

Most

of the species considered to be

birds, or

plans. Target timeframes have

improving are mammals,

plants.

established to guide the development

A significant majority of them

from very low num-

of draft and final plan preparation.

are recovering

bers, with the benefit of intensive,

Both an

overall trend towards recov-

hands-on management. Bird and

to

fish

ery and the time dimensions of that

trend have been evaluated. Species
listed longer appear to have a better chance of becoming stable or

species represent the taxa considered

be the most stable. The unknown component is most pronounced in invertebrates, reflecting a need for
additional studies. Three-fourths of
the prominent declining status of in-

improving.

A commitment to endangered species

recovery
is

needed
is

for a long time to

vertebrates are freshwater mussels.

allow for noticeable results. Long-

Species with approved recovery plans

term planning
the

needed

to

address
the

have a higher percentage of improving status designations than those

program

objectives.

Though

timeframe involved
pen.

may be

perceived

without plans

(14%

versus 3%).

as long, recovery can

and does hapis

Implementation of recovery plan tasks provide significant gains

towards positive species recovery efforts.

A serious commitment of both

money
important to

personnel and

ensure the stabilization and recovery

of listed species, and the longterm

The most

significant recovery

between the species with and without approved recovery plans is the number of "unknowns"
status difference

support of biodiversity.

for those species without recovery

plans

(25% "unknowns" without

plans versus 16

% with plans).

Recovery plans also outline research efforts needed to assess a species' status and begin the downward trend
reversal.

Four hundred and thirty-nine of the 581 species (76%) have less than

25%

of their recovery objectives

achieved.

The high percentage

species listed within the
it

includes

all

last three years. In addition,

indi-

cates the long-term nature of listed

species recovery.

VII

Introduction

The American bald

alligator

eagle

is

making

species under the jurisdiction of the

remarkable comeback, the American

Secretary of the Interior, from well

no longer requires Endangered Species Act protection, and the Aleutian Canada goose was recently reclassified from endangered
to the less critical threatened

known

species such as the California

condor to lesser known ones such as the Appalachian monkeyface pearly

mussel.

The report

also contains in-

category
in-

because of dramatic population

creases over the years.

formation on the status of recovery plan development, a state by state

breakdown of

These are just a few of the recent and highly publicized endangered species
success stories.

listed species, and comparative charts illustrating the

recovery picture for different

taxonomic groups.
is a requirement of the 1988 amendments to the Endangered Species Act and will be updated every two years. The report does not address species under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service

But lesser known are the hundreds of endangered and threatened species of plants, snails, butterflies, fish, and other wildlife appearing on the pages of the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Some are benefitting greatly from protection under the Endangered
Species Act while others are
struggling.
to Congress represents comprehensive accounting of the recovery progress for all 581 Federally listed endangered and
still

This report

(NMFS). The recovery

marine species
arate
is

status of those

NMFS

described in a seprecovery report.

This Report
the
first

threatened species occurring in the

United States or Trust Territories as of October 1, 1990. It contains summaries of current and planned recovery activities for federally protected

Background

Overview
When Congress passed the
Endangered Species Act [16 U.S.C.
1531
lic

Federal agencies should promote the

recovery of listed species.

Section 4(f) of the Act, as amended,
directs the Secretary of the Interior

et.seq.] in 1973,

it

set clear

pub-

policy that

we were

to act to pre-

vent the destruction of nature's

and the Secretary of Commerce to develop and implement recovery

plans for species of animals and
plants listed as endangered or threat-

resource diversity.
for the Federal

The Act
in the

established a strong leadership role

Government

conservation of species at risk of extinction.

Congress envisioned a netinternational, national, State,

work of

and private organizations working

together towards

common

goals.

ened unless such plans will not promote the conservation of such species. The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) and the National Marine Fisheries Service have been delegated the responsibility of administering the Act. The National Marine
Fisheries Service
sible for
is

The Act was first passed to provide a means to conserve the ecosystems upon which endangered and threatened species depend and to provide a program for the conservation of these species. "Conserve" was defined as the use of "all methods and procedures which are necessary to bring any endangered species or
threatened species to the point at

generally respon-

most marine species (except birds), and the Service is generally responsible for birds and terrestrial and freshwater species. Exceptions include the West Indian manatee, sea turtles (on land), and sea otters, which are under the Service's jurisdiction.

pursuant

which the measures provided to this Act are no longer

Fundamentally, the Endangered

Species Act
is

habitat-oriented.

It

necessary...."

The Act

further

seeks to conserve "the ecosystems

declared that the policy of Congress

is

upon which endangered species and

threatened species depend." This orientation has been

for all Federal

departments and

agencies to seek to conserve endan-

embraced by

the

gered and threatened species and that

they shall use their

Service in

its

increased efforts to ad-

own

authorities in

dress listing and recovery on a multispecies, ecosystem-wide basis whenever possible. There is always danger that excessive focus on the

furtherance of the purposes of the

Act.

Read

in

conjunction with the

clear that

statutory definition of "conserve,"

Congress made

it

all

needs of single species will result in

desert tortoise, the conservation actions gained through Section 10 sup-

port the recovery of the species

through acquisition and/or consolidation of habitats (in a

tent

manner consis-

with the principles of

conservation biology) mat also serve

to stabilize the species' decline.

While

reclassifications

and delistings

demonstrate that there can be successes in recovery, removal from the list is not a reasonable goal for all

endangered species. Primary recovery

efforts generally

aim

at stabilizing or

reversing deterioration of a species'

habitat or decline in
its

numbers and

then restoring

it

to a

condition in

which

it

is

likely to survive over the

long-term.
the

A more realistic measure

of species delisted
is

of the Service's recovery efforts than

number

probably the proportion of listed

species
.<**-'*

whose

status has

been

stabi-

lized, particularly

among

species that

are habitat-limited and thus

more

vul-

nerable to changes in their environ-

ment. Maintenance of remaining

populations of listed species and preK.

vention of their extinction

objective of the program.
of the

is

a basic

The

goals

and Wildlife Service; Constance and Wildlife and Parks; Jim Range, Chairman of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; and George Archibald of the International Crane Foundation (ICF) examine a whooping crane at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Maryland, prior to its transfer to the ICF
Left to Right:
F.

John

Turner, Director of the U.S. Fish

Interior for Fish

Harriman, Assistant Secretary of the

Endangered Species Act are the conservation of unique life -forms and the natural systems upon which they
depend.
sure,

An

evaluation of

its

effective-

ness should be based, in large mea-

facility in

Baraboo, Wisconsin.

unintended disruption of natural systems and a long-term loss of diversity.

Coordination

ical habitat.

This provision

is

particu-

larly significant for Federal land-

among

Federal, State,

managing agencies, many of

tat

whom

and local agencies, academic

researchers, conservation organizations, private individuals,

exercise direct control over the habi-

of many listed and candidate

on the degree to which species and populations of organisms and the ecological relationships that connect and support them, collectively referred to as biodiversity, are being maintained or degraded. Much attention has been focused in recent years on the need to better understand and
protect the planet's biodiversity; en-

and major

species.

land users
tial

is

perhaps the most essen-

Section 10 of the Endangered Species

ingredient for the development

and implementation of an effective recovery program. In its role as coordinator of the recovery process, the

Act allows the Fish and Wildlife Service to grant permits for any taking of listed species otherwise prohibited by section 9(a)(1)(B)
if

dangered species, as non-regenerable elements of this system, are an essential ingredient in any program
directed at biodiversity conservation.

such

Service emphasizes cooperation and

taking

is

incidental
of,

to,

and not the

teamwork among

Recovery Successes

all

involved parties.

purpose

the carrying out of an othactivity.

Section 7 of the Endangered Species

erwise lawful

The Fish and

Some endangered

species recovery

Act directs

Wildlife Service's ability to grant authorizations for incidental take of

successes have been well publicized,

all

Federal agencies to
listed

employ

their authorities in furthering

the purposes of the Act and to ensure

that their actions

animals has been a useful tool

such as the comeback of the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon, the successful reinuoduction of the red wolf
into the Southeast,

do not jeopardize
crit-

for resolving private

development

the continued existence of listed

conflicts with listed species. Often, as

and the

reclassifi-

species or adversely modify their

with the Stephens' kangaroo rat and

cation of the

American

alligator

from

American alligator from endangered to threatened by similarity of appearance only. Other species, however, have also been brought back from critically low numbers.
cation of the

The Aleutian Canada goose (Branta canadensis leucopareia) was once

widespread throughout the Aleutian
chain in Alaska and the Bering Sea.

The species suffered a drastic decline when commercial fox farmers introduced non-native foxes onto the islands from about 1836 to about 1930. The geese were easy prey. Only 200300 geese were thought to remain by the time the species was listed as endangered in 1967. Originally, though nesting was believed restricted to a
single small island, Buldir Island,

additional

remnant populations were

Smaller than the well-known Canada goose, the Aleutian

subsequently found. Hunting and loss

of wintering habitat also

Canada goose

population

may have

contributed to the decline of the

has dramatically improved largely due to reintroduction efforts and predator control programs for the non-native arctic fox. The Fish and Wildlife Service recently downlisted

Aleutian Canada goose. Eliminating

foxes

the species to threatened.

from the

islands

and relocating
California have been protected

wild family groups of geese from

Buldir resulted in successful reestab-

through easements and inclusion

within the National Wildlife Refuge

fewer than 800 birds in 1975 to approximately 5,800 today. Surveys this
past

lishment on additional islands with

natural reestablishment of other
is-

System. Other important areas have

gered goose

summer indicate that the endannow nests on eight

up from

lands. In the wintering grounds, a

major effort was undertaken to protect the wintering flock from hunting and to preserve roosting and feeding habitat. Several key staging and wintering habitats in Oregon and

been acquired by the California State Wildlife Area and Park systems. As a
result of the recovery effort in both

islands in the Aleutian chain,

three at the start of recovery efforts.

Results of the nesting surveys

the breeding and wintering grounds,

the Aleutian
tion

supported the Service's reclassification of the Aleutian

Canada goose populahas increased in the wild from

Canada goose

from endangered

to threatened.

Once common along

the eastern

seaboard and in the Midwest, the piping plover (Charadrius melodus) now

*&--*-

*r>

breeds only in scattered locations on

beaches, lakeshores, and sand bars on
the Atlantic coast, the northern Great

Lakes, and the Great Plains.

Increased predation and

human dis-

turbance are thought

to

be the main
a

causes of the plover's decline.

Cooperative efforts

among

number

of agencies and private groups have

been instrumental

in supporting the

recovery of the plover. Atlantic Coast

piping plover production was up in
1990, thanks to increased habitat pro-

*fe
A
biologist tags

and public education. Over 60 more than last year) nested on coastal beaches.
tection

700

pairs (about

The Gila
a hawksbill sea
habitat needs.
turtle in

trout, native to relatively

an

effort to

gather more information on

its

undisturbed mountain streams in the

movement and
tion

The

threats facing the species include habitat destruc-

and commercial demand

for stuffed juveniles

and products made out

southwestern U.S., once was a com-

of

its

shell.

mon game

fish in

Arizona and

New

ever, deteriorating

water quality and

Recovery Policy
Recovery
is

in a single

impacts from introduced fishes eliminated the Gila trout from most of its former range. When it was listed as
the process by

clude the

ecosystem. Examples inAsh Meadows Recovery

which the

decline of an endangered or threat-

Plan (5 animals and 7 plants), the Maui-Molokai Forest Birds Plan (7

species),

endangered

in 1967,

it

survived in
streams.
is

only five small

New Mexico

ened species is arrested or reversed, and threats to its survival are neutralized, so that
its

Island Species Plan (4 plants

and the California Channel and 3

The

habitat of the five populations

long-term survival in

animals).

secure and biologists have restored

nature can be ensured.

this

The

goal of

seven other populations on protected land. Habitat conservation played a

vital role in the recovery.

process

is

the maintenance of se-

The recovery planning process provides for public participation to en-

cure, self-sustaining wild populations

Ten of the

of species with the

minimum

neces-

hance coordination and acceptance,

eleven streams that contain populations of this species are in designated

sary investment of resources.

wilderness areas within Gila National

Forest,

The goal of the Service's recovery program is to: (1) identify those
ecosystems and organisms that face
the highest degree of threat, (2) deter-

New Mexico

and Prescott

which are vital to species' survival and eventual recovery. The Service recognizes the need to develop recovery plans for listed species and has
increased efforts in this area, particularly

National Forest, Arizona. The species

is

also benefiting

from control of

by increasing the number of

mine

tasks necessary to reduce or

non-native trouts. Recently, though, a

serious fire occurred in the area.
fire

multi-species recovery plans, coordinating plan preparation, and identifying plans

eliminate the threats, and (3) apply

the resources available to the highest
priority recovery tasks.

The

was followed by record rainfall a month later washing large amounts of ash into two of the main streams and
destroying two populations.
species

where other conservation

The ultimate

agencies can participate in order to

accelerate critical recovery task im-

goal

is to

restore listed species to a

point where they are viable self-sustaining

As

plementation. Not
ever, will

all

species,

how-

a re-

components of their ecosys-

sult of this setback, the status of the

is

tem, so as to allow "delisting."

being reevaluated.

have recovery plans associated with their management.

The

first

step in the recovery process

Some
Little

listed species,

such

as, the

A primary goal
lize

in recovery is to stabi-

populations and begin to reverse

the downward trend. A major commitment of time and resources is needed to allow that to happen.

development of species -specific recovery goals and the identification and ranking of species information and management needs in terms of their relative importance and timing
is

the

Kern golden

trout, already

have

recovery objectives outlined in State

management plans

that, in effect,

double as a recovery plan. The

Service uses the plans in lieu of acrecovery plans. Other species, such as Bachman's warbler and
tual

Downlisting or reclassification of species has occurred (e.g., the Arctic

peregrine falcon, the cutthroat trouts,

for recovery. This information is typi-

cally set forth in a recovery plan.

recovery plan delineates, justifies,

Scioto

madtom,

are believed to be

Greenback, Lahontan and Paiute, and

the

Utah

prairie dog), indicating

and schedules the research and management actions necessary to support

recovery of a species, including those
that, if successfully

extinct; therefore, until

representatives of these species are

strides towards recovery through

im-

found in the wild, recovery plan

preparation
is

plementation of recovery plan tasks

undertaken, are

curtailed.

and intensive management

activities.

likely to permit reclassification or

Some

species that are candidates for

delisting of the species.

Recovery

listing receive assistance to

prevent
to

plans are prepared

to

help organize

them from declining

warrant
loides)
listing,

to a

point

species information and

management

such as the slab-side

rabbit's foot

needs. These plans are comprehensive

pearly mussel {Lexintonia dolabel-

documents

that identify all

and the rough

known

recovery actions for a species

all

pearly mussel (Quadrula cylituirica

strigillata),

and associated costs by

ing agencies.

cooperat-

which have been

reintro-

They serve

as a

duced
the

into their historical habitat in

blueprint for private, Federal, and

State interagency cooperation in the

Duck

River in south-central

Tennessee, and the Bruneau Hot

Springs snail in southwestern Idaho.

implementation of recovery actions.

A recovery plan

is

document

that

sets forth the information base

and

management needs

to

allow the

species a chance at recovery so that

protection under the Endangered

Species Act

may no

longer be

required. Ecosystem-based recovery

plans have been prepared to address

multiple listed species recovery needs

The Endangered
Species Act

States

may

use Section 6

grants to monitor the sta-

Amendments

of

1988

tus of recovered

(delisted) species

and

The salient points of the 1988 Amendments as they relate to recovery planning and implementation are

Notice of Review

Category

and 2 candi-

date species. Priorities

for Section 6 allocations
still remain as: (1) implementation of recovery

discussed below.

1.

Public Review of Recovery Plans

actions, (2) candidate

Section 4(f) of the amended Act requires public review of

all

new

or re-

monitoring, and (3) monitoring of recovered

species.
Biologists seining for spotfin

vised recovery plans prior to

approval.
public,
in

chub

in

North Carolina as

The

intent

is to

inform the

part of a cooperative project involving the states of

promote public involvement the recovery planning process, and

involved Federal agencies. The

Although monitoring
candidate species
is

North Carolina and Tennessee and two Federal agencies, the Fish

not

and

Wildlife

Service and the National

increase the information available to

all

directly related to recovery,

it

Park Service.

does provide an

public participates in this activity by

opportunity for Federal and State

agencies to conduct prelisting habitat
protection and

and

reviewing and commenting on the

plans and by discussing issues at public

management

actions,

meetings.

and ensures
their status.

that species awaiting list-

ing are not lost through inattention to

2.

in accordance with the schedule in the plan. Estimates of time to accomplish recovery must be based on known biological factors and a determination of the

likelihood that other

management

Recovery Plan Status Report

5.

programs, including regulatory and law enforcement programs, might

Section 4(0 of the Act was also

amended

to require the

Service to re-

Annual Reporting of Recovery Expenditures

facilitate or detract

from task

ac-

complishment.
tain, the

If they are

uncer-

port every 2 years to Congress on the

preparation and implementation of

A new section

(18) of the Act

nature of the uncertainty

recovery plans and on the status of

requires an annual reporting, on a

each
plan.

listed species

with a recovery
(1)

species-by-species basis, of

all

"rea-

must be discussed in the plan. If unknown, time frames for recovery

tasks that will

measure progress in developing and implementing recovery plans, and (2) provide information on the status of
intent
is to:

The

sonably identifiable" Federal or State

expenditures

make

it

practical to

made

primarily for the

conservation of endangered or threat-

and timeframes in future plan revisions must be disoutline tasks

ened species pursuant

to the Act.

cussed.

each
plan.

listed species

with a recovery
6.

A recovery plan must estimate the

Recovery Plan Requirements
cost of complete recovery of the
species. If the estimate
is

uncer-

In the 1988
3.

amendments, Congress
is to

tain, the

nature of the uncertainty

in the plan. In

Monitoring of Recovered Species

made

it

clear that a recovery plan

must be discussed
the past,

Section 4(g) of the Endangered Species Act was amended to require a

be an action-oriented document. There are four primary topic areas

that

some recovery plans have

given only the Services recovery

costs.

system for monitoring

not less than 5 years)

(for a

period of

must be addressed

in every re-

However, Congress
all

now reesti-

all

species that

covery plan.

quires that
extent feasible, a
site-

recovery plans

have been recovered and delisted, and to provide for emergency relisting of

To the

maximum

recovery plan must identify

specific

mate the total cost for all Federal and State agencies and private organizations involved.

any species that may again become danger of extinction.

in

management
necessary
to

actions as

may be

achieve the

A recovery plan must set forth precise,

plan's goal for the conservation

4.

and

measurable

criteria and/or

Section 6

Amendments

survival of the species. Action-ori-

identify research needs that will

ented tasks designed

to

achieve

allow the Service and others to objectively determine

Congress recognizes that States bear

specific recovery goals are appropriate.

when recovery
it is,

much

of the responsibility for manag-

has been achieved (when

fact,

in

ing Federally listed species and that

the expertise of State conservation

agencies is essential to the endangered species program. Section 6 of the Act was amended to clarify that

A recovery plan must estimate the time frame required for accomplishing recovery,

achievable).

assuming that

sufficient funds are provided


Endangered Species Recovery
Appropriations
Funding authorizations by Congress
to

Fiscal Year 1989

$80,000 Enhance grizzly bear activities

support the Service's recovery prosince the 1988

for

$100,000 Red wolf captive breeding program at

the Point Defiance

fTEP
A
Fish

gram have increased

Zoo

amendments. Funds appropriated fiscal years 1989 and 1990 along

(FTE) positions for recovery
are

and Aquarium, Tacoma, Washington

$2,000,000 For high
red, eastern timber,
pri-

with designated Full-Time Equivalent

efforts

shown below.

ority species, including:

and
and
Wildlife

Fiscal Year (FY) 1989

northern Rocky

Service biologist prepares a red wolf

$ 8,408,000/71 FTE's
Fiscal Year

Mountain wolves, the

Aleutian Canada goose,

for

release into Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge.

(FY) 1990

$10,608,000/85 FTE's

the Puerto Rican parrot, the peregrine

falcon, the

Fiscal Year

1990

Mount Graham red

squir-

The

totals represent the

combination

rel,

of both the President's recommended budget and the additional appropriation agreed upon by the Congress. During the appropriations bill resolution, specific

Bruneau Hot Springs snail, the Hawaiian forest birds, the southern sea otter, the whooping crane, the
the
ferret, the

$124,000 Increase above the 1989 level for the Upper Colorado River Basin plan.
$1,500,000 Restoration of the proposed reductions for activities related
to specific species.

black-footed
ther, the

Florida pan-

grizzly bear, the Attwater's

recovery activities were

prairie chicken, various sea turtles,

directed by the Congress within the

additional
the

and the manatee.

amount provided (through

$300,000 Support to the Peregrine Fund, Inc. and survey and monitoring of the St. Anthony's dunes tiger
beetle.

$250,000 Red wolf recovery

ties.

activi-

House Report, Senate Report,

and/or Conference Report), affecting

the Service's flexibility in recovery
priority application. Congressional

$400,000 Bruneau Hot Springs

snail.

Directives identified for

FY

89 and

$300,000 Peregrine falcon recovery under the auspices of The Peregrine

Fund, Inc.

FY 90 are as follows:

$750,000 High
tles,

priority species re-

covery, including: manatee, sea tur-

and Hawaiian

birds.

$800,000 Spotted owl recovery.

Non-specific Includes grizzly bear

and wolf recovery

activities.

Recent audits by the Office of the

Inspector General, U.S. Department
of the Interior, identified the potential

recovery costs for currently listed

species to be approximately $4.6 billion dollars (includes private, Federal,

and State costs required for endangered species recovery actions).

Fish and Wildlife Service biologists are engaging gered Malheur wire-lettuce in Oregon.

in

recovery activities

for the

endan-

Service Guidance

Combination of the two systems

sults in a

re-

low

priority tasks to

complete recov-

and Endangered Species Act

Implementation
Recovery Priority System

two-Uered priority system

ery might receive resources to expedite their downlisting or delisting.

(species recovery number-task prior-

number) which serves as a guide to distribute the program resources equitably for all listed species. Funds
ity

In practice,

mandates

that funds

Congress sometimes be spent on

species or tasks that

are allocated for recovery tasks ac-

would otherwise
strict

The Service

outlined "Endangered

cording

to species

and task

not yet be funded by a

tion of the

applica-

priorities.

and Threatened Species Listing and Recovery Priority Guidelines"

(Guidelines) in the Federal Register

Implementation of

this priority sys-

dated September 21, 1983. The Guidelines set recovery plan develop-

tem ensures that limited resources can be focused on areas of greatest

needs.
In concept, resources should

ment and implementation priorities by combining immediacy of threats

to a species' survival

be

allo-

cated

first to

accomplishing priority-1

two priority systems. Also, the Service must often be flexible enough to take advantage of special opportunities provided by shifting social, political, or economic circumstances. Therefore, the two formal priority systems, used in tandem,
serve as a guide rather than a

with the

recovery tasks for species with a re-

mold

to

species' "recovery potential."

priority systems are
ysis of

The

covery priority number of

and

last

which

all

actions

must conform. The

based on an analsuch factors as degree and immediacy of threat faced by species, needs for further information, and species' recovery potentials.

to priority-3 tasks for a species

with

recovery priority of 18 (lowest priority

Service must be allowed to exercise management discretion in order to

achieve the greatest conservation
benefits for resources expended.

delineated in the current system).

Actual funding allocations, however,

may
all

not follow this formula

strictly in

cases.

The Species Recovery Priority System uses the criteria of (1) degree
of threat, (2) recoverability, and (3)

Some

otherwise low prior-

Other agencies, groups, and individuals can and do become involved in

the coordinated recovery effort.

ity

species that need only one or two

taxonomy

[level of genetic diversity].

criteria, all listed

Table
Degree of
Threat

By

Recovery
Recovery
Potential

Priority

System*
Priority

applying these
of

species are assigned a species priority

Taxonomy
Monotypic genus
Species

Conflict

number
tor,

through 18.

A fourth facHigh
1

conflict, is a

supplementary ele-

1C
I

ment
to

in determining

what actions

are

be implemented

for the recovery of

High
High

2
3

2C
2

a species. In addition, the fourth factor gives priority, within

Subspecies

3C

each cate-

High

gory, in the preparation of recovery

Low Low Low

High High
is

Monotypic genus
Species

4
5

4C
4

plans to those species that are, or

may

5C
5

be, in conflict with construction or

other development projects. Thus, the

species retains
its

Subspecies

6
7

6C
6

numerical rank and

Monotypic genus
Species

acquires the letter designation of "C,"

indicating conflict (1C-18C).
Service's

7C
7

The

8C
8 o

Recovery Priority System

1

outlined in Table

High

Subspecies

9
10
11

9C
9

Moderate

In addition to the species priority

Low Low Low

High

Monotypic genus
Species

IOC
in 1U

numbers, consideration is given the importance of each recovery

to

11C
11

task.

Priorities (1-3) are assigned to recov-

Subspecies

12

12C
12

ery tasks based on the following criteria:

Monotypic genus
Species

13

13C
LJ

Priority

task

necessary necessary necessary

n
15

to

High High

14
15

14C
14 it

prevent species extinction

Priority 2 task
to

Subspecies

15C
16C
16

Low
Low
Low
Monotypic genus
Species

16
17

maintain species status

Priority 3 task
to

17C
17

achieve species recovery

Low
As Published Sept.
21, 1983 [43

Subspecies

18

18C
18

FR 43098]

Recovered Species Monitoring

Program

from the protective oversight of the Act. Section 4 of the Act was

A species is considered "recovered"

when it no longer needs protection under the Endangered Species Act.
The
factors that initially led to
its list-

amended by adding

a provision that

requires the Secretary, acting in cooperation with State governments, to

implement

a system for monitoring

at least five

ing must be remedied so as to

no

recovered species for

years after they are

longer jeopardize the species contin-

removed from

the

ued survival. Recovery is much more complex than just increasing the species' numbers. Legal as well as
biological factors are relevant to

protected

lists.

In the event of a "sig-

nificant risk to the well being" of

any

such species, the Secretary must use his emergency authority under section 4(b)(7) to relist the species.

species recovery. Recovery of

the part of Federal
ties,

many

species requires concerted efforts on

and State authori-

as well as private parties, to en-

Endangered Species Act (1988 Amendments) Compliance

The Service
for

act laws and regulations and to reach agreements to protect listed species

issued internal guidance

During 1990, seven California condor

chicks were born
in captivity.

independent of the Endangered

Species Act. Without the stringent
limitation

on

activities adversely af-

fecting listed species that protection

compliance with the 1988 amendments to the Endangered Species Act on May 25, 1989. The guidance included categories for tracking Service
expenditures for recovery. The

Due

to the

success
dors

of the Fish

and

Wildlife Service's

captive breeding

effort, California

con-

may be
1

released into the wild as

early as

991

under the Act provides, "biologically" recovered species may still need the Act's protection in order to sustain population levels. Only

Service tracks and reports on listed

species in an existing database maintained in-house.

Association of Fish and Wildlife

Agencies, the Service compiled State

expenditures for endangered species expenditures during

A new data field has

when adequate

legal

mechanisms
listed

in-

dependent of the Act are implemented to manage a

species

been added to that database to track species by status categories (e.g.,

improving, Stable, Declining,

FY

89. All of the

information was compiled into a report to Congress entitled "Federal

whose populations have

Unknown,
re-

Extinct).

covered can the species be truly said to no longer require Endangered

Species Act protection and thus be considered for delisting.

Endangered Species
Expenditures Report
Twenty-eight Federal agencies were
contacted for an accounting of the

and State Endangered Species Expenditures," dated January 1990. The second annual report of endangered species expenditures, dated January 1991, presented expenditures
of the Service, other Federal agencies,

The 1988 amendments

ognized

to the

Act rec-

this potential conflict involv-

recovery expenditures by species during

and State agencies for the conservation of endangered and threatened

species.

ing recovered species and removal

FY

89.

Through

the International

Service Guidance

Recovery

Program Implementation
The
and Guidelines and Coordinating Recovery of Endangered and Threatened Species," was revised and
Service's "Policy
for Planning

distributed Servicewide during

May

1990.

The

revision addresses the re-

quirements of the 1988 Amendments to the Endangered Species Act, the

General Accounting Office's December 1988 report, "Endangered
Species Management: Improvements Could Enhance Recovery Program," and the desire of the Service to make the guidance more useful and consis-

An aquatic
lished

biologist collects yellowfin

madtom eggs and

fry in

tory propagation

and research as

part of

a joint Federal/State

effort

Tennessee for laborawhich reestab-

tent

with current policy.

a population

of the species in Virginia.

Listed Species

Recovery Status Report

Overview
The Fish and
Wildlife Service
is

counted as three populations, with

three distinctly separate plans.

The

com-

roseate tern
parts of

is listed

as

both endan-

prised of a headquarters operation in

gered and threatened in different

its

Washington, D.C., seven operational Regional Offices that provide

geographic coverage of the United
States and Trust Territories, and an

range.

The

tern has a

single recovery plan to address the

species recovery needs, thus one

species and one plan.

The piping

eighth Regional Office (Research and

plover

is listed

as both endangered
in different parts of its

Development), that deals with foreign

species.

A map outlining the

is

and threatened
entities.
tity is

range, but yet has distinct recovery

Regional boundaries

attached.

The

Interior/Great Lakes en-

The

Service's

Washington Office

maintains a database indicating lead

Regions, by species, for listing (including candidate monitoring and as-

sessment) and recovery. In most

cases, a single

Region functions as
regarding a

both threatened and endangered in different areas, but is covered in one recovery plan. The Atlantic coast entity is threatened and covered by a separate plan. The plover is counted as two distinct entities,

lead for

all activities

with two plans. The brown peliis listed

species. In exceptional circumstances, leads for a given species

can

may

in the
tinct

on the Pacific coast and Gulf area; therefore, two disit

be divided among Regions so that, for example, one Region would have the lead for listing a species and another Region would have the lead for
recovery, or regional populations

recovery entities result in

be-

ing counted as two, with two plans.

The bald eagle

is listed as both endangered and threatened in different parts of its range. It does have five

would be

treated separately (e.g.

recovery plans, but the areas are separated geographically, not biologically.

peregrine falcon, gray wolf), with

leads assigned to

more than one

The bald eagle

with one plan.

is

counted as one,

Region for the recovery effort. Recovery "entities" are addressed in this report. Though the gray wolf is
listed as a single species, three sepa-

The Species Status Report

is

divided into four major sections.

Appendices presenting each section

are explained below.

rate recovery entities exist: Eastern

timber wolf, Northern Rocky

The Lead

Mountain

wolf,

and Mexican gray

is

each species. Coordination among Regions regardis

Region

listed for

wolf. Therefore, the gray wolf

10

ing species status occurs

when

known ranges
boundaries.

overlap Regional

Region al Office Bounclaries

A
I

Appendix
Appendix
ery plan.
tified as

I
I

w*
0R

Portland

>

\
1

HIT

ND

I MN
Tv ClrJeaf

vtj/
vr
i

Jme\

addresses the status of

species' status

each species with an approved recov-

_
WV
1

-y

SO
I

Each

is

iden-

Improving, Stable, Declining,

or Extinct. "Improving"

[
L
(

(1
C\

NE

ia

\J' 3 7
25

Cn
PA
1

\J~~~\
1

Unknown,

W
I

r
'

ut

Y~~?
I

1
I
KS
IL

...

OH

-rft

NJ

aT
VA

indicates those species

known

to

be

CO

^\af^TVJ
*"

increasing in

numbers and/or whose

AZ

NC
/Albuquerque: 1
/

threats to recovery are lessening in

i''

OK

NM

the wild, as well as those species oc-

2^~
TX

A
\

r*\
-

sc

1
1

u-

curring only in captive propagation

\*"*"*' { GA

programs but
bers
(e.g.,

still

increasing in

num'" HI

California condor,

Mexican

gray wolf).

"Unknown" describes
is

those species for which additional

8k
ys

>/
'

FL

4
PR
VI

Anchorage

survey work

needed

to

accurately

evaluate their status.

A species status
Appendix
II

of "Extinct" describes those species

believed to be extinct, but have yet to

Appendix IV
Appendix IV provides individual
species recovery progress reports for
all listed

be delisted

(e.g.,

bridled white-eye,

tubercled-blossom pearly mussel).

ited to, the introduction of exotic

Appendix II outlines the status of development and implementation of recovery plans for
Territories.
all

host of factors including, but not limspecies, water projects, urban devel-

species occurring

species occurring in the

in the United States and/or Trust

Data

for

each

listed

United States and/or Trust Territories. An index of the species, listed alpha-

opment and encroachment, research, land acquisition, cooperative management efforts, etc., affect a species'
status.

species includes: (1) whether or not

the species has an approved recovery

plan and,
plan,

if not,

whether one will be

prepared; (2) the stage of the recovery

by common name, is at the end of Appendix IV A centralized database is maintained by the Service's Washington Office. Each
betically

and

(3) the percentage of the

Regional Office

is

responsible for

species' recovery objective(s) that

submitting a Species Status Report

have been met [an integer of 1-4

represent

to

on each

listed species for

which

it

has

<25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, and 76-100% of recovery objective(s)

lead responsibility.

This year's report includes

listed as of

all

species

achieved].

1990. Recovery plan information is also

1,

October

Appendix
Appendix

III
III

current as of
all

October

1,

1990. Data

are outlined for species occurring in

of this report indexes

listed species

by State(s) and/or Trust

the United States and/or Trust

Territories only.

Territory of occurrence.

Each

State

No foreign species
of listing for

and/or territory

is listed

individually

are reported.

The date

with listed species cross-referenced with a "Species Account Number." The Species Account Number
directly relates to the Individual

each species is the date the rule was published in the Federal Register. The
effective date of the rule is usually
thirty

days succeeding publication in

Species Recovery Report in Appendix

IV.

the Federal Register.

The reader can obtain more deon

in

tailed information

a specific

species by looking up the Species

Account Number
Black footed ferrets are breeding readily
in captivity.

Appendix IV

(presented in ascending order).

The Service

anticipates rein-

troduction into the wild

in

the near future.

11

Data Analyses
All listed species occurring in the

Table

United States and/or Trust Territories, as of October 1 1 990, are presented

,

2. Endangered and Threatened Species Listed by Taxonomic Group

Number

in

Appendix

III.

A map

is

included,

Group
Plants

Listed

Percentage

indicating the

number

of listed

species by State/Territory.

The num-

239

41%

bers identified omit "similarity of ap-

Mammals
Birds

49
86

8%
15%

pearance" and some extirpated

species from the totals identified.

Herps*

42
84
81

7%
15%
14%
100%

As

of October

1,

1990, 581 species

Fishes
Invertebrates

were listed as endangered or threatened in the United States and/or Trust

Territories. Table

2 presents the

Total
* Herps

581
= Reptiles and Amphibians

percentage, by taxonomic group, of

species listed. These data are also

presented graphically in Figure

1.

All

taxonomic groups are represented.

Four hundred and fifty-two of the species have been listed for longer
than 3 years. Figure 2 represents the

Figure

1. All

Listed Species
Mammals 14%
Birds (86)

taxonomic breakdown of species

Separated by Taxonomic Group

(49)

list-

ings. Species listed in the last three

years have been dominated by plants

(58%). For the most part, species

listed less than three years

do not

yet
Plants
(239)

Animals
(342)

have

approved recovery plans. Many do, however, have plans in some stage of development. Recovery outlines are developed within 60 days
final

25%
Herps* (42)

41%

59%

12%
Fishes (84)

25%
Inverts" (81)

of publication of the final rule listing

a species

and are submitted

to the

Director to be used as a guide for activities until

Listed Species

24%

recovery plans are

developed.
'Amphibians and Reptiles

Animal Groups
"Invertebrates

Length of Time on List Separated by Taxonomic Group

Figure
2.
Number
200
of

Species

164
150

100

82
41

72
55 38
BBSSS

SO

4
Birds

4
:

12
: :

:-:

.-.

Mammals

Herps*

Fishes

Inverts**

Plants

Taxonomic Group
P:&i More than 3 years
'Amphibians and Reptiles
*:-( 3 years or less
"Invertebrates

12

Recovery Priority Separated by Taxonomic Group

Figure
3.
Number
160
of

Individual species recovery priorities

are assigned using the Service's published guidelines (based

potential, degree of threat,

on recovery and taxo-

Species

nomic
136

distinctness). Figure 3 presents

the assigned recovery priority

num-

bers by taxonomic group. Sixty-one

percent of the species are assigned

high recovery priority numbers, signifying an

imminence of extinction

for nearly two-thirds of the listed

species.

Approximately

35%

are as-

signed moderate recovery priority

Mammals

Birds

Herps*

Fishes

Inverts**

Plants

Taxonomic Group

Hi

High (1-6)

[3 Moderate

(7-12)

Low

(13-18)

numbers and 4% are assigned low numbers. High priorities are assigned across all taxonomic groups with no bias towards any taxonomic group.

'Amphibians and Reptiles

"Invertebrates

An

additional designation

"C"

is

ap-

pended to those species recovery priority numbers where a known threat

Recovery Priority With and Without Conflicts

Figure
4.
Number
140
of

or "conflict" exists. Figure 4 provides

a graphic representation of the

num-

ber of species where conflict with actions other than the species recovery
exist.

Species
122
101

Approximately

25%

of listed

118
120

species have possible conflicts with

100

development projects or other forms of economic activity. The majority of

listed species are

80
i

not in conflict with

conflicts are

60

60 40

other activities.

Where

identified, priority in resource alloca16

1

tion
11

is

applied to conflict resolution.

20

Mtm
11

ml.

13

..

Table 3 outlines the taxonomic distribution of species with and without

10

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Priority
With Conflict

Assigned
Conflict

approved recovery plans.

W/O

Table 3. Listed
Distribution

Spec ies With and Without Approved Recovery Plans Taxonomic

Number of
With Plans
119

Without

Group
Plants

Species

Plans

239

120

Mammals
Birds

49
86

29
71

20
15 12

Herps
Fishes
Invertebrates

42
84
81

30 49 54
352

35

27

Total

581

229

13

Of the 581

U.S. listed species, 352 (61%) have approved recovery plans as of October 1, 1990. Figure 5 presents a breakdown, by taxonomic
group, of the percentage of
that currently
all

Figure 5. Listed Species With and Without

Approved Recovery Plans

1

species

have approved recovery

00% 75% 50%
TTTTTT-T?
'.

plans.

Most

of the remaining species,

"

'

particularly those that have

listed for
still

more than

three years

been and

do not have approved plans, are

currently in

some

stage of recovery

plan development. Others are "pending", indicating that recovery plan-

25%

ning will be initiated

allocations allow for

when resource
it.

A small per-

0%
Animals
Plants

centage of species will not have plans

developed for one reason or another (e.g., Tinian monarch, Bachman's warbler, Little Kem golden trout,
etc.).

Taxonomic Group

Specific information on the

species for which recovery plans will

Listed Animal Species With

and Without

not be prepared

is in

Appendix

IV.

Approved Recovery Plans

100%
rr

Table 4 outlines, by taxonomic group,

the recovery plan status for listed
species.

The "Finding" column

75%
50%
-

constitutes the actual recovery plan

backlog. Eighty-three percent of listed species

have either an approved recovery plan

is in some stage of development (Approved and Draft plans). Eighteen (3%) of the species will not

or one that

25%

have recovery plans prepared.

ing," that
is,

Of the

Mammals

Birds

Herps*

Fishes

Inverts*

81 species with recovery plans "pend-

Taxonomic Group
BaSsa With

planned but not yet initiated, 41 have been listed less than three years. The remaining forty (7%) of the species that warrant having recovery plans developed, but have yet to have a plan initiated, have been
listed longer than three years.

Approved Plans

m$M W/O Approved

Plans

"Amphibians and Reptiles

"Invertebrates

The

7%

Table
Group
Plants

4.

Listed Species
Approved
119

constitutes the actual recovery plan

Recove ry Plan Status

Draft
71 14

backlog

in the Fish

and Wildlife

Service. Plans are under

ning,

way
to

to

em-

Pending

AM
5
1

phasize multi-species recovery plan-

where appropriate,

44
5 7
3

help

address the backlog, as well as to fo-

Mammals
Birds

29
71

cus on ecosystem recovery efforts for

4
7

4
2
3
3

groups of species.

Herps*
Fishes
Invertebrates

30

49 54

23
11

9
13

Total

352(61%)

130(22%)

81 (14%)

18 (3%)

14

Figure 6. Recovery Status All Listed Species

All species are declining at the lime

of listing under the

Species Act.
reverse the

Endangered major goal is to

trend of
all

downward

listed species.

Even though species

status of

are afforded protection under the

Declining

-219

Endangered Species Act, the

a

37.7%
Stable

number

of those species

is still criti-

-181

cal.

31 .2%

Ten percent are considered improving and 31% are considered

stable as a direct result of recovery

efforts,
Extinct
1

but a sizeable

number (38%)

-11

are

still

considered declining and

2%

.9%

are believed extinct.

The

status of
is

Improving - 57

9.8%

Unknown - 113
19.4%

19%

of the listed species

further research and survey

needed

to

unknown; work are determine each "unknown"

(581 species total)

species' overall status. (See Figure 6.)

Figure 7 indicates the recovery status,

as separated by taxonomic group, of

Figure

7.

listed species.

Most

of the species

Recovery Status of Listed Species Separated by Taxonomic Group

Number
140
of

considered

to

be improving are

mam-

mals, birds, or plants.

significant

majority of them are recovering from very low numbers, with the benefit of
intensive,

Species

hands-on management.

Bird and fish species represent the

taxa considered to be the most stable. The unknown component is most

pronounced in invertebrates, reflecting a need for additional studies. Three -fourths of the prominent declining status of invertebrates are

freshwater mussels.
Animals
Plants

Taxonomic Group
^Improving
Unstable

Hi

Declining

LJ

Unknown

p|

Extinct

Recovery Status of Animal Species Separated by Taxonomic Group

Number
of

Species

Mammals

Birds

Herps*

Fishes

Inverts**

Taxonomic Group

Improving

1 Stable

^a

Declining

[_]

Unknown

Extinct

'Amphibians and Reptiles

"Invertebrates

15

major part of the management program. Species with approved recovery plans have a higher percentage of "improving" status designais

Recovery

Service's endangered species

Recovery Status Species With and Without Recovery Plans

Figure
8.
Percentage
of Total

tions than those without plans

(14%
50% 40% 30% 20%
10%

versus 3%). Implementation of recovery plan tasks provide significant

gains towards positive species recovery efforts.

The most

significant re-

covery status difference between the species with and without approved
recovery plans
is

the

number

of "un-

knowns"

for those species without

recovery plans
plans).

(25% "unknowns"

0%
Improving
Stable
Declining

P.V.'.V.VJMHMH

without plans versus

16%

with

Extinct

Unknown

Recovery plans also outline

research efforts needed to assess a

species' status and begin the downward trend reversal. (See Figure 8.) Seven species with approved recovery plans are believed to be extinct. Specific information on each of the

|H With Approved Plans

1888

W/O Approved

Plans

Figure 9. Recovery Objectives Achieved All Listed Species

seven species

is

contained in

Appendix

IV.

The Service has placed increased emphasis on recovery planning.

A pro-

Number of Species
500 400 300

cess has been developed to reduce the

439

backlog of species without recovery plans. Target timeframes have been

established to guide the development
of draft and final plan preparation.

200

Primary recovery objectives include

delisting, downlisting, or protection
100

97

34
[:;;:>,::.:,:....: >:v' :1
:

of existing populations for a specific

time period or for the foreseeable future.

0-25%

26-50%

51-75%

76-100%

Tasks are identified in each

species recovery plan to satisfy the

recovery criteria aimed at

achievement of the recovery objective.

Figure 9 shows the percentage of re-

listed listed

Percentage of recovery

covery objectives achieved for

listed species.

all

and the percentage of species each year that are considered

objectives achieved are used as a

Four hundred

thirty-

declining.
in

The

calculation

was made
of

measure of progress towards species

recovery. All recently listed species
fall in

nine of the 581 species (76%) have less than 25% of their recovery objectives achieved.

October 1990, so each bar shown

represents the specified

fiscal year(s) of

number

Level

(<

25%
1

of objectives
of listed
to

The high percentage

it

achieved).

The number

includes

all

species listed within the

indi-

species in Level
increase

can be expected
accelerated by
listings.

last three years. In addition,

if listing is

cates the long-term nature of listed

domestic species listings, counting back from October 1, 1990. For example, of the 37 U.S. species listed last fiscal year, 29

multi-species/ecosystem

species recovery. Figure 10 presents

the percentage of recovery objectives

(78%) are
to

still

considered

to

be de-

Examples of Level 4 (> 75% of recovery objectives achieved) include

clining. Species listed longer appear

achieved, as separated by taxonomic

have a better chance of becoming

group.

stable or improving.

A noteworthy
is

Columbian white-tailed deer, Bald eagle, American peregrine falcon, Pahrump killifish, Socorro isopod, and Maguire daisy.
the

Both an overall trend towards recovery and the time dimensions of that
trend are evident in Figure 11,
plots the relationship

exception to the trend

the 33

species that were listed 14 years ago,

which

between the

time

(in years) since

each species was

20 of which are freshwater mussels. Almost all the mussels are still declining due to competition from

16

Figure 10.

introduced species, siltation, nonpoint source pollution, and water de-

Recovery Objectives Achieved Separated by Taxonomic Group

Number
300
of

velopment projects.
Ultimately, conservation of
all

endan-

Species

gered species should be incorporated

into a broadly

basal

effort to

main-

252
250

tain biodiversity, of

which

200
150
100

endangered species are an important component. Through creative partnerships, the Service will increase the

50

Animals
Percent Achieved

Plants

involvement of private groups. State and local agencies, and other Federal agencies in the development and implementation of recovery plans and actions. Focusing more on
ecosystems, thereby surpassing a
species-by-species approach to recov-

111 0-25%

H^

26-50%

51-75%

76-1

00%

ery, will

more

efficiently address the

Animal Recovery Objectives Achieved Separated by Taxonomic Group

Number
of

long-term conservation needs of groups of species.

to endangered species needed for a long time to allow for noticeable results. Longterm planning is needed to address the program objectives. Though the
is

A commitment

recovery
Species

timeframe involved
pen.

may be

perceived

as long, recovery can

and does hap-

serious

personnel and

commitment of both money is important to

ensure the stabilization and recovery

of important ecosystems and the

long-term support of biodiversity.

Mammals

Birds

Herps*

Fishes

Inverts**

Animal Group
Perc ent Achieved

HI

0-25%

^^26-50%

11151-75%

HI 76-100%

"Amphibians and Reptiles

"Invertebrates

As a Function

Figure 11. Fraction of Species Declining of Years Listed

Percent Declining

100%

82%
80% 60%
40%

39%

32%

30%

20%

0%
<1

1-7

7-15

>15

Number

of

Years Listed

17

Appendix

I.

Status of Each Listed

Species with an Approved Recovery Plan

Species status
reported with a single letter.
I=Improving
S=Stable

is

D=Declining

U=Unknown
E=Extinct

19

Species

Listed

As

Lead

Status

MAMMALS
Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

Bat,

Ozark big-eared

Bat, Virginia big-eared

Bear, grizzly or

brown

Caribou, woodland
Cougar, eastern
Deer, Columbian white-tailed Deer, key
Ferret, black-footed

E E E E T E E

3 3

2
5 6
1

D U
I

s
I

5
1

E
I

Fox, San Joaquin kit

Jaguarundi (2 subspecies)

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Mouse, Alabama beach

Mouse, Choctawahatchee beach Mouse, Perdido Key beach Mouse,
Ocelot
Otter, southern sea

Salt

marsh harvest

E E E E E E E E E E E
T E E E E E E
E,T

4
6
1

D
I

4
4 4

D U D
I

U
I

4
1

D
S

2
1

S
S

Panther, Florida

4
2
1

Pronghorn, Sonoran
Rat,

Morro Bay kangaroo

Delmarva Peninsula fox

D D
S

Squirrel, Carolina northern flying

Squirrel,

4
5 5
3

S
S
I

Squirrel, Virginia northern flying

Wolf, gray (Eastern timber)

Wolf, gray (Rocky Mountain) Wolf, gray (Mexican) Wolf, red

E E E

I I I

BIRDS
'Akepa, Hawaii (honeycreeper)

Akepa, Maui (honeycreeper)

Akialoa, Kauai (honeycreeper)

Akiapola'au (honeycreeper)
Blackbird, yellow-shouldered

Bobwhite, masked (quail)

Broadbill,

Guam

Caracara, Audubon's (Florida) crested

Condor, California
Coot, Hawaiian (='alae-ke'oke'o)

Crane, Mississippi sandhill Crane, whooping

Creeper, Hawaiian Creeper, Molokai (=kakawahie)

Crow, Hawaiian (='alala) Crow, Mariana

E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E E

1 1
1 1

D U
s s
I

4
2
1

u
s
I

4
1 1

s
I
I

4
2
1 1 1 1

D D D

20

Species
Duck, Hawaiian (koloa) Duck, Laysan
Eagle, bald

Listed
E E
E,T

As

Lead
1

Status
s s

Falcon, American peregrine (Alaska)

Falcon, Falcon,

American peregrine

(eastern)

American peregrine (western)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine Falcon, northern aplomado

Finch, Laysan (honeycreeper)

Fmch, Nihoa (honeycreeper)

Goose, Aleutian Canada Goose, Hawaiian (=nene)

Hawk, Hawaiian

(=io)

Honeycreeper, crested (='akohekohe)

Jay,

Florida scrub

Kingfisher,

Guam Micronesian
Nihoa (old world warbler)
Hawaiian

Kite, Everglade snail

Millerbird,

Moorhen

(gallinule),

common

Nightjar (whip-poor-will), Puerto Rico

Nukupu'u (honeycreeper)
'O'o, Kauai (= 'O'o A'a)

'O'u (honeycreeper)
Palila (honeycreeper)

Parrot, Puerto
Parrotbill,

Rican

Maui (honeycreeper)
(California population)

Pelican,
Pelican,
Petrel,

brown

brown (Eastern population)

Hawaiian dark-rumped

Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain

Plover, piping (Atlantic coastal) Plover, piping (Interior)

E E E T E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E T
E,T

7
5
1

2
1

u
s s
I

7
1

D
S S

4
1

D
S S S S S

4
1
1

4
1 1

1
1

D D D
S

4
1
1

D
S S
I

2
1

S s
s

4
5
3
1

Po'ouli (honeycreeper)
Prairie-chicken, Attwater's
Rail, California clapper
Rail,

Guam
Yuma
clapper

Rail, light-footed clapper Rail,

Shearwater, Newell 's Townsend's

Shrike,

San Clemente loggerhead

Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside Sparrow, dusky seaside Sparrow, Florida grasshopper
Sparrow, San Clemente sage
Stilt,

E E E E E E T E E
E E

2
1

D D D D
S

D
S S

2
1

D
S

4
4
1 1

Hawaiian (=ae'o)

Stork,

wood

Tern, California least Tern, least (interior population)

T E E E E

D D
S s

4
1

D
I

21

Species
Tern, roseate

Listed
E,T

As

Lead Region

Status
S

Thrush, large Kauai Thrush, Molokai (oloma'o)

Thrush, small Kauai (puaiohi)

Warbler (wood), Kirtland's

White-eye, bridled

Woodpecker, red-cockaded

E E E E E

D D
S
I

D U

REPTILES
Anole, Culebra Island giant

Boa,

Mona

Boa, Puerto Rican

Boa, Virgin Islands tree
Crocodile, American

Gecko, Monito
Iguana,

Mona ground

Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed Lizard, Island night Lizard, St. Croix ground

Rattlesnake,

New Mexican ridge-nosed

Snake, eastern indigo Snake, San Francisco garter

Turtle,

E T E E E E T E T T E T T
E E T
E,T

4 4
4

U
s

4 4
4 4
1

u u u
s

1 1

D D
S

4
2

4
1

u D D
U u

Alabama

red-bellied

Turtle, flattened Turtle, green sea

musk

4
2 2
2

Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea Turtle,

E E E T
E,T

2 2 2
5

u u D u D D
S S

Plymouth red-bellied
sawback

Turtle, ringed

E T

AMPHIBIANS
Coqui, golden
Salamander, desert slender Salamander, Red Hills

Salamander, San Marcos

Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toed
Toad, Houston

T E T T E E

D U D U
S

u
s
I

FISHES
Cavefish, Cavefish,

Alabama
Ozark

E
T E E T

Chub, bonytail Chub, Borax Lake Chub, Chihuahua

Chub, humpback

D
S S

22

Species
Chub, Mohave
tui

Listed
E E T T E
E T E E E T E E T E T E T T E

As

Lead Region
1

Status
D
U u u u
s

Chub, Pahranagat roundtail Chub, slender Chub, spotfin

Cui-ui

4 4
1
1

Dace, Ash

Meadows speckled

Dace, blackside

4
6
1

u
s s s s
s

Dace, Kendall Dace,

Warm

Springs

Moapa
amber
bayou

Darter, Darter,

4 4 4
2

Darter, boulder (=Elk River)

Darter, fountain Darter, leopard Darter, Darter, Darter,

u
s

2
5
3

Maryland

Niangua
Okaloosa

4 4 4 4
2 2 2
2
1

Darter, slackwater
Darter, snail

D u D U
u

Darter, watercress

D
S s s

Gambusia, Big Bend Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia, San Marcos
Killifish,

E E
E E E

E
I

Pahrump

Logperch, Conasauga

Madtom, Smoky Madtom, yellowfin

Pupfish,
Pupfish,

Ash Meadows Amargosa

Comanche Springs
Hole

Pupfish, Devil's Pupfish, Pupfish, Pupfish,

Shiner,

Leon Springs

E E T E E E E
E E E E E E T E T T E

4 4 4
1

s s

u
s

2
1

D
S S S S

2
1
1

Owens

Warm

Springs

Cape Fear
unarmored threespine

4
6
1

u
S s

Squawfish, Colorado
Stickleback,

Topminnow, Gila
Trout,

2 2 2
6
1

Apache

Trout, Gila Trout, greenback cutthroat Trout, Paiute cutthroat

D D D
1

Woundfin

D D

INVERTEBRATES SNAILS
Snail,

Chittenango ovate amber

Snail, flat-spired three-toothed land Snail,

Iowa Pleistocene

T T E

D
S

U
23

Species
Snail,

Listed
T T T E

As

Lead Region
4 4

Status
U U D
S

Noonday

Snail, painted snake coiled forest Snail, Stock Island

Snail, Virginia fringed

4
5

mountain

INVERTEBRATES CLAMS
Mussel, Curtus'
Mussel, Judge
Tait's

Mussel, Marshall's Mussel, penitent

Pearly mussel,

Alabama lamp

Pearly mussel, Appalachain monkeyface

Pearly mussel, birdwing

Pearly mussel,
Pearly mussel,

Cumberland bean Cumberland monkeyface

Pearly mussel, Curtis'

Pearly mussel, dromedary Pearly mussel, green-blossom Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye Pearly mussel, little-wing Pearly mussel, orange-footed

Pearly mussel, pale

Pearly mussel, pink

lilliput

mucket

Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom Pearly mussel, turgid-blossum

Pearly mussel, white cat's

paw

Pearly mussel, white wartyback Pearly mussel, yellow-blossom

Pigtoe, fine-rayed
Pigtoe, rough

Pigtoe, shiny

Pocketbook,

fat

Riffle shell, tan Shell, stirrup

Spinymussel, James River (=Virgi nia) Spinymussel, Tar River

E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

4 4 4 4
4 4 4

D D
D D D D

4 4
3

D D D
D D D U D D D D
E E

4
4
3

4
4

4 4 4
3

4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4
5

D
E

D D D
I

D D D D

INVERTEBRATES CRUSTACEANS
Crayfish, cave Crayfish, Nashville

Isopod, Socorro

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave

E E E E

U
I

u u
u

INVERTEBRATES INSECTS
Beetle, delta green

ground

Beetle, valley elderberry

Butterfly, El

longhom

Segundo blue
metalmark

Butterfly, Lange's

Butterfly, lotis blue

T T E E E

u
s

24

Species
Butterfly, Butterfly,

Listed
E T E E E E T T

As

Lead Region
1

Status
S

mission blue

Oregon

silverspot

1
1

Butterfly, Palos Butterfly, Butterfly,

Verde blue
elfin

D D
S

San Bruno

Schaus swallowtail

4
1 1
1

Butterfly, Smith's blue

D D
U U

Moth, Kern primrose sphinx

Naucorid,

Ash Meadows

PLANTS
Arrowhead, bunched
Aster, decurrent false Aster, Florida

golden

Barberry, Truckee

Bear-poppy, dwarf
Beauty, Harper's
Birch, Virginia round-leaf

Bird's-beak, salt

marsh

Bladder-pod, Missouri
Blazingstar,

Ash Meadows

Blazingstar, Heller's Blazingstar, scrub

Bonamia, Florida

Boxwood,

Vahl's

Broom, San Clemente Island

Bush-clover, prairie

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island

Cactus, black lace
Cactus, Brady pincushion Cactus, Cactus, Cactus,

bunched cory

Key

tree

Knowlton
Lee pincushion

Cactus, Kuenzler hedgehog Cactus,

Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa Cactus,

Mesa Verde

Cactus, Nellie cory Cactus, Nichol's Turk's head

Cactus, Peebles Navajo

Cactus, Siler pincushion Cactus,

E T E E E E E E E T T E T E E T E E E T E E E T T T E E E E
E E E

4
3

D
1

4
1

D
S

D
I I

4
5
1

U
I

3
1

4
4

4 4
1

u D D

D
1 I

3
1

2
2 2

D
U D
S S S

4
2
2 2 2
2 2

D
S

2 2 2
2

D U U
u

Sneed pincushion

D
1

Cactus, spineless hedgehog

6 2
6 6
1

Cactus, Tobusch fishhook Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless

Cactus, Wright fishhook
Centaury, spring-loving
Cinquefoil, Robbins'
Clover, running buffalo

U
s

T
E T E E

s
s s
1

5
3

25

Species
Coneflower, Tennessee purple
Daisy, lakeside

Listed
E T E E E E E T E E E E T E E E E T T T E E T E E E E E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E T E E E E E

As

Lead
4
3

Status
s

Dawn-flower, Texas prairie

2
2

Dogweed, ashy
Dropwort, Canby's
Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley
Fleabane, rhizome
Four-o'clock, MacFarlane's
Frankenia, Johnstons
Gerardia, sandplain

4
1

D D D
S
S S
I
I

2
1

2 5

Goetzea, beautiful (matabuey)

4 4

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Goldenrod, Short's

D U
s s s s

4
1

Gouania

hillebrandii (=Sci.

Name)

Grass, Eureka

Dune

Grass, Solano

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks

2
1

u
s

Gumplant, Ash Meadows

Heather, mountain golden

4
4
1

Hypericum, highlands scrub

Indian paintbrush, San Clemente
Ivesia,
Is.

D D
I

Ash Meadows

Ladies '-tresses, Navasota

Larkspur, San Clemente Island
Lead-plant, Crenulate

2
1

D
I

4 4
3
1

S s
I

Leather flower, Alabama

Lily,

Minnesota trout

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island

s
s

Lousewort, Furbish
Lupine, scrub

4
5
1
1

D
I

Mallow, Peter's Mountain

Manzanita, Presido (=Raven's)

Mesa-mint, San Diego

Milk-vetch,

D
S
S

Ash Meadows
Mancos

Milk-vetch, Jesup's Milk-vetch,

5
2

Milkpea, Small's
Mint, Garrett's (=scrub, in part) Mint, Lakela's

4
4

Mint, longspurred Mint, scrub

4
4
3

D D D D D D
I

Monkshood, northern wild

Mustard, Carter's
Niterwort,

4
1

D
S

Amargosa

Pawpaw, beautiful
Pawpaw, four-petal

4 4 4

Pawpaw, Rugel's

D D D

26

Species
Pennyroyal, McKittrick Pennyroyal, Todsen's
Phacelia, clay

Listed
T E E E E E E E E E E E T E E

As

Lead Region
2 2 6 6 2

Status
S
I

Phacelia,

North Park
green

Pitaya, Davis'

D U D
I

Pitcher-plant, green

4
4
5

Plum, scrub
Pogonia, small whorled
Polygala, tiny

D
I

4
2

Poppy-mallow, Texas
Prickly-apple, fragrant
Prickly-ash, St.

4 4
6

Thomas

D D D

Primrose, Maguire
Rattleweed, hairy

D
D D D U D D D
S S

Rhododendron, Chapman's
Rush-pea, slender
Sedge, Navajo

4
2

Snakeroot
Snowbells, Texas
Spurge, deltoid

Spurge, Garber's
Sunray,

E T E E E T
T

4
2

4 4
1

Ash Meadows
fringe

Torreya, Florida
Tree,

pygmy

Trillium, persistent

Vetch, Hawaiian

Wallflower, Contra Costa

E E E E E
T

4 4 4
1 1

D D
S s s

Whitlow-wort, papery

4
6 2

D
S
S

Wild-buckwheat, clay-loving Wild-buckwheat, gypsum

Wild-rice, Texas

E
T E E

Wireweed
Ziziphus, Florida

4
4

D D D

27

Appendix

II.

Status of the Development and Implementation of Recovery Plans for Listed Species

The

status of

an approved recovery
is

plan for each listed species

indicated with either

(Yes) or
is

(No). If a recovery plan

not antici-

pated as necessary,
Applicable)
is

NA (Not

reported.

The

stage of development of a recovis in-

ery plan for each listed species

dicated with
(Revised),

(Final-Approved),
Draft),

Rev

(Agency

(Technical Draft),

TA

(Technical/

(Under Development), R (Under Revision), P (Pending), or NA (Not Applicable).

Draft),

Agency

The percentage

of the species recov-

ery objective that has been

met
1

is in-

dicated with an integer from

to 4.

1=

0%-25%

achieved

2= 26%-50% achieved

3= 5 1%-75% achieved 4= 76%-100% achieved

29

Listed

Recovery
Region
Plan App.

Species

As

Stage

Achieved

MAMMALS
Bat, gray
Bat, Hawaiian hoary Bat, Indiana

Bat,
Bat,

little

Mariana
fruit

fruit

Mariana

Bat,
Bat,

Mexican long-nosed
Ozark big-eared

Bat, Sanborn's long-nosed

Bat, Virginia big-eared

Bear, grizzly or

brown

Caribou, woodland
Cougar, eastern
Deer, Columbian white-tailed

Deer, key

Dugong
Ferret, black-footed

Fox, San Joaquin kit

Jaguarundi (2 subspecies)

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Mouse, Alabama beach

Mouse, Anastasia Island beach Mouse, Choctawahatchee beach Mouse, Key Largo cotton Mouse, Perdido Key beach Mouse,
Ocelot
Otter, southern sea

Salt

marsh harvest

Mouse, southeastern beach

Panther, Florida
Prairie dog,

Utah

Pronghom, Sonoran
Rabbit,

Lower Keys

Rat, Fresno kangaroo

Rat, giant kangaroo Rat,

Morro Bay kangaroo

Rat, Stephens' kangaroo Rat, Tipton kangaroo

Shrew, Dismal

Swamp southeastern
fox

Squirrel, Carolina northern flying Squirrel, Squirrel,

Delmarva Peninsula

Mount Graham

red

Squirrel, Virginia northern flying

Vole,

Amargosa
Mexican

Vole, Hualapai

E E E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E T E T E T E E E E E T E T E E E E E E
E,T

3
1

F
P
Rev

3
1

N
Y

3
1

2 2 2
5 6
1

N N N
Y

A A

U
F P F

N
Y Y Y Y Y Y

2 2 2
1

R
F F
Rev

5
1

4
1

Rev

N
Y Y Y Y Y

P
Rev

6
1

R
F
Rev

4 4

4 4
4

N
Y

U
F

N
Y Y N Y Y Y

U
F F

4
2

4
1

4
2
1

U
F

R
Rev

4
6

N
Y

A
F P

4
1 1 1 1 1

N N N
Y

A U
F

N N N
Y Y

U U NA
F

4
5

R
P F

2
1

2
5
1

N
Y N

2
1

2
3

N
Y Y

Wolf, gray (Eastern timber)

Wolf, gray (Mexican)

TA TA R
F

3
1

30

Listed

Species
Wolf, gray (Rocky Mountain) Wolf, red

As
E E E

Recovery
Region
6

Plan App.
Y Y

Stage
Rev

Achieved

4
4

Woodrat, Key Largo

N
Y Y
Y

BIRDS
'Akepa, Hawaii (honeycreeper) 'Akepa,

Maui (honeycreeper)

Akialoa, Kauai (honeycreeper)

'Akiapola'au (honeycreeper)
Blackbird, yellow-shouldered

Bobwhite, masked (quail)

Broadbill,

Guam

Caracara, Audubon's (Florida) crested

Condor, California
Coot, Hawaiian
(=' alae-ke' oke' o)

Crane, Mississippi sandhill

Crane, whooping
Creeper, Hawaiian Creeper, Molokai (=kakawahie) Creeper,

Oahu (=alauwahio)

Crow, Hawaiian (='alala) Crow, Mariana

Curlew,

Eskimo

Duck, Hawaiian (=koloa) Duck, Laysan

Eagle, bald
Falcon,
Falcon, Falcon,

E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E
E,T

1
1

4
2
1

4
1 1

4
2
1 1
1 1
1

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

F F F F F
Rev

2
1

2
1

2
1

F F

R
Rev Rev
Rev

3
1

N
Y Y

7
1

N
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

F F P F F P
Rev

2
1

3 3

American peregrine (Alaska)

American peregrine
(eastern)

American peregrine (western)

aplomado

Falcon, Arctic peregrine Falcon, northern

Finch, Laysan (honeycreeper) Finch,

Nihoa (honeycreeper)

Goose, Aleutian Canada Goose, Hawaiian (=nene)

Hawk, Hawaiian

(=io)

Honeycreeper, crested (='akohekohe)

Jay,

Florida scrub

Kingfisher,

Guam

Micronesian

Kite, Everglade snail

Mallard, Mariana

E E E T E E E E E E E T E E E
E E T E E E

7 5
1

F F R
Rev

4
3

F R
F

4
1

F F R F F F F F
Rev

3 3 3

4
2

Megapode, Micronesian (La Perouse's)

Millerbird,

NA N
Y

NA
P

Nihoa (old world warbler)

Hawaiian

Monarch, Tinian

NA
Y

NA
Rev

4
3
1

Moorhen

(gallinule),
(gallinule),

Moorhen

common Mariana common

N
Y

A
F

Nightjar (whip-poor-will), Puerto Rico

31

Listed

Recovery
Region
1
1

Species
NukupiTu (honeycreeper)
'O'o, Kauai (=
l

As
E E E T E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E T E E E E T E E E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E E E

Plan App.
Y Y Y

Stage
F F F P
Rev Rev

Achieved
l
l

O'o

'A'a)

'O'u (honeycreeper)

1 l l

Owl, northern spotted

Palila (honeycreeper)

N
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

3
1 1

Parrot, Puerto
Parrotbill,

Rican

4
1 1

Maui (honeycreeper)
(California population)

Pelican,
Pelican,
Petrel,

brown

brown (Eastern population)

2
1

Hawaiian dark-rumped

Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain

Plover, piping (Atlantic coastal) Plover, piping (interior)

4
5
3
1

Po'ouli (honeycreeper)
Prairie-chicken, Attwater's greater
Rail, California clapper Rail,

2
1

Guam
Yuma clapper
San Clemente loggerhead

1 1

F F F F F F F F F F F
Rev

3 3

Rail, light-footed clapper

Rail,

2
1

Shearwater, Newell 's Townsend's

Shrike,

Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside Sparrow, dusky seaside Sparrow, Florida grasshopper Sparrow, San Clemente sage
Stilt,

4 4
4
1
1

F F F F F F F
Rev

Hawaiian (=ae'o)

Stork,

wood
Mariana gray (=vanikoro)

4
1
1

Swiftlet,

N
Y Y Y Y Y Y

A
Rev

Tern, California least

Tern, least (interior population) Tern, roseate

5
1 1 1

Thrush, large Kauai Thrush, Molokai (=oloma'o) Thrush, small Kauai(=puaiohi)

F F F F F
P

Towhee, Inyo brown

Vireo, black-capped Vireo, least Bell's

2
1

Warbler (willow), nightingale reed Warbler (wood), Bachman's Warbler (wood), golden-cheeked Warbler (wood), Kirtland's
White-eye, bridled

4
2
3
1

N N N N NA N
Y Y

U
A
P

NA
P
Rev
2

Woodpecker, ivory-billed

4
4

NA
Y

NA
Rev

Woodpecker, red-cockaded

32

Listed

Species

As

Recovery
Region
Plan App.

Stage

Achieved

REPTILES
Anole, Culebra Island giant
Boa,

Mona

Boa, Puerto Rican Boa, Virgin Islands tree

Crocodile, American Crocodile, saltwater

E T E E
E E E T E T T E T T T T

4 4 4 4 4
1

Gecko, Monito
Iguana,

4 4
1

Mona ground

Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed

Lizard, Island night

Lizard, St. Croix ground

4
2

Rattlesnake,

New Mexican ridge-nosed

mole

Skink, blue-tailed Skink, sand

4 4 4
2

Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N

F F F
Rev

U
F F R R F F F
P
P

Snake, Atlantic salt marsh Snake, Concho water Snake, eastern indigo Snake, San Francisco garter
Tortoise, desert Tortoise,
Turtle,

gopher
red-bellied

Alabama
green sea

Turtle, flattened Turtle,

musk

T T E T T E T
E,T

4
1 1

4 4 4
2 2

N N N Y Y N N
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y

U
P

F F

U A
F F R R R R R F
Rev

Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle,

loggerhead sea

E E E T
E,T

2 2
2

Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea Turtle,

2
5

Plymouth red-bellied

Turtle, ringed

sawback

E T

Y Y Y

AMPHIBIANS
Coqui, golden

Salamander, Cheat Mountain

Salamander, desert slender Salamander, Red Hills Salamander, San Marcos Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toed Salamander, Shenandoah Salamander, Texas blind
Toad, Houston Toad, Puerto Rican crested Toad,

T T E T T E E E E T

4
5
1

4
2
1

Y N Y Y Y Y

U
F

F R
Rev

5 2

NA NA
Y N N

NA NA
F

4
6

A
T

Wyoming

33

Listed

Recovery
Region
Plan App.

Species

As

Stage

Achieved

FISHES
Catfish, Yaqui

Cavefish, Cavefish,

Alabama
Ozark

Chub, bonytail Chub, Borax Lake Chub, Chihuahua Chub, humpback Chub, Hutton Chub, Owens
tui tui

Chub, Mohave

T E T E E T E T E

N
Y Y Y Y Y Y

u
Rev Rev
Rev

l l

4
6
1

2
1

2
6
1

F F
Rev

2
1 1

N
Y

2
1 1
1
1

1
1 1

tui

E
E T T T E E E E T E T T E E E E T E E T E T E T T E E E E E E E E T E E

Chub, Pahranagat roundtail

N Y
Y

F TA
F F

Chub, slender
Chub, Sonora

4
2

N
Y

A
F

1 1 1

Chub, spotfin Chub, Virgin River Chub, Yaqui

Cui-ui

4
6

N
N Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N

2
1

U U
R
F F P P P P F F F

2 2
1
1
1

Dace, Ash

Meadows speckled

Dace, blackside Dace, Clover Valley speckled Dace, desert

4
1

Dace, Foskett speckled Dace, Independence Valley speckled Dace, Kendall Dace,

1
1

2
1

Warm

Springs

6
1

Moapa
amber
bayou

2
1

Darter,

4 4

Darter,

R
F R R
Rev

Darter, boulder (=Elk River)

4
2 2
5
3

Darter, fountain
Darter, leopard Darter, Darter, Darter,

2
1
1

Maryland

Niangua
Okaloosa

F
F

4
4 4 4
2

Darter, slackwater

Darter, snail
Darter, watercress

Gambusia, Big Bend Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia, San Marcos
Killifish,

2
2 2
1

F F F F F F

2 2 2
1

R
F F

Pahrump

Logperch, Conasauga
Logperch, Roanoke

4
5

U
P

Madtom, Neosho Madtom, Scioto

6
3

NA
Y

NA
F

Madtom, Smoky

34

Listed

Species
Madtom, yellowfin
Minnow, loach
Pupfish, Pupfish,

As
T T E E E E E E E T T E T T T T T E E T E E E E E E E E T E E T E T T T T E

Recovery
Region
4
2
1

Plan App.
Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y

Stage
F

Achieved

TA
F F
2

Ash Meadows Amargosa Comanche Springs

2 2
1

Pupfish, desert Pupfish, Devil's Hole Pupfish, Pupfish, Pupfish,

Sculpin,

U
Rev
2 2

Leon Springs

2
1 1

Owens

F F
Rev

Warm
pygmy

Springs

4
2

Shiner, beautiful Shiner,

N N
Y

U
U
F

Cape Fear

4
2

Shiner, Pecos bluntnose

Silverside,

Waccamaw

4
2
1

Spikedace
Spinedace, Big Spring Spinedace, Little Colorado Spinedace, White River
Springfish,

N N N
N N N N N N Y
Y

TA

U
TA TA

2
1
1

U
P

Hiko White River

Springfish, Railroad Valley

Springfish,

u
p

White River
unarmored threespine

Squawfish, Colorado
Stickleback,

6
1

R
Rev

Sturgeon, pallid
Sucker, June
Sucker, Lost River Sucker,

6 6
1 1 1 1

Modoc
Warner

Sucker, shortnose Sucker,

N N N N N N
Y

U
U

NA U
TA R
2

Topminnow, Gila Topminnow, Yaqui

Trout,
1

2 2

N
Y Y Y

U
F F

2
2

Apache

2 2
6
1 1 1

Trout, Gila
Trout, greenback cutthroat Trout,

2
3
1

Lahontan cutthroat

Trout, Little

Kern golden

N NA
Y Y

NA
F R

2
1

Trout, Paiute cutthroat

Woundfin

SNAILS
Shagreen, Magazine Mountain
Snail,

Chittenango ovate amber

Snail, flat-spired three-toothed land Snail, Snail,

Iowa Pleistocene

Noonday

Snails,

Oahu

tree (19 species)

Snail, painted

snake coiled forest

T T T E T E T

4
5 5 3

N Y
Y Y Y

U
F F F F

2
2
1

4
1

N
Y

U
F

35

Listed

Recovery
Region
4
5

Species
Snail,

As
T E

Plan App.
Y Y

Stage
F F

Achieved

Stock Island

Snail, Virginia fringed

mountain

CLAMS
Fanshell

Fatmucket, Arkansas
Heelsplitter, inflated

Mussel, Curtus' Mussel, dwarf wedge

Mussel, Judge

Tait's

Mussel, Marshall's
Mussel, penitent Mussel, ring pink
Pearlshell, Louisiana

Pearly mussel,

Alabama lamp

Pearly mussel, Appalachain monkeyface Pearly mussel, birdwing

Pearly mussel, cracking

Pearly mussel, Cumberland bean

Pearly mussel, Cumberland monkeyface

Pearly mussel, Curtis'

Pearly mussel, dromedary

Pearly mussel, green-blossom Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye Pearly mussel, little-wing Pearly mussel, orange-footed Pearly mussel, pale
lilliput

Pearly mussel, pink mucket

Pearly mussel, purple cat's

paw

Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom

Pearly mussel, turgid-blossum Pearly mussel, white cat's

paw

Pearly mussel, white wartyback

Pearly mussel, yellow-blossom
Pigtoe, fine-rayed Pigtoe, rough Pigtoe, shiny

Pocketbook,

fat

Pocketbook, speckled
Riffle shell, tan
Shell, stirrup

E T T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
E

4 4 4
5

N N N
Y

U
P

N
Y Y Y

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3

F P F F F

N N
Y Y Y

A
F F F

N
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

T
F F F F F F F F F F P F F F F F F F F

4 4
3

4 4 4 4 4
4 4
3

N
Y Y Y Y

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5

Y
Y Y

Y
Y

N
Y Y Y Y

U
F F F F

Spinymussel, James River (= Virginia)

Spinymussel, Tar River

CRUSTACEANS
Amphipod, Hay's spring
Crayfish,

Cave

Crayfish, Nashville

E E E

NA
Y Y

NA
F
Rev

3
1
1

4
4

36

Listed

Species
Crayfish, Shasta (=placid)

As
E T E E E E T

Recovery
Region
l

Plan App.
N

Stage
p

Achieved
l

Isopod, Madison Cave Isopod, Socorro

NA
Y N

NA
F

4
1

Shrimp, Alabama cave Shrimp, California freshwater Shrimp, Kentucky Cave Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney (=Florida) cave

4
1

N
Y N

T U
F

4 4

NA
U
F
P P
P P

INSECTS
Beetle,

Amer. burying (=giant carrion) ground

beach
Kretschmarr Cave mold
tiger

Beetle, delta green Beetle,

Beetle, northeastern

Beetle, Puritan tiger Beetle, Tooth

Cave ground

Beetle, valley elderberry

Butterfly,

longhom

bay checkerspot

Butterfly, El

Segundo blue
metalmark

Butterfly, Lange's

Butterfly, lotis blue Butterfly, Butterfly,

mission blue

Oregon

silverspot

Butterfly, Palos

Verde blue
elfin

Butterfly,
Butterfly,

San Bruno

Schaus swallowtail

Butterfly, Smith's blue

Moth, Kern primrose sphinx

1

Naucorid,
Skipper,

Ash Meadows

Pawnee montane

E T E T T E T T E E E E T E E E E T T T

5
1

N Y

2
5

N N N N
Y

1
1

N
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

U
F F F F

2 2
1

R
F F F F F F P

2
1

2
1

N
N N N

ARACHNIDS
Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave
Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave
Spider,

Tooth Cave

E E E

2 2 2

P P
P

1
1

PLANTS
Achyranthes splendens
Agave, Arizona
'Akoko,
var.

rotundata

Ewa

Plains
little

Amphianthus,

Arrowhead, bunched
Aster, decurrent false Aster, Florida Aster, Ruth's

golden

golden

Avens, spreading
Barberry, Truckee

E E E T E T E E E
E E E

2
1

N N
N N Y Y Y N N
Y

U
P

4 4
3

U
F

F F

4 4 4
1

U
F

Bariaco
Bear-poppy, dwarf

4
6

N Y

A
F

0"7

Listed

Recovery
Region
6

Species
^1

As
E E E E E E E E T T E E T T E E E T E E E T E E T E E E E T T T E E E T E T T
E E E E E E E E

Plan App.
N
Y

Stage
TA
F

Achieved
2

1
"*

Beardtongue, Penland
Beauty, Harper's
Bellflower, Brooksville

4 4
1

^fl

Bidens, cuneate
Birch, Virginia round-leaf
Bird's-beak, palmate -bracted
Bird's-beak, salt

N NA
Y

NA
Rev
3

5
1 1

marsh

Bittercress, small-anthered

4
6

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs Bladderpod, lyrate

Bladderpod, Missouri

N Y N N
N Y

U
P P F

4
3

Bladderpod, white
Blazingstar,

2
1

N
Y Y Y N N Y Y Y

U
F F F
2

Ash Meadows

Blazingstar, Heller's Blazingstar, scrub

Blue-star, Kearney's

4
4
2

Bluet,

Roan Mountain

4 4 4
1
1

U U
F F F P F F
3

Bonamia, Florida

Boxwood, Vahl

Broom, San Clemente Island

Buckwheat, steamboat
Bush-clover, prairie

N
Y Y

3
1

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island

Buttercup,

autumn

Button, Mohr's Barbara

4
2
1

Cactus, Arizona hedgehog

Cactus, Bakersfield Cactus, black lace Cactus, Brady pincushion Cactus, bunched cory Cactus, Chisos Mountain hedgehog Cactus, Cochise pincushion
Cactus,

N N N N
Y Y Y N N
Y Y Y Y

U U U
P

2 2 2 2
2

F F F
P
P

Key

tree

4
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6

Cactus, Knowlton Cactus, Kuenzler hedgehog Cactus, Lee pincushion Cactus, Lloyd's hedgehog Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa
Cactus,

F F F F

NA
Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y

NA
F F F F F
P

Mesa Verde

Cactus, Nellie cory Cactus, Nichols Turk's head Cactus, Peebles Navajo Cactus, San Rafael Cactus, Siler pincushion Cactus, Sneed pincushion Cactus, spineless hedgehog

2
2 6

Cactus, Tobusch fishhook

F F F F

2 2

38

Listed

Species
Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless Cactus, Wright fishhook

As
T E E T E T E E E E E E T E T E E E E E E T E E T E T E E T E E E
T E E

Recovery
Region
6 6

Plan App.
Y Y

Stage
F F

Achieved
3 3
1

Cassia mirabilis (=Sci. name)

Centaury, spring-loving

4
1
1

N
Y

U
F

Checker-mallow, pedate

Chumbo, higo
Cinquefoil, Robbins'
Cliff-rose,

4
5

Arizona

2
3

Clover, running buffalo

Coneflower, Tennessee purple

Coyote-thistle,

4
1

Loch Lomond

Cress, toad-flax

6 6
1

Cycladenia, Jones

N N Y N Y Y NA N N

U
P

U
F
Rev
2

NA
P P P

Cypress, Santa Cruz

Daisy, lakeside Daisy,

N
Y

Maguire

Daphnopsis hellerana (=Sci.

Dawn-flower, Texas prairie

Name)

4
2 2

N N
Y Y Y

NA
A
F F F

Dogweed, ashy
Dropwort, Canby's
Erubia
Spurge, Garber's

4 4 4
1

N
Y Y Y

U
F F
2 2

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley Evening-primrose, San Benito

Fern, Aleutian shield
Fern,

1 1

American hart's-tongue

Fern, elfin tree

4
1

Fiddleneck, large-flowered
Fleabane, rhizome
Four-o'clock, MacFarlane's
Frankenia, Johnston's

N N N N N
Y Y Y

A
P

A A
F F F
P
2 2

2
1

2
1

Gardenia, Hawaiian (=na'u)

Geocarpon minimum (=Sci. Name)

Gerardia, sandplain

4
5

N N
Y

U
F
P

Globe-berry,

Tumamoc

N
Y Y N Y N N Y Y Y Y Y

Goetzea, beautiful (matabuey)

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Goldenrod, Houghton's Goldenrod, Short's

E T T
E T T E E E

4 4
3

F F

T
F
2

4 4 4
1

Goldenrod, white-haired
Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Florida)

NA
F F F F F
2
3

Gouania hillebrandii (=Sci. Name)

Grass, Eureka Grass, Solano

Dune

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks

T
T

2
1

Gumplant, Ash Meadows

39

Listed

Recovery
Region
1

Species
Haplostachya. narrow-leaved
Harpcrclla
Heartleaf,

As
E E T T E E E E

Plan App.
N N N Y

Stage
p

Achieved

dwarf -11 owercd

4
4 4 4

u u
F

Headier, mountain golden

Higucro dc Sierra
Holly, Cook's

N N
Y Y

A A
F F
2
1

Hypericum, highlands scrub

Indian paintbrush, San Clemente
Iris,
Is.

4
1

dwarf lake

Ivesia,

Ash Meadows

T T
E E E E E E E E E E E E E T E E E E E

3
1

N
Y N N N

U
F P P P P P F
P
2

Jewelflowcr, California

Kauai hau kuahiwi

Ko'oloa'ula

Koki'o (=hau-hcle'ula)
Koki'o, Cooke's
Ladies '-tresses, Navasota

N N
Y N Y Y Y Y N
Y

2
1

Lagu, Hyan (Serianthes)

Larkspur, San Clemente Island
Lead-plant, Crenulate

4 4
3
1

Leather flower, Alabama

Lily,

Minnesota trout

Lipochaeta venosa (=Sci.

Name)

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island

F F F F P F

Locoweed,

Fassctt's

3
1

Lomatium, Bradshaw's
Loosestrife, rough-leaved

4
5

N N N
Y Y N
Y

A U U
F F P F P F

Lousewort, Furbish
Lupine, scrub

4
1

2
1

Mallow. Kern
Mallow, Peter's Mountain

E
T E E E T T E E E E T T E E E E E

2
2

Manaca, palma de
Manzanita, Presido (=Raven's)

4
1

Meadowrue, Cooley's
Mesa-mint, San Diego
Milk-vetch.

4
1

N Y N Y
Y N Y Y

U
F F
P
2

Ash Meadows

Milk-vetch, heliotrope Milk-vetch, Jesup's Milk-vetch,

6
5

Mancos

2
6

F F

Milk-vetch, Osterhout

N
Y

TA
F

Milkpea, Small's

4
3

Milkweed, Mead's Milkweed, Welsh's

Mint, Garrett's (=scrub, in part) Mint. Lakela's

N
N Y Y Y Y N

U U
F F F F

4 4

Mint, longspurred Mint, scrub

4
4
3

Monkey-flower. Michigan

40

Listed

Recovery
Region
3

Species
Monkshood, northern wild
4ustard, Carter's
/tustard, slender-petaled

As
T E E

Plan App.
Y Y

Stage
R
F

Achieved
2

4
1

Jaupaka, dwarf
Jegra,

cobana
de

Jigua, palo
literwort,
[

Amargosa
fringed

)ak,

Hinckley's

E T E E T
T T E

N N

U
P P

4 4
1

N N
Y

A
F P
2

2
3

N
N N N
Y Y Y

frchid, eastern prairie

frchid,

western prairie fringed

3
1

U U
P F

anicgrass, Carter's

iwpaw. beautiful
iwpaw, four-petal
iwpaw, Rugel's
;los del

E E
E E T E E E E

4 4 4

diablo

4
2
2 6

N
Y Y

;nnyroyal. McKittrick
:nnyroyal, Todsen's

F
3

F F P F F

mstemon, blowout
peromia, Wheeler's
lacelia, clay
lacelia.

?
3 3

4
6
6 5

N N
Y Y N
Y

U A
F F T F
2

North Park

uk,

swamp
Davis' green

? taya,
5

:cher-plant,

Alabama canebrake
mountain sweet
whorled

ft

cher-plant, green

n cher-plant,
'1

im, scrub
gonia, small
tiny

\ lygala,
'(

ndberry

k opy,
c
jc

Sacramento prickly

Dpy-mallow, Texas
ato-bean. Price's
ckly-apple, fragrant
:kly-ash, St.

r
r

Thomas

\ tnrose,

Maguire
black-spored

R illwort,

k
a
a
lh
li(

illwort,

mat-forming

non, palo de
tleweed, hairy

)dodendron. Chapman's
ge-cress (=pepper-cress),

Bameby

lb :k-cress,

McDonald's

h
Ii:

k-cress, shale barren

lb a,

palode

h-pea, slender

1 d-verbena, large-fruited

E T E E E E E E E E E E T E E T E E E E E E E E E E E

4 4 4 4
5

N
Y

U
Rev
2

N
Y Y Y

A
F F F
2
3

4 4
2 2

N
N Y N
Y Y Y

U U
F

U
F F F

4
4
6

4 4

4 4 4
6
1

4
2

N N N Y Y N N N N
Y

U
U A
F
F P

A U
U
F
P

41

Listed

Recovery
Region
1

Species
Sandalwood, Lanai or
'iliahi

As
E E E T
E E

Plan App.
N N N
Y

Stage
p

Achieved
l 1 i
1 1 1 1

Sandwort, Cumberland
Schiedea,

4
1

U
p

Diamond Head

Sedge, Navajo
Silversword,

2
1

Mauna Kea

(='Ahinahina)

N
N
Y Y

Skullcap, large-flowered

U U
F F P

Snakeroot
Snowbells, Texas
Spiraea, Virginia

Spineflower, slender-homed

Spurge, deltoid

Stenogyne, narrow-leaved

Sumac, Michaux's
Sunray,

Ash Meadows
Sacramento Mountains

Thistle, Pitcher's Thistle,

Thornmint, San Mateo

Torreya, Florida

Townsendia, Last Chance

Tree,

E E T E E E E T T T E E T

4
2
5
1

1 1 1
1 1 1

N N
Y

U
F P

4
1

4
1

N N
Y

U
F

2
1 1

2
1

N N N
Y

U U
P

4
6

1 1

N
Y Y

A
F F T
P P

pygmy

fringe

E
E E T E E E E T E T E T E E E T E E E

4 4
4
6
1 1
1

2
2
1

Trillium, persistent Trillium, relict

Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs

Uhiuhi
Vetch, Hawaiian

N N N
Y Y

1 1 1

Wallflower, Contra Costa

F F

2
1

Warea, wide-leaf
Water-plantain, Krai's

4 4 4 4
6

Water-willow, Cooley's

N N N
Y Y Y Y

U U U
F F F

1
1

Whitlow-wort, papery

3
1

Wild-buckwheat, clay-loving

Wild-buckwheat, gypsum
Wild-rice, Texas
Wire-lettuce,

2 2
1

2
1 1

Malheur

N
Y

A
F
P

Wireweed
Woolly-star, Hoover's
Woolly-star, Santa

4
1
1

3
1 1

Ana

River

Wooly-threads, San Joaquin

Ziziphus, Florida

N N N
Y

U
P

1 1

42

Appendix

III.

Listed Species Occurrence by State

43

44

Species

Listed

As

Alabama
l

Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

21

Mouse, Alabama beach Mouse, Ferdido Key beach

Eagle, bald

25
71

73 75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

E E E E E E T

119 136

Stork,

wood

T E
E T T E T T E E E T T E E E T T E T E T E E E E
E E E E E E E E E E E E

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Snake, eastern indigo
Tortoise,
Turtle,

154
157 158

gopher
red-bellied

Alabama

159 160
161

Turtle, flattened Turtle, green sea

musk

Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

164
171

Salamander, Red Hills

Cavefish,
Darter,

180

Alabama

204
206

amber

Darter, boulder (=Elk River) Darter, slackwater Darter, snail Darter, watercress

212
213

214
234
271

Sculpin,

pygmy

Fanshell
Heelsplitter, inflated

273

274
276
277

Mussel, Curtus'

Mussel, Judge

Tait's

Mussel, Marshall's Mussel, penitent Mussel, ring pink

Pearly mussel,

278
279
281

Alabama lamp

284
286
291

Pearly mussel, cracking

Pearly mussel, Cumberland monkeyface Pearly mussel, little-wing

Pearly mussel, orange-footed Pearly mussel, pale
lilliput

292
293

294
295 297

Pearly mussel, pink mucket

Pearly mussel, purple cat's

paw

Pearly mussel, turgid-blossum

299 300

Pearly mussel, white wartyback

Pearly mussel, yellow-blossom

45

Species

Account

Number
301

Species
Pigtoe, fine-rayed Pigtoe, shiny
Shell, stirrup

Listed
E E E E T
T E T

As

303

307 316 346

Shrimp, Alabama cave

Amphianthus,

little

364
379

Bladderpod, lyrate
Button, Mohr's Barbara
Fern,

428

American

hart's-tongue

450
468 520
521

Harperella

Leather flower,
Pitcher-plant,

Alabama

E E
E E

Alabama canebrake

Pitcher-plant, green

526
529

Pondberry
Potato-bean, Price's
Trillium, relict

E
T

564 570

Water-plantain, Krai's

E T

Alaska
68
Curlew, Eskimo
Falcon, American peregrine (western) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

72
75

79

Goose, Aleutian Canada

427

Fem, Aleutian

shield

E E T E E

Arizona
8 19
Bat, Sanborn's long-nosed

Jaguarundi

28 32

Ocelot

Pronghom, Sonoran
Squirrel,

42 45
56
71

Mount Graham
Mexican

red

Vole, Hualapai

Bobwhite, masked (quail)

Eagle, bald

74
75
111

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Rail,

Yuma

clapper

156
179

Tortoise, desert

Catfish, Yaqui

182
185 191

Chub, bonytail Chub, humpback

Chub, Sonora
Chub, Virgin River Chub, Yaqui

193

194

226 229
235

Minnow, loach
Pupfish, desert
Shiner, beautiful

E E E E E E E E E T E T T E E T E E T E T
T

239

Spikedace

46

iNumuer
241

species
Spinedace, Little Colorado

Listed
T E
E

As

246

Squawfish, Colorado

254
255

Topminnow, Yaqui
Trout,

Apache

256
261

Trout, Gila

Woundfin
Agave, Arizona
Blue-star, Kearney's

344

370
380
383

T E E E E
E E T E E E E T E T T T

Cactus, Arizona hedgehog Cactus, Brady pincushion Cactus, Cochise pincushion Cactus, Nichol's Turk's head
Cactus, Peebles Navajo

386
395

396 398

Cactus, Siler pincushion

Cliff-rose,

409

Arizona

414
437
447

Cycladenia, Jones

Globe -berry, Tumamoc

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks

490
546

Milkweed, Welsh's
Sedge, Navajo

Arkansas
1

Bat, gray
Bat, Indiana

Bat,

Ozark big-eared

71

Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Tern, least (interior population)

E E E E

73

75 122
136
181

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Cavefish,

E T E E
T T E T T E E
E

Ozark

208

Darter, leopard

248

Sturgeon, pallid

262

Shagreen, Magazine Mountain

272
304
305
311

Fatmucket, Arkansas

Pocketbook,

fat

Pocketbook, speckled
Crayfish, Cave
Beetle,

320 435

Amer. burying (=giant carrion)

(=Sci.

Geocarpon minimum
Pondberry

Name)

526

E T E

California
17
Fox, San Joaquin
kit

26
29

Mouse,

Salt

marsh harvest

Otter, southern sea

E E T
E

34

Rat, Fresno kangaroo

47

Species

Account

Number
35

Species
Rat, giant kangaroo Rat,

Listed
E E E E E E

As

36 37 38

Morro Bay kangaroo

Rat, Stephens' kangaroo

Rat, Tipton kangaroo

44
59
71

Vole,

Amargosa

Condor, California
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

74
75

E E
T

79
96
100
108

Goose, Aleutian Canada

E
T E E E E E T E T E E T T E T T E T E E E E E E E E E E E E T T T E E T

Owl, northern spotted

Pelican,

brown

(California plan)

Rail, California clapper

110
111

Rail, light-footed clapper

Rail,

Yuma clapper
San Clemente loggerhead

113 117
121

Shrike,

Sparrow, San Clemente sage

Tern, California least

127
129 145

Towhee, Inyo brown

Vireo, least Bell's Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard

146 147
155

Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed

Lizard, Island night

Snake, San Francisco garter

Tortoise, desert
Turtle, green sea Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea

156 160
163
165

170
173

Salamander, desert slender Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toed

182
187
188

Chub, bonytail Chub, Mohave Chub, Owens

tui

tui

229

Pupfish, desert Pupfish,

232
246
247

Owens
unarm ored
threespine

Squawfish, Colorado
Stickleback,

250
251

Sucker, Lost River Sucker,

Modoc

252
258 259

Sucker, shortnose
Trout, Lahontan cutthroat
Trout, Little

Kern golden

260
313

Trout, Paiute cutthroat

Crayfish, Shasta (=placid)

317
321

Shrimp, California freshwater

Beetle, delta green ground

48

Number
326
327

Species
Beetle, valley elderberry

Listed
longhom

As

Butterfly, bay checkerspot

Butterfly, El

328 329

Segundo blue
metalmark

Butterfly, Lange's

330
331

Butterfly, lotis blue

Butterfly,

mission blue

332
333

Butterfly,

Oregon

silverspot

Butterfly, Palos Verde blue

334
336
337

Butterfly.

San Bruno

elfin

Butterfly. Smith's blue

Moth, Kern primrose sphinx

Barberry, Truckee

352
360
361

Bird s-beak, palmate -bracted

Bird's-beak, salt

marsh
Island

374
377
381

Broom, San Clemente

Cactus, Bakersfield

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island

405

Centaury, spring-loving

T T E E E E T E E E T E E E E E E T
E

406 412 415

Checker-mallow, pedate
Coyote-thistle,

Loch Lomond

Cypress, Santa Cruz

424
425

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley Evening-primrose, San Benito

Fiddleneck, Large-flowered
Grass, Eureka Grass, Solano

426

430
445

Dune

446
448

Gumplant, Ash Meadows

Indian paintbrush, San Clemente
Jewelflower, California
Is

456 459 466

471

Larkspur, San Clemente Island

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island

477

Mallow, Kern
Manzanita, Presido (=Raven's)

480
482
498
501

Mesa-mint, San Diego

Mustard, slender-petaled
Niterwort,

Amargosa

538 552 559 568 578 579

Rock-cress, McDonald's
Spineflower, slender-homed

Thornmint, San Mateo

Wallflower, Contra Costa
Woolly-star, Hoover's Woolly-star, Santa

Ana

River

580

Wooly-threads, San Joaquin

E E E E T E E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E E T E E

49

Species Account

Number

Species
Colorado

Listed

As

16

Ferret, black-footed

62

Crane, whooping
Eagle, bald

_
1
'^

71

74
75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122 182
185

Tern, least (interior population)

Chub, bonytail
Chub, humpback
Squawfish, Colorado
Trout, greenback cutthroat

246 257

E E E E T E E E E E
T

^
4

339
355 363

Skipper,

Pawnee montane

^H

Beardtongue, Penland

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs

Cactus, Knowlton Cactus,

388
393

Mesa Verde

400 402
486

Cactus, spineless hedgehog Cactus, Unita Basin bookless

Milk- vetch, Mancos

Milk-vetch, Osterhout
Phacelia, North Park

487
517
565 573

T E T E T E T E E E
T E

Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs

Wild-buckwheat, clay-loving

Connecticut
71
Eagle, bald

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Atlantic)

104
123
161

Tern, roseate
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

163

164

323

Beetle, northeastern beach tiger Beetle, Puritan tiger

324

436 524

Gerardia, sandplain

Pogonia, small whorled

E E T T E E E T T T E E

Delaware
41
71
Squirrel,

Delmarva Peninsula fox

Eagle, bald

73 75
104
161

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Atlantic)
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea

163

E E E T T E E

50

Species

Account

Number
164

Species
Turtle, loggerhead sea

Listed
T
E

As

421

Dropwort, Canby's
Pink,

518

swamp

Florida
1

Bat, gray
Bat, Indiana

14

Deer, key

20

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

22
23

Mouse, Anastasia Island beach

Mouse, Choctawahatchee beach Mouse, Key Largo cotton Mouse, Perdido Key beach Mouse, southeastern beach
Panther, Florida

24
25

27 30
33

Rabbit,

Lower Keys

50
58
71

Woodrat, Key Largo

Caracara, Audubon's (Florida) crested
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)
Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Jay, Florida

73 75 83
85

scrub

Kite, Everglade snail

Plover, piping (Atlantic)

104
105

E E E E E E E E T E E E T E E T T E T
E,T

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

114
116 119 123 136
141

Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside Sparrow, Florida grasshopper

Stork,

wood

Tern, roseate

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Crocodile, American

E E E T E
E

150
151

Skink, blue-tailed mole Skink, sand

152 154
160
161

Snake, Atlantic

salt

marsh

Snake, eastern indigo

Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

T T T T
E E E E

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

164

T
E

211

Darter, Okaloosa
Snail, Stock Island

269 319
335

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney (=Florida) cave

Butterfly,

T T
E E E E
51

Schaus swallowtail

349
356 357

Aster, Florida golden

Beauty, Harper's
Bellflower, Brooksville

Species

Account

Number
369

Species
Blazingstar, scrub

Listed
E T E T T E E E E E E E E E

As

372
387

Bonamia, Florida
Cactus,

Key

tree

423 443 455

Spurge, Garber's (Chamaesyce garberi)

Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Florida)

Hypericum, highlands scrub

Lead-plant, Crenulate

467

476
481

Lupine, scrub

Meadowrue, Cooley's
Milkpea, Small's
Mint, Garrett's (=scrub, in part)

*B

488
491

1
-4

492
493

Mint, Lakela's
Mint, longspurred

^H

494
497
508 509

Mint, scrub

Mustard, Carter's

E
E E E E E E E E E E E

Pawpaw, beautiful Pawpaw, four-petal

Pawpaw, Rugel's
Plum, scrub
Polygala, tiny

510
523
525

526

Pondberry
Prickly-apple, fragrant

530 536
549 553

Rhododendron, Chapman's
Snakeroot
Spurge, deltoid
Torreya, Florida

560 562
569
571

Tree,

pygmy

fringe

Warea, wide-leaf

Water-willow Cooley's
Whitlow-wort, papery

E E E
T E E

572
577
581

Wireweed (Polgonella basiramia)

Ziziphus, florida

Georgia
1

Bat, gray
Bat, Indiana

20
71

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Eagle, bald

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Atlantic)

104
119

Stork,

wood

136

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Snake, eastern indigo
Turtle, green sea

154
160
161

Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey)

E E E E E T T E E T T E

52

Species

Account

Number
162
163

Species
Turtle,

Listed
(Atlantic) ridley sea

As

Kemp s

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

164

204
213

Darter,

amber

E E T E

Darter, snail

T
little

^^
W^M

220
346 379
421

Logperch, Conasauga

Amphianthus,

Button, Mohr's Barbara

m W

Dropwort, Canby s
Harperella
Pink,

e
E

rfV

450
518
521

swamp

Pitcher-plant, green

t E
E

526 533

Pondberry
Quillwort, black-spored
Quillwort, mat-forming

WM B-l tj

i=j

534
535

Rattleweed, hairy
Skullcap, large-flowered
Spiraea, Virginia

HH KH
E T E E E E

548
551

555

Sumac, Michaux
Torreya, Florida

560
563

Trillium, persistent Trillium, relict

564

Hawaii
2
51
Bat. Hawaiian hoary

'Akepa, Hawaii (honeycreeper)

52
53

Akepa, Maui (honeycreeper)

'Akialoa, Kauai (honeycreeper)

E E E E
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

54
60
63

'Akiapola'au (honeycreeper)

Coot, Hawaiian (= alae-ke'oke'o)

Creeper. Hawaiian
Creeper, Molokai (Kakawahie) Creeper.

64
65

Oahu (alauwahio)

66 69

Crow, Hawaiian Calala)

Duck, Hawaiian (koloa) Duck, Laysan

Finch, Laysan (honeycreeper) Finch, Nihoa (honeycreeper)

70
77 78

80
81

Goose, Hawaiian (nene)

Hawk, Hawaiian

(io)

82
88

Honeycreeper, crested Cakohekohe)

Millerbird,

Nihoa (old world warbler)

90
93

Moorhen (gallinule), Hawaiian common Nukupu'u (honeycreeper)

O'o, Kauai (= 'O'o A'a)
4

94
95

'O'u (honeycreeper)

53

Species

Account

Number
97

Species
Palila (honeycreeper)
Parrotbill,
Petrel,

Listed
E
E E E T E

As

99
102
106

Maui (honeycreeper)

Hawaiian dark-rumped

Po'ouli (honeycreeper)

112
118

Shearwater, Newell 's Townsend's

Stilt,

Hawaiian (=Ae'o)

124
125

Thrush, large Kauai

Thrush, Molokai (oloma'o)

126

Thrush, small Kauai (puaiohi)

Turtle, green sea
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea

160
161

E E E T E
E T T

163

164
165

267 343 345

Snails,

Oahu

tree (19 spp.)

Achyranthes splendes van rotundata

'Akoko,

Ewa Plains

358

Bidens, cuneate

434
444
449

Gardenia, Hawaiian (na'u)

Gouania, Hillebrand's
Haplostachya, narrow-leaved

460
461

Kauai hau kuahiwi

Ko'oloa'ula

462
463

Koki'o (=hau-hele'ula)
Koki'o, Cooke's

470
499
507
543 545 547

Nehe (Lipochaeta venosa)

Naupaka, dwarf
Panicgrass, Carter's

Sandalwood, Lanai or
Schiedea,

'iliahi

Diamond Head Silversword, Mauna Kea ('Ahinahina)

Stenogyne, narrow-leaved

554
566 567

E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
E E

Uhiuhi (Mezoneuron)
Vetch, Hawaiian

Idaho
10
11

Bear, grizzly or

brown

Caribou, woodland
Wolf, gray (Rocky Mountain plan)

48 62
71

Crane, whooping
Eagle, bald

74
75

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

432

Four-o'clock, MacFarlane's

T E E E T E T E

54

Species

Account

Number

Species
Illinois

Listed

As

Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

71

Eagle, bald

73 75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

E E E E T
E,T

122

Tern, least (interior population)

248
265
271

Sturgeon, pallid
Snail,

E E

Iowa Pleistocene

Fanshell
Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye

290
292 294
296 299

Pearly mussel, orange-footed Pearly mussel, pink mucket Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom Pearly mussel, white wartyback

304
348

Pocketbook,

fat

Aster, decurrent false

376

Bush-clover, prairie
Daisy, lakeside

416
503

Orchid, eastern prairie fringed

Pogonia, small whorled
Thistle, Pitcher's

524
557

E E E E E E E E T T T T E T

Indiana
1

Bat, gray
Bat, Indiana

71

Eagle, bald

73 75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

E E E E T
E,T

122
271

Tern, least (interior population)

Fanshell
Pearly mussel, pink mucket

294 296
298

Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom Pearly mussel, white cat's

paw

299 304

Pearly mussel, white wartyback

E E E E E E
E E T T

Pocketbook,

fat

410
489
557

Clover, running buffalo

Milkweed, Mead's
Thistle, Pitcher's

Iowa
3
Bat, Indiana

71

Eagle, bald

73

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

75

E E E T

55

Species
"

Number
105

Species
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

Listed
T E E E E E T T T T T

As

122

Tern, least (interior population)

248
265

Sturgeon, pallid
Snail,

Iowa Pleistocene

290 304
376

Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye

Pocketbook,

fat

Bush-clover, prairie

489

Milkweed, Mead's

496

Monkshood, northern wild

Orchid, eastern prairie fringed Orchid, western prairie fringed

503

>

504

H
4

Kansas
1

^H

Bat, gray
Bat, Indiana

62
68
71

Crane, whooping
Curlew, Eskimo
Eagle, bald

74
75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122
128

Tern, least (interior population)

Vireo, black-capped

222
248

Madtom, Neosho
Sturgeon, pallid
Clover, running buffalo

410
489 504

Milkweed, Mead's
Orchid, western prairie fringed

E E E E E E T T E E T E E T T

Kentucky
1

Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

9 71

Bat, Virginia big-eared

Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

73 75
105

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122 136
197

Tern, least (interior population)

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Dace, blackside
Sturgeon, pallid
Fanshell

248
271

279 284
285 288
291

Mussel, ring pink

Pearly mussel, cracking

Pearly mussel, Cumberland bean Pearly mussel, dromedary Pearly mussel, little-wing

E E E E E T T E E T E E E E E E E

56

Species

Account

Number
292 294
295

Species
Pearly mussel, orange-footed
Pearly mussel, pink mucket Pearly mussel, purple cat's

Listed
E E E E E

As

paw

296 299

Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom

Pearly mussel, white wartyback

Pigtoe, rough

^^

302 304
306 318

Pocketbook,

fat

Riffle shell, tan

E
e E E

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave

Beetle,

H H
^H
t|

320

Amer. burying (=giant carrion)

410
441

Clover, running buffalo

Goldenrod, Short's

WM rl tj

442
529

Goldenrod, white-haired
Potato-bean, Price's

544
551

Sandwort, Cumberland
Spiraea, Virginia

E9 ^J hfl

Louisiana
20
71

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Pelican,

73 75
101

brown (Eastern

plan)

105

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122
136

Tern, least (interior population)

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Tortoise,

E E E T E T E E

157 160
161

gopher

T
T E E E T T E T E E
\

Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea Turtle, ringed

164
167

sawback

248 273

Sturgeon, pallid
Heelsplitter, inflated

280
526

Pearlshell, Louisiana

Pondberry

Maine
71
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

73 75 104
123

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Atlantic)

Tern, roseate

475
503

Lousewort, Furbish
Orchid, eastern prairie fringed
Pogonia, small whorled

524

E E T T E E T E

57

Species

Account

Number

Species

Listed

As

Maryland
3
Bat, Indiana
Squirrel,

41
71

Delmarva Peninsula fox

Eagle, bald

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (interior)
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey)

104
161

163

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

B
4

164

209
>^H

Darter,

Maryland

275

Mussel, dwarf wedge

Beetle, northeastern beach tiger

>J
<

323

^H

324
421

Beetle, Puritan tiger

Dropwort, Canby's
Gerardia, sandplain

436

450
518

Harperella
Pink,

swamp

524

Pogonia, small whorled

E E E E T T E E T E E T T E E E T E

Massachusetts
71
Eagle, bald

73 75 104
123
161

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (interior)

E E T
E,T E,T

Tern, roseate
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea Turtle,

163

164 166

Plymouth red-bellied
Amer. burying (=giant carrion)

275

Mussel, dwarf wedge

Beetle,

320
323

Beetle, northeastern beach tiger Beetle, Puritan tiger

324

436
524

Gerardia, sandplain

Pogonia, small whorled

E E T E E E T T E E

Michigan
3
Bat, Indiana

E
E,T

46
71

Wolf, gray (Eastern timber)

Eagle, bald

73 75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

T E T
E,T

133

Warbler (wood), Kirtland's

Fern,

428

American

hart's-tongue

440

Goldenrod, Houghton's

E T T

58

Species

Account

Number
457
495
503

Species
Iris,

Listed
T E T E T

As

dwarf lake

Monkey-flower, Michigan
Orchid, eastern prairie fringed
Pogonia, small whorled
Thistle, Pitcher's

524
557

Minnesota
46
71
Wolf, gray (Eastern timber)
Eagle, bald

73 75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

T T E T
E,T

290
376

Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye

Bush-clover, prairie
Lily,

469 504

Minnesota trout

Orchid, western prairie fringed

E T E T

Mississippi
3
Bat, Indiana

E
E E E E

20
61 71

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Crane, Mississippi sandhill
Eagle, bald

73 75
101

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Pelican,

brown (Eastern plan)

105

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122 136

Tern, least (interior population)

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Snake, eastern indigo
Tortoise,

154
157

gopher

160
161

Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

T E T E E T T T E
E E T T T E

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea Turtle, ringed

164 167

sawback

205

Darter, bayou

248 273

Sturgeon, pallid
Heelsplitter, inflated

T
E

274
276 277
278 307

Mussel, Curtus' Mussel, Judge

Tait's

E
E E E E T

Mussel, Marshall's

Mussel, penitent
Shell, stirrup

526 529

Pondberry
Potato-bean, Price's

59

Species

Account

Number

Species
Missouri

Listed

As

Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

7 71

Bat,

Ozark big-eared

Eagle, bald

73
75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122
181

Tern, least (interior population)

Cavefish,
Darter,

Ozark

210
222
248 287

Niangua

Madtom, Neosho
Sturgeon, pallid
Pearly mussel, Curtis' Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye

290 294 304

348 365

Pearly mussel, pink mucket

Pocketbook,

fat

Aster, decurrent false

Bladder-pod, Missouri

435

Geocarpon minimum
Milkweed, Mead's

(=Sci.

Name)

489 504
526

Orchid, western prairie fringed

Pondberry

E E E E E T T E T T T E E E E E T E T T T E

Montana
10
16
Bear, grizzly or

brown

Ferret, black-footed

48
62
71

Wolf, gray (Rocky Mtn. plan)

Crane, whooping
Eagle, bald

74
75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122

Tern, least (interior population)

248

Sturgeon, pallid

T E E E E E T T E E

Nebraska
62
68
71

Crane, whooping
Curlew, Eskimo
Eagle, bald

74
75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122

Tern, least (interior population)

248

Sturgeon, pallid
Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye
Beetle,

290 320

Amer. burying (=giant carrion)

E E E E T T E E E E

60

Species

Account

Number
504 514

Species
Orchid, western prairie fringed

Listed
T
E

As

Penstemon, blowout

Nevada
71
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)
Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Tortoise, desert

74
75

156 182
189
193 195

Chub, bonytail Chub, Pahranagat roundtail

Chub, Virgin River
Cui-ui

196 198 199

Dace, Ash Meadows speckled Dace, Clover Valley speckled Dace, desert Dace, Independence Valley speckled Dace,

201

203

Moapa
Pahrump

219
227

Killifish,

Pupfish,

Ash Meadows Amargosa

230
233

Pupfish, Devil's Hole Pupfish,

Warm

Springs

240
242
243

Spinedace, Big Spring Spinedace, White River

Springfish,

Hiko White River White River

244
245

Springfish, Railroad Valley

Springfish,

258
261

Trout, Lahontan cutthroat

Woundfin
Naucorid, Ash
Blazingstar,

338

Meadows

367
375

Ash Meadows

Buckwheat, steamboat
Centaury, spring-loving

405 448 458

483
501

Gumplant, Ash Meadows

556

Ash Meadows Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows Niterwort, Amargosa Sunray, Ash Meadows
Ivesia,

E E T T E E E E E E T E E E E E E T E E T E T E T T E T T T T E T

New Hampshire
71
Eagle, bald

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

E T
E

275

Mussel, dwarf wedge

Beetle, Puritan tiger

324

408
485

Cinquefoil, Robbins'

Milk-vetch, Jesup's

524

Pogonia, small whorled

T E E E
61

Species

Account

Number

Species

Listed

As

New
3
Bat, Indiana

Jersey
E E E T T E E T T T E

71

Eagle, bald

73
75 104
161

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Atlantic)
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey)
Turtle, leatherback sea

163

164

Turtle, loggerhead sea

323

Beetle, northeastern beach tiger

518

Pink,

swamp

524

Pogonia, small whorled

New Mexico
6
8
Bat,

Mexican long-nosed

Bat, Sanborn's long-nosed

47
62
71

Wolf, gray (Mexican Wolf plan)

Crane, whooping
Eagle, bald

74
75
122
149

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Tern, least (interior population)

Rattlesnake,

New Mexican ridge-nosed

184

Chub, Chihuahua
Gambusia, Pecos

217 226
235

Minnow, loach
Shiner, beautiful Shiner, Pecos bluntnose

237

239 254
256
261

Spikedace

Topminnow, Yaqui
Trout, Gila

Woundfin
Isopod, Socorro
Cactus, Knowlton

315 388 389

Cactus, Kuenzler hedgehog Cactus, Lee pincushion Cactus, Lloyd's hedgehog

Cactus,

390
391

393

Mesa Verde

399
431

Cactus, Sneed pincushion

Fleabane, rhizome
Milk-vetch,

486
512
513

Mancos

Pennyroyal, McKittrick Pennyroyal, Todsen's

527 558

Poppy, Sacramento prickly

Thistle,

Sacramento Mountains

574

Wild-buckwheat, gypsum

E E E E E E T E T T E T T T T E E E E E E T E T E T E T E E T T

62

Species

Account

Number

Species

Listed

As

New
3
Bat, Indiana

York
E E E T T E E E E T T E T T E T T E

71

Eagle, bald

73
75 104
105
123
161

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Atlantic) Plover, piping (Interior plan)

Tern, roseate
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

163

164

263 275
323

Snail, Chittenango ovate

amber

Mussel, dwarf wedge

Beetle, northeastern beach tiger

428

Fern,

American

hart's-tongue

436
496
518

Gerardia, sandplain

Monkshood, northern wild

Pink,

swamp

524

Pogonia, small whorled

North Carolina
3
Bat, Indiana Bat, Virginia big-eared

E
E E T E E E E T T E T E E E T T E T T E E E E E

20
39

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Shrew, Dismal

Swamp southeastern

40
49
71

Squirrel, Carolina northern flying

Wolf, red
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Atlantic)

73
75
104 136

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

160
161

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

164
192

Chub, spotfin
Shiner,

236 238 266 275

291

Cape Fear

Silverside,

Waccamaw

Snail,

noonday

Mussel, dwarf wedge

Pearly mussel, little-wing

309 347
351

Spinymussel, Tar River

Arrowhead, bunched
Avens, spreading

63

Species

Account

Number
362
368
371

Species
Bittercress, small-anihered

Listed
E T

As

Blazingstar, Heller's

Bluet,

Roan Mountain

421

Dropwort, Canby's
Goldenrod, Blue Ridge
Harperella
Heartleaf, dwarf-flowered

439

450
451

452 474
481

Heather, mountain golden

Loosestrife, rough-leaved

Meadowrue, Cooley's
Pink,

518
521

swamp
mountain sweet

Pitcher-plant, green Pitcher-plant,

522 524 526

551

Pogonia, small whorled

Pondberry
Spiraea, Virginia

555

Sumac, Michaux's

E E T E T T E E T E E E E T E

North Dakota
16
Ferret, black-footed

62
71

Crane, whooping
Eagle, bald

74
75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122

Tern, least (interior population)

248

Sturgeon, pallid

504

Orchid, western prairie fringed

E E E E T T E E T

Ohio
3
Bat, Indiana

71

Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

73 75
105

E E E
T
E,T

223
271

Madtom, Scioto
Fanshell
Pearly mussel, pink mucket Pearly mussel, white cat's
Clover, running buffalo
Daisy, lakeside

294
298

paw

410
416 496
503

Monkshood, northern wild

Orchid, eastern prairie fringed

E E E E E T T T

Oklahoma
1

Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

E E

64

Species

Account

Number
7

Species
Bat,

Listed
E E E E E T T E E E T T T E T

As

Ozark big-eared

62

Crane, whooping
Curlew, Eskimo
Eagle, bald

68
71

74
75
105

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

122
128

Tern, least (interior population)

Vireo, black-capped

136
181

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Cavefish,

Ozark

208

Darter, leopard

222

Madtom, Neosho
Beetle, Amer. burying (=giant carrion)

320 504

Orchid, western prairie fringed

Oregon
13

Deer, Columbian white-tailed

Eagle, bald

71

74
75

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

79
96
100 160
163
165 183 186

Goose, Aleutian Canada

Owl, northern spotted

Pelican,

brown

(California plan)

Turtle, green sea Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea

Chub, Borax Lake Chub, Hutton

tui

E T E T E T E T E T E T
T E

200 250
252
253 258

Dace, Foskett speckled

Sucker, Lost River
Sucker, shortnose Sucker, Warner
Trout, Lahontan cutthroat
Butterfly,

332

Oregon

silverspot

E T T T
E E E

432
473
576

Four-o'clock, MacFarlane's

Lomatium, Bradshaw's
Wire-lettuce, Malheur

Pennsylvania
3
Bat, Indiana

71

Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

73 75
105

E E E T
E.T

271

Fanshell

279

Mussel, ring pink

E E

65

Species

Account

Number
323

Species
Beetle, northeastern beach tiger

Listed
T E T

As

524
551

Pogonia, small whorled

Spiraea, Virginia

Rhode
71
Eagle, bald

Island
E E T T E E E T E T E E

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Atlantic)

104
123
161

Tern, roseate
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea

163

164

Turtle, loggerhead sea

320
323

Beetle,

Amer. burying (=giant carrion)

Beetle, northeastern beach tiger

436 524

Gerardia, sandplain

Pogonia, small whorled

South Carolina
3
Bat, Indiana

20
71

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Eagle, bald

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Atlantic)

104
119 136

Stork,

wood

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Snake, eastern indigo
Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

154 160
161

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

164

346
347
421

Amphianthus,

little

Arrowhead, bunched
Dropwort, Canby's
Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Florida)
Harperella
Heartleaf, dwarf-flowered
Loosestrife, rough-leaved

443

450
451

E E E E T T E E T T E E E T T E E T E T
E T E E E

474
518

Pink,

swamp
mountain sweet

522 524
526 533
555

Pitcher-plant,

Pogonia, small whorled

Pondberry
Quillwort, black-spored

Sumac, Michaux's

E E

66

Species

Account

Number
563

Species
Trillium, persistent Trillium, relict

Listed
E E

As

564

South Dakot
16
Ferret, black-footed

E
E

62

Crane, whooping
Curlew, Eskimo
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Plover, piping (Interior plan)

68
71

74
75
105

E E E T T
E E T

122

Tern, least (interior population)

248

Sturgeon, pallid

504

Orchid, western prairie fringed

Tennessee
1

Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

Squirrel, Carolina northern flying

40
71

Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Tern, least (interior population)

73 75 122
136 190 192
197

Woodpecker, red-cockaded

Chub, slender Chub, spotfin

Dace, blackside
Darter, boulder (=Elk River) Darter, slackwater Darter, snail

206

212
213

220 224
225

Logperch, Conasauga

Madtom, Smoky Madtom, yellowfin

Sturgeon, pallid
Snail, painted snake coiled forest

248 268
271

Fanshell

E E E E E T E E T T T E T T E E T E T E
E E E E E E E E E
I

279
281

Mussel, ring pink

Pearly mussel, Alabama lamp Pearly mussel, Appalachain monkeyface Pearly mussel, birdwing Pearly mussel, cracking Pearly mussel, Cumberland bean
Pearly mussel, Cumberland monkeyface

282
283

284
285

286
288 289
291

Pearly mussel, dromedary Pearly mussel, green-blossom

Pearly mussel, little-wing

Pearly mussel, orange-footed

292

67

Species

Account

Number
293

Species
Pearly mussel, pale
lilliput

Listed
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

As

294
295

Pearly mussel, pink mucket Pearly mussel, purple cat's

paw

296
297

Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom Pearly mussel, turgid-blossum Pearly mussel, white wartyback Pearly mussel, yellow-blossom
Pigtoe, fine-rayed

299 300
301

302
303

Pigtoe, rough Pigtoe, shiny

Riffle shell, tan

306

312 350
351

Crayfish, Nashville
Aster, Ruth's golden

Avens, spreading
Bluet,

371

Roan Mountain

411

Coneflower, Tennessee purple

Fern,

E
T T E T E E T

428 439
521

American hart's-tongue

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge

Pitcher-plant, green

529

Potato-bean, Price's

544
548
551

Sandwort, Cumberland
Skullcap, large-flowered
Spiraea, Virginia

Texas
6
18
Bat,

Mexican long-nosed

Jaguarundi

20
28

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Ocelot
Crane, whooping
Curlew, Eskimo
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Falcon, northern aplomado
Pelican,

62
68
71

74
75

76
101

brown (Eastern

plan)

105 107

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

Prairie-chicken, Attwater's greater

122
128

Tern, least (interior population)

E E E E E E E E T E E T E E
E E E T T E E

Vireo, black-capped

132 136
153

Warbler (wood), golden-cheeked

Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Snake, Concho water
Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey)

160
161

162

Turtle,

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

68

Species

Account

Number
163

Species
Turtle, leatherback sea
Turtle, loggerhead sea

Listed
E

As

164
172
175

Salamander, San Marcos Salamander, Texas blind

Toad, Houston
Darter, fountain

176

207
215 216

Gambusia, Big Bend

Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia, San Marcos

Pupfish,

217
218 228
231

Pupfish,

Comanche Springs Leon Springs

Cave mold Cave ground

322
325

Beetle, Kretschmarr
Beetle, Tooth

T T E E E E E E E E E E
E E E E E E T T E T E E E E E E E T T E E E
E E E

340
341

Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave

Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave
Spider, Tooth

342 366 382

Cave

Bladder-pod, white
Cactus, black lace Cactus, bunched cory Cactus, Chisos Mountain hedgehog Cactus, Lloyd's hedgehog Cactus, Lloyds Mariposa Cactus, Nellie cory
Cactus, Sneed pincushion

384
385
391

392
394
399 401

Cactus, Tobusch fishhook

419 420
433

Dawn-flower, Texas prairie

Dogweed, ashy
Frankenia, Johnston's

464
502 512 519
528
541

Ladies '-tresses, Navasota

Oak, Hinckley's
Pennyroyal, McKittrick
Pitaya, Davis' green

Poppy-mallow, Texas
Rush-pea, slender
Sand-verbena, large-fruited
Snowbells, Texas
Wild-rice, Texas

542

550
575

Utah
16
31
Ferret, black-footed

Prairie dog,

Utah

T
E
E.T

62
71

Crane, whooping
Eagle, bald

74
75

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

E T

69

Species

Account

Number
156 182
185 193

Species
Tortoise, desert

Listed
T E E E E E T E E

As

Chub, bonytail Chub, humpback

Chub, Virgin River

Squawfish, Colorado
Sucker, June
Trout,

246
249

258
261

Lahontan cutthroat

Woundfin
Bear-poppy, dwarf
Buttercup, autumn

354 378
397 398 400

Cactus, San Rafael Cactus, Siler pincushion Cactus, spineless hedgehog Cactus, Unita Basin hookless Cactus, Wright fishhook
Cress, toad-flax

E E E E
T E

402
403 413

E
T E T T E T E T

414
417

Cycladenia, Jones
Daisy,

Maguire

484 490
516

Milk-vetch, heliotrope

Milkweed, Welsh's
Phacelia, clay

532
537
561

Primrose, Maguire
Ridge-cress (=pepper-cress), Barneby

Townsendia, Last Chance

Vermont
3
Bat, Indiana

71

Eagle, bald

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

275

Mussel, dwarf wedge

Beetle, Puritan tiger

324

408
485 524

Cinquefoil, Robbins'

Milk-vetch, Jesup's

Pogonia, small whorled

E E E T E T E E E

Virginia
1

Bat, gray Bat, Indiana

Bat, Virginia big-eared

39
41

Shrew, Dismal
Squirrel,

Swamp southeastern

Delmarva Peninsula fox

43
71

Squirrel, Virginia northern flying

Eagle, bald

73
75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Atlantic)

104

E E E T E E E E T T

70

Species

Account

Number
136

Species
Woodpecker, red-cockaded
Turtle, green sea
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

Listed
E

As

160
161

T
E E E T E

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

164

174
190 192

Salamander, Shenandoah

Chub, slender Chub, spotfin

Logperch, Roanoke

221

225

Madtom, yellowfin
Snail, Virginia fringed

270
271

mountain

T T E T E
E E E E E E E

^h

^H

iBd

B*^

Fanshell

275

Mussel, dwarf wedge

Pearly mussel, Appalachain monkeyface Pearly mussel, birdwing Pearly mussel, cracking

282
283

284
285

Pearly mussel, Cumberland bean Pearly mussel, Cumberland monkeyface Pearly mussel, dromedary Pearly mussel, green-blossom
Pearly mussel, little-wing Pearly mussel, pink mucket
Pigtoe, fine-rayed Pigtoe, rough Pigtoe, shiny
Riffle shell, tan

286
288

289
291

294
301

E E E E E
E

302
303

E
E E T T

306 308

Spinymussel, James River (= Virginia)

Isopod, Madison Cave
Beetle, northeastern beach tiger

314
323

359

Birch, Virginia round-leaf

478
503

Mallow, Peter's Mountain

Orchid, eastern prairie fringed
Pink,

518

swamp

524
539
551

Pogonia, small whorled

Rock-cress, shale barren
Spiraea, Virginia

E E T T E E T

Washington
10
11

Bear, grizzly or

brown

T
E E E T

Caribou, woodland
Deer, Columbian white-tailed

13

48
71

Wolf, gray (Rocky Mtn. plan)

Eagle, bald

74
75

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

E T
71

Species

Account

Number
79
96
100

Species
Goose, Aleutian Canada

Listed
E T E T E T T

As

Owl, northern spotted

Pelican,

brown

(California plan)

160
163 165

Turtle, green sea Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea
Butterfly,

332

Oregon

silverspot

West

Virginia
E E E E E
T T T E E E E E E E E T

Bat, Indiana Bat, Virginia big-eared

Squirrel, Virginia northern flying

9
<>H

43
71

Eagle, bald

^H

73 75
169

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Salamander, Cheat Mountain

Snail, flat-spired three-toothed land

264
271

Fanshell

279

Mussel, ring pink

Pearly mussel, pink mucket Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom

294
296
308

Spinymussel, James River (= Virginia)

Clover, running buffalo

410 450
539
551

Harperella Rock-cress, shale barren

Spiraea, Virginia

Wisconsin
3
Bat, Indiana

46
71

Wolf, gray (Eastern timber)

Eagle, bald
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)

73
75
105 133

Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Plover, piping (Interior plan)

E E T E T
E,T

Warbler (wood), Kirtland's

Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye Bush-clover, prairie
Iris,

290
376

457 472
496
557

dwarf lake
Fassett's

Locoweed,

Monkshood, northern wild

Thistle, Pitcher's

E E T T T T T

Wyoming
10
16
Bear, grizzly or

brown

Ferret, black-footed

48
62

Wolf, gray (Rocky Mtn. plan)

Crane, whooping

T E E E

72

Species

Account

Number
71

Species
Eagle, bald

Listed
E

As

74
75
178

Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

Toad,

Wyoming

202 246

Dace, Kendall

Warm Springs

Squawfish, Colorado

E T E E E

COMMONWEALTHS, TERRITORIES, AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

American Samoa
160
161
Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey)
Turtle, leatherback sea

163

164
165

Turtle, loggerhead sea

Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea

T E E T T

District of
71
Eagle, bald

Columbia
E E T E

73 75

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

310

Amphipod, Hay's

spring

Guam
4
5
Bat,
little

Mariana

fruit

Bat, Mariana fruit

57 67 84
91

Broadbill,

Guam

Crow, Mariana
Kingfisher,

Guam Micronesian
Mariana

Moorhen
Rail,

(gallinule),

common

109

Guam
Mariana gray (=Vanikoro)

120

Swiftlet,

134
160
161

White-eye, bridled
Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea
Turtle, loggerhead sea

163

164
165

Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea

465

Lagu, Hyan (Serianthes)

E E E E E E E E E T E E T T E

Commonwealth
67 86 87
Crow, Mariana
Mallard, Mariana

of the Northern Mariana Islands

E
Perouse's)

Megapode, Micronesian (La

Monarch, Tinian

89
91

Moorhen

(gallinule),

Mariana

common
E T

120

Swiftlet, Mariana gray (=Vanikoro)

130
160

Warbler (willow), nightingale reed

Turtle, green sea

73

Species

Account

Number
161

Species
Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea
Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea

Listed
E E T T E

As

163

164
165

465

Lagu, Hyan (Serianth.es)

Palau (Trust)
15

Dugong
Megapode, Micronesian (La
Crocodile, saltwater
Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea

87
142 160
161

Perouse's)

163

E E E T E E
T

164
165

Puerto Rico
20
55
73 Manatee, West Indian (Florida)
Blackbird, yellow-shouldered
Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine

E E E
T

75

92
98
101

Nightjar (whip-poor-will), Puerto Rico

Parrot, Puerto

Rican

Pelican,

brown (Eastern plan)

103 123

Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain

Tern, roseate

E E E E
T E T E E T T E E T T T E E E T E E E E E E

137
138

Anole, Culebra Island giant

Boa,

Mona

139
143

Boa, Puerto Rican

Gecko, Monito
Iguana,

144

Mona ground

160
161

Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea

163

164
168
177

Coqui, golden
Toad, Puerto Rican crested

353

Bariaco

373

Boxwood,

Vahl's

404
407 418

Cassia mirabilis (=Sci. name)

Chumbo, higo
Daphnopsis hellerana (=Sci. Name)
Erubia
Fern, elfin tree

422
429 438
453

Goetzea, beautiful (matabuey)

Higuero de Sierra
Holly, Cook's

454

74

Species

\ccount

dumber
479 500
505

Species
Manaca, palma de
Negra, cobana

Listed
T T
E E E E

As

Nigua, Palo de
Palo de

506
511 515
531

Ramon

Pelos del diablo

Peperomia, Wheeler's
Prickly-ash, St.

Thomas

540

Rosa, palo de

E E

Virgin Islands
20
73 75
101

Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan)
Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Pelican,

brown (Eastern plan)

tree

123

Tern, roseate

140
148

Boa, Virgin Islands

Lizard,
St.

Croix ground

160
161

Turtle, green sea Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle, leatherback sea

163

164
177

Turtle, loggerhead sea

Toad, Puerto Rican crested

Prickly-ash, St.

531

Thomas

E E T E T E E T E E T T E

75

Appendix
I

IV.

Individual Species

Recovery Progress Reports

Key to Species Accounts

1.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan:

If the

10.

Major Activity Since Last

Report:

Species:

Common name,
name
Birds,

lead Region for the species

Although

this is the first to

followed by scientific
2.

is different

from

responsible for

Region the plans, each

the

published report

Congress on

the endangered species recovery

Group: Mammals,

Region
is

is listed.

Otherwise, there
to indicate the

Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes, Snails, Clams, Crustaceans,

Insects, Arachnids, Plants
8.
3.

only one number

program, numerous recovery activities have been described in

earlier

lead for recovery of the species.

agency reports. This report

represents activities occurring in

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

For Stage, the designations
are:

Listing/Date: Threatened or

the past few years, or since any

Endangered/Date final rule published if Threatened or Endangered

4.

previous reports.
11.

(Final-Approved), Rev

(Revision- Approved)
Draft),

(Agency

Major

Activity

Over Next

Species Status: Improving,

Stable, Declining, Extinct,

Unknown.
5.

T (Technical Draft), TA (Technical/Agency Draft), U (Under Development), R (Under Revision), P (Pending,

but not yet scheduled for initiation), or NA (Not Applicable).
12.

Reporting Period:

High priority tasks to be continued or initialed, and intended

result are outlined.

Recovery Priority: Ranking from

1 to

Recovery Achieved:

18 (see explanation, p.
Title:

8).

The date
6.

of the
is

most recent work

if

Recovery Plan

on the plan
applicable.
9.

indicated,

For listed species with more than

The progress toward recovery is indicated on a fractional scale, with "1" signifying 0-259 Of SM
recovery objective bdQg -\v met. "2" signifying >-><>
total
,
.

one recovery plan, a separate report has been completed for each recovery plan (unless the lead Region for recovery can summarize the total species' status
[i.e.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Recovery Objectives are selected

among:

Delist, Downlist, or
13.

M-7.V; "4" ing 76-100%.

signifying
.

signify-

Stabilize, if the objectives have

Information Current as

of:

bald eagle]. For species with no

recovery plan and none intended,

been identified. The criteria are summarized in the narrative portion. Quantitative information
is

"N/A"

indicates that a plan

is

not

The Dale of the information picKOted OH each individual tptdct

report.

applicable. If

no recovery plan
point, "Pending"

included,

if

known.

has been initiated but one will be

written at
is

some

inserted.

77

Appendix

IV.

Mammals

78

Gray bat
1.

Species: Gray bat (Myotis

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting.

1.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Caves will con-

grisescens)
2.

The

species

may be
when.

re-

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
28, 1976

classified to threatened

over a 5-year period,

priority
1

75%

of the

maternity caves show

of the priority
hiber-

3.
4.

Group:

Mammals

stable or increasing populations

Species Status: Improving

and

90%

nacula have permanent

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

protection. Additionally, the

be protected from disturbance by landowner contacts, conservation agreements, and erecting gates, fencing and restrictive signs. Ceasusing of high priority maternity and * infca cave populations will continue.
tinue to

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Gray Bat

species

ered

may be considered recovwhen 25% of the priority 2

Section 7 consultation will continue to protect caves used by the

species.
12.

caves are permanently protected

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

and show stable or increasing

populations over a 5-year peiiod.
10.

Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Achieved: 3

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 8, 1982

Major Activity Since Last Report: A study is underway to look at the

possible effects of contaminants
at several

13. Information Current as of: July

26,

1990

gray bat caves

in

Missouri where past gTay bat population declines are suspected to

have resulted from contaminants.

Hawaiian hoary bat

i

1.

Species: Hawaiian hoary bat

9.

{Lasiurus cinereus semotus)

2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Listing/Date:

10.
13,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Endangered/October
3.

1970
11.

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: None
pated.
12.
is

Group:

Mammals
Unknown

antici-

4.
5.

Species Status:

Recovery

Priority: 15
Title:

Recovery Achieved:

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

79

Indiana bat
1.

Species: Indiana bat (Myotis

sodalis)

10.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

Major Activity Since Last Report: Guano found at priority 1 and 2 hibemacula in Regions 3 and 4 was analyzed for pesticides and
other contaminants. Preliminary

11.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Both summer habitat studies will be continued. The final report from a separate
five-year (Section 6 funded) stud)
in Illinois will

3. 4.
5. 6.

Group:

Mammals

data indicate that the species

is

be completed. The
disturbance study
for
its

experiencing measurable expo-

winter
will

human

Species Status: Declining

sure to organophosphates, possi-

be continued

final year.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

bly contributing to species

decline.

Population censusing at top priority

Recovery Plan for the Indiana Bat

Recovery Plan

The

first

year of

summer

caves will continue. Acquis-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

habitat studies in Missouri and Indiana was completed (section 6 funding). These studies are aimed
at

ition of several priority

will

2 caves pursued via Section be 6

funding. Section 7 consultation

will continue to protect

Recovery Plan: Region 3

determining

if

differences in
its

occupied

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/October 14, 1983

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting. Reclassification to

summer

habitat or

use are

causing different population

trends across the species' range.

summer and winter sites. Guidelines for summer habitat protection will
results of
to date.

be developed based upor

9.

The

first

year of a

human disturcaves in

summer habitat research

bance study (Section 6 funding)

threatened will occur

when

per-

was completed

at three

manent protection and

stable

popat

Indiana. Preliminary data analysis

indicates that disturbance
is

ulations for 3 consecutive

conis

censuses have been achieved

of the 9 priority
shall
1

tributing to overwinter weight

loss,

Caves will continue to be protected from disturbance by landowner contacts, conservation agreements, and erecting gates, fencing and restrictive signs.
12.

caves. Delisting
the

but a second year's study

to

occur

when

same condi-

needed

confirm

Recovery Achieved: 2

this prelimi-

tions apply to

50%

of the priority

nary finding.

13. Information Current as of: July

2 hibemacula.

25, 1990

Little
1.

Marianas
8.

fruit

bat

Species: Little Marianas fruit bat

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

A/Final Draft
of yet

{Pteropus tokudae)
2.

Not Approved

as

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27,

1984

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
(believed to be extinct)

N/A

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group:

Mammals
10.

Species Status: Extinct

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Drafted proposal for
critical habitat

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

designation.

Recovery Plan

Recovery

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Propose
habitat designation
critical

Plan for the Marianas Fruit Bat

and
7.

Little

Marianas Fruit Bat

12.

on Guam.
1

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

80

Marianas
1.

fruit

bat

Species: Marianas fruit bat

single permanent colony in south-

(Pteropus mariannus mariannus)

2.

em Guam.
10.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

1984

The Guam Division

3.

Group:

Mammals

of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources continues to monitor the bat population on

4.
5. 6.

Species Status: Declining

Guam. Drafted

proposal for

criti-

Recovery

Priority: 3
11.

cal habitat designation.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Marianas Fruit Bat and Little Marianas Fruit Bat

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continue a monitoring program on Guam.
Strengthen law enforcement capabilities to control

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

poaching.

8.

Continue an intensive research and management effort to control

the

A/1986
9.

Not Approved

brown

yet

tree snake.

Propose

critical habitat

designation on

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
reclassify status to threatened by

Guam.
12.

increasing the population on

Recovery Achieved:

Guam to

2,500 through natural

of two permanent bat

13. Information Current as of:

August

recruitment, and to establish a

1990

minimum

colonies in northern

Guam

and a

Mexican long-nosed bat

1.

Species:

Mexican long-nosed

bat

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

(Leptonycteris nivalis)
.2.

be developed.
10.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 30, 1988

3.

Group:

Mammals
Unknown
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Recovery plan under development; draft due from contractor

December

15,

1990

4.

Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Recovery Plan
will

5.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

5.

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

be finalized
1

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

I.

1990

81

Ozark big-eared bat

1.

Species: Ozark big-eared bat

western Arkansas. Population

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue search for new caves in Oklahoma

(Plecotus townsendii ingens)

2.

monitoring
ued.
is

at

known

maternity

caves and hibernacula was continListing/Date:

Endangered/November 30, 1979

3.

Oklahoma

State University

finalizing report

on habitat

Group:

Mammals

characteristics of maternity roosts

4. 5. 6.

Species Status:

U
A Recovery

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

Recovery Plan

Plan for the Ozark Big-Eared Bat

and Virginia Big-Eared Bat

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 8, 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize/Prevent extinction of the

and hibernacula. The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) was funded through Sec. 6 for a second year to measure microclimate, size, structure, and entrance aspect of caves and distribution and abundance of foraging areas surrounding caves.

and Arkansas. Continue population monitoring. Complete OSU study. Develop and begin to implement a protection and management plan for the Oklahoma Bat Cave National Wildlife Refuge. Continue Section 6 project of protection and management of caves on private land. Attempt to purchase important cave. Try to initiate telemetry study of habitat use.

The
12.

Nature Conservancy is continuing negotiations with a land owner in an attempt to purchase an important maternity cave.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

The

ODWC
to de-

was funded through Sec. 6

Ozark big-eared bat

10.

velop agreements with private

land owners for protection and

Major Activity Since Last Report: The search for new caves in eastern Oklahoma was extended into

management
on

of important caves

their property.

Sanborn's long-nosed bat

1.

Species: Sanborn's long-nosed bat

((Leptonycteris sanborni)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

{=yerbabuenae))
10.
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 30, 1988

3.

Group:

Mammals
Unknown
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Cave has been renovated. Some bat use may have been detected.
Historic habitat in Colossal

4.
5.
6.

Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Draft Recovery
Plan

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan: Region 2

1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

82


Virginia big-eared bat
1.

Species: Virginia big-eared bat

8.

(Plecotus townsendii virginianus)

2.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 8, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/Long-term protection of

conducted over the past 2 yea

Sec. 7 activities constitute a significant portion of recovery efforts
for this species. The population remains stable overall. 11.

Listing/Date:

9.

Endangered/November
3.

30, 1979

Group:

Mammals

95%

of

all

known

active colonies

and stable or increasing populations at

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued monitoring and protection of maternity colonies.

4.

Species Status: Improving

95%

of the

known mater-

5.

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

nity colonies

and hibemacula.

6.

Recovery Plan for the Ozark Big-Eared Bat and the Virginia Big-Eared Bat

Recovery Plan

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Protection of maternity colony
sites

The

foraging

study will also continue.

12.

and hibemacula

in associa-

Recovery Achieved: 2

tion with monitoring of maternity

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

colonies. Also, a study of the im-

13. Information Current as of: July

pacts of various activities on for-

1990

aging behavior has been

Grizzly bear
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist: Yellowstone population

effects in grizzly bear habitat has

been completed. One bear was

relocated from British Columbia
into U.S. to

15 females with cubs and family

groups reported in 15 of 18 Man-

augment Cabinet/Yaak

'n

addition to requiring large

expanses

of

agement Units and human-caused mortality does not exceed 7 total or 2 females; Northern Continen22 females tal Divide population with cubs, family groups in 20 of 23 units, and human-caused mor-

population.

record

number

of

cubs (57) were bom in the Yellowstone Ecosystem in 1990.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Information
being gathered
of the Northern Continental
is

and, grizzly bears have

-eproductive rates

one

of the lowest

to evaluate status

tality

not

to

exceed 14

total or

among

terrestrial
for fe-

females; Cabinet/Yaak population

Tiammals. Reproductive intervals

itter

nales average three years and average

sizes are two cubs. Grizzlies are

4 females with 4 females with

in

Divide
alyze
if

cubs, family

(NCD)

population and an-

population objectives

as threatened in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Washington.

isted
I.

units, and human-caused mortality not to exceed a total of 3; Selkirk popula-

groups in 18 of 21

have been achieved. Development of a conservation plan to easure

existence of adequate regulatory

tion

cubs, family

management
done
in

strategies will be

Species: Grizzly bear (Ursus

arctos horribilis)

groups
ity

not to

and mortalexceed 3 total. These

units,

4 of 7

FY

91 for the

NCD popu3

lation.

The Grizzly Bear Recov91

.

numbers
I.

are to

be calculated
a

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 28,

annually,

some based on

running

ery Plan revision will be finali/ed

in

1975
3.

Group:

Mammals

6 year average, others based on a running 3 year average. Criteria for Bitterroot and North Cascades
populations are not developed.
10. Major Activity Since Last Report: An agreement with British

FY

Placement of

more

females in the Cabinet/Yaak

X.

Species Status: Stable

Ecosystem is planned for FY 91. Programs to monitor the population status in the Yellowstone

5.

Recovery

Priority:

3C
Grizzly Bear

Ecosystem
will also

will continue. In the

5.

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Selkirk Ecosystem, monitoring

Columbia Wildlife Branch and

Ministry of Forests outlining cooperation in

continue on the dispersal

Of subadults

from Canada

into the

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

management and

re12.
13.

United States.

Recovery Plan: Region 6

search has been completed.

Recovery Achieved: 2
Information Qnreni as of July

J.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/January 29, 1982

Habitat evaluation in the Bitterroot ecosystem was begun. A

computer model of resource use

1990

83

Woodland Caribou
1.

Species:
[Selkirk

Woodland Caribou
Mountain population]

bou,

some

of which have suffered

natural mortality and one

man-

(Rangifer tarandus caribou)

2.

caused mortality.
10.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Endangered/January
3. 4.

14,

1983

Group:

Mammals
to the transplants)

The third transplant was done in March 1990, when 12 new animals were added
to the

Selkirk

Species Status: Improving (but

population. Native and

transplanted populations are re-

only due
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

3C
11.

producing.

Recovery Plan Title: Selkirk Mountain Caribou Management Plan/Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
to

monitor transplanted and native caribou herds to determine mortality,

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

reproduction, survivability,

Recovery Plan: Region

habitat use and dispersal work.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 12, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Manage for an interior population of approximately 100 animals. Currently at 60-70 animals due to infusion of 60 transplanted cari12.

This

is being done with Section 6 Funds and can only be continued

with these funds.

9.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

1990

Eastern cougar
1.

Species: Eastern cougar (Felis

9.

concolor couguar)
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Thought to be extinct.

Nevertheless, the criterion for

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 4,

1973
3. 4. 5. 6.

downlisting

is

the discovery or

establishment of one population

Group:

Mammals

with a
adults.
is

minimum
The

of

50 breeding

Species Status: Extinct

criterion for delisting

the discovery or establishment

Recovery

Priority: 18

of 3 self-sustaining populations,

Recovery Plan Title: Eastern Cougar Recovery Plan

each containing a breeding adults.

10.

minimum

of

50

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: None. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 2, 1982

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

84

Columbian white-tailed deer

..

Species:

Columbian

white-tailed

Umpqua

Basin of

deer (Odocoileus virginianus

leucurus)
L

Douglas County and the

relative proportions of

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

CWTD habitat within

the

11,1967
l.

known range

of the

species in Douglas

Group:

Mammals

\.

Species Status: Improving

rated

County are not deteriofrom current con-

ditions. Delist:
!.

A miniat

Recovery Priority: 15 Recovery Plan

Title:

mum viable population

can be maintained

i.

Columbian

White-tailed Deer Recovery Plan

'.

500 deer

distributed in

5,500 acres of suitable,

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/June 14, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

secure habitat within

the

Umpqua

Basin of

;:.

Douglas County, Oregon on lands owned, controlled, prothe conservation of

10.

The Columbian white-tailed deer prefers moist prairie and woodland habitat In 1972, the Fish and Wildlife Service established the Columbian WhiteTailed Deer National Wildlife Refuge in the State of Washington to protect the habitat of the speaes
cies.

Continuation of population

'

tected, or otherwise dedicated to

Lower Columbia River population: Downlist:

CWTD.
11.

monitoring.

A minimum of
two

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Preparation of
a downlist
rules.

400 Columbian white-tailed deer (CWTD) can be maintained in at

least 3 viable subpopulations,

Land

acquisition along Lower

package with special

of which

must be located on

se-

cured habitat. Delist:

of

A minimum

Columbia River initiated by Fish and Wildlife Service. Range expansion analysis and disease studies are ongoing for Roseburg population by state wildlife agency.
Identification of suitable recovery

Continuation of land acqui-

sition efforts for the Lower Columbia River population.

400

CWTD can be maintained

Continuation of efforts
habitat for the
tion.

to

secure

Roseburg popula-

in at least 3 viable subpopulations

Continuation of population

distributed in suitable secure

habitat.

lands for purchase or conservation easements

tacts

monitoring.
12.

and

initial

con-

Roseburg population: Downlist: 1000 CWTD can be maintained viable on lands within the

with principal landowners

Recovery Achieved: 4

by

were made in the Roseburg area state and federal wildlife agen-

13. Information Current as of: July

24,

1990

Key deer
Species:

Key deer (Odocoileus

Endangered/March

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize/Focus of the recovery
actions
is

exotic pest plant control).

virginianus clavium)

Roadside clearing
area.

in mortality

Listing/Date:

on the prevention of a

11,1967
Group:

further decline of the

Key
its

deer

Reduction of speed limit on U.S. 1. Posting of warning signs.

Public service announcements for
its

and the preservation of

Mammals

integrity as a subspecies within

motorists. Provision of water

on

Species Status: Declining

range. Population objective

is

to
1 1.

non-fresh water keys.

maintain a stable population of

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Key Deer
10.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

250-300

deer.

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Development of population viability analysis

management. Development of census methods.

studies and habitat
12.
13.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/June 19, 1985.

and species

Recovery Achieved:

Ongoing land acquisition to increase Key Deer Refuge. Habitat management studies. (Prescribed burning and
survival plan.

Information Current as

oft

Julv

1990

85

Dugong
1.

Species:

Dugong (Dugong

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

dugong)
2.

None
11.
2,

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Endangered/December
3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

1970

An

aerial sur-

Group:

Mammals
Unknown
4
Pending
12.

vey of the dugongs of Belau (the only area within our jurisdiction

Species Status:

where they

are

known

to

occur)

is

Recovery

planned for early in 1991.

Priority:

Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan: Region

1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

Black-footed ferret
1.

Species: Black-footed ferret

reintroduced populations, extinction rate of subpopulations is at or

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Management
plans and environmental docu-

{Mustela nigripes)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

below establishment
area required
is

rate of

new

1967

subpopulations for 5 yrs. Recovery

ments
by

for three

high priority rein-

185,000 acres.

troduction sites will be developed

3. 4.

Group:

Mammals
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Captive breeding populations increased
to

FY

92. Information will

be

Species Status: Improving

(captive propagation)

collected for evaluation of additional reintroduction sites.

118

ferrets.

Successful

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

weaning of 67 ther augments

ferrets in

1990

Reintroduction of ferrets will befur-

the population.

gin by 1991. Additional captive

Recovery Plan Title: Black-footed Ferret Recovery Plan

The

draft

management plan

for

breeding populations will be set

black-footed ferrets at Meeteetse

up

at several additional

zoos

to

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 6

was completed and public hearings were held. Black-footed

Ferret Interstate Coordinating

reduce potential seriousness of

disease outbreaks. Captive breeding will continue in order to

max-

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/August 8, 1988; F/June 1978

14,

Committee evaluated and prioritized seven nominated potential

reintroduction
sites.

imize numbers available for

reintroduction.
12.

proposed

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist after the following have

rule and environmental assess-

been achieved

increase captive
to

breeding population

200 breed-

ment for designating a reintroduced population at Meeteetse, as "experimental" has been

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

WY

ing adults, establish a prebreeding

drafted, with a

back-up

site at

census population of 1500 freeranging breeding adults in 10 or

Shirley Basin,

gram

to

reward prolocate a wild population

WY. A

more populations, encourage

widest possible distribution of

was continued.

86

San Joaquin
L.

kit

fox

Species:

San Joaquin

kit fox

minimum

of 5,000 contiguous

(Vulpes macrotis mutica)

\.

acres totaling at least 100,000

acres. All areas

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

must show
of 10

self-

11,1967
I.

sustaining or increasing populations for a

minimum

Group:

Mammals
10.

consecutive years.

\.

Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Large land acquisitions and exchanges by the Bureau of Land

I.

Recovery

Priority:

3C
San Joaquin

i.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Management and The Nature

Conservancy
tially

Kit Fox Recovery Plan

.

in the

southern part

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/January 3 1,1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when at least 4 independent reserves with a minimum of 10,000 contiguous acres totaling at least 225,000 acres are secured and at least 5 areas on public land are designated as high priority for kit fox protection, with a
11.

of the range. Inventory of poten-

good
if

habitat in the northern

portion
.

the range.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
#10. Completion of the recovery
plans for the San Joaquin Valley
listed species.

12. Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

20,

1990

Jaguarundi
Species: Jaguarundi (2 subspecies)
10.

18,19

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Trapping and photo documentation efforts both

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: During the next
reporting period the Service plans

yagouaroundi cacomitli) and (Felis yagouaroundi tolteca)

(Felis
:

on and

off

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

Laguna Atascosa National

Wildlife Refuge

1976

(NWR),

Texas,

an intensive status evaluation to determine the presence/absence

of resident populatioas of the

continued, primarily focused on

ocelots but also in hopes of docu-

Group:

Mammals
Unknown

jaguarundi. Concentration would

Species Status:

menting jaguarundi.
in areas

On several
sight-

occasions trapping efforts focused

Recovery Priority: 6
Recovery Plan Title: Listed Cats of Arizona and Texas Recovery Plan

where jaguarundi

be on actively surveying areas of confirmed presence and expand surveys in Class I and II sighting
areas.
12.

ings were reported.

effort

One

intensive

was

in Unit VI near refuge

all

Recovery Achieved:

headquarters. However,

efforts

for

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2

were unsuccessful. Revegetation of former farm fields in order to

convert the fields to ocelot/ jaguarundi habitat continued on
the Laguna Atascosa NWR. From November-February, 18,000

13. Information

Currem

as oft July

1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August22, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist and Delist

seedlings consisting primarily of ebony, whitebrush and brasil, as well as tepehuaje, wild olive, and

mesquite, have been planted on

approximately 230 acres.

87

West Indian manatee

1.

Species:

West Indian manatee

(Trichechus manatus)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967
3.

Group:

Mammals

4.
5.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Florida

6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Manatee Recovery Plan, West Indian Manatee Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
Rev/July 24, 1989.

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Florida manatee

Downlist/

Establish and maintain a viable,

self-sustaining population of

The manatee is found in warm shallow coastal waters south of North Carolina. Female calves reach maturity in approximately 4 years, whereas males take 7 years
tion of the areas primarily used by manatees for feeding. Information on movement patterns will also be collected. Florida manatee The revised Florida Manatee Recovery Plan was approved by the Regional Director on May 2,

manatees on both the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. Downlisting should be considered when population modeling indicates that the population is growing or is stable,

when

mortality factors are con-

trolled at acceptable levels or are

decreasing, and

when

habitats are

1989.

The

Merritt Island National

secure and threats are controlled

or are decreasing.

Wildlife Refuge established a 15

square mile manatee sanctuary in

West Indian Manatee A proposal has been written to conduct a study of the West Indian manatee population at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station on southeastern Puerto Rico. The study will be funded by the U.S. Navy and will
include estimating population

the

Banana River Lagoon,

Brevard County, Florida. The

1990 Florida Legislature passed a manatee protection bill which expands the Department of Natural
Resources authority to protect manatees under the Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act.
11.

numbers, determining habitat use, and movement patterns. Results

of the study will be utilized to assess the status of the population
in southeastern Puerto Rico.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Florida
tee

Powerboats are the greatest threat to manatees as they are often fatally struc by propellers. The Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Florida are

Involved Agencies and

mana-

groups are developing participation schedules to

working together to establish protective zones. In March 1990, a new manatee sanctuary was established, in cooperation with the National

implement tasks

Aeronautics and

Additionally, an ongoing project

is

outlined in the revised recovery

plan.
12.

Space

Administration, at Merritt Island

being conducted

to

obtain pop-

National Wildlife Refuge.

ulation estimates for Puerto Rico.

Recovery Achieved:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: West Indian manatee

13. Information Current as of: July

Population estimates for southeastern Puerto Rico will be

initiated during the next year, as

1990

well as describing the composi-

88

Alabama beach mouse

1.

Species:

Alabama beach mouse

(Peromyscus polionotus

sustaining populations in each the critical habitat areas and at

least

ol

ammobates)
2.

50%

of the critical habitat

is

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 6,

1985
3. 4.
5.
6.

both protected and inhabited by Alabama beach mice.

10.

Group:

Mammals

Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Since Last Report: The major activities have been the captive propagation of Alabama
beach mice and
their

Recovery Priority:

3C

subsequent
critical

release in areas designated as

Recovery Plan Title: Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Mouse and Alabama Beach Mouse Recovery
Plan

Alabama beach mouse

habitat.
11.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Major activities

over the next reporting period will

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 12, 1987
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlisting. The subspecies
12.

be monitoring the wild beach

mouse populations and continued studies of beach mouse genetic

viability.

8.

Recovery Achieved: 2
June

9.

may

13. Information Current as of:

be considered for downlisting

1990

when

there are 3 distinct, self-

Anastasia Island beach

1.

mouse

Species: Anastasia Island beach

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

mouse {Peromyscus polionotus phasma)

10.
2.

be developed.

Listing/Date:
12,

Endangered/May

1989

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ongoing Game and Fish Commission study on the mouse's
population distribution and on the
effects of feral cats.

3.

Group:

Mammals
11.

4.

Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

5.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

6C
Pending
12.

None

5.

Title:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recoveiy Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

I.

1990

89

Choctawhatchee beach mouse

1.

Species: Choctawhatchee beach

sustaining populations in each of

the critical habitat areas, and a

mouse (Peromyscus poliotwtus

allophrys)
2.

minimum
habitat
is

of

50%

of the critical

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 6,

protected and occupied

1985
3. 4. 5. 6.

by mice.
10.

Group:

Mammals
Unknown
3C

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Two proposed
tial

large-scale residencritical habi-

Species Status:

developments in

Recovery

tat.

Priority:

11.

Recovery Plan Title: Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Mouse and Alabama Beach Mouse Recovery
Plan
12.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Possible development of a Habitat Conservation
Plan in response
to the

above

mentioned developments.
Recovery Achieved:
1

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 12, 1987
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Species can be considered for downlisting to threatened

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

when

there are 3 distinct, self-

Key Largo cotton mouse

1.

Species:

Key Largo

cotton

mouse

9.

(Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola)

10.
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Land acquisition by state continues.

Endangered/September 21, 1983

3.

Group:

Mammals

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuing
land acquisition.

4. 5.
6. 7.

Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority:

3C
12.

Recovery Achieved: 4

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
13. Information Current as of: July

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

1990

8.

90

Perdido Key beach

|

mouse

Species: Perdido Key beach mouse (Feromyscus polionotus

trissyllepsis)

11.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Major activities

over the next reporting period will include monitoring Perdido Key

I.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 6,

1985
;

I.

Group:

Mammals

Species Status: Improving

beach mouse populations, continued beach refurbishment, monitoring whether mice use the created habitat, and continuing
research into the genetic viability of the subspecies.
12.

Recovery

Priority:

3C

Recovery Plan Title: Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Mouse, and Alabama Beach Mouse Recovery
Plan

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

f.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 12, 1987 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/The subspecies may be considered for downlisting when
there are 3 distinct, self-sustain-

ing populations in each of the

critical habitat areas

and

at least
is

50%

of the critical habitat

both

protected and inhabited by

Perdido
).

Key beach mice.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The major activities have been the
captive propagation of Perdido

Key beach mice and

their subsequent release on Perdido Key, monitoring the wtfd population,

creation of new habitat by beach

refurbishment, and genetics research. Five-year study funded by

the

The Perdido Key beach mouse is found in limited sand dune habitat along the border of Alabama and Florida, which is under increasing development pressure The species reached critically low numbers in the early 1980s, but is now improving

Navy

to

determine effects of

beach nourishment on Perdido Key beach mice.

91

Salt
1.

marsh harvest mouse

8.

Species: Salt

marsh harvest

mouse
tris)

{Reithrodontomys raviven9.

F/November

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 16, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist or delist northern subspecies; downlist southern sub-

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: 1) Contaminants study by Region 8 FWS Research on other marsh mammals and 2) possible habitat acquisition via expansion of San
Francisco Bay National Wildlife

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4.
5.

13,

1970

Group:

Mammals

when 3,900 hectares of public-owned habitat are secured,

species

Species Status: Declining

3200 hectares of privately owned habitat are secured, and an additional

Refuge.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

7,000 hectares of largely

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

6.

Recovery Plan Title: California Clapper Rail/Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse Recovery Plan
10.

unsuitable habitat are restored

and secured.

1990

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Contaminants study by Region 8 FWS Research on other marsh

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

mammals.

Southeastern beach mouse

1.

Species: Southeastern beach

10.

mouse (Peromyscus polionotus

niveiventris)
11.
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: None. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 12,

None

1989
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

anticipated. Negative impacts to

Group:

Mammals
12.

habitat as a result of missile

launch programs.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan

Pending

1990

for
8. 9.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

92

Ocelot
1.

Species: Ocelot (Felis

(Leopardus) pardalis)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
30, 1972; July 21,

1982

3. 4.
1

Group:

Mammals

Species Status: Stable

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

5
Listed Cats

Recovery Plan
Plan

Title:

of Arizona and Texas Recovery

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August22, 1990

8.

The

ocelot, found in the U.S. in southern

illegal

Texas and Arizona,

is

threatened by

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist and delist

continued

poaching and loss

of habitat

corridors. Revegetation of former

10.

1 1.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Hopefully during the next reporting period,
three studies will be funded that
will

Major Activity Since Last Report:

farm

fields in order to convert the

An average
ocelots

of 10 radio-collared

fields to ocelot habitat continued

on Laguna Atascosa

on

the

Laguna Atascosa

NWR.

National Wildlife Refuge

(NWR)

From November-February 18,000

seedlings consisting primarily of

be invaluable

in efforts to rea

Texas were monitored during

FY

cover the ocelot.

One would be

1990, especially those that were

dispersing or suspected of denning behavior. Personnel of the

Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research

Institute (Texas

A&I)

also contin-

ued trapping
traps

efforts in

and around

the refuge until April,

when

all

used for the cat trapping program were retrieved and

stored.

At

that time, project

em-

and also tepehuaje, wild olive, and mesquite, have been planted on approximately 230 acres. In June, a translocated female on the west side of the Cayo Atascosa demonstrated definite denning behavior. Three separate searches were undertaken with no kittens located. A "possible" den site was located
ebony, whitebrush and
brasil,

carry-over of work presently being done in and around the Laguna Atascosa NWR to other areas of the Rio Grande Valley to

determine the presence or

absence of ocelot populations.

The

phasis shifted toward entering and

during reconnaissance of the area.

analyzing data. The corridor study continued through April of

This incident
is

is

encouraging as

it

would greatly assist and protect potential ocelot habitat in South Texas. Another project would be examining blood samples taken from ocelots to determine if a
project
efforts to identify

the first translocated female to

possible loss of genetic variability

1990 by Todd Bishop of Caesar Kleberg. Monitoring of both bobcats (8-20 radio collared) and ocelots provided an insight on the habitat needs of the residential cats. Information proved especially valuable in

apparently produce young.

the kittens were

The

has occurred due to the highly

isolated and fragmented ocelot

researcher's data indicates that

4 weeks old and

populations in South Texas.

final project

potentially able to

move
site.

short dis-

would be

study of

tances from the den

No

translocation efforts were carried

detennining

out during the year.

activity occurred

No

dispersing

vegetation types and the size of

corridors used by ocelots. This

that

was deemed

food habits of the ocelot. This would be accomplished by developing a reference collection and proceed with analysis of scat
already collected to determine

life-threatening

(i.e.

continued

information has been incorporated into the revegetation project

crossing of a busy highway). Texas Parks and Wildlife Depart-

food habits.

underway at the refuge. In April, Todd Bishop completed his data gathering and
that is currently

11 Recovery Achieved:
13. Information

ment

is

continuing their effort

to

systematically quantify (rate reliability of sightings) state-wide ob-

Current as

of:

July

1990

monitoring of the radio-collared cats and is currently producing his thesis on the movement within

servations of ocelot, jaguarundi

and mountain

lion.

93

Southern sea otter

1.

Species: Southern sea otter

9.

{Enhydra
2.

lutris nereis)

Recovery Objective/Criteria: The Recovery Plan is currently under

revision.

Listing/Date: Threatened/January
14,

The

old (original) objec-

1977

tives are

being revised.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group:

Mammals

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Translocations were initiated in

Species Status: Stable

1987.

The

State of California leg-

Recovery

Priority:

9C
Southern Sea
11.

islated gill net closures to

reduce

incidental take of otters.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Otter Recovery Plan

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The Recovery Plan will be revised.
Recovery Achieved:
1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/Rev/December 26, 1985

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Florida panther
1.

Species: Florida panther (Felis

species survival plan.

Field investigations

concolor coryi)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

and studies are continuing. Ten new panthers were

radio-instrumented
this year,

3. 4. 5.
6.

Group:

Mammals

Species Status: Stable

with a

total

of 22 that are
tracked.

now

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Florida

An

artificial

Recovery Plan

insemination study

Title:

Panther Recovery Plan

7.

was

initiated

by the

National Zoo.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/June 22, 1987 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/ To achieve a minimum
of three viable, self-sustaining

11.

8.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implementation of plan.

Restricted to southern Florida, fewer than

panthers remain
Wildlife

in

the wild.

In

50 Florida June 1989, the Fish an>

Service established the Florida Panther

A demade

National Wildlife Refuge to increase the habitat avail-

9.

cision will be

able

to

support panthers and other endangered

regarding the estab-

species.

lishment of a captive
population. Enhance continuation
of Florida
12.

populations within the historic range of the animal.

10.

Recovery Achieved:

Game

and Fresh Water

6).

13. Information Current as of: July

Fish

Commission (Section

Major Activity Since Last Report: June 1989 acquisition of 25,000

acres for Florida Panther National

1990

Implementation of habitat management and enhancement actions

at the Florida

Panther National

Wildlife Refuge. Development of

Wildlife Refuge.

population viability analysis and

94

Utah prairie dog

l.

Utah prairie dog {Cynomys parvidens)

Species:
Listing/Date: Threatened/May 29,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

proposed amendment to a special rule to expand the prairie do
control program to cover the entire range of this species was published in the Federal Register in
11.

creasing

to the

poim where

crash
1m

is

nninineni due to an out

plague.

I.

oak

of

1984

Major Activity Over Next

Repotting Period: The
final

\ Group: Mammals
X.
).

Species Status: Improving

February 1990.

An

agency review
12.

amendment
will

ol

the special rule

draft of the recovery plan has

be published

Recovery

Priority: 14
Title:

been prepared.
Prairie
for species'

strategic plan

Recovery Achieved: 3

Recovery Plan

Utah

Dog Recovery
'.

Plan

ing

management outlinneeded recovery management

13. Information Current as oft July

for
!.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

goals has been completed by the State of Utah. While the total

1990

population reached 9,200 adults in spring of 1989. only 34% occurred on public lands and there
are
still

>.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist For 5 consecutive years, establish and maintain 3 popula-

not any populations

size for delisting

at the

minimum

on

public lands.

The range of this

and natuin-

tions

on public lands with

1

a mini-

species continues to expand as a

result of transplantation
ral

mum number of 8

3 animals each

as counted in spring censuses.

population increase. This

crease

may be only

temporary, a

result of recent mild winters in

Utah. Population densities are in-

Sonoran pronghorn
Species: Sonoran pronghorn
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Extension of Arizona Game and Fish Department monitoring of
U.S. population and completion of draft Final Report 14-16-009-

(Antdocapra americana sonoriensis)

Listing/Date: Endangered/Listed

March
Group:

11, 1967;

June

2,

1970

Mammals

Species Status: Declining

Recovery Priority: 3 Recovery Plan Title: Sonoran Pronghorn Recovery Plan

1564 R.W.O. #6 "Sonoran Pronghorn Habitat Utilization in Southwestern Arizona." Keith S. Hughes, Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit,
University of Arizona, Tucson.

Arizona.
11.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/December 30, 1982 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Increase U.S. population to 300
or

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Convene a

meeting of knowledgeable professionals in the fall of 1990 to evaluate recent information.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

numbers

13. Information Current as of: July

feasible for the habi30,

1990

tat.

95

Lower Keys
1.

rabbit

Species:

Lower Keys

rabbit

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.

(Sylvilagus palustrus hefneri)

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
21, 1990
3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
recovery plan.
Initiate draft

Group:

Mammals
12.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 6
Title:

13. Information Current as of:

Recovery Plan

Pending

September 1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

8.

9.

Fresno kangaroo
1.

rat
downlisting can

Species: Fresno kangaroo rat

tive years before

{Dipodotnys nitratoides
2.

exilis)

be considered.
10.

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
30, 1985

Major Activity Since Last Report: Survey of potential habitats in

3.

Group:

Mammals
11.

Madera County

for species distri-

bution and presence.

4. 5.
6.

Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Acquisition of

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Recovery
12.

Recovery Plan

Fresno kangaroo rat habitat.

Title:

Plan for the Fresno Kangaroo Rat

7.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan: Region

23,

1990

8.

8,

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/June 1988

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Establishment of 3 independent Fresno kangaroo rat reserves of at least 1,500 contiguous acres each.

Each reserve must be managed

support
at least

to

3,000 Fresno kanconsecu-

garoo

rats for at least 5

96

Giant kangaroo
1.

rat

Species: Giant kangaroo rat

10.

{Dipodomys ingens)
2.

Major Activity Since Lasi Report Surveys of extant habitat for

species presence and distribution.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/January
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.

5,

1987

Acquisition of giant kangaroo

habitat in

rat

Kern and San Luis

Group:

Mammals
11.

Obispo Counties.

Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of #10. Initiation of Recovery Plan
preparation.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending
12.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved: 2
August

13. Information Current as of:

8.
9.

23,

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Morro Bay kangaroo

l.

rat
None
of the above activi-

Species: Morro Bay kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist Criteria: Preservation and management of land
sufficient to assure a population

animals.
ties

have, as yet, had a discernable

effect

on the status of

this

subspecies.
1 1.

I.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
J.

of at least 2,500 animals and

13,

1970

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Transfer the
captive colony to the National

maintenance of

that population

Group:

Mammals

level for 3 years.

Downlisting

is

the recovery objective of the 1982

I.

Species Status: Declining

Zoological Park for captive

ing.

hi

ced-

Recovery Plan. Since 1982,

cantly.

this

>.

Recovery Priority:

6C

subspecies has declined signifi-

>.

Recovery Plan Title: Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat Recovery Plan

more reasonable objec-

Continue to assess the extent of the remaining wild population and the status o! existing and potential habitat.

tive, at this time, is to stabilize the

population.
12. Recover)'

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October 18, 1982

Achieved:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Unsuccessful captive breeding
effort at the Piedras Blancas, 13.

Information Current as
20.

of:

July

I.

1990

California, Research Station.

Now

laying

groundwork

for

renewed

captive breeding effort at the Smithsonian Institution's National

Zoological Park. Undertaking a survey of sites that may be suitable for reintroduction of translo-

cated and/or captively bred

97

Stephens' kangaroo
1.

rat

Species: Stephens' kangaroo rat

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Dipodomys stephensi)
2.

An interim short-term habitat

conservation plan

(HCP) was ap-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 30, 1988

3. 4.

proved by the Service that will initiate the development of preserve sites.
11.

Group:

Mammals

Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring the
short-term habitat conservation

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

Recovery Plan

Title:

plan while developing the long-

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

term HCP.
12. Recovery Achieved:
1

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

91
9.

U/FY

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To set up a system of viable

preserves within the historic

range of the animal.

Tipton kangaroo
1.

rat

Species: Tipton kangaroo rat

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Surveys of extant habitat for
species presence and distribution.

(Dipodomys
nitratoides)
2.

nitratoides

Listing/Date: Endangered/July 8,

Acquisition of Tipton kangaroo

rat habitat in

1988
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Kern and Tulare

Counties.

Group:

Mammals
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of #10. Initiation of Recovery Plan
preparation.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Pending
12.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

1

August

23, 1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

91

U/FY

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

None

established as of yet.

98

Dismal
.

Swamp
10.

southeastern shrew
5.
/.

Species:

Dismal

Swamp

south-

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of relationships with
will provide data

eastern shrew (Sorex longirostris

fisheri)
;.

longirostris initiated. This study

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September 26, 1986

;

Group:

Mammals

Species Status: Improving

I

on genetic on ecological differentiation between the two taxa. Results should indicate whether or not delisting is approthreats to S.
I.

fisheri and

priate.
.

Recovery Priority: 9
11.

< .

Recovery Plan

Title:

NA

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The study mentioned above will continue for 1-2
years. In addition, surveys will he

'

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

J .

! .

NA Recovery Objective/Criteria: NA
Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

conducted to more fully determine the occupied range.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Carolina northern flying squirrel

]
.

Species: Carolina northern flying

squirrel

the basis of annual monitoring

Service in North Carolina and

(Glaucomys sabrinus

over a 10-year period; 2)

at least

Tennessee, and habitat

is

being

coloratus)
'.

additional stable centers of distri-

protected through review of pro-

Listing/Date: Endangered/July

bution of each subspecies are

1,

1985
*
.

Group:

Mammals

Species Status: Stable

found to exist in the Southern Appalachians; 3) the habitats of all major centers of distribution are permanently protected; and 4) sufficient ecological data have

posed timber sales and stand treatments on National Forests; workshops on species biology and management have been presented to state and Federal foresters, game managers and other interested persons.
1 1.

Recovery Priority:

6C

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Appalachian Northern Flying Squirrels

been accumulated to ensure future protection and management.

10. Major Activity Since Last Report:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Life history

The
is

Service, along with other in-

work and monitoring

will

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 24, 1990
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting to Threatened status
will

volved Federal and state agencies,

continue along with surveys of

potential habitat to locate additional populations
12.

working

to delineate

occupied

and

potential habitat for this

species.
tion has

One

additional populain

Recovery Achieved:

2
of:

been located

North
are
13.

Carolina;

known populations

Information Current as

June

be possible when
that: 1)

it

can be

documented
sent

being monitored by use of nest box checks and live trapping, and ecological studies are ongoing.
Interim habitat guidelines have been developed for the U.S. Forest

1990

populations

at all historic localities are pre-

and stable or expanding, on

99

Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel

1.

Species:

Delmarva Peninsula

fox

management
tained,

are ob-

squirrel (Sciurus niger cinereus)

2.

when

selected

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

populations are

11,1967
3.

Group:

Mammals

shown to be stable or expanding for 5 years, when 10 new

colonies are established throughout the
historic range,

4. 5. 6.

Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

and
their

Recovery Plan

Delmarva

when

protection of

Peninsula Fox Squirrel Recovery

the squirrels habitat

10.
is

and

ensured.

Plan (First Revision)

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Major Activity Since

Last Report:
1)

The

Fish and Wildlife Service reintroduced an experi-

Recovery Plan: Region 5

Squirrel translocations. 2)

mental population of Delmarva fox squirrels into Susse County, Delaware in 1984. The new population is doinc
quite well.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/Rev/May 9, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist/Can occur when, in addition to the downlisting criteria, 5

Population

studies,

which

indi-

cate that populations have

been

ued

studies,

and continued popu-

9.

very stable since 1971. 3) Studies to determine what constitutes optimal habitat and use of subopti-

lation monitoring. Also, initiatioi

of a study of genetic parameters of this species relative to other

new

colonies are established outstable or expanding for

side the remaining natural range,

mal

habitat. 4) Substantial

subspecies.
revi-

which are

progress has been

made on

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

at least 5 years

and are perman11.

sion of the recovery plan.

13. Information Current as of: July

ently protected. Downlisting can

occur when ecological and distributional data needed for effective

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Completion of

the revised recovery plan, contin-

1990

Mt.
1.

Graham
squirrel
10.

red squirrel

Species: Mt.

Graham red

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Spring census of population accomplished. Forest Service currently surveying remainder of

(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

grahamensis)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 3,

1987
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

habitat to locate any additional

animals.

Group:

Mammals
11.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority:

9C
Pending

Recovery Plan

Title:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Recovery team will work on recovery plan. Emergency Measures Group will evaluate captive propagation and
other strategies.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recoveiy Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

13. Information Current as of: July

1990 The Mt. Graham red squirrel is endangered due to its very restricted range in the Pinaleno Mountains.

9.

100

Virginia northern flying squirrel

l.

Species: Virginia northern flying

squirrel

habitats are permanently

(Glaucomys sabrinus

protected, and

when

sufficient

fuscus)
I.

ecological data have been accu1,

Listing/Date: Endangered/July

1985
\.

mulated to ensure future protection and management.

10.

Group:

Mammals

Major Activity Since Last Report:

I.

Species Status: Stable

5.

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

Numerous new captures at sites show the species to be much more abundant than thought, although no range extension has been found. An ecology and distribution study, and habitat protection and management
(primarily Section 6 activities), have been the main recovery activities.

Northern Flying Squirrel Recovery Plan

Recovery Plan

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 24, 1990
11.

{.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Establishment
of
ing of

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist / Can occur when populations at all historic localities are

new populations and monitorknown populations.

stable or

expanding for 10 years,

12.

when 2

additional stable centers

Recovery Achieved: 2

of distribution are found in the

13. Information Current as of: July

southern Appalachians,

when

1990

Amargosa vole
Species:

*A

WA

Amargosa

vole

been secured and managed

maintain self-sustaining

to

(Microtus californicus scirpensis)

Listing/Date:

Amargosa
Endangered/November
Group:
15,

vole populations for 10

1984
10.

consecutive years.

Mammals

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

6C

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Design surveys

to accurately

determine the

distri-

Recovery Plan for the Amargosa Vole

Title:

bution of
tions.

Amargosa

vole popula-

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

I

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of:

August

TA/1987
* .

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Extant wetland habitats utilized

by the Amargosa vole and the water sources necessary for perpetuating these sources

must be

protected. Threatened status

could be considered
habitats

when

these

and water sources have

101

Hualapai Mexican vole

1.

Species: Hualapai Mexican vole

6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Hualapai

10.

Major Activity Since Last Repor

(Microtus mexicanus
hualpaiensis)
7.

Mexican Vole Recovery Plan

None
11.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

2.

Listing/Date:

Recovery Plan: Region 2

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete recovery plan

Endangered/October
3.
4. 5.

1,

1987
8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

TA
12.

Group:

Mammals

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

Recovery Achieved:

Species Status: Declining

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery

1990
Priority: 3

Eastern timber wolf

1.

Species: Eastern timber wolf

(Canis lupus lycaon)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
1 1,

1967; reclassified as threatin

ened

Minnesota March

hundred letters from individuals. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has developed a 198889 population estimate of 1,5501,750 wolves within the state,
exceeding the
ery plan.
tion
state's

Minnesota and Wisconsin popuh

tions.

An International Wolf
in St. Paul,

Symposium was held

9,

1978.
3.

population

Minnesota, attracting wolf experi from around the world. A public attitudes survey was carried out i

goals expressed in the draft recov-

Michigan, with the

expected
to

results,

and

Group:

Mammals
it is

The Wisconsin populaat

management recommendations,
be available
to

4.

Species Status: Improving (except

in

was estimated

29 wolves

natun

Minnesota where
Priority:

9C)

during the winter of 1989-90 and

resource agencies shortly.

11.

5. 6.

Recovery

6C

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Eastern Timber Wolf

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 3

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/June 5, 1978

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. The subspecies can be
considered for delisting
1) the

Michigan Upper Peninsula is believed to be around 10. The recovery plan draft states a goal of 100 wolves for a second population. Isle Royale has approximately 13 wolves. Wolf depredation on livestock has reached a record high
the

population

Major Activity Over Next

ment

Reporting Period: Law enforcewill continue to investigate

Section 7 consultation will con-

reports of illegal wolf killing.

clude on the upgrading of

Wisconsin Highway 53. The

draf

9.

management zones in Minnesota. Depredation control funding (from U.S. Department of

level in all

recovery plan will be revised by the recovery team, and possibly

released as another draft, depend
ing upon the extent of revision. Wolf depredation control will

when

Agriculture/Animal Plant Health Inspection Service/Animal

permanent survival of the species is ensured in Minnesota by habitat improvement and legal protection, and 2) at least one viable population
is

Damage

Control) ran out in early

continue, but again

increasing
incidents.

may

experito th

July but was increased by internal

ence a funding shortfall due

re-established

reprogramming. Wolf sightings in zone 5 (designated as a "no wolf' zone in the original and draft recovery plans) have dramatically
increased, and two wolves have been sighted in eastern North Dakota. A wolf depredation inci-

number

of depredatioi

Research in Minnesota

and protected outside Minnesota and Isle Royale. (These criteria are expected to remain unchanged
in the revised plan.)

will continue. The recommendations of the Michigan public attitudes survey will be implemented.

by Dr.

Mech

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

The
lic

draft revised recovery plan

for

was released

agency and pubreview, eliciting approximately

letters

dent (a bobcat-tracking hound) was verified in Wisconsin. Formal Section 7 consultation was initiated for the proposed upgrading
of Wisconsin Highway 53, possibly becoming a barrier to wolf

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

50 comment

from agencies and organizations, and several

movements between

the

102

Mexican gray wolf

l.

Species:

Mexican gray wolf

9.

(Canis lupus baileyi)

I.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Reintroduce into wild. Maintain

captive breeding program and

senialion on biology, history, and

a

status of the

Mexican wolf.

Si

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

have turn taken

full-time

to establish a

11,1967
J.

reestablish a population of at least

Mexican Wolf Recover >

100 Mexican wolves within historic range.

Coordinator position.
11.

Group:

Mammals
10.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Further increase size of captive population; pursue possibility of reintroducing Mexican wolves on White Sands Missile Range and other

1.

Species Status: Improving (in captivity); wild populations extir-

Major

Activity Since Last Report:

Increased captive populations.

Interior

pated in U.S. and possibly in

and Defense Departments

Mexico also
5.

are defendants in a lawsuit filed

Recovery

Priority:

6C

Recovery Plan Title: Mexican Wolf Recovery Plan

by conservation groups because wolves have not been reintroduced on White Sands Missile Range. Fish and Wildlife
Service
is

suitable locations.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

exploring additional

13. Information Current as of:

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 15, 1982

candidate reintroduction
locations with Arizona

September 1990
and

Game

!.

Fish Department. Fish and

Wildlife Service has

made

avail-

able to the public a slide/tape pre-

103

Northern Rocky Mountain Gray wolf

1.

Species: Gray wolf (Northern

Rocky Mountain population)

(Canis lupus irremotus)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 4,

Washington. Wolves have responded to howling surveys in Idaho, and numerous wolf sightings have been reported from the
public. In time, confirmation of

in

Montana

to detect,

confirm,
distribu-

and monitor wolf pack

tion.

The Forest Service and

the

1973
3.

Fish and Wildlife Service are planning a monitoring program u

wolf breeding

in

Idaho

is

antici-

Group:

Mammals
11.

pated.

determine the status of the wolf the Cascades. Efforts will conin

i]

4. 5.
6.

Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring of the orphaned pups will continue
to

tinue to identify additional packs

new

areas, to determine propei

Recovery

Priority:

3C

translocation procedures, and to

Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery Plan

resolve livestock/wolf conflicts

ir

determine survival, dispersal, and pack establishment in the un-

usual situation of having a pack of

both the Rocky Mountain and Cascade Ranges.

12.

th(

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

orphaned pups. This situation

could provide an excellent opportunity to determine the potential
success of reintroduction of

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 6

13. Information Current as of:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/August 3, 1987; F/May 38, 1980

Recovery Objective/Criteria: when a minimum of 10 breeding pairs in each of 3 recovery areas are maintained for a
Delist

September 1990

young wolves. The

three phase

monitoring strategy will continue

9.

minimum
10.

of 3 consecutive years.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The Interagency Wolf Working Group was established. A Wolf
Recovery Coordinator has been
hired and
is

stationed in Helena,

Montana. Reports regarding the impacts of wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone as mandated by Congress have been completed. A wolf pack was relocated from private lands into Glacier National

Park in September 89; however, only the adult female survived. A wolf pack (the Alpha female be-

same relocated female above) was discovered in 1990 on private lands northwest of Missoula, Montana. Both adults
ing the

Extirpated from the northern

returning from

Canada

to

Rocky Mountains in the U.S. in the 1 900's, wolves are occupy two of the three designated wolf recovery areas.

The
into

Fish and Wildlife Service is investigating the potential for reintroducing wolves Yellowstone National Park as an experimental population.

died (the female illegally shot and

the male hit by a vehicle) and deer carcasses are being provided
to

feed the pups until they can

survive on their own.

The number

of wolves in and adjacent to

1, was estimated be about 68 animals in 6 packs. At least four dens in Montana produced pups in 1990. Two or three wolf packs have been discovered in the Cascade Range in

Montana on June

to

104

Red wolf
1.

Species:

Red wolf (Canis

rufus)

10.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

Major Activity Since asi Rcpoi Wild pups were reared on Hon
I

i:

iieai

Smoky Mountain

National

Rufc, North Carolina ami

1967

Island, a coastal barrier island off the coast of Mississippi, tor

'Iennessee. Several

pansol led

3. 4. 5.
6.

Group:

Mammals

restocking purposes.
is

An

attempt

wolves win be brought to the part in January 1991 to begin 1 5 to

Species Status: Improving

Recovery

Priority:

5C

Recovery Plan Title: Red Wolf (Canis rufus) Recovery and

Species Survival Master Plan

ongoing in southwestern Louisiana to capture wolf-like animals on the chance some pure red wolf genetic material remains.
If

6-montn icclimadon proceea. The release ot one ol ihese pain and their offspring win signal the initiation Of the first

phase
in

ol a

Minis

found, the animals would be

to the captive

that will hopefully lead to a for-

added

breeding pro11. to

mal remiroducnon

FY

1992.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/July 12, 1982 Recovery Objective/Criteria: To preserve 80 to 90 percent of the
genetic diversity of the species.

gram. During January 1990, a pair of red wolves were brought St. Vincent National Wildlife
Refuge, Florida,
to

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Completion and issuance of red wolf recoveryspecies survival plan; initiation
first

begin the third

8.

island propagation project.

Two

ot

9.

pups were subsequently bom on the island in captivity, and the

family unit will be released into
the wild
litters

phase

ot

reintroduction strat-

egy in the Great Smok\ Mountains National Park;

To develop strategies that will

lead to a captive population of

on July 25. 1990. Two of pups were bom in the

River National
12.

improvements

in artificial insemi-

nation techniques, and expansion

of cryopreservation.

wild

at Alligator

approximately 330 animals and a wild population of approximately

Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina.

In addition, two family units

Recovery Achieved:

220 animals. To maintain the red

wolf in perpetuity through cryogenic preservation of sperm and

reared in captivity and acclimated

13. Information Current as of: July

on the refuge
fall.

be released this second major reintroducwill

is

1990

embryo banking.

tion project

underway

in the

Key Largo wood rat

Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli)
Species:
Listing/Date:
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Land Acquisition by
ues.

state contin-

Endangered/September 21. 1983

Group:

Department of Natural Resources doing survey work on Lignum Vitae Key, where species
is

Mammals
11.

believed to be exterminated.

Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Possibly more
land acquisition.

Recovery Priority:
.

3C
Pending
12.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

be developed.

105

Appendix
Birds

IV.

106

Hawaii akepa
1.

Species: Hawaii 'akepa (Loxops

9.

coccineus coccineus)
2.

Listing/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened status once the population occupies

agement plan
U.SJ-isii

II

Kulani.

"Limiting factors" studies b\ the

and Wildlife Service

at the

Endangered/October
3.
4.

13,

1970

90%

of the 1983 range and once

(Research) continue. Boreal

the habitat and population are de-

newly established Stale Puu

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable (some populations
10.

termined

to

be

stable.

may be

declining)

Major Activity Since Last Report Progress at the newly established

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge includes fencing, feral animal control, exotic vegetation
control, and forest bird surveys
11.

W: Reserve continues to regenerate rapidly alter the removal

oi

cattle

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Hawaii

Forest Bird Recovery Plan

7.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting feriod Securing and managing habitat ieinams a pi unity. Surve\s and limiting laelois
research will continue.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/February3, 1983

and

studies. Negotiations to
to the

add
12.

1,050 acres

refuge continue.

full-time realty position has

filled in

Recovery Achieved: 2

8.

been established and

13. Information Current as of:

August

Honolulu. Negotiations are un-

1990

derway to acquire or secure Keahou-Kilauea (Bishop Estate) and Humu'ula-PTihonua

(Hawaiian
erative

Home

Lands).

coop-

agreement has been

signed with the State Department

of Corrections to develop a

man-

Maui 'akepa
1.

Species:

Maui 'akepa (Loxops

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
restore viable populations to non-

iting the

population. Such
is

coccineus ochraceus)
2.

research

identified as a recov-

endangered status within essential

Listing/Date:

ery action item, but there are no

Endangered/October
3.
4.

13,

1970

habitat areas defined in the recov-

imminent plans
tors research is

to

conduct

this
t

ery plan.

The key

goals focus on

research on Maui. Limiting

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

the stabilization and restoration of

essential habitat. 10.

being conducted

5. 6.

Recovery Priority: 3
Recovery Plan Title: Maui/Molokai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Fencing and control of feral ungulates began at the Hanawi Natural
12. 13.

on the Big Island oi Hawaii that may be applicable to Una [pedes on Maui.
Recovery Achieved:
1

Area Reserve
feral

(State).

The

National Park Service continues

Information Current as

o\:

August

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 30, 1984
11.

animal control and exotic

vegetation control at Haleakala

National Park, as docs The

8.

Nature Conservancy

at its

Waikamoi

Preserve.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting ftriod: Management of
habitat will continue.
It

may

not

be possible to recover this species, which is at critically

numbers, without research

km

to de-

termine the biological factors lim-

107

Kauai 'akialoa
1.

Species: Kauai 'akialoa

10.

(Hemignathus procerus)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status:

Major Activity Since Last Report: A forest bird survey was conducted in 1989, but no akialoa were recorded. The species is probably extinct; there have been no sightings since 1965. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Protection of primary habitat on Kauai will
continue.

4.

Unknown

11.

(probably extinct)
5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: Kauai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan: Region

1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 29, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened when the population reaches 1,000 individuals.

9.

'Akiapolaau
1.

Species: 'Akiapolaau

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Progress at the newly established

regenerate rapidly after the

(Hemignathus wilsoni)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable (some populations

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge includes fencing, feral animal control, exotic vegetation control, and forest bird surveys and studies. Negotiations to add
1,050 acres to the refuge continue.

removal of sheep. Reforestation and control of introduced plants is being done or studied by the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. National Park Service, and U.S.

Department of Agriculture.
11.

4.

may be

declining)

A full-time realty

position has
filled in

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Securing and

5.

Recovery

Priority:

been established and

to

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Hawaii Forest Bird Recovery Plan

Honolulu. Negotiations continue

acquire or secure Keahou-

managing habitat remains a priority. Surveys and limiting factors

research will continue.
12.

Kilauea (Bishop Estate) and

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February3, 1983

Humu'ula-Pi'ihonua (Hawaiian

Recovery Achieved: 3
August

Home

Lands).

A cooperative

agreement has been signed with the State Department of

Corrections to develop a manage-

13. Information Current as of:

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened status once the population occupies 90% of the 1983 range, and once the habitat and population are determined to be stable.

ment plan
the
life

at

Kulani.

study of

history of akiapola'au has

been initiated by Dr. Thane Pratt, and "limiting factors" studies by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(Research) continue.
forest

Mamane
to

on Mauna Kea continues

108

Yellow-shouldered blackbird
1.

Species: Yellow-shouldered

of at least
Island.

250

pairs ai

Mona

blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus)

2.

Listing/Date:

10. 19,

Endangered/November
3. 4. 5.
6.

1976

Major Activity Since Last Report Cowbird control; provision of artificial

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

nest structures: censuses;

monitoring of reproductive success; control of competition for

Recovery

Priority:

2C

nest sites from Caribbean martin;

studies of possible impacts of pes-

Recovery Plan Title: YellowShouldered Blackbird Recovery

Plan
11.

ticides.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue major
activities listed above.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 25, 1983

12. Recovery Achieved:

i

8.

13. Information Current as of: July 6,

1990
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist. Maintain a minimum of 2 distinct populations of at least 250 pairs at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station and 1,000 pairs in southwestern Puerto Rico. Maintain a minimum population

Masked bobwhite
1.

Species:

Masked bobwhite

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Establish three or
taining

tion with El

Centro Ecologico de

(Colinus virginianus ridgwayi)

I

more

self-sus11.

Sonora.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

masked bobwhite popula-

Major Activity Ovei Next

Reporting Period: Continue Uie
reintroduction program and monitor results. Identify preferred

1967; June 2, 1970

tions in Arizona; maintain and/or

reestablish one or

more

viable

3.
1

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving on

populations of masked bobwhite

in Sonora,

Mexico; conduct edu-

4.

habitat
ate

Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge; declining in Mexico

5.

cation programs designed to gain

and implement approprimanagement.

Achieved: 2

needed support for the protection and restoration of the masked

bobwhite.
10.

12. Recover)'

Recovery

Priority: 6

13. Information Current as of: July

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Masked Bobwhite Recovery Plan 1984

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/March 16, 1984

8.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Recovery efforts on the Buenos Aires Refuge have focused on the reintroduction program and habitat improvement. Approximately 7,500 bobwhites have been released on the refuge since 1985.

23.

1990

The

release of an additional 2.500

is

bobwhites on the refuge

burns
to

planned for 1990. Prescribed

improve habitat were conducted. Field work in Mexico

was

also conducted in coopera-

109

Guam
1.

broadbill
is

Species:

Guam broadbill
10.

probably near extinction or

is

(Myiagra freycineti)
2.

already extinct.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27, 1984

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Drafted proposal for
tat

critical habi-

designation.

3.
4.
5.

Group: Birds
Species Status:

Unknown
5

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Propose
habitat designation
critical

Recovery

Priority:

on Guam.
1

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Guam Forest Birds Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

September, 1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Find and capture any surviving individuals for captive propagation
after the

9.

brown

tree

snake

is

con-

trolled or eradicated. Note:

There
it

has only been one voice record of

this species in the last 3 years;

Audubon's crested caracara

1.

Species: Audubon's crested

have expanded from the current

five-county distribution core.

13. Information Current as of: July

caracara (Polyborus plancus

The

1990

audubonii)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 6,

amount of nesting and foraging habitat needed to maintain the

expanding population and distribution is secured
stable or

1987
3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

through acquisition, conservation

easements,
10.
etc.

Recovery

Priority: 12

Recovery Plan Title: Audubon's Crested Caracara Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 14, 1989

Major Activity Since Last Report: Completion of recovery plan. In a project funded by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Archbold
Biological Station surveyed
all

known
ment
tion
is

nesting territories to docu-

8.

distribution. Total popula-

F/November
9.

estimated at a

minimum of

Recovery Objective/Criteria: The species may be delisted once the following criteDelist/
ria are

500
11.

birds.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated

None

met: The population

is

sta-

ble, or increasing

from, the
12.

current population level. Active

territories are still

Recovery Achieved:

found

in,

and

110

California
L.

condor
refine release techniques,

Species: California condor

10.

(Gymnogyps californianus)
I.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Since 1987, the population has
been in captivity at the Los Angeles Zoo and San Diego Wild Animal Park. Comparable
genetic, age and sex representation
to

and deot

velop a comprehensive plan for

the release

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

and reintroduction

11,1967
).

California condors. Continue the

development and implementation

of management plans to protect known suitable nesting sites.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving
(Captive Propagation)

i.

each facility minimize the impact of a catasis

maintained

at

roosting sites and foraging habiiat

trophic loss at one

5.

facility.

Since

within recent historical condor

range. Continue investigations on

Recovery

Priority:

1C

>.

Recovery Plan Title: California Condor Recovery Plan

1988, successful captive breeding has increased the species' productivity.

environmental contaminants,
potential predators,

Establishment and refineof release criteria and

and man-

ment

made

sources of collision effect

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/Rev/July31, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/The species could be
considered for reclassification to
threatened
11.

techniques for the reintroduction

of California condors
is

on condor and related surrogate

species survival and reproduction.
12.

ongoing

based on the release of surrogate

Andean condors.
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Manage captive population to continue to
optimize productivity and genetic
diversity.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

when

three discrete,

self-sustaining populations of 100

Continue

to

monitor the

adult condors each are

established.

experimentally released

Andean
and

condor population

to evaluate

Hawaiian coot
Species: Hawaiian coot (Fulica americana alai)
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

System. Management of Kawainui

for waterbirds

A full-time realty position has

been established and
filled in

should begin. The

begin.

creation of wetland habitat at

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
Group: Birds

13,

1970

Honolulu. Negotiations continue to secure wetland habitat around

12.

Mana on Kauai should

Recovery Achieved: 3
Current as

James Campbell National

Wildlife Refuge

Species Status: Stable

(NWR)

on Oahu

13. Information

of:

August

and

at

Kealia on Maui. Resource

1990

Recovery Priority: 15 Recovery Plan

Title:

agencies continue to pursue the

licensing of diphasinone for

Hawaiian

predator control. Ownership of

Waterbirds Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 11, 1985

Kawainui Marsh on Oahu was transferred from the City and County of Honolulu to the State for management by the Division of Land and Natural Resources. Biannual waterbird surveys continue.

delist

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To by maintaining a population

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Surveys will
continue. Additions to James

of at least 2,000, as distributed in

1976, in the habitat types.

Campbell

NWR should be finalbecome

part

ized. Kealia should

of the National Wildlife Refuge

1 1 1

Mississippi sandhill crane

1.

Species: Mississippi sandhill

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. To reclassify the
Mississippi sandhill crane will
require cessation of captive propagation, attaining a

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Recovery
efforts will include habitat

crane (Grus canadensis pulla)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 4,

agement

to

manpromote savannas,

1973
3. 4. 5. 6.

minimum ef-

continued release of captive

raised cranes, reestablishment of
natural genetic interchange

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

fective population of

in the wild,

200 cranes and attaining at least

30

active nests (60 breeding

among non-migratory

southeast-

Recovery

Priority:

6C
10.

cranes) per year for a period of 10

years.

ern sandhill cranes, and continued

research into possible environ-

Recovery Plan Title: Mississippi Sandhill Crane Recovery Plan

mental problems on and near the

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/June 29, 1984

8.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Major recovery activities include intense habitat management (forest clearing and burning) to promote the original savanna habitat;
release of captive raised cranes to
bolster the wild population (as of

Mississippi Sandhill Crane

National Wildlife Refuge.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

1989, 96 cranes had been

released);

and continued research and genetic problems that may be hinin possible environmental

dering wild crane reproduction.

Whooping crane
1.

Species:

Whooping crane (Grus

10.

americana)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Splitting of captive flock and establishment of flock at
International

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967
3. 4. 5.

Crane Foundation.

Natural flock continues to

increase modestly.
11.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue captive

Recovery

Priority:

2C

production for possible even-

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Whooping Crane Recovery Plan

tual release in Florida.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Establishment of a captive flock in Canada.

12.

Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Achieved: 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

Rev/December
F/January
9.
1,

23, 1986;

31, 1990

1980

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Increase wild population to

90 nesting

pairs

by 2020.

Ill]

112

Hawaiian creeper
1.

Species: Hawaiian creeper

10.

(Oreomystis mana)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report Progress at the newly established

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge includes fencing, feral animal control, exotic vegetation
control, and forest bird surveys
11.

generate rapidly alter the removal

ol cattle.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Ne\i

Reporting Period: Securing and

Endangered/September 25, 1975

3.
4.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable (some populations

managing
ity.

may be

declining)

and studies. Negotiations an additional 1 ,050 acres

refuge continue.

to

add
12.

habitat remains i priorSurveys and limiting faction

research will continue.

to the

full-time realty

Recovery Achieved: 2

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 8

position has been established and

Recovery Plan Title: Hawaiian Forest Birds Recovery Plan

Honolulu. Negotiations continue to acquire or secure

filled in

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened status once the population occupies 90% of the 1983 range and once

8.

Keahou-Kilauea (Bishop Estate) and Humu'ula-Pi'ihonua (Hawaiian Home Lands). A cooperative agreement has been signed with the State Department
of Corrections to develop a

man-

9.

agement plan

at

Kulani.

"Limiting factors" studies by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(Research) continue. Forest at the

and population are determined to be stable.

the habitat

newly established State Puu

Waawaa Reserve

continues

to re-

Molokai creeper
1.

Species: Molokai creeper

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
restore viable populations to non-

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Management
habitat will continue.
oi

(= kakawahie) {Oreomystis flam-

med)
2.

endangered
ery plan.

status within essential

No Molokai
may

habitat areas defined in the recov-

creepers were sighted during the

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3.

13,

1970

The key

goals focus on

1988 survey, and

this species

the stabilization and restoration of

essential habitat.
12.

be

extinct.
1

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
10.

Recovery Achieved:

X.

5.

Recovery Priority: 5

S.

Recovery Plan Title: Maui/Molokai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report: Fencing and control of feral ungulates began at the State Natural Area Reserve on the Waikolu Plateau. The National Park Service continued to work on establishment of a National Park at

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 13, 1985

Kalaupapa. The Nature

J.

Conservancy (TNC) has established and is beginning to manage two large reserves, Pelekunu Valley and Kamako.
Preliminary results of a forest bird

survey conducted in 1 988 are completed. The State began management of Olokui Plateau.

113

Oahu creeper
1.

Species:

Oahu

creeper

11.

(= alauwahio) (Paroreomyza

maculata)
2.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The State of Hawaii has proposed to conduct
forest bird survey of

Oahu

in

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

13,

1970
12.

1991.

Recovery Achieved:

Group: Birds
Species Status:

Unknown

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None

!
1.

Hawaiian crow
the wild population to a

Species: Hawaiian crow (= 'alala)

minimum

(Corvus hawaiiensis)
2.

of
10.

400

birds.

edy this situation. One wild bird was sighted on the State sanctuary at

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967
3. 4.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
(Critically low)

Major Activity Since Last Report: The captive flock at Olinda, Maui, has fewer than a dozen
birds, with only

Puu Waawaa. The

State has

placed an additional 1,400 acres

in forest reserve status along the

two functional
11.

Kona

Coast.

breeding pairs.

5.

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Alala

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 12, 1985

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To remove the species from the threatened and endangered species list by securing adequate and optimum habitat within the
species range and by increasing

One chick was produced in 1989 and another was produced in 1990. A flock of 9 wild birds was recorded on private property (McCandless Ranch) in November 1989. A mongoose trapping program was initiated during the 1990 breeding season on McCandless Ranch. As of July 1990, at least one wild young bird fledged in this area.
More
active

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Maintenance and management of the captive
flock will continue. Negotiations

with landowners

to

more

actively

manage

habitat and the wild flock

will continue.

Attempts

to

add

genetic material

from the wild

flock to the captive flock will

continue.
12.

management

of the

Recovery Achieved:

9.

wild population has not been possible because access has been denied to State and Federal

13. Information Current as of: August

1990

There have been numerous meetings and negotiations with private landowners to rembiologists.

114

Mariana crow
1.

Species: Mariana

crow (Corvus

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Control and/or eradicate the

11.

Majoi Activity

Ova

Next

kubaryi)
2.

Reporting feriod: Propose

habitat designation

a
in

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27,

brown

1984

snake on Guam, maintain approximately 700 crows on

tree

on

<

hum.
re-

Increased

cum

BUXYeyi DO Kola

Rota, and restore the

3.
4.

Guam

popu-

the areas proposed for

sort

major

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

5.

Recovery

Priority:

lation to 700 crows throughout its former historic range, with 500 in Northern Guam and 200 in Southern Guam.
12.

do elopments. These

areas

represent the best nesting habitat

for tins species.

Recover) Achieved:

5.

Recovery Plan Title: Birds Recovery Plan

Guam

Forest

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Drafted proposal for
tat

13.

critical habi-

Information Current as

oft

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990

designation.

The
of the Northern

September 1990

Commonwealth

i.

Mariana Islands' Division of Fish and Wildlife is conducting some

studies of the

crow on

the Island

of Rota.

The

Guam Division

of

Aquatic and Wildlife Resources is experimenting with snake-proofing crow nesting trees on

Guam.

Eskimo curlew
Eskimo curlew [Numenius borealis)
Species:
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Conducted first Eskimo Curlew

Advisory Group meeting, January
10-12, 1990.

Eskimo curlew occurrences on their Latin American migrational

corridors and wintering grounds.
11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

Twenty

six recovery

action items were identified and

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Increase public

Group: Birds
Species Status:

nine priority work elements were

Unknown

initiated during Fiscal

Year 1990.
are

The following work elements

awareness and coordination of Eskimo curlew observations

throughout their former distributional range, particularly during

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

in progress: Status surveys in for-

Recovery Plan

Pending

mer use
vey of
for late

areas.

Conduct
or
fall

status sur-

the spring

and

fall

migration peri-

St.

Michael, Alaska, region

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 7

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
Pending

summer

Eskimo

ods. Continuation of curlew status

curlew migrants. Conduct status survey of Barbados Island wetlands for

grants.

surveys to determine distribution and abundance during migration,

12.
15,

Eskimo curlew miConduct status survey of

fall

Recovery Achieved:

Information Current as

oft

July

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

southwest Texas coast for spring

1990

Eskimo curlew migrants. Promotion of Eskimo curlew

awareness. Develop and distribute

Eskimo curlew and

ture review

look-alikes
litera-

"Alert" brochure. Conduct

and a synthesis of publications concerned with recent and historical accounts of

115

Hawaiian duck
1.

Species: Hawaiian duck (= koloa)

10.

(Anas wyvil liana)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Koloa from Pohakuloa moved to

Olinda captive propagation
ity.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Surveys will
continue. Additions to

facil-

James

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967
3.
4. 5. 6.

Genetic studies of species

Campbell

NWR should be final

should be under
of Kawainui for w;

completed.
sition has
filled in

A full-time realty po-

ized. Kealia

the

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

been established and

National Wildlife Refuge Systen

Honolulu. Negotiations

Management

Recovery

Priority:

continue to secure wetland habitat around James Campbell National

Wildlife Refuge

terbirds will begin. Results of th

genetic study indicate that the

Recovery Plan Title: Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Plan

(NWR) on Oahu

gene pool

is

being "polluted" bj

and

at Kealia

on Maui. Resource

Mallards, and reassessment of r<

agencies continue to pursue the

licensing of diphasinone for

covery actions
12.

may be needed.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

predator control. Ownership of

Recovery Achieved: 3

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 11, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: To by maintaining a population
of at least 2,000, as distributed in

9.

delist

Kawainui Marsh on Oahu was transferred from the City and County of Honolulu to the State for management by the Division of Land and Natural Resources.

13. Information Current as of:

Augu

1990

The

creation of wetland habitat at

1976, in the habitat types.

Mana on Kauai
tinue.

continues.

Biannual waterbird surveys con-

Laysan duck
1.

Species: Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis)

and man-made catastrophes, the duck might always be considered

a threatened species.
10.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967
3. 4. 5.
6.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Since Last Report: Laysan continues to be operated

as a refuge with restricted access.

Surveys have been conducted by

refuge
staff.

Recovery

Priority:

A PhD

thesis

has

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Laysan Duck

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

been completed on Laysan Duck behavior. Refuge staff initiated an ant distribution and control study, and began investigations in the
spread of sand burrs (Cenchrus
sp.),

Recovery Plan: Region

an introduced noxious plant.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 11, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

downlist the species from endan-

11.

9.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Ongoing studies and surveys will continue.
Recovery Achieved: 3

gered

to

threatened by perpetuat-

12.

ing the Laysan duck on Laysan

Island and by protecting the natural island habitat.

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Because of the
to natural

limited habitat of Laysan Island

and the vulnerability

116

Bald eagle
1.

Species: Bald eagle (Haliaeetus

throughout the Atlantic recovery

regions.

ing, reclassifying,

delisting

ail

leucocephalus)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

Pacific States Recovery Region:

or specific recover) populate Current population estimates (using

11,1967 and threatened/February

14,
3.

Downlist
sification

to threatened,

"...reclas-

1990 breeding season nirvej

1978

from endangered

data):
to
if

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

threatened could be considered

nesting populations continue
to
s

Northi-i n States

,165 occu-

pied territories

1.3

estimated

X.

increase for the next five yeai

in

average young

pa

territory

5.

Recovery Priority: 9C except Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin where it is 15C. Recovery Plan
Title:

[beginning August 1986]. Delist

based on

"...1) a

minimum

of

800

Chesapeake Ba>
territories
1

235 occupied

nesting pairs in the Pacific recovery area; 2) average reproductive

rate of
1 .0 fledged young per pair, with an average success rate per occupied site of not less than

.4

estimated average

young per

territory:

Pacific States
ritories

Northern States Bald Eagle Recovery Plan F/July 29, 1983

861 occupied

ter-

1.1

estimated average

young per

territory.

65%,
of the

3) attainment of breeding
in at least

Chesapeake Population Rev/September 27, 1990

Pacific States Population

population goals

80%

Southeastern States
pied territories
1.1

722 occuestimated

management zones with

nesting potential, and 4) stable or

increasing wintering

average young per

territory.

F/August25, 1986
Southeastern Population F/August
3,

Southwestern States
pied territories

populations."

27 occu0.5 estimated
territory.

1984

Southwestern Population

F/September

8,

1982

Southeastern States Recovery Region: Downlist to threatened at the "... documentation of 600 occupied breeding areas distributed
over at least

average young per

Total

territories

3010 occupied estimated average

1.2
territory for 1990.

young per
11.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3/ Regions 1,2,3,4,5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: See #6
Recovery Objective/Criteria:

75%

of the bald ea1

gles [sic] historic range, (9 of

states in the Southeast)
...,

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continue ongoing monitoring, banding, reintro-

contin-

gent upon reproductive success

being greater than 0.9 young per

duction. and habitat evaluation

activities. Issue a

decision about

occupied
least

nest, greater than 1.5 nest,

young per successful

and

downlisting or delisting populaat

50%

tions relative to the notice issued

in 1990. 12. 13.

of the nests successful

Northern Recovery Region:

currently exist. Delist:
"...

No

in raising at least

one
a 3 -year aver-

downlisting to threatened criteria

young... based

on

Recovery Achieved: 4
Information Current as
oft

1,200
of 16

age. There should be additional

occupied breeding areas

distributed over a
states within the

minimum

recovery region

documentation of population vigor and adequate support habitat." Delisting criteria will be
developed when the species downlisted to threatened.
is

September 30, 1990

by the year 2000, with an average annual productivity of at least 1.0 young per occupied nest.

Chesapeake Bay Recovery

"...

Southwestern States Recovery Region: Under revision

10.

Region: Downlist to threatened, by sustaining a nesting population

Major Activity Since Last Report: Banding, occupancy and productivity surveys, habitat evaluation,

300^400 pairs with an averand by

age productivity of 1.1 young per

active nest over 5 years,

nest monitoring, and reintroduction are ongoing.

On

February

7.

achieving permanent protection of

sufficient habitat to support this

1990, the Service published an

nesting population, and

enough

"Advance Notice of a Proposed Rule" and received comments

be considered in reaching a decision on downlist-

roosting and foraging habitat to

support population levels

com-

which

will

mensurate with increases

117

American peregrine falcon,

1.

Alaska population

Species: American peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum), Alaska population

10.

organochlorines and other pollutants

on reproduction.

2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Continue survey and monitoring

program in four established study areas, and continue to measure
three recovery parameters listed

Endangered/October
3. 4. 5. 6.

13,

1970

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

criteria

Recovery

above for the four study areas. All appear to meet or exceed
Recovery Plan).

Priority:

recovery objectives (as written in

Recovery Plan Title: Peregrine Falcon Recovery Plan Alaska

draft revised
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue activity

Population
7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

described above

to

measure

Recovery Plan: Region 7

recovery status. Delisting will

likely

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/October 4, 1982

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist: Criteria for delisting: (1)
12.

be proposed

in the near fu-

ture.

Recovery Achieved: 4

9.

13. Information Current as of: July

Number

of pairs occupying nest-

1990

ing territories in the four study

areas; (2) Reproductive
tality statistics;

and mor-

and

(3) effects of

American peregrine falcon,

1.

Eastern states

Species: American peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum),

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Aerie management and monitoring of nesting birds.

Eastern States
2.

The nesting

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 2,

1970
3.

population continues to increase, with 83 pairs/105 young in 1989.

11.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

4.
5. 6.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued aerie management and monitoring
of nesting birds.

Recovery

Priority: 15

Recovery Plan Title: Eastern Peregine Falcon Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region 5

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/June 9, 1987

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/Self-sustaining population

9.

of a

minimum

of 175-200 pairs,

with 20-25+ pairs in each of 5 recovery regions by 1995.

118

American peregrine
1.

falcon,

western states

Species:

American peregrine

fal-

con (Falco peregrinus anatum) Western States

10.
2.

so does not require establishment of pairs specifically in NV.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 2,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Annual hacking of captive-bred

peregrines by Nevada Dept. of Wildlife in Ruby Valley, Spring

1970
3. 4.
5. 6.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving
11.

Valley and

downtown Las Vegas.

Recovery Priority: 9

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued annual hacking of peregrines at selected sites.

Recovery Plan for Peregrine Falcon

Recovery Plan
Title:

Addendum being
merge
the

Pacific Population
7.

developed

to

Recovery

Objective and implementation

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

12.

schedule into a single document.

Recovery Achieved: 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October 12, 1982 Recovery Objective/Criteria: 185 pairs total in CA, OR, WA, and

13. Information Current as of: July

25, 1990
9.

NV for delisting,
pairs in

including 5

NV. Downlisting includes four management units which

overlap

NV and adjoining states

Arctic peregrine falcon

Species: Arctic peregrine falcon

organochlorines and other pollutants

(Falco peregrinus tundrius)

Listing/Date: Threatened/March
20, 1984;
13,

on reproduction.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Continue survey and monitoring

Endangered/October

1970

program
areas,

in four established study

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

Recovery

and continue to measure three recovery parameters listed above for the four study areas. All criteria appear to meet or exceed
recovery objectives (as written in
draft revised
11.

Priority: 9

Recovery Plan Title: Peregrine Falcon Recovery Plan Alaska

Recovery Plan).

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue activity described above to measure
recovery status. Delisting will likely be proposed in the near future.

Population

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 7

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/October 4, 1982 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist: Criteria for delisting: (1)

12.

Recovery Achieved: 4

13. Information Current as of: July

Number

of pairs occupying nest-

1990

ing territories in the four study

areas; (2)

Reproductive and mor-

tality statistics;

and

(3) effects of

119

Northern aplomado falcon

1.

Species: Northern aplomado

10.

falcon (Falco femoralis

septentrionalis)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Hacking and monitoring of domestic reared birds.

Listing/Date:

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of hacking and monitoring program.

Endangered/February 25, 1986

3. 4.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Unknown, but
12.

Recovery Achieved:

presumed

to be declining in Mexico; extirpated in U.S.

13. Information Current as of: July

31,

1990

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 3

Recovery Plan Title: Aplomado Falcon Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8.

8,
9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Prevent or minimize
habitat loss pesticide contamination

and human persecution.

Laysan finch
1.

Species: Laysan

fmch

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
downlist to threatened status by

sand burrs (Cenchrus

sp.),

an

in-

(honeycreeper) (Jelespyza
cantans)
2.

troduced noxious plant.

11.

maintaining optimum and stable

populations through the develop-

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation o
surveys and restricted access.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

ment of thorough and

These

effective

habitat protection strategies.

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

strategies include efforts to

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

4.
5.

prevent the introduction of exotic

organisms, a monitoring program

to detect

13. Information Current as of:

Augus

Recovery

Priority:

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Northwest Hawaiian Islands Passerines Recovery Plan

exotics,

changes in the status of and a strategy designed to

1990

control invasion by exotics and declines in bird populations.

10.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

Major Activity Since Last Report: Laysan has been managed as a

wildlife refuge with restricted access.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November 19, 1985

Annual surveys have been conducted by refuge staff. Marie Morin, University of Hawaii graduate student, continued a study on
the breeding biology of the Finch.

Refuge

staff initiated

an ant

distri-

bution and control study, and be-

gan investigations

in the spread of

120

Nihoa finch
Species:

Nihoa finch

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
downlist
to

Conant,

University of Hawaii, baa

(honeycreeper) (Telespyza ultima)

2.

threatened status by
11.

continued.

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March

maintaining optimum and stable

populations through the develop-

Major Activity Over Neat

Reporting Rsriod: Continuation
of

1967

ment of thorough and

These

effective

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

habitat protection strategies.

strategies include efforts to
12.
13.

survej

ind restricted access.

3
of:

Recovery Achieved:

4.

prevent the introduction of exotic

5.

Recovery

Priority: 8

organisms, a monitoring program

to detect

Information Current as

August

1990

5.

Recovery Plan Title: Northwest Hawaiian Island Passerines Recovery Plan

exotics,

changes in the status of and a strategy designed to

control invasion by exotics and

declines in bird populations.

10.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 19, 1985

Major Activity Since Last Report: Nihoa has been managed as a

wildlife refuge with resuicted ac-

I.

F/November

Annual surveys have been conducted by refuge staff. Refuge

cess.
staff initiated

an ant distribution

and control

study,

and began

in-

vestigations in the spread of sand

burrs (Cenchrus sp.), an

introduced noxious plant. A breeding biology study by Dr.

121

Aleutian
1.

Canada goose
reestablished on Agattu Island.

Species: Aleutian Canada goose

agement

strategies for

remnant

(Branta canadensis leucopareia)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

3. 4. 5.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

an increase of 20 pairs, up from 30 pairs in 1989. NizkiAlaid Island showed no change in goose population between 1989 and 1990, maintaining an estimated 7-9 pairs. Little Kiska
This
is

populations at Chagulak and

Kiliktagik Islands. Trap and trans
plant to continue with emphasis

on overcoming problems

associ-

ated with reintroduction to forme

breeding islands. Winter monitor

ing to continue with banding em-

Island of the Rat Island

Group

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

currently sustains two pairs of

phasis shifted to the San Joaquin

Valley to refine distribution data.

6.

Recovery Plan

Aleutian

geese transplanted from Buldir

Canada Goose Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 7

Conducted field surveys on Amukta and Chagulak Islands in the Islands of Four Mountain Group of the eastern
Island in 1988.

Neck

collars will continue to be used in conjunction with survival

study of translocated Aleutian

geese. Continue data entry into

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/September 8, 1982

Recovery Objective/Criteria: minimum popu-

Aleutians during 1990.

Amukta

Aleutian goose data storage and

retrieval system.

Island sustains a single pair of

Analyze 15 year

geese for the second year in a row.

of winter monitoring data to delineate population survival esti-

9.

The

Delist: Maintain

pair survey of

lation size of 1,200 birds. In addi-

remnant Buldir Island nesting population, reestablish 50

tion to the

comprehensive breeding Chagulak Island was completed during 1990. The total size of the remnant populafirst

mates.
12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

tion

is

smaller (20-25 pairs) than

13. Information Current as of: July

or

more

self sustaining breeding

previous estimates (50 pairs).

1990

pairs

on three separate

areas.

Downlist: In addition

to the

Conducted surveys on Kiliklagik Island. This Semidi Island Group

island
is

Buldir Island nesting population,

either (1) reestablish self-sustain-

the location of the east-

ern most remnant breeding population of Aleutian geese.

ing populations of 50 or

more

breeding pairs on two areas or (2) reestablish a total of 100 nesting

pairs or

Biologists estimate that the

Kiliklagik nesting population

is

more on

three areas, with

10 pairs the
size.

minimum colony

comprised of approximately 20 pairs of Aleutian geese. Trap and

transplant operations are

now

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Initiated proposed rule to reclassify the Aleutian Canada goose from endangered to threatened status. This change in status is warranted on the basis of marked numerical improvements of the Buldir Island segment of the Aleutian goose population in the
western portion of the Aleutian Archipelago. The 7.7 square
miles of Buldir Island currently
sustain

routinely conducted with the aid

of herding dogs.
tive to capture

An

annual objec-

and transplant 150

birds

is

readily

met with canine

efficient

assistance. Today, field operations

are markedly

more

and

safer than in previous years.

Captured goslings and adult geese

Near Island and the Rat Island Groups. Trapping, banding, and winter
are released in the

between 1,200 and 1,500

monitoring studies continue throughout the North Coast and

Central Valley of California.

pairs of Aleutian geese. Field sur-

veys conducted in the western

Population projections for 1989-

Aleutians during 1990 show that

geese transplanted from Buldir

Island are currently sustained on
three islands of

90 season exceeds 6,000 birds. This represents an approximate 10 percent increase over 1988-89.
11.

two western
pairs

Aleutian island groups. In the

Near Island Group, over 50

of Aleutian geese are

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete revision of Aleutian Canada Goose Recovery Plan. Emphasis on man-

122

Hawaiian goose
1.

Species: Hawaiian goose (= nene)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria
establish a population of 2,000

ii.

(Nesochen satulvicensis)
2.

Majoi Acu\ u\ )m-i Next Reporting feriod Current man(

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

geese on Hawaii and 250 on Maui, well distributed in secure

habitat and maintained by natural

agemeni and captive propagation

activities v>il! continue.

The

State

plans to study the small feral

flock
"ii

3.
4. 5. 6.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

reproduction so that the species

Kauai.

A new

education

may be
10.

delisted.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

The new

captive propagation fa-

and research program being funded by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust is now being
ated.
12.

initi-

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Nene

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

cility at Olinda, Maui, has been completed and the captive flock has been moved into the facility.

Recovery Achieved: 2
August

Young reared
be introduced

at this facility will

13. Information Current as of:

into the wild.

Nene

1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 3, 1983

breeding sanctuaries on the island of Hawaii have been maintained.

The small

feral population on Kauai has been growing slowly and now numbers about 35.

Populations on Maui have been monitored by the National Park Service. Resource agencies continue to pursue the licensing of diphasinone for predator control.

Hawaiian hawk
1.

Species: Hawaiian

hawk

(= io)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
ensure a self-sustaining population of 1,500-2,500 adult birds in

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Populations
this
ot

(Buteo solitarius)
2.

species appear

to

be

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967
3. 4.
5. 6.

the wild, as distributed in 1983,

relatively stable. Reclassifying

and maintained
habitat.

in stable,

secure

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

The species can be con-

sidered for reclassification to

threatened status

when

the

popu-

Recovery

Priority: 14
Title:

lation remains at 2.000. 10.

Recovery Plan

Hawaiian

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Hawaiian hawk from endanto threatened has been proposed. This listing action has not yet been pursued because ol the heavy listing work load in Hawaii; it does, however, remain as a pothe

gered

Hawk Recovery
7.

Plan

A number of areas

tential listing action.

on the Island
12.
13.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October4, 1984

of Hawaii are in the process of

Recovery Achieved: 4
Information Current as
ot:

being acquired or otherwise secured for endangered forest birds.

August

1990

8.

Although acquisition of habitat

for the

is

not identified as a recovery action

Hawaiian hawk, the

species will likely benefit from

these actions.

123

Crested honeycreeper
1.

Species: Crested honeycreeper

9.

(= 'akohekohe) (Palmeria dolei)

2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To restore viable populations to non-

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Management
appears
to
oi

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

endangered status within essential

habitat areas defined in the recov-

habitat will continue. This specie*

11,1967
3. 4.

have healthier popula-

ery plan.

The key

goals focus on

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

the stabilization and restoration of

essential habitat.
10.

forest birds

of the more rare on Maui, such as the Maui akepa and Maui parrotbill.
tions than
is

some

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 7

Recovery Plan Title: Maui/Molokai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report: Fencing and control of feral ungulates began at the Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (State). The
National Park Service continues
feral

Limiting factors research

being

conducted on the Big Island of Hawaii that may be applicable to this species on Maui.
12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 13, 1985

animal control and exotic

vegetation control at Haleakala

13. Information Current as of: Augusi

F/March

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Waikamoi Preserve.

National Park, as does

1990

at

Florida scrub jay

1.

Species: Florida scrub jay

restored or uninhabited areas

(Aphelocoma coerulescens
coerulescens)
2.

throughout their historic range.

Establishment of several scrub

preserves with sufficient acreage
to sustain viable

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 3,

1987
3.

scrub jay popula-

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

Use of scrub jay habitat management guidelines by develtions.

4.
5.

opers

when proposing developin scrub habitat.

ment
10.

Recovery

Priority: 6

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Initiated

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Florida Scrub Jay Recovery Plan

mine impacts of

banding study to detera proposed in-

Endemic
is

to Florida, the Florida

scrub jay
in its

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 9, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize/The population must be
stable or increasing

dustrial park, thereby assisting in

threatened by rapid development

the development of the park.

limited habitat.

8.

Section 7 consultations to reduce or prevent habitat loss. Working

Possible redefining of the

with Volusia County

jays.

to establish
1 2.

subspecies

to full specific status.

1

9.

mitigation land bank for scrub

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

11.

from

the cur-

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Possible development of Habitat Conservation
Plans for species in Lake Wales

1990

rent population level at the three

existing, large population sites.

There must be documented evidence of scrub jays recolonizing

Ridge and Brevard County.

124

Guam
1.

Micronesian kingfisher
Guam; 500
in

Guam Micronesian king{Halcyon fisher cinnamomina

Species:

northern

southern

Guam.
10.

cinnamomina)
Major Activity Since Last Report:
Drafted proposal for
tat

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27,

critical habi-

1984

designation. Captive propaga-

3.
4. 5. 6.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable
11.

tion effort continues to

be

successful.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Propose
critical

Recovery

Priority: 3

Recovery Plan Title: Birds Recovery Plan

Guam

Forest

habitat designation

on Guam.

Continue the captive propagation

effort.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Control and/or eradicate the

12. Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

8.

September, 1990

9.

brown

tree snake

on Guam;

estab-

lish captive

populations for trans-

plant and reestablishment

projects. Establish a wild population of at least

1500

birds;

1000

in

Everglade snail kite

1.

Species: Everglade snail kite

10.

{Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967
3.
4.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mediate controversy over modified water delivery program at Everglades National Park and its impact on snail kites. Annual
winter surveys continue. Last
year's survey discovered

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

464

kites.
5.
6.

Recovery Priority:
Recovery Plan

3C
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
ticipated.

Title: Florida Snail

No

activity an-

Kite Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 9, 1986.
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Interim population goal is an annual average of

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

1990

9.

650

birds for a 10-

year period with annual

population declines of less than

10%

of the average.

125

Mariana mallard
1.

Species: Mariana mallard (Anas

oustaleti)

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 2,

1977
3. 4. 5. 6.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Group: Birds
Species Status: Extinct

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

NA
1

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8. 9.

Recovery Plan: Region

NA Recovery Objective/Criteria: NA
Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: None; the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands' Division of Fish and Wildlife believes this species is extinct.

Micronesian megapode
1.

Species: Micronesian

megapode

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Planning on

(La Perouse's) (Megapodius

laperouse)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 2,

conducting a megapode population survey in Belau during 1991.

12.

1970
3.

Recovery Achieved:

Group: Birds
Species Status:

13. Information Current as of:

August

4.
5.

Unknown

1990

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Megapode surveys on Saipan indicate a few birds are
still

present

on
[ill

that island.

126

Nihoa millerbird
1.

Species:

Nihoa millerbird (old

These

strategies include efforts to

world warbler) (Acrocephalus

familiar is kingi)
2.

prevent the introduction of exotic organisms, a monitoring program

to detect

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March

1967

exotics,

changes in the status of and a strategy designed to

control invasion by exotics and

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable
10.

declines in bird populations.

4.
5.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Nihoa has been managed as a

wildlife refuge with restricted ac-

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Northwest Hawaiian Islands Passerines Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November 19, 1985
11.

Annual surveys have been conducted by refuge staff. Refuge staff have initiated an ant distribution and control study, and began
cess.

investigations in the spread of

8.

sand burrs {Chenchrus sp.), an introduced noxious plant.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
surveys and restricted access.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To downlist to threatened status by maintaining optimum and stable populations through the development of thorough and effective
habitat protection strategies.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Tinian
1.

monarch

Species: Tinian

monarch

(old

1987.

It

remains threatened due

snake from

to

world flycatcher) (Monarcha

takatsukasae)
2.

the potential introduction of

brown
6,

tree

Guam

to

Listing/Date: Threatened/April

Tinian by the
ing exercises.

Army

during train-

If tasks in

1987; Endangered/June 2, 1970

3.

Guam
this

Forest Birds Recovery Plan are

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

implemented effectively threat will be removed.

11.

4.

5.

Recovery Priority: 14

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

NA

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

12. Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: August

8.

9.

NA Recovery Objective/Criteria: NA
Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Micronesian bird surveys completed in 1982 and data gathered

indicated population level of 40,000 birds. As a result, the species was downlisted from endangered to threatened in April

127

Hawaiian
1.

common moorhen
10.

Species: Hawaiian

common

Major Activity Since Last Report:

ized. Kealia should

be under the

moorhen

(gallinule) (Gallinula

full-time realty position has

filled in

National Wildlife Refuge System

chloropus sandvicensis)
2.

been established and

Management

of Kawainui for wa-

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

Honolulu. Negotiations continue to secure wetland habitat around

terbirds will begin.

1967

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

3. 4.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) on Oahu and at Kealia on Maui. Resource
agencies continue to pursue the
licensing of diphasinone for

13. Information Current as of:

Augus

1990

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 9

Recovery Plan Title: Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Plan

predator control. Ownership of

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 11, 1985

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
delist

9.

Kawainui Marsh on Oahu was transferred from the City and County of Honolulu to the State for management by the Division of Land and Natural Resources. The creation of wetland habitat at Mana on Kauai continues. Biannual waterbird surveys continue.
11.

by maintaining

a population

of at least 2,000, as distributed in

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Surveys will
continue. Additions
to

1976, in the habitat types.

James

Campbell

NWR should be final-

Mariana
1.

common moorhen
10.

Species: Mariana

common

moorhen

(gallinule) (Gallinula

Major Activity Since Last Report: The Commonwealth of the

Northern Mariana Islands'
Division of Fish and Wildlife
is

chloropus guami)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27,

1984

conducting a field study and status survey of this species in the

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

Commonwealth. The
Resources
is

Guam

4.
5. 6.

Division of Aquatic and Wildlife

conducting similar

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

studies on

Guam.

Recovery Plan

Recovery

11.

Plan for the Mariana

Common
12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Completion of

the above referenced studies.

Moorhen
7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

8.

August

1990

A/1988Not Approved
9.

yet

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Maintain/develop wetland habitat
to

support 600 adult birds on

Saipan, and 75 on

Guam, 300 on
Tinian.
III!

128

Puerto Rican nightjar

1.

Species: Puerto Rican nightjar

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Preliminary Project Proposal being prepared
to

(whip-poor-will)
noclitherus)
2.

{Caphmulgus

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 4,

propose the acquisition of

in the

1973
3.
4.
5. 6.

limestone forest areas

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

Guayanilla Hills. This area represents the easternmost population

of the species and
tirely privately
is

presently en-

owned.

Recovery Priority: 5
12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Recovery Plan Title: Puerto Rican Whip-poor-will Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of: July

1990
7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/l 984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

S.

D.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population surveys conducted
the
at

Guanica Forest.

NukupU'U,
L
Species:

Kauai population

Nukupu'u
lu-

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

(honeycreeper) (Hemignathus
cidus),
'..

Kauai population

Kauai population (H. hanapepe): Downlist

threatened

I.

to

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

when

the population

11,1967
(.

increases to 1,000 birds.

10.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

\.

i.

Recovery

Major Activity Since Last Report: Kauai population: A forest bird survey was completed in 989 on Kauai, but no nukupuu were
1

Priority: 5

recorded.
11.

>.

Recovery Plan Title: Kauai Forest Birds Recovery Plan (a second

population on Maui
in the
is

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Management of
habitat will continue.
It

addressed

may

not

Maui/Molokai Forest Bird

Recovery Plan)
.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 13, 1984
12.

be possible to recover mis species, which is found at critically low numbers and may be
near extinction.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

129

Nllkupu'U,
1.

Maui population

Species:

Nukupu'u

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

(honeycreeper) (Hemignathus lucidus),

2.

Maui population

(//.

/.

affirms):

13. Information Current as of:

Augus

Maui population

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

To restore viable populations to non-endangered status within essential habitat areas defined in the

1990

11,1967
3. 4. 5.
6.

recovery plan.
10.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: MauiMolokai Forest Birds Recovery Plan (the Kauai population is addressed in the Kauai Forest Bird Recovery Plan)

Major Activity Since Last Report: Maui population: Fencing and control of feral ungulates began at the Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (State). The National Park
Service continues feral animal
control and exotic vegetation control at

Haleakala National Park, as

does
11.

TNC at Waikamoi Preserve.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Management of
habitat will continue.
It

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 13, 1985

may

not

be possible to recover this species, which is found at critically low numbers and may be
near extinction.

Ti

Kauai 'o'o
9.

1.

Species: Kauai 'o'o (='0'o'A'a)

(Moho braccatus)
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened when the

population reaches 1,000 individuals.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11, 1967.

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining (possibly extinct)

10.

4.

5.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Major Activity Since Last Report: A forest bird survey was conducted in 1989, but no Kauai 'o'o were recorded. The species may be extinct.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Kauai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Protection of primary habitat on Kauai will
continue.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

12.
8.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 13, 1984

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Ill

130

Hawaiian
I.

'O'U, Hawaii population

11.

Species: Hawaiian 'o'u (honeycreeper) {Psittirostra psittaeea),

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
assure that viable populations are

MajOl Activity (>%ei Next

Reporting Period: Securing and managing habitat remains a prior*
ay. Surveys and limi ting facton research will continue.

Hawaii population
I.

maintained and that the species

ultimately restored to a delisted
status. Further research is

is

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March

1967

required to determine
J.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining (may

when the 'o'u can be reclassified to threatdelisted.

12.

Achieved:

ened or be
10.

13.

1.

Information Current as

of:

Aiu

be extinct on the Big Island)

5.

Recovery Priority: 4 Recovery Plan Title: Hawaii Forest Birds Recovery Plan (Kauai population addressed in the Kauai Forest Bird Recovery
Plan)

On Hawaii:
last report,

Major Activity Since Last Report: There have been no

and
it

1990

sightings of this species since the

i.

may be

extinct.

Progress at the newly established

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge includes fencing, feral animal control, exotic vegetation
control,

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February3, 1983

and

forest bird surveys

and

studies. Negotiations to se-

cure additional lands continue.

I.

"Limiting factors" studies by the

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(Research) continue.

Hawaiian
Species: Hawaiian 'o'u (honeycreeper) (Psittirostra psittaeea),
10.

'O'U, Kauai population

Major Activity Since Last Report:

"Limiting factors" studies by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Research) continue on Hawaii.

Kauai population
Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March

1967

On Kauai,
conducted
11.

three birds were

recorded during a survey

in 1989.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining (may

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Surrogate work
in the captive propagation of forest birds will begin.

be near extinction)
Recovery Priority: 4
,

These tech-

Recovery Plan Title: Kauai Forest Bird Recovery Plan (Hawaii population addressed in the Hawaii
Forest Bird Recovery Plan)

niques
to

may

eventually be needed

propagate the o'u. Managing

factors research will

habitat remains a priority. Surveys

and limiting
continue.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 29, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

12. Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: August

1990

On

Kauai: to downlist to threatened

when

the population increases to

1,000 birds.

131

Northern spotted owl

1.

Species: Northern spotted owl

(Strix occidentalis caurina)

10.

Major Activity Since

Last Report:

Received
2.

listing pro-

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 26,

1990
3.
4.

tection under the

Endangered Species
Act.
11.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority:

9C
Pending

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Plans are be-

Recovery Plan

Title:

ing

made

to

appoint a
to pre-

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

recovery team

Recovery Plan: Region

pare a recovery plan.

Coordination of
effort will

this

Northern spotted owls primarily inhabit mature and

ol<

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

be through

growth coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest.

the Regional Office.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

12.

In addition, the Service

is

consid-

ering whether to designate critical

habitat for the subspecies.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Palila
1.

Species: Palila (honeycreeper)

maintained for 5 consecutive

years throughout the
critical habitat.

(Loxioides bailleui)
2.

200 sq

km

of

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

11,1967.
3.
4.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Native

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

Mamane forest continues

feral

to regenerate rapidly after the re-

moval of most
cal habitat.

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 7
Title: Palila

sheep in critiand Wildlife Service Hawaii Research

The

U.S. Fish

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Station continues studies on nest-

ing and "limiting factors."

stu-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

dent from the University of

Recovery Plan: Region

Hawaii has
1

initiated a study

on

the effect of introduced

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/June 27, 1986

11.

mammalian

predators on palila.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Current studies will continue. Feral sheep will be

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
downlist to threatened: a

minimum
birds

must be reached

population of 3,500 for 5 con-

removed

if

numbers increase

sig-

nificantly.

secutive years throughout the 140

sq.

km of the present range.

delisting: a

For

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

complete

minimum

13. Information Current as of:

August

population of 5,000 birds must be

1990

132

Puerto Rican parrot

l.

Species: Puerto Rican parrot

10.

(Amazona
I.

vittata)

Major Activity Since Last Repot Continuation and improvement of

captive breeding portion of the
recover)- program; continuation of

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

management
$.

of wild Hock;

com-

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

pletion of construction of second aviary and transfer of Hispaniolan

t.

parrots to the Rio Abajo Forest;

5.

Recovery Priority: 2 Recovery Plan

Plan for

preparation of Population
Viability Analysis report and

>.

Recovery the Puerto Rican parrot,

Title:

Captive Master Plan; transfer of

Amazona
i.

vittata

management
Region 8
to

activities

from

Region

4; possible

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/
11.

loss of

50%

of wild population as

a result of Hurricane Hugo.

{.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
captive breeding and wild flock

November
>.

30, 1982; April 8 1987.

The declines

in

the wild Puerto Rican

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Recovery of the Puerto Rican parrot will require at least 2 separate, secure, wild, and self-sustaining populations with a minimum effective population size of

parrot population after Hurricane

Hugo

in

management; transfer of parrots to Rio Abajo aviary; research to be carried out by Region 8.
12.

1989 placed increased importance on the captive bred birds at the Fish and
Wildlife Service's Luquillo Aviary

Captive

Recovery Achieved:

bred parrots
1

will

in

the future to

500

be released into the wild occupy suitable habitat

birds each.

13. Information Current as of: July 7.

1990

Maui
Species:

parrotbill
tified as a

Maui

parrotbill (honey-

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
restore viable populations to non-

recovery action item,

this

creeper) (Pseudonestor

but there are 00 imminent plans

to

xanthophrys)
'.

endangered status within essential

conduct

research on Main.

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March

habitat areas defined in the recov-

1967

ery plan.

The key

goals focus on

Limiting factors research is being conducted on die Big Island ol

the stabilization and restoration of

essential habitat.
10.

Hawaii that

may be

applicable to

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

this species Oil

Maui.
1

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Fencing and control of feral ungulates began at the Hanawi Natural

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Priority: 4

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan Tide: Maui/Molokai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

Area Reserve
feral

(State).

The

1990

National Park Service continues

animal control and exotic

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

I,

vegetation control at Haleakala

National Park, as does the Nature

Conservancy
Preserve.
11.

at

Waikamoi

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 13, 1985

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Management of
habitat will continue.
It

may

not

be possible

to

recover this species

to

without research

determine the
is

biological factors limiting the

population. Such research

iden-

133

100
1.

Brown pelican
pelican

Species:

Brown

(Pelecanus occidental is
californicus)
2.

food supplies and essential nesting, roosting, and offshore habitat throughout the range; and 3)
restoring population size

and pro-

Listing/Date:

ductivity to a self-sustaining level

13,

Endangered/October
3.
4. 5. 6.

1970
in the

Southern California Bight.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Monitoring breeding populations

Recovery

and recruitment success.

Priority: 9
Title:

Recovery Plan
California

The

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring food base and response of breeding population to the availability
of prey species.

Brown

Pelican

Recovery Plan.
7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February 3, 1983

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To and maintain stable, selfrange by
1)

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

9.

restore

sustaining populations throughout

its

maintaining exist-

ing populations in Mexico; 2) ensuring long-term protection of

101
1.

Brown pelican
9.

Species:

Brown pelican

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize/Restore the species in

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Texas Parks

(Pelecanus occidentalis
carolensis)
2.

vacant nesting habitat. Maintain

natural and restocked colonies
13,

and Wildlife Department and

Brazoria National Wildlife

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4.
5.

1970

through natural reproduction, including the development of a long range monitoring plan.
10.

Refuge will continue

to

monitc

nesting success during annual

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

Colonial Waterbird Surveys.

Recovery

Priority: 9

Major Activity Since Last Report: Nesting occurred on only three

sites this

Brazoria National Wildlife

Refuge will continue

the erosion occurring
Point.
12.

to stabili;

year (Pelican Island,

Island,

on Dress

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan For The Eastern Brown

Pelican

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

and Dressing on Cedar Lakes, Second Chain of Islands, or Steamboat Island. Data on number of nest per colony and
Point).

Sundown

No nesting

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: Jul)

30, 1990

success
8.

is

not yet available.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 19, 1990

[ill

134

Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel

Species: Hawaiian dark-rumped
petrel

102

numbers

to

be maintained have

(Pterodroma phaeopygia
10.

not yet been determined

sandwichensis)
Listing/Date: Endangered/March

Major Activity Since Last Report: Maintenance and operation of

"fallout" stations on Kauai has continued. Resource agencies

11,1967
Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

continue

to

pursue the licensing

of diphasinone for predator control. Predator control and annual surveys have continued around a

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

Recovery Plan

Dark-rumped

Manx
for

Hawaiian and Newell s Shearwater Recovery Plan

Petrel
11.

main nesting colony

National Park.

at

Haleakala

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Current activities will

Lead Region/Region Responsible

Recovery Plan: Region
1

be continued.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 7, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: To downlist to theatened by reducing
annual fallout, protecting nesting
colonies, and developing efficient

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

predator control programs. Exact

Puerto Rican plain pigeon

Species: Puerto Rican plain pigeon {Columba hiornata wetmorei)
Listing/Date:
10.

103

Major Activity Since Last Report: Conducting field research on habitat, captive breeding program
at

Humacao
at

Aviary, periodical

censuses

Cidra.

Endangered/October
Group: Birds

13,

1970
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue the
captive breeding program at

Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority:

9C
12.

Humacao

aviaiy.
1

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Title: Puerto Rican Plain Pigeon Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of: July

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/October 14, 1982

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/none specified

135

104
1.

Piping plOVer,
10.

Atlantic

Coast population

Species: Piping plover

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Preparation of listing package for
critical habitat designation.

(Charadrius melodus), Atlantic Coast population

2.

Listing/Date:

Habitat protection and population

1 1,

Threatened/December
3.
4. 5.

1985
11.

monitoring. Information and education activities.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Coordination
with landowners in conjunction with
critical habitat designation.

Recovery

Priority:

2C

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Atlantic Coast Piping Plover Recovery Plan

12.

Continued protection of nesting, foraging, and wintering sites.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

13. Information Current as of: July

27,
8.

1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March31, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Delist/Increase population (U.S.

9.

and Canada) to 1,200 pairs, while maintaining current distribution

pattern.

Piping plovers are threatened by

human disturbance

of their nesting habitat

along

beaches and sandbars.

136

Piping plOVer,
L.

Interior population

105

Species: Piping plover

Stabilize

Great Lakes

(Charadrius melodus), Interior population

L
Listing/Date: Endangered/Great

Population. Increase to 150 pairs and maintain that level for 15

years distributed as follows:

Lakes watershed, threatened elsewhere/December 11, 1985

I.

Duluth/Superior

5 pairs,

Wisconsin 15 pairs (includes

Duluth/Superior),

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining in

Michigan
\.

100
sites

pairs, other

Great lakes
10.

35 pairs

Great lakes, possibly declining in

Great Plains
!.

Recovery

Priority:

2C

Recovery Plan Title: Great Lakes & Northern Great Plains

Major Activity Since Last Report: Status surveys have been completed. The Great Lakes & Northern Great Plains Recovery team finalizes plans to coordinate
a 1991 International Census.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Northern Great F/Great Lakes Plains May 12, 1988

Canadian Wildlife Service

Representative spent several

weeks during
in a very

the winter of

1990

&

Cuba searching

for birds; only

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

few were observed, but the of area to canvas is immense.

amount

Northern Great Plains

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: International

Population. Increase birds to

1,300 pairs, and maintain that
level for 15 years as follows:

Census

will

be conducted, which

will provide the latest population

60 North Dakota 650

Montana
pairs

figures for the Atlantic Coast and

interior populations.

We need

to

pairs

stress continued cooperation with

(Missouri River 100 pairs,

Canada and Mexico.

12. Recovery Achieved:
1

Missouri coteau 550 pairs).

South Dakota

350

pairs (in13. Information Current as of: July

cludes 250 pairs shared with Nebraska on Missouri River): Missouri River below Gavin's
Point

27,

1990

250

pairs, other

Missouri

River sites 75 pairs; other sites

25

pairs.

Nebraska 465 pairs (includes 250 pairs shared with South Dakota on the Missouri River), Platte River 140 pairs, Niobrara River 50 pairs, Missouri River 250 pairs, Loup River system 25
pairs.

Minnesota

25

pairs

137

106
1.

Po'ouli
11.

Species: Po'ouli (honeycreeper)

Major Activity Over Next

habitat will continue.

{Melamprosops phaeosoma)
2.

Reporting Period: Management of It may not

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 25, 1975

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

be possible to recover this species, which is found at critically low numbers, without
research to determine the biological factors limiting the

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

population. Such research

tified as a

is

iden-

Recovery Plan Title: Maui/Molokai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

recovery action item,

this research

but there are no imminent plans

to

conduct

on Maui.
is

Limiting factors research

being

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

conducted on the Big Island of Hawaii that may be applicable to

this

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 13, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

restore viable populations to non-

species

on Maui.
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

endangered
ery plan.

status within essential

habitat areas defined in the recov-

The key

the stabilization
essential habitat.
10.

goals focus on and restoration of

Major Activity Since Last Report: Fencing and control of feral ungulates

began at the Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (State), the heart of

Po'o-uli habitat.

known

The

National Park Service continues feral animal control and exotic

vegetation control at Haleakala

National Park, as does

Nature Conservancy
Preserve.

at

The Waikamoi

138

Attwater's greater prairie-chicken

1.

107
pri-

Species: Attwater's greater

9.

prairie-chicken

(Tympanuchus

cupido attwateri)
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist and Delist. Downlist to Threatened when population ai

population
the bird.

11.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continue

vate land

management

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March

1967

3,000 wild birds. Delist when at 5,000 wild birds with 25,000 acres managed for

agreements under Section 6 pro gram. Inmate captive breeding

iese.ii'.

b at Fossil

Kim

Wildlife

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
10.

Cento; Glen Rose.

le\as. Pursue

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Section 6 Activities:

translocation research at

Tew

Recovery Priority: 3

One

habitat

A&M
teiiy

University. Continue quai-

Recovery Plan Title: Attwater's Prairie Chicken Recovery Plan

management agreement signed in Victoria County, one more imminent in Austin County, and two
additional being discussed in

statu report publication. a second annual A PC Symposium. Develop an attrac-

Sponsor
tive

brochure, for private

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/December 16, 1983

Victoria county. Joint Texas/

8.

Louisiana project being developed. First annual symposium

Prairie

landowners, outlining native prairie management by grazing

for wildlife.
to

Expand

the spring

discuss and promote Attwater's

survey by volunteers on the

Chickens (APCs) sponsored in Victoria in February

1990. Quarterly status
report being generated
to stimulate

ground. Begin imported fire ant research on die refuge to deiei

-

mine impacts on nesting APCs.

Add
the

a biologist/range specialist to

public in-

APCNWR stall" to work with

in

terest

and concern.

Attwater Prairie-

management and recovery of the APC. Pursue acquisiuon of

Carson/Edwards refuge
Victoria County.
12.

chicken Recovery Fund

established with the

National Fish and

Wildlife Foundation by initial $5,000 donation

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

by CONOCO, Inc. Matching funds from

the foundation are

24,

1990

pending. Continuing
site

evaluation process

to

bring private
into the

landowners

program for management of APCs.

Refencing of refuge
to

manage grazing by

soil

types has been implemented. Acquired a

tractor and ditcher to enhance drainage on

Attwater's Prairie-

chicken National
Wildlife Refuge
currently restricted to
'

(APC-

Texas and dependent upon

is

na-

NWR).

ve prairies, Attwater's greater prairie chicken

972, the Fish

threatIn

ned by agricultural and suburban development.

rairie

Service established Attwater Chicken National Wildlife Refuge to maintain

and

Wildlife

3me protected

habitat for the species.

139

108
1.

California clapper
rail

rail

Species: California clapper

10.

(Rallus longirostris obsoletus)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Rangewide population census.

Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Partial

Listing/Date:

11. 13,

Endangered/October
3.

1970

rangewide population census.

Group: Birds
12.

Recovery Achieved:

4. 5. 6.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: July

Priority: 3
17,

1990

Recovery Plan Title: Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse/California Clapper Rail Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November 16, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when 3,900 hectares of public-owned habitat secured,

9.

3200 hectares

of privately

owned

habitat secured, and an additional

7,000 hectares of largely unsuitable habitat restored and secured.

109 Guam rail

1.

Species:
stoni)

Guam rail

(Rallus ow-

Northern Guam; 2,000 Southern Guam.

10.

in

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27, 1984

Major Activity Since Last Report: There are no rails left in the wild.

3. 4.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable (all animals are in captivity)

The establishment
mental
artificial
is

of an experi-

population on the

Island of Rota

underway.
released are
status of

Thirteen of 22

rails

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

known

to

be dead; the

the remaining 9 rails

is

unknown,
died.

Recovery Plan Title: Birds Recovery Plan

Guam

Forest
11.

but they, too,

may have

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of captive propagation and establish-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Control and/or eradicate the

ment of experimental
population on Rota.
lease of
will

artificial

large rerails

between 50 and 100

9.

be made next year.

1

brown

tree

snake on

Guam.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Establish captive population for

transplanting and reestablishment
project. Reestablish a population

13. Information Current as of:

September, 1990

of 3,000

buds on Guam; 1,000

in

140

Light-footed clapper
Species: Light-footed clapper
(Rallus longirostris levipes)
rail

rail

110

acres in at least 20

marsh com-

Newport Ba> and Seal Beach

National Wildlife Refuge; effi at the latter apparentl) have generated a
increase

plexes
10.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4. 5.

13,

1970

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report Censuses throughout the U.S. range of the species continued; it
is

much-needed population

now more

apparent than ever

is

at that locale. Hopefully; fundi will remain available to ex-

that the species

critically

Recovery Priority: 6 Recovery Plan Title: Light-footed Clapper Rail Recovery Plan

endangered. Only the Upper

efforts

6.

Newport Bay population in Orange County is currently reasonably sale from extirpation; all
others are declining and/or unac12. 13.

pand much-needed management and studies. Contamtni testing win include testing {)1

abandoned eggs; baselines

established.

vsiii

be

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/June 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Species could be considered for
reclassification (to threatened status) if the

Recovery Achieved:

ceptably small.
forts

Management
in at

ef-

have been studied and

Information Current as

of:

August

effectively
least

implemented
artificial

1990

one

locale.

The construction
nesting plat-

(and use) of

forms continued at several locales; contaminants studies

continued.
11.

breeding population

reaches 800 pairs and 2,000

hectares of suitably managed, appropriate salt

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Attempts
identify
to
rail

present in

marsh habitat is 4,000 or more wetland

and manage known

at

predators will continue

Upper

Yuma clapper
1.

rail

111

Species:

Yuma

clapper

rail

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Multi-agency annual breeding
survey was conducted during

(Rallus longirostris yumanensis)

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

May

11,1967
3. 4.
5.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

and June, 1990. for entire Colorado River downstream of Davis Dam and for selected interior locations within Arizona.
11.

Recovery Priority: 6 Recovery Plan Title: Yuma Clapper Rail Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Annual survey will be continued and opportunities to

6.

improve management of

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February4, 1983

habitat will be pursued.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

8.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Stabilize population at 700- 1,000 individuals, survey
annually,

and protect

habitat.

141

112
1.

Newell s Townsend's shearwater

numbers
to

Species: Newell's Townsend's

be maintained have

shearwater (Puffinus auricularis

newelli)
10.
2.

not yet been determined.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September 25, 1975

3. 4. 5. 6.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Maintenance and operation of "fallout" stations on Kauai has
continued. Resource agencies

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

continue

to

pursue the licensing

of diphasinone for predator control.

Recovery

No

shearwaters have been

to

Priority: 9
Title:

reported

nest in the

Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel and Newell's Manx Shearwater Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

transplanted colony at Kilauea

Point, although birds have

returned annually.
11.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Current activities will

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 7, 1983

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
downlist to theatened by reducing

be continued.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

9.

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

annual fallout, protecting nesting

colonies, and developing efficient

predator control programs. Exact

113
1.

San Clemente loggerhead shrike

10.

Species: San Clemente loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Intensive efforts to eradicate feral
goats, pigs, and cats continue.

mearnsi)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued re-

11,1977
3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
1 2.

moval of feral animals.

Recovery Achieved:
1

4.
5.

Recovery

Priority: 9

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

6.

Recovery Plan Title: California Channel Islands Species Recovery Plan

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threat from introduced

9.

goats, pigs,

and

cats.

142

Cape Sable seaside sparrow

1.

114

Species: Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus

mirabilis)

Management techniques are employed which will insure the longterm protection and maintenance
of the sparrow's functional

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

11,1967
3. 4. 5.
6.

ecosystem throughout the species'

historical range.

The population
of 6,600

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

maintains a

minimum

birds; all fluctuations should

be

above

this level.

Recovery Priority: 12C

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Cape Sable

No recent surveys

or activities.

Seaside Sparrow Recovery Plan

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Continued prescribed burns on Park Service lands.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 6, 1983

12.

None

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting/The species can be considered for downlisting when

the following criteria are met:

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

The reasons

for the past fluctua-

tions and/or declines in population are accurately determined.

Dusky seaside sparrow

1.

115

Species:

Dusky seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus

Endangered/March

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Restore the species
it is

to a

point that

nigrescens)
2.

no longer threatened with ex-

tinction.

Listing/Date:

11,1967
3.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Proposal
to delist species

Group: Birds
Species Status: Extinct

published 4/26/90 based on

spring 1989 field surveys.
11.

4.
5.

Recovery Priority: 6
Recovery Plan
Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None

6.

Dusky
12.

Seaside Sparrow Recovery Plan.

7.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/April 26, 1979.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

143

116
1. 2.

Florida grasshopper sparrow

species. Delist/When populations

Species: Florida grasshopper

sparrow (Ammodramus

of 100 to

200 adults birds become

savannarum floridanus)
Listing/Date: Endangered/July
31, 1986
3. 4. 5.

established at each of 25 secure,

discrete sites dispersed through-

out the former range of the subspecies.

10.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Distribution survey done by

Florida

Recovery

Game Commission

Priority: 9

throughout historic range.

11.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Florida Grasshopper Sparrow Recovery

Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
distribution surveys until 1992.

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 19, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

Downlist/When populations of 100 to 200 adult birds become

established at each of 10 secure,
discrete sites dispersed through-

out the former range of the sub-

117
1.

San Clemente sage sparrow

9.

Species:

San Clemente sage

belli

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threat from introduced
goats, pigs,

sparrow (Amphispiza clementeae)

2.

and

cats.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
11,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Intensive efforts to eradicate feral
goats, pigs,

1977

3. 4. 5.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
11.

and cats continue.

Recovery

Priority: 9

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued moval of feral animals.
Recovery Achieved:
1

re-

6.

Recovery Plan Title: California Channel Islands Species Recovery Plan

12.

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990
7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 1984

144

Hawaiian
1.

stilt

118
James

Species: Hawaiian

stilt

(= Ae'o)

9.

(Himantopus himantopus
krmdseni)
2.

delist

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To by maintaining a population

1976, in the habitat types.

1 1.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Surveys will
continue. Additions to

of at least 2,000, as distributed in

Listing/Date:

Campbell

Endangered/October
3.

13,

1970

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

A full-time realty

position has
filled in

should be llnalized Kealia should be under the National Wildlife Refuge System.

NWR

been established and

to

Management

of Kawainui for

wa-

\.

Honolulu. Negotiations continue

secure wetland habitat around
12.

terbirds will begin.

5.

Recovery

Priority: 9

Recovery Achieved: 3
Current as
of:

James Campbell National

Wildlife Refuge

$.

Recovery Plan Title: Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Plan

and

at

on Oaliu Kealia on Maui. Resource

to

(NWR)

13. Information

August

1990

1.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 11, 1985

agencies continue

pursue the

licensing of diphasinone for

predator control. Ownership of

\.

Kawainui Marsh on Oahu was transferred from the City and County of Honolulu to the State for management by the Division of Land and Natural Resources.

The

creation of wetland habitat at continues.

Mana on Kauai
tinue.

Biannual waterbird surveys con-

Wood
Species: Wood stork {Mycteria americana) Southeast U.S.

stork

119

should be distributed throughout

the historic range.
10.

population
Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Regional colony surveys.

Endangered/February 28, 1984

Savannah River Plant study

ponds.
11.

to

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable.
i
.

determine success of mitigation

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

Recovery

Priority:

6C

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Wood Stork

12. Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 9, 1986
Recovery Objective/Criteria:

1990

Downlist/When population reaches and maintains 6,000 breeding pairs. Delist/When population reaches and maintains
10,000 breeding pairs. Population

145

120
1.

Mariana gray

swiftlet

Species: Mariana gray swiftlei

2,000 on Rota, 1,000 on Aguijan,

(= Vanikoro) (Aerodramus

and 2,000 on Saipan.

10.

vanikorensis bartschi)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Listing/Date: Endangered/ August

27,

A Division of Fish and Wildlife

biologist

1984

on Saipan has had en-

3.
4. 5. 6.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

couraging results in nesting success by controlling cockroaches

in swiftlet caves.

parently

The roaches apconsume the substance

them
to fall to the

Recovery

Priority: 9

attaching the nests to the cave

wall, causing

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Mariana Islands Population of the Vanikoro
Swiftlet
11.

floor of the cave, destroying eggs

and endangering young.

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: none

Recovery Achieved:
1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

A/1988Not Approved
9.

13. Information Current as of:

August

yet

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened status

when populations of 2,000 birds can be maintained on Guam,

121
1. 2.

California least tern

9.

Species: California least tern

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Before downlisting
to

continued at various
species.
11.

sites

{Sterna antillarum browni)

Listing/Date:

threatened

throughout the range of the

Endangered/October
3. 4.

13,

1970

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
recently stable at 1200+/- pairs

can be considered, 1,200 pairs must be present in a total of 20 secure wetland ecosystems. Each of these wetlands must have a

minimum

of

20 breeding

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Colony moni toring and predator managemen
will continue at

pairs

with a 5-year

mean reproductive

Navy-adminis-

rate of at least 1.0 fledged

5.

Recovery

Priority:

6C

6.

Recovery Plan Title: California Least Tem Recovery Plan

young per breeding pair. Of the 20 secure wetlands, San Francisco Bay, Mission Bay, and San Diego Bay must have at least 4, 6, and 6
colonies respectively.

tered sites for at least one

year; several other

more management
available
to

programs are ongoing. Hopeful!

money

will

become

protect and monitor

some

of the
acti

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

10.

smaller colonies and insure

predator

management througho

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/Rev/May 1980

Major Activity Since Last Report: Colony monitoring and management continue at most of the
largest nesting sites.

the range of the species.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

However,
(i.e.

13. Information Current as of: Augi

several historic sites evidently

1990

were not used by terns

not

occupied) during the 1990 breeding season (e.g. 3 of 7 colonies in

San Diego Bay). Moreover, colony or nest abandonments

146


Least tern
l.

122
to

Species: Least tern (Sterna antil-

10.

larum), Interior population

I.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Increased emphasis on habitat

protection and reduction of public
disturbance. Research continues

11.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continue

identify

Listing/Date:
28,

Endangered/May

monitor existing populations,

1985

new

habitat, increase un-

along the lower Mississippi

3.

to

derstanding of the species'

biology.
12.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

identify breeding habitat, monitor population density, and determine

4.

breeding success.
5.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

3C
Recovery

13. Information Current as of: July

5.

Recovery Plan
the Least

Title:

27,

1990

Plan for the Interior Population of

Tern

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 19, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting can be considered
the interior population has

J.

).

when

from the present 5,000 7,000 and remains stable for 10 years and 4 major censuses have
increased
to

been completed. Recovery population

numbers are

as follows:

Missouri River system will

increase to 2,100 birds

Montana 50, North Dakota 250, South Dakota 680 (includes 400 shared with Nebraska on the
Missouri River), Nebraska
1520,
Mississippi and
Least terns are colonial birds which nest mainly on bare
alluvial islands or

Ohio River

sys-

Due

to channelization

and damming

of rivers,

much

of the species' habitat

sandbars has been

tem

will

remain stable

at cur-

destroyed.

rent population of 2,200-2,500

birds,

Arkansas River system

will increase to 1,600 birds,

Red River system to 300 birds,

will increase

Rio Grande River system will remain stable at 500 birds.

147

123
1.

Roseate tern
10.

Species: Roseate tern (Sterna

dougallii dougallii)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population dynamics study on nesting colonies. Gull removal on

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered

one of two colony restoration

sites initiated.

Northeast U.S., threatened,

Florida southward/November 2,

Population

is

stable

1987
3.

with 3,188 pairs

at 18 sites in

1989 (but
2
11.
sites).

84%

of the pairs are at

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

4. 5. 6.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The population

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Population

Northeastern

Roseate Tern

dynamics study will wind down and a wintering ground study will be initiated, contingent on available funding. Gull removal on
both colony restoration
proceed.
12.
sites will

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March20, 1989

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/Increase nesting population
to

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

5,000

pairs, including 6 pro-

ductive colonies with

more than

200

pairs, sustained for 5 years.

124
1.

Large Kauai thrush

10.

Species: Large Kauai thrush

(kamao) (Myadestes myadestina)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A forest bird survey was

conducted
in 1989, but only 3 ka-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3.
4. 5. 6.

13,

1970
11.

mao were recorded. The species may be very near extinction.

Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Protection of

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 5

primary habitat on Kauai will

continue.

The cause

of the decline

Recovery Plan Title: Kauai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

is

not known, and

to actively

little

can be
this

done

manage

pop-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 13, 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened when the
population reaches 1,000 individuals.

ulation without a better under-

standing of the species decline.

Limiting factors research being

8.

conducted on the big Island of Hawaii may be applicable to this

species on Kauai.
12.

9.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

148

Molokai thrush
1.

Species: Molokai thrush

(= oloma'o) (Myadestes lanaiensis

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
restore viable populations to non-

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting feriod: Management of habitat will continue. Only one
thrush was recorded during the
specie!
tion.

rutha)

endangered
ery plan.

status within essential

2.

Listing/Date:

habitat areas defined in the recov13,

Endangered/October
3.
4.

1970

The key

goals focus on

the stabilization and restoration of

1988 Molokai survey and this may be very near extinc-

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
10.

essential habitat.

5.
6.

Recovery Priority: 6
Recovery Plan Title: Maui/Molokai Forest Birds Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report: Fencing and control of feral ungulates

12.
13.

Recovery Achieved:

began

at the State

Natural

Information Current as

of:

August

Area Reserve on the Waikolu

Plateau.

1990

The National Park

Service continued to work on establishment of a National Park at

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 13, 1985

Kalaupapa. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has

established and
is

8.

beginning

to

F/March

manage two

large reserves,

Pelekunu Valley and Kamako.

Preliminary results of a forest bird

survey conducted in

988 are

completed.

Small Kauai thrush

Species: Small Kauai thrush
10.

(= puaiohi) (Myadestes palmeri)

Major Activity Since Last Report: A forest bird survey was conducted
in 1989; 14 birds

Listing/Date:

Ehdangered/March

were

11,1967
Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

recorded during the survey. The population appears to be stable,

but survives only at critically low

numbers.
Recovery Priority: 5
Recovery Plan
Title:

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Protection of primary habitat on Kauai will continue. The cause of depressed numbers is not known, and little

Kauai Forest

Birds Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 13, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened when the
population reaches
uals.
1

can be done
this

to actively

manage

population without a better

understanding of the species decline. Limiting factors research

being conducted on the big Island of Hawaii may be applicable to

this species

on Kauai.
1

,000 individ12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

149

Inyo brown towhee

1.

Species: Inyo

brown towhee

10.

(Pipilofuscus eremophilus)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/ August

3,

1987

Major Activity Since Last Report: of Land Management established an Area of Critical Environmental Concern at least in part to protect towhee habitat. A

The Bureau

3. 4. 5.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

3-year

life

history study/habitat

inventory was completed, through

U.S.
11.

Navy

funding.

Recovery

Priority:

9C
Pending

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Title:

None

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

9.

Black-capped vireo
1.

Species: Black-capped vireo

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Various research studies, monitoring,

{Vireo atricapillus)
2.

and cowbird trapping have

Conservation Plan

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3.

6,

1987

continued. Progress continued on

a Habitat

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

(Balcones Canyonlands

HCP)

that will include this species.

11.

4. 5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

HCP may be

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

completed, approved, and implementation (including land acquisition)

Recovery Plan: Region 2

begun. Finalize recovery

plan.
8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

U
12.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

13. Information Current as of: July,

1990

150

Least bell's vireo

L.

129

Species: Least bell's vireo (Vireo

bellii pusillus)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Negotiated management and
habitat restoration in the Prado

I.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/May

2,

1986
I.

Basin.

Examined

feasibility of

listing critical habitat. Critical

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving
11.

habitat proposal being finalized.

1.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Finalize
habitat designation.
critical

I.

Recovery Priority:

3C

Recovery Plan Title: Least Bell's Vireo Recovery Plan

12. Recovery Achieved:

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

>.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Reverse trend of loss and degradation of habitat; control nest parasitism through habitat
protection, restoration,

and man-

agement.

Nightingale reed warbler

Species: Nightingale reed warbler
11.

130

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Biologists with
the

(willow) (Acrocephalus luscinia)

'.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 2,

Commonwealth

of the

1970;
'.

December

2,

1970

Northern Mariana Islands'

Division of Fish Wildlife intend
to

Group: Birds
Species Status: Stable

determine the relative value of

monotypic tangan-tangan (Leucaena latisiliqiia) forests

as

in

Recovery Priority: 9 Recovery Plan

Title:

providing habitat for the warbler

Pending
12.

compared

to

more diverse

plant species mixes.

"

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

).

Major Activity Since Last Report: none

151

131
1.

Bachman's warbler
10.

Species: Bachman's warbler

(Vermivora bachmanii)
2.

The

Major Activity Since Last Report: Asheville, North Carolina,

is

in northeast Louisiana.

The

search was unsuccessful.

11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

Field Office

cooperating with

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring
(See #10)

the U.S. Forest Service

on the

1967

Francis Marion National Forest in

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status:
(Species

South Carolina

to

monitor for
12.

4.

Unknown known only from

nesting birds returning to the last

a few

Recovery Achieved:

known

nesting habitat.
to

13. Information Current as of: Jurn

Experimental cuts

duplicate

sightings in the last decade in

preferred nesting habitat were

1990

Cuba)
5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

made and were being monitored when Hurricane Hugo destroyed

Recovery Plan

NA

most of
1989.
the

the large timber

on the
of

Francis Marion in the

It is

fall

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

unknown what effects hurricane may have had on

but
it is

8.
9.

NA Recovery Objective/Criteria: NA

this species,

hypothesized

that
tat

more

favorable nesting habi-

may be available as a result. Monitoring is continuing. A search of the Tensas National

the presence of this

Wildlife Refuge was carried out to

document

species in the Tensas River basin

132
1.

Golden-cheeked (wood) warbler

10.

Species: Golden-cheeked (wood)

warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Emergency listed. The warbler is

one of the species being addressed in the development of a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) in the Austin, Texas area.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/May

4,

1990
3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining
11.

4.
5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete final rule by the time the emergency rule expires. Complete draft recovery plan. Complete HCP as soon as possible and begin land
acquisition.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Recovery Achieved:

9.

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Golden-cheeked warblers require larc areas of mature Ashe juniper and oal woodlands for nesting and foraging. These areas are disappearing due to juniper eradication programs and
urbanization.

152

Kirtland's warbler
1.

133
DNR
in \^K).
is

Species: Kirtland's warbler

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

were created by Michigan

and U.S. Forest Service

(Dendroica kirtlandii)
2.

The 1990 Michigan

males, a

Kirtland's

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered March

warbler count totalled 265 singing

The

Forest Service

using hand-

1967

25%

increase over the

planting to augment the tree densities resuliing

1989 count, and the highest population since the population crash

from the normal

3. 4.
5.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Improving

machine-planting method.
Biological Opinion

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

5C

Only one male was located in Wisconsin. Over 5,900 acres have been acquired by the
in the 1960s.

was
train-

completed

for

planned develop-

ment of additional military

ing facilities at

6.

Title: Kirtland's

Service in Michigan for inclusion

Camp Grayling.
to

Warbler Recovery Plan

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 30, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

management units over the last 6 years. Cowbird control has conin Kirtland's warbler habitat

The opinion found no jeopardy

the warbler,

measures
lake.
11.

to

and specified several minimize incidental

tinued with over 7,500 cowbirds

removed from warbler breeding colonies in 1990. The Patuxent

Wildlife Research Center project

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
all

9.

continues

to

study

above

activities.

site fidelity,

Delisting.

self-sustaining popu-

lation of at least

1,000 pairs.

colony establishment, mortality, and habitat preferences. An Ohio

Cooperative Research Unit study began looking at habitat variables

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

23,

1990

and their effects on mating systems and the production of offspring. 1,500 acres of habitat

Bridled white-eye
Species: Bridled white-eye
9.

134

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Control and/or eradicate the

(Zosterops conspicillatus
conspicillatiis)

brown

tree

snake on

Guam;

estab-

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
27,

lish captive populations for trans-

1984

plant and reestablishment

projects. Note: This species
is

be-

Group: Birds
.

lieved to be extinct.
10.

Species Status: Extinct

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Drafted proposal for
tat

critical

habi-

Recovery Priority: 6 Recovery Plan Title: Birds Recovery Plan

designation.

i.

Guam

Forest
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Propose
habitat designation
critical

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

12.

on Guam.
1

Recovery Achieved:

I.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28. 1990

13. Information Current as of:

September, 1990

153

135
1.

Ivory-billed
10.

woodpecker

Species: Ivory-billed woodpecker

(Campcphilns principalis) (C.

principalis)
ivory-billed
is

p.

American woodpecker which

the

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ten thousand brochures describing the bird were distributed to foresters, birders, biologists, and
others frequenting the last potential

historically occurred in the south-

eastern U.S. Another subspecies

habitats in the southeastern

survives in Cuba.
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

U.S. Dr. Jerome Jackson voluntarily continued to search likely areas.

News

articles

and the

1967; June 2, 1970

3.

Group: Birds
Species Status: Extinct

brochures encouraged sighting reports be sent to Dr. Jackson

who
4.

is

compiling such reports.

(presumed)
5.
6.
7.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The Service
will

Recovery

Priority: 18
Title:

monitor sighting reports and

Recovery Plan

NA

Dr. Jackson's efforts for another

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

year before evaluating whether

the species should be declared
extinct in the United States.
1 2.

8. 9.

NA Recovery Objective/Criteria: NA
Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

136
1.

Red-cockaded woodpecker
for delisting
is

Species: Red-cockaded

15 viable popula-

restrictors

and colony

sites

with

woodpecker (Picoides
2.

borealis)

tions within the

areas of

its

Listing/Date:

major geographic range. Tasks to meet

hardwood removal, and use of a

tificial cavities.

Many

of the

ma

Endangered/October
3.

13.

1970

these goals include: Surveying,

agement techniques developed

through
this

monitoring, and assessing status

of populations and species; protecting

research are being

Group: Birds
Species Status: Declining

and managing

habitat; re-

4. 5. 6.

search on habitat and

implemented by land managers, publication on the species and private landowners was
published.
11.

Recovery

Priority:

8C
Red-

management needs, population

dynamics and genetic variation; and involving the public in the
recovery
10.
effort.

Recovery Plan
Plan

Title:

Major Activity Over Next

plementation of habitat manage ment, cavity tree and colony
rehabilitation, population

Cockaded Woodpecker Recovery

Reporting Period: Increased im-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/August 24, 1979; April
1985.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Past failure to provide habitat

site

management

8.

is being remedied with increased funds and

augmentation,

artificial cavity

construction, additional private

11,

manpower. Completed several

consultations on Federal land

landowner initiatives, monitorir and surveys, and evaluation of

habitat
12.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist and then delist the species. Requirement for downlisting is six viable

management

that

have prescribed

management

options.
1

needed changes. Research has provided new information on genetic variation, population viability,

Recovery Achieved:

populations

13. Information Current as of:

June

within the major physiographic

regions of
its

transplanting techniques,

25, 1990

range. Requirement

rehabilitation of cavity trees with

154

Appendix
Reptiles

IV.

156

Culebra Island giant anole

1.

137

Species: Culebra Island giant

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Establish healthy population levels of lizards in

anole (Anolis roosevelti)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
21, 1977
10.

expanded

habitat.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Major Activity Since Last Report: One-year Puerto Rico Department

of Natural Resources status survey (1987) on Culebra Island.

Unknown
11.

Recovery Priority: 5 Recovery Plan Title: Culebra Island Giant Anole Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Department of

Natural Resources suggested status survey on Vieques Island.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 28, 1983

12. Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: July 6,

1990

Mona boa
1.

138

Species:

Mona boa

{Epicrates

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilized/none specified

monensis monensis)
2.

Listing/Date:

10.
3,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Trapping program for
feral cats in

Threatened/February
3.
4. 5.

1978

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Mona
review
11.

Island (Department of

Natural Resources), and status

in April 1990.

Unknown

Recovery Priority: 9 Recovery Plan Tide: Recovery

Plan for the

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
surveys
in
Initial habitat

6.

Mona Boa

to localize the individuals

(Epicrates

monensis monensis)
7.

Mona

Island.
1

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 1984.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

157

139
1.

Puerto Rican boa

10.

Species: Puerto Rican boa

(Epicrates inornalus)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: habitat surveys conducted by Department of Natural Resources

Boa

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3.

13,

1970
11.

Status reviewed in April 1990.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue surveys.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Stable

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 14
Title:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: July

Plan for the Puerto Rican

(Epicrates iiwmatus)
7.

Boa

1990

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/March27, 1986
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/none specified

140
1.

Virgin Islands tree

9.

boa

Species: Virgin Islands tree boa

(Epicrates monensis grand)

2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist within 10-year period.

Listing/Date:

10.
7,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Habitat protection through

Endangered/December
3. 4. 5. 6.

1979

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Section 7; captive breeding

(Toledo Zoo); habitat characteri-

Unknown

zation
11.

Recovery

Priority:

3C
Virgin

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
captive breeding and characteri-

Recovery Plan
Islands Tree

Title:

Boa Recovery Plan

12.

zation of habitat
7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 27. 1986

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: July 7,

1990

158

American crocodile
1.

141

Species:

American crocodile

10.

(Crocodylus acutus)
2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Continuation of mark-recapture and nest monitoring studies
funded under Section 6 funds. Coordination with Department of Transportation on the reconstruction of U.S. Highway 1 and its impacts on crocodiles.

Endangered/September 25, 1975

3.
4.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Unknown.

5.

Recovery Priority:

2C
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
6 funded studies.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: American Crocodile Recovery Plan.

No new

studies

planned. Continuation of Section

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/February 2, 1984.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

i.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

).

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/Reclassification could

occur
of 60.

when

the

number

of breed-

ing females reaches a

minimum

Saltwater crocodile
Species: Saltwater crocodile
10.

142

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Crocodylus porosus)
Listing/Date:
11.
18,

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Plan
to

Endangered/December
Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

1979

conduct

a population status survey in

Belauinl991.
12.

Unknown
1

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of:

August

Title:

Pending

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
be developed.

159

143
1.

Monito gecko
10.

Species: Monito gecko

(Sphaerodactylus micropithecus)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: No status surveys conducted in

recent years.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4. 5.

15,

1982

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Assess the status of the species at

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Unknown
12.

Monito Island and the impact of feral rodents on

the recruitment.

Recovery

Priority: 8

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Monito Gecko Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/1986 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

1990

8.

9.

144
1.

Mona ground iguana

iguana
11.

Species:

Mona ground

(Cyclura stejnegeri)
2.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Assess the
effectiveness of the
electric fence in

Listing/Date:

Threatened/February
3. 4. 5. 6.

3,

1978

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Stable

keeping feral mammals out of the nesting areas and

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

determine the effects

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Mona

Iguana

on

the reproductive

output and recruit-

ment

into the iguana

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

population.

Endemic

to

Mona

Island, just
is

west

of

Puerto Rico,

th

Recovery Achieved:
2

Mona

Island iguana

primarily threatened by

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Stabilize

introduced feral pigs that destroy the iguanas' nests.

13. Information Current

9.

as of: July

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

An electric
keep
the

fence designed to

feral goats

and pigs out of

main nesting areas of the iguanas has been completed.

160

Blunt-nosed leopard
1.

lizard
in the

145
southern por-

Species: Blunt-nosed leopard

lizard

8.

(Gambelia

silus)
9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/Rev/1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when at least 9 reserves
with a minimum of 6,000 contiguous acres, (totaling
11.
at least

Conservancy
potentially

tion of the range. Inventory

on

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

good

habitat in the

1967

northern range.

3.
4.
5.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
#10. Completion of the recovery
plans for the San Joaquin Valley
listed species.

Recovery Priority:

2C

55,000 acres) are secured throughout the lizards range supports a stable or increasing mini-

6.

Recovery Plan Tide: Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard Revised Recovery

Plan
10.

mum density of

lizard per acre

12. for 10 consecutive years.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Major Activity Since Last Report: Large land purchases and exchanges by the Bureau of Land Management and The Nature

13. Information Current as of: July

20,

1990

Coachella Valley fringe-toed

I.

lizard

146

Species: Coachella Valley fringe-

control projects) ad-

toed lizard
I.

(Uma

inornata)

jacent to

all

three

preserves are continListing/Date:

Threatened/September 25, 1980

I
I.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

At this time, none of the preserves can be considered

uing.

secure because of
these threats.

5.

Recovery

Priority:

2C

11.

Recovery Plan Title: Coachella Valley Fringe-Toed Lizard Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Continuation

of above activities

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

and additional research on biology

of the species.
12. Recovery Achieved:

Known

only from the Coachella Valley

in

southern
lizard
is

California, the

Coachella Valley fringe-toed

threatened by encroaching development. To prevent the

destruction of
tion plan
ists,
all

remaining habitat, a habitat conservain

!.

R/F/Septemberll,1985
'.

was produced by developers, conservation1

2
13. Information Current

and affected governmental agencies

989

in

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist.

consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service to set

Establishment of two or

aside 5,260 hectares (13,000 acres) as the Coachella

Valley Preserve

more

as of: August 23,

large-scale protected areas

and

to allow

development

to

proceed.

that maintain viable self-sustain-

1990

ing populations.
0.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Continued implementation of

conservation plan, including collection of

development fees and

monitoring
Discussions

acquisition and maintenance of

habitat. Population

efforts are continuing.

with development proponents (including potentially massive flood

161

147
1.

Island night lizard

9.

Species: Island night lizard

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threat from introduced
goats, pigs,

(Xanlusia riversiana)
2.

and

cats.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
11,

1977

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Intensive efforts to eradicate feral
goats, pigs,

3.
4. 5.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Stable
11.

and cats continue.

Recovery

Priority: 8

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued removal of feral animals.
Recovery Achieved: 3

6.

Recovery Plan Title: California Channel Islands Species Recovery Plan

12.

13. Information Current as of:

August

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/January 1984

1990

8.

148
1.

St.

Croix ground lizard

10.

Species: St. Croix ground lizard

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Trapping of 10 individuals from
Protestant

(Ameiva polops)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 3,

Cay
St.

to

be relocated

to

1977
3.
4.
5.

Ruth Cay,

Croix. Survey after

Hurricane Hugo.

Group: Reptiles
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Follow up on
relocation program at Ruth Cay.

Species Status:

Unknown
2C
12.

Recovery

Priority:

6.

Recovery Plan
Plan for the Lizard
St.

Title:

Recovery Croix Ground

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.

F/March29, 1984
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Protect existing population at Green Cay, insure continued existence of the population at

Protestant Cay, establish self-sustaining population

Island.

on Buck

162

New Mexico
.

ridgenose rattlesnake
and possible ex-

149

Species:

New Mexico ridgenose

existing populations to present

rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi ob-

further decline

scurus)
',.

tinction of the species.

Listing/Date: Threatened/ August

4,

10.

1978

I.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Gray Ranch in southern New Mexico purchased by The Nature
Conservancy. Therefore, the bulk of the habitat remaining in the
U.S. will be protected.

..

Unknown
11.

i.

Recovery Priority: 3 Recovery Plan Title: New Mexico Ridgenose Rattlesnake Recovery
Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Survey habitats

i.

on Gray Ranch.
12.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

I

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

31, 1990

F/March 22, 1985

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize/Few historic habitat sites

remain; therefore, there

is little

chance

to rear

and transplant

to

new
goal

localities.
is

The only

realistic

to

maintain and enhance

Blue-tailed
l

mole skink

150

Species: Blue-tailed

mole skink

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Preliminary Project Proposal de-

{Eumeces egregius
21

lividus)

veloped for refuge acquisition

Listing/Date:

Threatened/November
I

6,

1987
11.

which would protect

recent action.

habitat.

No

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

-)

May

have some

Recovery Priority: 9

state land acquisition projects in

conjunction with plant protection.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

163

151
1.

Sand skink
10.

Species: Sand skink (Neoseps

reynoldsi)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Preliminary Project Proposal developed for scrub refuge acquisition

2.

Listing/Date:

which would protect

habitat.

Threatened/November
3.

6,

1987
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

May

have some

4. 5. 6.
7.

state land acquisition projects in conjunction with plant protection.

Recovery

Priority: 7
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

152
1.

Atlantic salt
marsh snake
10.

marsh snake

Species: Atlantic salt

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Nerodia fasciata taeniata)

2.

None
11.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Possible study
of effects of open marsh water management on the Atlantic salt marsh snake. Study would be conducted by Volusia County

Threatened/November
3.
4.
5. 6. 7.

29,

977

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 12
Title:

Mosquito Control.
Pending
12.

Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U. Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990
8. 9.

164

Concho water snake

l.

153

Species:

Concho water snake

10.

(Nerodia harteri paucimaculata)

I.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Monitoring and various studies

continued (as outlined
in the

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September
J.

3,

1986

Reasonable and Prudent

Alternatives in a Section 7 biological opinion).
11.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Stable

\.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue implementation of Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives. Begin drafting Recovery Plan.

5.

Recovery Priority:

9C
Pending

>.

Recovery Plan

Title:

r .

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

!.

13. Information Current as of: July,

1990

>.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Eastern indigo snake

]
.

154

Species: Eastern indigo snake

populations of eastern indigo snakes;

reestablish popula-

(Drymarchon corais couperi)

\

Listing/Date: Threatened/January
31,

1978

where feasible; improve attitude of

tions

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

the public and their

behavior toward
snakes.

Recovery Priority: 12
10.

Major Activity Since

Last Report: The

Recovery Plan

Title:

Eastern

Indigo Snake Recovery Plan

Alabama Cooperative Wildlife

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/April 22, 1982

Research Unit has

released captive-

Endemic to the Southeast, the eastern indigo snake is dependent upon the burrows of other species (such as the threatened gopher tortoise). The snakes use the burrows as a general refuge and for overwintering.
12.

reared indigo snakes

in Florida,

Alabama,

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
ensure that

Georgia, and Mississippi.

Some

Recovery Achieved:

numerous indigo
11.

of the releases have been successful.

13. Information Current as of: July

snake populations exist and are

1990

reproducing and protected where

suitable habitat
historical
still

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Revise recovery plan and continue habitat research

exists in the

range of the species.

Maintain and protect existing

and captive release program.

165

San Francisco garter snake

1.

Species: San Francisco garter

9.

snake (Thamnophis
tetrataenia)
2.

sirtalis

Recovery Objective/Criteria: when at least 10 populations containing 200 snakes with

Delist a 50:50 sex ratio are maintained

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

and protected
years.
10.

for 15 consecutive

1967

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report: Radio telemetry life history study. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

11.

None
1

San Francisco Garter Snake Recovery

Recovery Plan
Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 11, 1985

Desert tortoise
1.

Species: Desert tortoise

(Gopherus
population
2.

agassizii),

Mohave

Listing/Date: Threatened/April

2,

1990
3. 4.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority:

3C
Pending

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

U
>-'..*

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

s^Kv

&'

~-p!--\'

x'

..-,

a recently-listed species, is primarily threatened by disease, p dation by ravens, vandalism, collectors, livestock grazing, and habitat disturbance
tortoise,

The desert

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Recovery team has been

appointed.

off-road vehicles.

The
to

Fish

and

Wildlife Service's
to halt the

recovery team

will

address thes<

threats

an effort healthy numbers.

in

develop a plan

decline of the species and restore

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Develop recovery plan.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

166

Gopher
1.

tortoise
11.

157

Species:

Gopher

tortoise,

western

9.

population (Gopherus polyphe-

mus)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 7,

1987
3.
4. 5. 6.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Prevention from endangered status and delisting. Successful prevention of endangered status would be considered by evidence of an average of 5 gopher tortoises per hectare on deep sandy soils
(1.52 meters (+/-)) for a period of

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Completion of
the final recovery plan, monitor-

ing of habitat management on the DeSoto National Forest, implementation of baseline surveys and
habitat assessments by the U.S.

Forest service, and publication of

30 years on

the

DeSoto National
is

an educational brochure for

vate landowners

pri-

Recovery

Priority:

Forest. For delisting, evidence

Recovery Plan Title: Gopher Tortoise Recovery Plan

required of an average of 3 gopher

tortoises per hectare

on longleaf pine management and gopher tortoise

on deep
(+/-))

conservation.

sandy

soils (1.53

meters

on
12.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

10.

private lands.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Completion of the final recovery

plan, monitoring of habitat

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

man-

agement on the DeSoto National

Forest, completion of the U.S.

Forest Service consultation on the

management chapter which governs gopher tortoise conservation on the DeSoto

habitat

National Forest.

Alabama
L

red-bellied turtle

158

Species:
tle

Alabama red-bellied

tur-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

This
is

(Pseudemys alabamensis)
11.

the first report.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
17,

1987

I.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Conduct studies to determine the turtle's population biology and ecology; locate major nesting habitats; locate basking and over- wintering habitats; and reduce mortality to all
life

\.

Unknown

Recovery Priority: 2
Recovery Plan
Title:

i.

Alabama
12.

stages.
1

Red-bellied Turtle Recovery Plan

.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January8, 1990

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Establish long-term
protection for three nesting habitats;

protect basking, feeding and

overwintering habitats; and data

collected over a 15-year period

demonstrates that the population

trend
is

increasing.

167

159
1.

Flattened
musk
turtle

musk
10.

turtle

Species: Flattened

Major Activity Since Last Report:

This
is

(Slcmothcrus depressus)
2.

the first report.

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 11.

11.

1987
3. 4. 5. 6.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: A work group

be established to assess the water quality problem. Studies will be conducted to determine
will

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Unknown

the implications of decreased

wa-

Recovery

Priority: 14
ter quality

and other

threats.

Recovery Plan Title: Flattened Musk Turtle Recovery Plan

Protective actions will be taken as

warranted.
12.

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June,

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February 26. 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting. Delisting will require

1990

9.

data that supports the existence of

viable populations in at least 12

streams over a 10-year period.

160
1.

Green sea
turtle

turtle
Major Activity Since Last Report: For threatened: Turtle Excluder Device (TED) regulations fully in
force in the Gulf and southeastern

Species:

Green sea

10.

(Chelonia nrydas)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered at

breeding colonies

and Pacific coast of Mexico/October

in Florida

U.S. For endangered:

13, 1970; July 28, 1978.

Standardized nest surveys in

Florida.

Threatened elsewhere/October
13. 1970; July 28, 1978. 3. 4.
5. 6.

Mexican beach,

turtle,

and nest protection in Yucatan Peninsula and Michoacan.

11.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: For threatened:
Foraging/habitat studies in Puerto

Unknown

Recovery

Priority: 8.

2C

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Marine Turtles (NMFS)

Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. For endangered: Mexican beach, turtle,

and nest protection

in

Yucatan

7.

for

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2 and

Peninsula and Michoacan.

Acquisition of major nesting

NMFS
8.

beaches

in east Florida.

Strengthen beach armoring regu-

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/September 19. 1984

12.

lations in Florida.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Not

defined.
13. Information Current as of: July

31,

1990

168

Hawksbill sea turtle

1.

161

Species: Hawksbill sea turtle

beaches

in Puerto Rico.
activities.

Law
Section 7

(= carey) (Eretmochelys

Enforcement

imbricata)
2.

habitat protection. Monitoring

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 2,

and protection of Mexican

beaches in Yucatan and

1970
3.
4.

Campeche.
11.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue monitor nesting

Unknown

5. 6.

Recovery Priority: 1C Recovery Plan

Title:

beaches in Puerto
at

Rico. Initiate foraging behavior

studies.

Recovery

Nest surveys/protection

Plan for Marine Turtles

(revised, 1990)
7.

(NMFS)

Buck

Island, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2, 4,

and

Mexican beaches Campeche.

12.

Monitoring and protection of in Yucatan and

NMFS
19.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

R/1990/F/September
9.

1984

31,

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Not

defined.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Monitoring and fencing nesting

Kemp's
.

ridley
to

sea

turtle

162

Species:

Kemp s ridley

sea turtle

females numbers increase

{Lepidochetys kempii)
'..

40,000
10.
2,

at

nesting beach.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Entered 13th year of cooperation
with Mexico
trend.
to fully protect nest-

Endangered/December
'.

1970

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

ing beach and monitor population

Monitor beaches

in

Vera

Recovery Priority:

2C
Recovery

Cruz

for nesting turtles.

TED s

required on U.S. shrimp trawlers.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Continuing analysis of distribution

11.

Plan for Marine Turtles

'

(NMFS)

and migratory paths.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2 and

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Cooperate with

NMFS
I
.

Mexico on major beach protection. Increase vigilance

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/1990/F/September 19, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to Threatened if: Major
nesting beach protected. Turtle

and ento

forcement of

TED regulations.
cover

Expand
sent.

TED regulations

l
-

areas and times where turtles pre-

Continue data collection on

distribution and migratory paths.

12.

Excluder Devices (TED) are enforced in shrimp trawls to mitigate fishing mortalities. Nesting

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

31, 1990

169

163
1.

Leatherback sea
10.

turtle

Species: Leatherback sea turtle

(Dermochclys coriacea)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Nest surveys/protection on two

major U.S. nesting beaches:

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 2,

Sandy

Point, U.S. Virgin Islands,

1970
3. 4. 5.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status:

and Culebra, Puerto Rico. Beach and turtle protection in Guyana.

Unknown

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Nest
surveys/protection on two major

Recovery

Priority: 7

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Marine Turtles (NMFS) (revised, 1990)

U.S. nesting beaches: Sandy Point, U.S. Virgin Islands, and

Culebra, Puerto Rico. Establish

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2, 4, and NMFS

12.

beach and
Pacific

turtle protection in

Mexico

at Mexiquillo,

Michoacan.
Recovery Achieved:
1

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/l990/F/September 19, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Not

defined.

13. Information Current as of: July

31,

1990

9.

164
1.

Loggerhead sea
10.

turtle

Species: Loggerhead sea turtle

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Turtle Excluder Device

(Carctla carctta)
2.

(TED)

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 28,

regulation in force in the Gulf and

1978
3. 4.

southeastern U.S. Standardized

nesting surveys on index beaches
in Florida,

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining

North Carolina, and

Georgia implemented.
11.

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

7C
Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Acquisition of high density nesting beaches in
Florida for sea turtle refuge.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Plan for Marine Turtles

7.

(NMFS).

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2, 4,

and

Strengthen beach armoring regulations in Florida.

12.

NMFS

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/1990/F/Septcmbcr 19. 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Not

defined.

13. Information Current as of: July

31,

1990

9.

Loggerhead hatchlings face enormous and human-related threats. In effort to protect nesting beaches at Ca Canaveral National Seashore in Florid from predation, the Fish and Wildlife Service has coordinated with the Air Force and the National Park Service. Since protection efforts have been unnatural
i

dertaken, the

number

of successful

hatchlings has increased dramatically

from 5 percent to 60 percent.

170

Olive (Pacific) ridley sea turtle

1.

165

Species: Olive (Pacific) ridley sea

turtle

10.

{Lepidochelys olivacea)

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered

at

Major Activity Since Last Report: For threatened: Beach and nest protection in Guyana. Beach and
nest protection in Costa Rica. For

breeding colonies on Pacific

Coast of Mexico^uly 28, 1978. Threatened elsewhere/July 28,

1978.
3. 4. 5.
6.

endangered: Beach and nest protions in

and slaughterhouse operaOaxaca, Mexico. Achieved complete ban on legal

tection,

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Declining
11.

take of species in Mexico.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: For threatened:

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

8C
Recovery

Title:

Plan for Marine Turtles

7.

(NMFS)

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2 and

NMFS
8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 19, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Not
defined

Beach and nest protection Guyana. Beach and nest protection in Costa Rica. For endangered: Beach and nest protection, monitor/investigate implementation of and aid in maintaining the ban on take and trade, and initiate additional beach protection project in Oaxaca, Mexico.
12. Recovery Achieved:
1

9.

13. Information Current as of: July

31,

1990

Plymouth red-bellied
I.

turtle

166

Species:
turtle

Plymouth red-bellied {Pseudemys rubriventris

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Headstarting and release of turtles
in suitable habitat within the

bangsii)
I.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
2,

species' range. Predator control

1980
11.

through the use of nest exclosures.

Ongoing monitoring and

surveys.

\.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Headstarting
turtles at the rate of

\.

Recovery Priority: 9 Recovery Plan Title: Plymouth Red-Bellied Turtle Recovery Plan

100

hatchlings/year will continue for

10 years.

An

inventory of the

ma-

jor population will be conducted,

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 26, 1985
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/Can occur if the taxon
increases to at least 15 self-sustaining populations with

surveys of other ponds will continue,

study will
.

and a mark and recapture be conducted to deter-

mine

the survival of wild (non-

headstarted) turtles, which

appears
12.

to

be low

at this point.

'

Recovery Achieved: 2

600

13. Information Current as of: July

breeding age individuals.

1990

171

167
1.

Ringed sawback
<h ulifera)

turtle

Species: Ringed sawback turtle

in either stretch, for a total pro-

(Graptemys
2.

tected area of 150 river miles.

10.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Threatened/December 23, 1986

3.

Group: Reptiles
Species Status: Stable

The major ongoing activity has been mark and recapture research
at selected localities

on the Pearl

4. 5. 6.

River

to

form baseline estimates

Recovery

of the current population.

Priority: 14
11.

Ringed Sawback Turtle Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The major activity will

be

to

conclude the pop-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 8, 1988
12.

ulation assessment research

and

analyze and present the results.

8.

Recovery Achieved: 2 June

F/April
9.

13. Information Current as of:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delisting. Delisting the Ringed

1990

Sawback turtle will require providing secure habitat for the turtle
in

two stretches of the Pearl River

the

(one upstream and one

downstream of

Ross Barnett

Reservoir), with at least 30 miles

172

Appendix IV. Amphibians

174

Golden coqui
1.

168

Species:

Golden coqui

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: To continue
field surveys at old localities to

(Eleutherodactylus jasperi)
2.

The

three populations

Listing/Date:

should be stable or expanding,

11,

Threatened/November
3.
4.

1977

having a
viduals.

minimum

of 1,000 indihabitat

discover whether populations survive and to determine threats and

biological limiting factors to re-

The long-term

Group: Amphibians
Species Status: Declining

has been ensured for essential

habitat of the three
lations. Habitat

known popumanagement
12.

maining populations.
Recovery Achieved:
1

5. 6.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

Plan for

5C

plans for essential habitat are

Recovery the Golden Coqui

Title:

(Eleutherodactylus jasperi)
7.

completed and provide a basis for long-term management of golden coqui habitat to insure sustained
availability of required habitat

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/January 1984
10.

conditions and reduce the

likeli-

hood

of catastrophic losses.

8.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Field surveys at Cayey to find the

known

populations. Status survey

prepared by Department of Natural Resources. The status

was reviewed

in April 1990.

Cheat Mountain salamander

1.

169

Species: Cheat

Mountain

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Life history and habitat

salamander {Plethodon nettingi)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
18,

disturbance studies, and habitat

protection activities (primarily
Sec. 7 actions). Several

1989

new

sites

3. 4.

Group: Amphibians
Species Status: Stable

were discovered; however, some historic sites failed to produce the

species.

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 8
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued

Recovery Plan Title: Draft Recovery Plan for the Cheat Mountain Salamander (Plethodon
12.
nettingi)

monitoring and habitat protection.

Recovery Achieved: 2

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U/no
date

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

Delist /

Recovery Objective/Criteria: At least 30 stable and

preferably increasing populations

(15 in the southern and 15 in the

northern portion of the range).

175

170
1.

Desert slender salamander

Given extremely limited
tion of species,
it is

Species: Desert slender salaman-

distribu-

der {Batrachoseps aridus)

2.

unlikely that

the species will be delisted.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 4,

1973
3.
4. 5.

10.

Group: Amphibians
Species Status:

Unknown 5C
Recovery

Recovery

Priority:

6.

Recovery Plan
Plan
-

Title:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Department of Fish and Game has been conducting monthly surveys of Guadalupe Canyon during 1989. They are attempting to collect one individual from this location for genetic
California
analysis.

Desert Slender Salamander

11.

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 1982

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue monitoring population. Acquire genetic
information on population in

Guadalupe Canyon.
12.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: and population in Hidden Palms Canyon. Downlist to Threatened: Determine if
Stabilize habitat

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

second population exists in a completely different watershed.

171
1.

Red

Hills

salamander
10.

Species: Red Hills salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti)

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since

Last Report:
tus of the

A reexsta-

.*"

amination of the
3,

2.

Threatened/December
3.
4. 5.

1976

Red

Hills

salamander was completed in September

Group: Amphibians
Species Status: Declining

1988.

The

report

identifies

Recovery

Priority: 7

tions to

23 populabe protected

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Red Hills Salamander Recovery Plan

and outlines compatible land use activities.

,
-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November 23, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Habitat reassessment; pre-

11.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period:

Native only to the

Hills
its

Red
is

Hills

region of Alabama, the R>

salamander

threatened by intensive logging

ot

8.

Recommen-

restrictive habitat.

The species

is

found mainly
siltstone.

in

dations contained in
the reexamination

mature hardwood forests underlain by

9.

report concerning protection of

certain populations

12.

Recovery Achieved:

manage habitat (16,000 hectares of good to optimal habitat).

serve and/or

and compati-

13. Information Current as of: June

ble land use practices.

1990

176

San Marcos salamander

1.

Species:

San Marcos salamander

10.

{Eurycea nana)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 14,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Preliminary results from a Section 6 study showed that the salamanders in the

1980
3. 4.

Comal Springs

are not

Group: Amphibians
Species Status:

Eurycea nana, indicating that the San Marcos salamander is more

limited in distribution than originally thought

Unknown

(now only known

5. 6.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

2C
San Marcos
11.

from one

location).

A captive

Title:

breeding techniques and ecology

study was started.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/April 8, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist when continued flow in San Marcos River is ensured. This objective and criteria will
likely

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue captive breeding techniques and ecol-

8.

ogy

study.

Should
to

it

become

necessary

temporarily bring

this species into captivity if

9.

spring flows drop critically low,

the techniques for captive breed-

ing will be available.

12. Recovery Achieved:
1

be amended

in the
is

Recovery Plan revision that

der way.

un-

13. Information Current as of: July,

1990

Santa Cruz long-toed salamander

Species: Santa

Cruz long-toed

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Significant habitat loss has

salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum)

Listing/Date:
11,

occurred due
filling of

to 1)

disking and

Endangered/March

breeding ponds at
2) tree

1967

McCloskey Slough and

cutting and livestock grazing at

Group: Amphibians
Species Status: Stable

Moro
ered.

Cojo. Several

new popula-

tions have recently

been discov-

Recovery Priority: 3
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander Recovery

Plan

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The Nature Conservancy may conduct work
to

address

salt

water intrusion

at

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/Unpublished

Struve Pond.
12. Recovery Achieved:
1

13. Information Current as of:

1,

August

1990

revision/November 14, 1986

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Establish secure populations

177

174
1.

Shenandoah salamander
is a problem. The National Park Service prepared a manage-

Species:

Shenandoah salamander

tation

(Plethodon shenatuioah)
2.

ment plan
Listing/Date: Endangered/August
18,
3. 4.

for the species.

1989

11.

Group: Amphibians
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued experimentation with gypsy moth spraying, and evaluation of salamander abundance at both
sprayed and untreated
sites.

5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

N/A

Assessment of effects of competition with the red-backed salamander.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.

N/A

12.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

N/A

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Searches for additional populations; one population was found.
Also, gypsy moth control was conducted at the four known population sites, to determine if infes-

175
1.

Texas blind salamander

11.

Species: Texas blind salamander

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
efforts to protect

{Typhlomolgc rathbuni)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11.

Edward's

1967
12.

Aquifer from drawdown and pollution.

3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

Group: Amphibians
Species Status:

Recovery Achieved:

Unknown
13. Information Current as of: July,

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

1990

Recovery Plan

NA

for
8. 9.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

NA

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

NA

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: None. Continuing efforts by many

agencies to protect the Edward's Aquifer from drawdown and pollution benefit this species.

No

other recovery actions are possible for this subterranean animal.

178

Houston toad
Species:

176

Houston toad (Bufo hou-

Bastrop and Burleson Counties

assured. Delisting considered

is

relationship with (Bufo

stonensis)

Listing/Date:
critical

Endangered (w/

when

self-sustaining breeding

habitaO/October 13, 1970

10.

populations exist in five or

counties.

more

americatms charlcsmithi). Six were collected for planned electrophoretic work. The Houston Zoo has reduced its captive propagation effort.
will

Group: Amphibians
Species Status:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Searches for new populations continued. Toads were heard calling at two new sites, one each in Colorado and Burleson Counties, but no individuals were seen or counted at these sites. The Leon County site was revisited and six individuals were collected for later taxonomic analysis. Nineteen other counties have been searched
11.

total of six adults

Unknown

remain there

for research

purposes.

Recovery Priority:

5C

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Searches for

Recovery Plan
Plan for

Recovery the Houston Toad (Bufo

Title:

houstonensis)

new populations will continue and expand. The ecology study on

the Bastrop

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

County population

will continue. 12.

Recovery Achieved:

F/September 17, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

with negative results.

13. Information Current as of: July

Downlisting

to

be con-

sidered

when

(1) self-sustaining

populations occur in two counties

in addition to

Bastrop and

Burleson Counties, and (2) survival of existing populations in

Approximately 350 toads of the Bastrop County population were PIT tagged as part of an autecology study to determine population size, phenology, and other life history characteristics. Taxonomic studies are underway to evaluate

26, 1990

Puerto Rican crested toad

Species: Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur)
'a\.

177

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Continuation of captive breeding

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
4,

and

release; protection of breed-

1987

ing habitat; monitoring of repro-

ductive success; preparation of

draft Captive
11.

Group: Amphibians
Species Status:

Master Plan.

Unknown

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
captive breeding and release; de-

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

2C
Puerto Rican

Title:

velopment of method of monitoring success of release;

Crested Toad Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

north-south coast population genetic studies.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

13. Information Current as of: July 7,

Develop a wild crested

is

1990

toad population that

demographically stable.

179

178
1.

Wyoming toad
toad (Bufo
haxlcri)

Species:

Wyoming

hcmiophns
2.

been identified. Twelve young and subadult toads were captured and transferred to Sybille, WY,
for captive propagation purposes.

ed

for establishment of

new po

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
17.

and whether these egg masses can be taken from the wild or from captive populatio
lations

1984

Toad censuses were conducted

to

The recovery plan

will

be

final

3.

Group: Amphibians
Species Status: Declining

determine population numbers, breeding adults, and young survival.

ized. Population monitoring wi

continue and a biological and

ecological study will be condu<

4.
5. 6.

The Nature Conservancy

to

Recovery

Priority: 3

has leased 20 acres of toad habitat

ed

to

document movements/dis

Recovery Plan Title: Wyoming Toad Recovery Plan

and has an option

buy 1,800
actions to

persion of toads and hibernatio

areas.

acres of important toad habitat.

An additional

25 young

The Service has begun

Conservancy

toads will be taken into captivi

for

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 6

acquire these lands from the

for inclusion in the

supplementing the captive

population. Water quality samr.

will

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

refuge system.

hard winter

last

be analyzed for

year caused a significant loss in

the population,

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when existing population becomes secure and 5 new secure populations of at least 100 adults have been established in the Laramie Basin.

which

is

currently

establishment of a baseline of \ ter quality conditions in known

recovering. This population variation appears to a cyclical

and potential
12.

habitats.
1

Recovery Achieved:

situation.
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Analyses will

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Two

rcintroduction sites have

be made on the number of eggs masses which need to be collect-

180

Appendix

IV.

182

Yaqui catfish
1.

179
1991 or
in
1

Species: Yaqui catfish (Ictalurus

pricei)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

to the

wild

in the fall of

A collection permit for Yaqui catfish

1992.
12.

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August

31,1984
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

was obtained from the Mexican government in the spring

of 1990. Refuge staff assisted

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

Arizona

Game

& Fish and Dexter

(NFH)

1990

National Fish Hatchery

personnel in collecting

Recovery Priority: 8 Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

broodstock from the Rio Sirupa, a tributary of the Rio Yaqui in Chihuahua, Mexico in April
1990. Approximately 230 fish were taken to Dexter NFH from Mexico. Fish are currently bemg
studied to determine
if

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

they are

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize. Reintroduce Yaqui catfish into historical habitat

"pure" Yaqui catfish.

11.

San Bernardino

NWR

on the where it is

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Electrophoretic

work

currently extirpated.

will be started on stock of Yaqui catfish at Dexter NFH. If

determined to be pure Yaqui they will be encouraged to spawn next

spring for eventual reintroduction

Alabama cavefish
1.

180

Species:

Alabama

cavefish

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Find three viable populations in discontinuous aquatic

(Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1988

3.

systems outside the

Key Cave
Downlist

area. Protect the recharge areas

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

for all foui' populations.

when

all

four populations are

4.

5.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

demonstrated to be stable or increasing as evidenced by monitoring over a 20-year period.

10.

5.

Title:

Second

Revision of Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Alabama Cavefish
Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Cooper

No
11.

action taken.

andKuehne 1974
1.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The recovery

plan will be finalized.

for
I.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 23, 1985

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

183

181
1.

Ozark cavefish
creasing as evidenced by systematic observations over at least a
10- year period.

Species: Ozark cavefish

(Amhlxopus rosae)
2.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/November
3. 4. 5. 6.

l,

1988

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: New populations were discovered

in Missouri.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Improving
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Additional
searches for

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

new

populations.

Recovery

Population survey of

known pop-

Plan for the Ozark Cavefish

ulations in Arkansas to continue

(Amblyopsis rosae).
7.

data on population trends.

12.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: June

8.

Rev/November
9.

1990

14, 1989.

Delist.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Nine caves and important

their recharge ar-

components of

eas are protected, including Cave

Springs Cave, Arkansas, and the

cavefish population in each of
these caves remains stable or in-

182
1.

Bonytail

chub
curing and developing a broodstock, reintroducing wild or

Species: Bonytail chub (Gila ele-

vision underwent agency and

gans)
2.

public review and was finalized

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
23,

hatchery-produced bonytail chub

within
its

The Service

is

refining recom-

1980

historical range, obtain-

ing necessary ecological informa3. 4.

5.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

tion, and reevaluating the taxonomic status of the Gila complex.

mendations for flow needed to maintain species' habitat and h; begun investigations to acquire needed water rights.
11.

Recovery

Priority:

5C

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Implementati
of the Recovery Program, inclut

The Service has begun implementing a propagation and genetics management program. Breeding biology has been successfully worked out and a broodstock has been established. Restocking has
occurred in Mohave Lake in the

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Bonytail Chub Recovery Plan

ing the propagation and genetic

studies, will

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

be continued.

Recovery Plan: Region 6

Investigations will continue for

the purpose of identifying reinfl

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 4, 1990; F/May 16, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

Lower

The "Recovery Implementation Program for

Basin.

sites. The Service will begin taxonomic studies on vari ous fish of the genus Gila. Worl

duction

9.

The bonytail chub

is

extremely rare and very few individuals have been identified in the
wild.

The immediate recovery

is to

goal

prevent extinction by

directing initial efforts toward se-

Endangered Fish Species in the Upper Colorado River Basin" entered its third year and a $2.8 million work plan covering 44 high priority recovery activities was developed by the Implementation Committee for FY 90. The
Bonytail

will continue to investigate wat<

rights acquisition

and

in develo]

ment and implementation of th( FY 91 recovery work plan.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

Chub Recovery Plan

re-

September 1990

184

Borax Lake chub

I.

183
BLM
intends to

Species:

Borax Lake chub (Gila

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize/secure habitat; Maintain

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
establish a long-term monitoring

boraxobius)
I.

water quality and quantity for

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
i.

5,

1982
10.

Borax Lake and adjacent

marshes.

program

for water quality,

tem-

perature and water quantity.

The

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

\.

The Bureau

Major Activity Since Last Report: of Land Management

Nature Conservancy will continue to monitor the population and

seek opportunities for land acquisition.

5.

Recovery Priority: 5 Recovery Plan

Title:

(BLM)
Recovery

is

in informal Section 7

consultation with the Service on

Plan for the Borax Lake

'.

Chub

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/February 1987

!.

geofhermal exploratory drilling by Anadarko Corporation; an Environmental Assessment is currently under review. BLM has installed a weather station to monitor ambient temperature and weather data at Borax Lake. A management burn was undertaken by BLM in 1990 to rehydrate adjacent marsh; however, the effort has been ineffectual.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

24,

1990

Chihuahua chub
Species:

184

Chihuahua chub {Gila

10.

nigrescens)
Listing/Date: Threatened/October
11,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Stream survey work in Chihuahua, Mexico. Continued
efforts to secure spring-fed habitats in

1983
11.

Mimbres River

drainage.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
5

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Secure

Recovery Priority: 2 Recovery Plan

Title:

adequate habitat

to

prevent

extinction of the species in the

Chihuahua
12.

U.S.

Chub Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2
Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 14, 1986
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/Secure, via easement, pur-

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

31,

1990

chase or other legal agreement

spring-fed habitat

where species
in his-

occurs in the U.S. and establish

two additional populations

torical range.

185

185
1.

Humpback chub
(Gila
1 1.

Species:

Humpback chub

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The Service will begin taxonomic studies on
various fish of the genus Gila, in-

cypha)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

cluding this species.

Work

will

3. 4.
5.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

continue to investigate water rights acquisition and in develop-

Recovery

Priority:

2C Humpback

6.

Recovery Plan

ment and implementation of the FY 9 1 recovery work plan. Bureau of Reclamation will be
conducting an intensive study of this species' habitat requirements
in the tributaries of

Title:

Chub Recovery
7.

Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 19, 1990;

Lake Mead

to

use in analyzing proposed

changes
taken to
tion

8.

operations. Efforts will

Rev/May
9.

Glenn Canyon Dam be underset up a refugium populato

15, 1984;

and a captive breeding

this species.
1

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting five self-sustaining populations are identified and re-

population of
12.

Recovery Achieved:

stored.

The

criteria for self-sus-

13. Information Current as of:

taining populations are currently

unknown. Delisting

September 1990

these five

populations and their habitats are

protected and in addition at least

two refugia are established

vent catastrophic loss.
10.

to pre-

Major Activity Since Last Report:

The "Recovery Implementation

Program
for

Endangered Fish

Species in the Upper Colorado

River Basin" entered its third year and a $2.8 million work plan covering 44 high priority recovery activities was developed by the Upper Basin Recovery Program Implementation Committee for

FY

90.

The Humpback Chub

Recovery Plan revision underwent agency and public review and was
finalized.

The Service
for

is

refining

recommendations
to

flow needed
Native to the Colorado River Basin, the
fishes targeted
in

maintain species" habitat and

has begun investigations to acquire needed water rights.

humpback chub

is

one

of the

endangered

a cooperative recovery program for fishes of the Colorado River Basin. The program involves maintaining stream flow, restocking, and monitoring.

186

Hutton Spring
1.

tui

chub

186

Species: Hutton Spring tui

chub

9.

{Gila bicolor undescribed

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

subspecies)
10.
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Listing/Date: Threatened/March
28, 1985
11.

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: None
anticipated
12.

J.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

\.

Unknown

5.

Recovery Priority: 9 Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery Achieved: 2

>.

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
Pending

I.

Mohave
Species:

tui

chub

187
Recommended
West
to establish

Mohave

tui

chub (Gila

years;

many

refugia have failed at

bicolor mohavensis)
Listing/Date:
10.
13,

the 5 year period.

reduced the chub population at the one remaining pond there.

11.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Routine maintenance of

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
actions include: Dredging of

Endangered/October
Group: Fishes
.

1970

MC
this

Spring has been contracted to

Desert Studies Consortium;

Species Status: Declining

Pond
third

at Fort

Soda

should ensure timely completion

of vegetation removal. Population
at

refugium

there.

Bureau of
of

Recovery Priority:
t

6C
Mohave Tui

Land Management has $15,000

$75,000 needed for work;

China Lake

is

threatened by

Recovery Plan

Title:

upcoming
ply.

alteration of water supis

Establishment of additional refugia in cooperation with California

Chub Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1
Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 1984
3

Ventura staff

working with

the

Navy and

the City of

Ridgecrest to attempt to ensure

viability of this population.

California Department of Fish

Department of Fish and Game; Stabilization of refugium at California Department of Fish and Game's Camp Cady refugium;
Investigate potential for re-intro-

and

Game has

initiated prelimito

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist Criteria in Recovery
plan call for 6 refugia
populations, stable for at least 5
years. Delist Criteria in

nary attempts
small

introduce chub

ductions into Mojave River at

into an additional refugium.

oil spill at

A
12.

potential to

Soda had contaminate a chub

Fort

Afton Canyon; Reviewing adequacy of recovery plan.

Recovery

population there. Environmental

Recovery Achieved:

Plan above, plus reestablishment

in the Mojave River. There has been discussion among advisory team members regarding the need
to

Contaminant staff from Laguna Niguel Field Office (FWS) worked with the Bureau of Land

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Management

to correct at

problems.

increase the time for determi-

Disease outbreak

Camp Cady

nation of a stable population to 10

refugium may have significantly

187

188
1.

Owens
lui

tui
10.

chub
Major Activity Since Last Report: Research on life history.
Discovery of

Species:

Owens

chub (Gila

bicolor snyderi)
2.

Lisiing/Date: Endangered/August
5,

new population. Survey of Owens Gorge for addia

1985
11.

tional populations.

3. 4. 5.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Protection of
habitat at existing locations.

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Recovery
12.

Recovery Achieved:

6.

Recovery Plan
Plan for the

Title:

Owens

Tui

Chub

13. Information Current as of:

August

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

23, 1990

8.

TA/1990
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened.

Elimination of threats to existing

populations, and to successfully

reintroduce chubs into other se-

cure habitats.

189
1.

Pahranagat roundtail chub

and creating preferred chub habitat.

Species: Pahranagat roundtail

chub (Gila robusta jordani)

2.

When reestablished,
1%

self-suswill

taining

Listing/Date:

chub populations

Endangered/October
3.
4. 5.
6.

13,

1970
10.

occupy as much as
range.

of historic

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

Unknown

Major Activity Since Last Report: Completion of research project by

Services Seattle Fisheries

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

Research Lab on chub foraging

Pahranagat
behavior, habitat electivity, and

Recovery Plan
Roundtail

Chub Recovery Plan

reproduction, and distribution and

relative

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

abundance of all fishes

in

Recovery Plan: Region

the Pahranagat River system.

1

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 28, 1986

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
efforts to secure habitats

through

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting to threatened three

purchase/easement; remove exotics; restock with captive-propagated fish from Dexter National Fish Hatchery.
12.

established populations for at

least 5 years without

being threatactivities;

ened by man-caused
Delisting

rehabilitate natural

Recovery Achieved:

habitats within historic range

13. Information Current as of: July

through removal of exotic species

25,

1990

188

1 1

Slender chub
1.

190

Species: Slender

chub (Hybopsis

10.

cahni)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/

Major Activity Since Last Report: Propagation research is being conducted at the Virginia
Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.

September
3.
4.

9,

1977
11.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Complete current propagation research in the
next year.

Unknown
1

5.

Recovery Priority:

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Slender Chub Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 1983

13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

$.

29,
).

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish three viable

pop-

ulations through the protection of

existing populations

and through

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

Sonora chub
Species: Sonora
ditaenia)

191

chub (Gila

veys in Mexico are being

Listing/Date: Threatened/April
30,

1986

conducted by the Centro Ecologico de Sonora in Hermosillo, Mexico. Efforts are underway to solve the problem of
trespass grazing in the only

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Sonora chub habitat in the United States, located on the Coronado

National Forest.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

Title:

Sonora Chub

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Section 7 protection, studies

Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

J.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/June 7, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Stabilization

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

<:.

9.

The Forest Service

Major Activity Since Last Report: is conducting a study of habitat needs and biology of the Sonora chub in the

United States. Distributional sur-

189

192
1.

Spotfin chub
chub (Cyprinella
10.

Species: Spotfin

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Reintroduced species into Abrams Creek, Monroe County, Tennessee. Propagation research

(= Hypobsis) monacha)
2.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September
3. 4.
5.

9,

1977

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

being conducted at the Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife

is

Unknown
1 1.
1

Research Unit.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue reintroduction and complete current propagation research in the next
year.

Recovery

Priority:

6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Spotfin

Chub Recovery
7.

Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of:

June

F/November 2 1,1983
9.

25, 1990

Delist. Protect four present

Recovery Objective/Criteria: populations

and discover and/or create

three additional populations.

193
1. 2.

Virgin River

chub

Species: Virgin River chub (Gila

dition to several thousand

robusta semidnuda)
Listing/Date: Endangered/August
24, 1989
3. 4. 5. 6.

young were released back into the river. Eradication has been successful in a 6-mile reach and the area is

now

available for reintroduction.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

Further treatments are planned to

complete red shiner eradication and make additional river habitat

available for species reintroduction.

Recovery

Priority:

3C
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Virgin River Endangered Fishes Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Eradication of
the red-shiner will continue as
will reintroduction of the

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 6

chub

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

into available quality habitat.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Under development

Virgin River Endangered Fishes

Recovery Plan and reviewed.

12.

will

be prepared

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A program is underway to eradicate the non-native red shiner from a 21 -mile reach of the Virgin
River. Several

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

hundred salvaged
in ad-

chubs from treated reaches

190

Yaqui chub
1.

194

Species: Yaqui

chub (Gila pur-

purea)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ August

31,

1984

drought in southeast Arizona populations of Yaqui chub in Black Draw and Leslie Creek were hard hit. Both streams
dried to a small
fish survived.

to severe

number

of deep

3.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
11.

pools where reduced numbers of

4.

5.

Recovery Priority: 8

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Creation and

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

improvement of aquatic habitats chub on San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge. Locate
for Yaqui

suitable areas off refuge for possi8.

U
12.

ble genetic data on

all

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist

populations of Yaqui chub.

Recovery Achieved:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Yaqui chubs have been introduced into four additional ponds on the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge. These ponds are supplied by artesian well outflows and
populations are increasing.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Due

Cui-ui
1.

Species: Cui-ui {Chasmistes

cujus)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Overall objective
is to

No
and

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
tives/criteria
1)

quantitative criteria established.

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

restore

Quantification of recovery objec-

11,1967
3.
4.

maintain an optimum self-sustaining population of cui-ui in the

by the Recovery
life his-

Team.

2) Continuation of

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

Unknown,

presumed stable
5.

Truckee River/Pyramid Lake system through rehabilitating essential habitat, protecting and

tory research project. 3)

Continuation of negotiation process to allow passage of Senate

Bill 1554.

Recovery Priority:
Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

2C
Cui-ui
10.

managing the cui-ui population, and informing the public of the

restoration effort.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

6.

Title:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

1) Initiation of a

13. Information Current as of: July

25, 1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

5-year research

study by the Seattle National

Fisheries Research
life

Lab

of cui-ui

3.

history requirements. 2)

R/Rev/November 22, 1983

Introduction of Senate Bill 1554 by Senator Harry Reid to resolve Truckee River water issues. 3) Formation of a Cui-ui Recovery Team.

191

196
1.

Ash Meadows speckled dace

minimum
level of 1.4 feet

Spedes: Ash Meadows speckled dace (Rhini(hih\s osculus

nevadensis)

below

and

snails in all springs

which

marker, reestablish water to historic channels; secure essential

habitat

they historically occupied; doci

2.

Listing/Date:

disturbances;
2,

Endangered/September
3.
4.
5.

1983

of

all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

ment presence of all listed plan species and 4 candidate plant species at all sites which they
have historically occupied.
10.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
Recover)' Priority: 9

Meadows

springs

Major Activity Since Last Repi

Initiation of multi-year researcl

where they were historically present; document presence of

program by

Seattle National

Amargosa

niterwort in

all

historic

Fisheries Center, utilizing Secti

6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Ash

localities; establish

and protect

6 funding from the Nevada De]

of Wildlife, to determine
tory patterns of
life hi

Meadows
7.

refugia populations of Devil's

Species Recovery Plan

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Hole pupfish. Delisting following criteria must be met for 5

years following downlisting: se-

endemic

fishes

and aquatic invertebrates, and

<

termine impacts of exotic sped

cure corridors for listed plant

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990

on endemic fishes and aquatic

invertebrates.
11.

species within essential habitat;

reestablish native plant

and

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting all of following 7

aquatic communities to historic

structure

and composition within

habitat; establish self-

conditions met within essential

habitat for a period of 5 years:

all critical

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement t Meadows Species Recovery Pli
Recovery Achieved: 2

sustaining populations of

Warm

Eradicate

all

non-native plants
all

and animals; secure aquifer so

spring flows return to historic dis-

Springs pupfish and Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speckled dace; document presence of
all

12.

13. Information Current as of:

September, 1990

charge rates and maintain water

level in Devil s

Hole

at a

14 candidate aquatic insects

197
1.

Blackside dace
10.

Species: Blackside dace

{Phoxinus cumber lande risis)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 12,

Major Activity Since Last Report: activities have been conducted on the species since

No recovery

1987
3.

completion of a U.S. Forest Service funded life history study

in 1988.

Group: Fishes4. Species Status: Unknown 5. Recovery Priority:

Recovery Plan Title: Blackside Dace Recovery Plan

11. 6.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The U.S. Forest Service is reviewing a reintroduction project for

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August 17, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria: populations through the protection of existing populations and through
Delist. Establish 18 viable

FY

91 funding.
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of:

June

25,

1990

9.

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

192

Clover Valley speckled dace

Species: Clover Valley speckled
10.

198

Major Activity Since Last Repon:

dace (Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus)

Listing/Date:

No
this

previous report completed;

species was only recently

listed. Status report

Endangered/October
Group: Fishes

10,

1989

completed in 1984 found only 2 populations. In

1988, a third locality was docu-

mented.
11.

Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

9C
Pending
12.

Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region l

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Desert dace
Species: Desert dace
10.

199

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Status report completed in 1988.

(Eremichthys acros)
I

Listing/Date: Threatened/

Negotiation under way between

December
J

10,

1985

new landowners and the Bureau of Land Management to facilitate

a land sale and/or exchange.
11.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue process to accomplish land

Recovery Priority:

7C
Pending
12.

Recovery Plan

Title:

exchange/sale.

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
secure water quantity and quality
in springs

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

cure habitat

and outflows, and sefrom human distur-

bance.

193

200
1.

Foskett speckled dace

10.

Species: Foskeu speckled dace

(Rhinichthys osculus)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Monitor two existing populations. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Continue monitoring of two populations and en-

Listing/Date: Threatened/March

11.

3. 4.
5. 6.
7.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

hance habitat

at

second

Unknown
12.

population

site.

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

Recovery Achieved: 2

Recovery Plan

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

23.
for
8.

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: Secure and maintain two populations.

9.

201
1.

Independence Valley speckled dace

9.

Species: Independence Valley

speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus Icthoporus) 10.

2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Species only recently
listed.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4.

10,

1989

Status report completed in 1984

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
1 1.

documented presence
locality.

in

only one

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Pending
12.

None

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

August

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

23,

1990

194

Kendall
1.

Warm

Springs dace
construction.

Species: Kendall

Warm

Springs

10.

dace (Rhinichthys osculus thermalis)

2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Taxonomic validity has been verified. In FY 90, a fence was constructed around dace habitat on
Forest Service land to protect the
habitat

Conduct

a hydro-

logic study to identify impacts

from relocating Green River Lakes road. The Fish and Wildlife
Service will be coordinating with
the Forest Service to designate

Endangered/October
J.

13,

1970

from livestock grazing.

is

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

The
the

Forest Service

developing

i.

stream habitat improvements on Green River Lakes road by

dace habitat as an Research Natural Area, and to improve the public education exhibit where

5.

Recovery Priority: 12
Recovery Plan Title: Kendall Warm Springs Dace Recovery
Plan

removing culverts and excess road fill to improve stream flow gradients and increase dace habitat.

Green River Lakes road crosses

dace habitat
to

prevent accidental

harm
12.

or disturbance.

Alternative locations for the

are also being

Union Pass Road

Recovery Achieved: 3

'.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 12, 1982 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Protect and maintain the popula11.

considered by the Forest Service,

13. Information Current as of: July

which includes options supported by the Fish and Wildlife Service to relocate the Green River Lakes
road currendy crossing dace habitat.

1990

and its habitat while verifying taxonomic validity of the

tion

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue work
with Forest Service
conflicts
to resolve

subspecies.

from Union Pass road

Moapa dace
1

203

Species:
riacea)

Moapa dace (Moapa

co-

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
protect and rehabilitate adequate
habitat within the historical range

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Remove approximately 50 palm trees

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March

1967

of the

Moapa dace

to delist the

species. Reclassification to threat3

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

ened

will

be considered following

around springs and along outflows, and encourage growth of native deciduous trees. Attempt
to

protection and rehabilitation of at

4

remove exotic

fishes

least 3 springs with self-sustain5

(mosquitofish and shortfin mollies) in fall

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

ing populations and 2 miles of

of 1990.

Title:

Moapa Dace
10.

stream habitat.
12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Construction of approximately

13. Information Current as of: July

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February 14, 1983

400

25,
feet of artificial

1990

channel

to

enhance Moapa dace

habitat, ef-

fectively doubling size of the total

dace habitat on the refuge. Numbers of adult dace have increased approximately 25%. The springfish population has also increased.

195

204
1.

Amber
darter (Pcrciiia

darter
10.

Species:

Amber

antesella)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A life history and threat analysis
project
is

presently being

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
5,

1985

3. 4.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
11.

conducted under a Section 6 project with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and Georgia

Department of Natural Resources.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Current Section
6 project will end next year.

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: Conasauga Logperch and Amber Darter Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

7.

June

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 20, 1986 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Establish two viable
populations through the protection of existing population

25,

1990

8.

9.

and

through the discovery and/or creation of an additional population.

205
1.

Bayou darter
data on fluvial geomorphic processes operating in the Bayou
Pierre system

Species:

Bayou darter

{Ethcostoma rubrum)
2.

Listing/Date:

which supports the

Threatened/September 25, 1975

3. 4.

delisting of the species;

established continuing plan of pe-

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

riodic monitoring of population

trends and habitat suitability; and

protection of E.
5. 6.

rubrum

habitat.

Recovery

Priority:

8C
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Darter

Title:

Revised

No
11.

action.

for the

Bayou

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

study of the

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/Scptember 8, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Stable or increasing

geomorphic processes operating in Bayou Pierre funded by

fluvial

8.

Section
12.

6.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

13. Information Current as of: July

popu-

1990

lation

and habitat over

at least a

10-year period in Bayou Pierre

and Foster Creek; evidence of

continued existence of species in White Oak and Turkey Creek;

196

Boulder darter
1.

206

Species: Boulder darter

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Life history and propagation re-

(Etheostoma wapiti)
2.

search
Listing/Date:

is

being conducted

at the

Endangered/September
3.
4.

1,

1988
11.

Service's Gainesville, Florida, re-

search

facility.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue current research
tablish a joint

5.
6.

Recovery Priority: 5 Recovery Plan

Title:

and attempt to esAlabama/Tennessee

Boulder
12.

Section 6 project.

Darter Recovery Plan

7.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 27, 1989

13. Information Current as of: June

25,
8.

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish three viable

pop-

ulations through the protection of

the existing population

and

through the discovery and/or creation of additional populations.

Fountain darter
Species: Fountain darter
9.

207
Comal

(Etheostoma fonticola)
Listing/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/when flow in San

loss of vegetation in

Springs, possibly due to exotic

snail.

Marcos River
Endangered/October
Group: Fishes
Species Status:
13,

is

assured. This ob11.

1970

jective

and criteria will likely be modified in the revised Recovery

Plan.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: River Management Plan will be completed and ready for implementation. Hopefully aquifer user

Unknown
2C
San Marcos

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery Priority:
Recovery Plan

River Management Plan

is

be-

ing developed (with Section 6

Title:

funds) to address local threats and

outline

Recovery Plan

management and

protec12.

groups will come to an agreement for using water that will provide for spring flow maintenance.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
R/F/April
8,

tion needs. Aquifer water user

groups have been meeting to try to develop a water use plan agreeable to
all.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July,

Hopefully, this plan

1990

1985

will provide for maintaining critical spring flows. Several

hundred

darters were brought into captivity for

temporary holding as flow

from the Comal Springs dropped to a critical low level and it looked as if habitat there might
completely dry up. Section 6
study begun to investigate severe

197

208
1.

Leopard darter
10.

Species: Leopard darter (Percina

pantherina)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Relocated darters that would have been harmed by pipeline
construction. Realty updated land

Listing/Date: Threatened/January
27,

1978

ownership maps along the Glover

River in relation
to potential

3. 4. 5.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
11.

land

acquisition/protection

Recovery

Priority: 17

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete

revi-

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Leopard Darter

{Percina pantherina)

sion of recovery plan. Prepare a

brochure on the ecology and distribution of the species. Continue

habitat preservation efforts.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/September 20, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

8.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

209
1.

Maryland darter
10.

Species: Maryland darter

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Surveys and habitat protection.

{Etheostoma sellare)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March

The Maryland

darter has not been

its

11,1967
3.

seen since 1988;

quality).
11.

habitat

appears to be declining (water

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

4.
5.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitor

Recovery

Priority: 5

known

population and/or habitat to deter6.

Recovery Plan Title: The Maryland Darter Recovery Plan

12.

mine

if

the species

is

extant.
1

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 25, 1985; F/February2, 1982 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize/Protect and enhance the present population and habitat of the Maryland darter. Consider
downlisting
if

9.

6 additional

self-

sustaining populations are found

in

dispersed locations.

198

Niangua darter
1.

210

Species:

Niangua darter

drainages, similarly protected,

{Etheostoma nianguae)
2.

and shown
10.

to

be viable.

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 12,

1985
3.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Recovery plan was completed and
approved.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

4.

Unknown

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued protection of species and habitat via

5.

Recovery Priority: 8 Recovery Plan

Title:

5.

A Recovery

Section 7 consultation.
12. Recovery Achieved:
1

Plan for the Niangua Darter

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 17, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist.

13. Information Current as of: July

25, 1990

I.

>.

The species

will

be con-

sidered to be recovered
the eight

when

1)

known populations are protected and shown to be stable

or increasing in size,

and

2)

popu-

lations are discovered or estab-

lished in four additional stream

Okaloosa darter
.

211

Species:

Okaloosa darter

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Goal
tat
is to

(Etheostoma okaloosae)
X Listing/Date: Endangered/June 4, 1973
;

protect habi-

and maintain and/or increase

the population in accordance with

the results of ongoing or proposed

studies.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining
10.

Recovery Priority:
Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ongoing study by FWS fisheries

research to determine
life

history

Title:

Okaloosa

characteristics

and extent of

Darter Recovery Plan

'

brown
11.

darter invasion.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October23, 1981

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
study.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

199

212
1.

Slackwater darter
9.

Species: Slackwater darter

(Etheostoma boschungi)
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Establishment and protection of

one or more specific habiTennessee River

areas;

Listing/Date:
tat

areas in at least three different

Threatened/September
3. 4. 5.

9,

1977

tributaries to the

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

System

in

known spawning

Unknown

data to indicate the populations

are stable or increasing;

and water
is

Recovery

Priority: 8

quality and ecological data to in-

dicate the environment

6.

suitable

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Slackwater Darter, Etheostoma boschungi

and stable or improving.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March8, 1984

No
11.

action.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Population
sta-

8.

tus survey 12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

213
1.

Snail darter
10.

Species: Snail darter (Percina

tanasi)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 5,
1

Major Activity Since Last Report: activities have been conducted on the species since

No recovery

984; Endangered/October 9,
11.

completion of a status survey in

1982.

1975
3. 4.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

None planned.
1

Unknown
12.
1

Recovery Achieved:

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

13. Information Current as of: June

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title: Snail

Darter

25,

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 1983

8.

5, 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish five viable

popu-

lations through the protection of

the existing population and

through the discovery and/or creation of additional populations.

200

Watercress darter
1.

214

Species: Watercress darter

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Longterm protection of
the 3

{Etheostoma nuchale)
2.

known

Listing/Date:

populations; 5 years

Endangered/October 13, 1970

3.

of data indicating the 3 currently

known

populations are stable or

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

increasing in numbers; and estab-

lishment and long term protection

of at least
1

4.

additional population
to the historical

5.
6.

Recovery Priority: 2

within or adjacent

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Watercress
10.

range.

Darter {Etheostoma nuchale)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Existing populations have been

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June
25,
11.

surveyed annually for past 5

years.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Survey of existing populations and two
transplant sites.

8.

1980

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

Big
.

Bend gambusia

215

Species: Big Bend gambusia {Gambusia gaigei)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Maintained and monitored hatchery and refuge populations.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March
11.

11,1967
.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue maintenance and monitoring of refuge
populations.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Recovery Priority: 2 Recovery Plan

Title:

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

<

Big Bend

13. Information Current as of:

August

Gambusia Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2
Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 19, 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

1990

Secure

survival in a

natural setting.

201

216
1.

Clear Creek gambusia

10.

Species: Clear Creek gambusia

(Gambusia helcrochir)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Routine surveys of Wilkinson

Springs.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1967

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued monitoring of fish and aquatic habitats that occur in upper Clear
Creek.

3.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

2
12.

Recovery Plan Title: Clear Creek Gambusia Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/January 14, 1982

31,

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/Ultimate goal is to secure Clear Creek gambusia survival in its natural environment. Because of its extremely limited distribution and continuing threat

from mosquitofish,
not be possible.

delisting

may

217
1.

Pecos gambusia
9.

Species: Pecos gambusia

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

(Gambusia
2.

nobilis)

Secure populations

in

Listing/Date:

four major areas of occurrence.

13,

Endangered/October
3. 4. 5.

1970

10.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Annual monitoring of areas of

occurrence.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue annual monitoring.

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan
Plan For Pecos

Recovery
12.

Gambusia

Recovery Achieved: 2

(Gambusia
7.

nobilis)
13. Information Current as of:

August

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 16, 1981

1990

8.

F/November

202

San Marcos gambusia

1.

218

San Marcos gambusia (Gambusia georgei)

Species:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
14,

Two major searches have been conducted (one in May 1990, and
one
in July

1980

1990)

to find this

species and begin a captive breeding program. No San Marcos gambusia were found, although one fish collected in the May

3. 4. 5.
6.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Extinct (Possibly)

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

2C
San Marcos
11.

search looked like

it

may have

been a San Marcos gambusia hybrid.

Title:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/April 8, 1985

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Another major search is scheduled for September
1990.

8.

12.
9.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/when flow in San Marcos River is assured. This objective and criteria will likely be
modified in the revised Recovery
Plan.

13. Information Current as of: July,

1990

Pahrump
1.

killifish

219

Species:

Pahrump

killifish

least the

same

3 pop-

(Empetrichthys latos)
2.

ulations for at least

Listing/Date:
11,

Endangered/March
10.

another 3 years.

1967

Major Activity Since

Last Report: Annual
status survey

3.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Improving

and

4.

population estimate
for

5.

Recovery Priority: 8 Recovery Plan

Plan for the
Title:

each population

S.

Recovery
Killifish

was conducted by Nevada Department

of Wildlife personnel.

Pahrump

1.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

tation (cattails)

Emergent vegewas

The Pahrump

killifish is

improving

in

part

treated with the her-

cessful reintroductions into springs

Valley of Nevada.

in

the

due to sucPahrump

\.

bicide

"Rodeo"

at

F/March
>.

17,

1980

the lower

Com Creek
12.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting maintenance of 3 self-sustaining populations of at

pond with no observed detrimental effects

Recovery Achieved: 4
Current as
of:

on poolfish numbers.

13. Information

July

11.

least
in

500 adult

killifish (poolfish)

each population for

at least 3

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued annual census and population estimate.

25,

1990

and all 3 habitats free of immediate and potential threats.

years,

Delisting

maintenance

of at

203

220
1.

Conasauga logperch
10.

Species: Conasauga logperch

(Pertiiia jerikinsi)

Major Activity Since Last Report: A life history and threat analysis
project
is

presently being

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
5,

1985

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
11.

conducted under a Section 6 project with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and Georgia Department of Natural Resources.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Current Section 6 project will end next year.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: Conasauga Logperch and Amber Darter Recovery Plan

1 2.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

7.

June

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 20, 1986 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize. Maintain one population through the protection of the
existing population.

25, 1990

8.

9.

Roanoke logperch
1.

Species:

Roanoke logperch

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Species listed in 1989.
suitability study is

(Percina rex)
2.

A habitat

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
18,

under way.

1989

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

3. 4.
5.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

A recovery
suitability

plan will be prepared.

Development of habitat

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending

curves will continue over the next

2 years. The re-charge area for the

1

Recovery Plan

Title:

species habitat will be

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

determined.
1 2.

Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

1990

204

Neosho madtom
1.

Species:

Neosho madtom

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received
the
listing protection under Endangered Species Act.

(Noturus placidus)
2.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/May 22,
11.

1990
3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

Recovery Priority: 11C Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Conduct consultations on proposed watershed developments. Identify and analyze threats from non-native species and adverse effects of proposed watershed developments.
Recovery Achieved:
1

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
Pending

13. Information Current as of:

8.

September 1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

be developed

Scioto
1.

madtom

Species: Scioto

madtom

(Noturus

10.

trautmani)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: None. The species is possibly extinct.

Despite intensive sampling

type locality and other ap-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 25, 1975

3.

of

its

parently suitable habitat in nearby

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

drainages during 1981-1985, no

1.

Unknown

living

specimens were located.

The

species was last collected in

5.

Recovery Priority: 2
Recovery Plan
Title:

1957.

S.

NA

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.
to

1.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

None

Region 3 is unlikely carry out or fund any recovery

J.

NA

actions for this species until there

is

>.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Confirmation of the existence of

the species. 12.

persuasive evidence that the

species might exist.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

24,

1990

205

Smoky madtom
1.

Species:
h(jilcxi)

Smoky madlom

(Noturus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Reintroduced species into Abrams Creek, Monroe County, Tennessee. Propagation research is being conducted under a
Section 6 project with the

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 26, 1984

3. 4.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Tennessee Wildlife Resources

Agency.
11.

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue propagation and reintroduction efforts.

Recovery Plan Title: Smoky Madtom Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August9, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish four viable

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

8.

25,

1990

9.

pop-

ulations through the protection of

existing populations and through

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

Yellowfin
Species: Yellowfin

madtom
10.

madtom

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Reintroduced species into

(Noturus flavipinnis)
Listing/Date:

Abrams Creek, Monroe County,

9,

Threatened/September

1977

Tennessee. Propagation research

is

being conducted

at the Virginia

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

Unknown

Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and under a

Section 6 project with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources

Recovery

Priority: 11

Recovery Plan Title: Yellowfin Madtom Recovery Plan

7.

Agency.
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue propagation and reintroduction efforts.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 23, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish five viable

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of:

June

9.

25,

1990

popu-

lations through the protection of

existing populations and through

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

206

Loach minnow
1.

Species:
cobitis)

Loach minnow (Tiaroga

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

upstream non-native fish movement is being planned for Aravaipa Creek in Graham and Pinal Counties, Arizona. This
barrier will be a multi-agency effort

volunteer efforts. Informal

A barrier to

Section 7 consultation
tion of a reservoir

is

in

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/October
28,

progress on proposed construc-

1986

on Pigeon

Creek, a tributary of the Blue

River in Greenlee County,
Arizona.
11.

3.
4.
5.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

with primary funding and ex-

pertise being furnished

Recovery Priority:

4C

by the Bureau of Reclamation under

their

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Aravaipa fish
barrier.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Loach Minnow Recovery Plan

new Enhancement

Initiative.

Surveys continue for loach min-

Section 7 protection, rein-

now on

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: TA/July 27, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting. Criteria to

the White Mountain Apache Indian Reservation.

troduction habitat evaluation

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Evaluation of available habitat and modification needs for loach

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

minnow

reintroduction

is

being

1990

9.

be

developed as result of accomplishment of certain recovery plan actions.

conducted on the San Pedro River in Cochise County, Arizona. Due to lack of funding from the Bureau of Land Management and the Fish and Wildlife Service, this

work

is

proceeding slowly using

Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish

1.

Species:

Ash Meadows Amargosa

marker; reestablish water

habitat

to his-

pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis

toric channels; secure essential

presence of all listed plant species and 4 candidate plant species at

all sites

mionectes)
2.

disturbances; Listing/Date:

from detrimental human document presence

fish species,

which they have

histori-

cally occupied.
10.

Endangered/September
3.

2,

1983

of

all listed

and Ash
springs

Meadows

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(1) Initiation of multi-year

naucorid, in

all

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

where they were historically present; document presence of

research program by Seattle

4.

Amargosa

National Fisheries Center,

utiliz-

niterwort in

all

historic

5.

Recovery Priority: 9 Recovery Plan

Title:

localities; establish

and protect

ing Section 6 funding from the

Nevada Dept. of
termine
tebrates,
life

Wildlife, to de-

S.

Ash

refugia populations of Devil's

Meadows Species Recovery Plan

7.

Hole pupfish. Delisting ing criteria must be met

followfor 5

history patterns of

endemic

for
i.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

years following downlisting: se-

cure corridors for listed plant

species within essential habitat;
reestablish native plant and

fishes and aquatic inverand determine impacts of exotic species on endemic fishes and aquatic invertebrates.
(2) Efforts (unsuccessful) to re-

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Downlisting

aquatic communities to historic

structure and composition within
all critical

move largemouth
pool
11.
at

bass from large

Point-of-Rocks Spring.

>.

all

of following 7

habitat; establish self-

conditions should be

met within

sustaining populations of

Warm
12.

essential habitat for a period of 5 years: Eradicate all non-native

plants

and animals; secure aquifer

spring flows return to his-

Ash Meadows speckled dace in addition to Ash Meadows Amargosa

Springs pupfish and
pupfish;

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2
Current as
of:

so

all

document presence of
which they

all

13. Information

toric

discharge rates, and main-

14 candidate aquatic insects and

snails in all springs

September, 1990

tain

water level in Devil's Hole at

level of
1

minimum

.4 feet

below

historically occupied;

document

207

Comanche Springs
1.

pupfish
11.

Species:
fish

Comanche

Springs pupI

7.

{Cyprinodon elegant

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/Septembcr 2, 1981
Recover)' Objective/Criteria:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuatioi above studies and acquisition c

2.

Listing/Dale: Endangered/March
11.

8.

brood stock

for establishment

1967
9.

hatchery /refuge population.

12.

3.
4. 5. 6.

Group: Pishes
Species Status: Declining

Downlist

Ensure perpetuation
and genetic
di-

Recovery Achieved:

in natural habitats

13. Information Current as of:

Au

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

versity of all populations.

1990

Recovery Plan

Comanche

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Initiation of Section 6

Springs Pupfish (Cyprinodon clc-

monitoring

gans) Recovery Plan

study and genetic analyses of recent hybridization problems with

congener.

jj

Desert pupfish
troduced into Cold

1.

Species: Desert pupfish

(Cyprinodon macularius)
2.

Spring Seep on

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
31. 1986.

Bureau of Land

Management land Graham County,

fish

in

3. 4.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Arizona. Desert pupreintroduced

populations were ex-

5.
6. 7.

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

tirpated in at least

Recovery Plan

Pending

one

site in
to

Arizona

due
for
8.

flooding

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

(People Spring,

Yavapai County,
Arizona). Plans for
construction of an

The desert pupfish

43

is

ble of withstanding water temperatures in

an extremely hardy species cai excess of

its inability its

(1
It

10 F) and salinities close to twice that of se;

is

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Under development

upstream movement
barrier against non-

water.

threatened due to

to

compete
is

introduced species and the loss of

native habitat.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

native invading
fishes
is

Reintroduction of pupfish into native habitat

under\

The

first

draft of a recovery plan

being
for winter

for desert pupfish

was completed

planned

1990-91

at the

Pupfish reoccupied the springr

within 2 weeks.
11.

under contract and is currently being reviewed by the recovery team. Stock of the Quitobaquito
subspecies of desert pupfish is now being held at Arizona Game

San Felipe Creek desert pupfish

population (Imperial County,
California).

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Recovery
completion. Section 7 protectit
reintroduction, monitoring, hal
tat

The streambed

pi;

and Fish Department's Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery for refugium purposes. Stock of the nominate subspecies is being successfully maintained at Dexter NFH for refugium and rcintroduction purposes. Desert pupfish were rein-

between the springhead and pond at Quitobaquito Spring on Organ Pipe National Monument was rebuilt to facilitate vegetation
trol.

protection and

enhancemen

con12.

captive propagation

The springrun has been highly modified at several times

Reconstruction was done with gunnite and was structured to imitate a natural system.
in the past.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

208

Devil's
1.

Hole pupfish
10.

230
utiliz-

Species: Devil's

Hole pupfish

Recovery Objecuve/Criteria:
Downlisting

(Cyprinodon diabolis)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population estimate conducted
twice yearly; initiation of multiyear research program by Seattle

all

of following 7

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

conditions met within essential

habitat for a period of 5 years:

11,1967
3.

Eradicate

all

non- native plants

all

National Fisheries Center,

ing Section 6 funding

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

and animals; secure aquifer so

from

the

spring flows return to historic dis-

Nevada Dept. of
termine
tebrates,
life

Wildlife, to de-

4.

charge rates, and maintain water

level in Devil's

history patterns of

5.
6.

Recovery Priority: 8 Recovery Plan Title: Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan

Hole

at a

endemic
below
to his-

minimum

level of 1.4 feet

marker; reestablish water

habitat

toric channels; secure essential

and aquatic inverand determine impacts of exotic species on endemic fishes and aquatic invertebrates.
fishes

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 28, 1990

disturbances;
of
all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

11.

8.

Meadows

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan;
continue population monitoring.

springs

where they were historically present; document presence of

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Amargosa

niterwort in

all historic

localities; establish

and protect

13. Information Current as of:

refugia populations of Devil's

September, 1990

Hole pupfish. Delisting Devil's Hole pupfish is not delistable.

Leon Springs pupfish

l.

231

Species:

Leon Springs pupfish

9.

(Cyprinodon bovinus)
I.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize Secure survival.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
15,

10.

1980
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Annual monitoring. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Annual monitoring.

J.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

I.

5.

Recovery Priority: 2
12.

Recovery Achieved: 2
August

i.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Leon

Springs Pupfish Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of:

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August
14,

1985

209

: .

Owens
1.

pupfish
refugia and continued viability of

Species:
i

Owens

pupfish

yprinodon radiosus)
10.

these refugia for at least 5 years.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Additional refugia have been established. Attempts have

1967

3.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable
1 1.

made

to

been enhance existing habitat.

4.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Protection of
habitat at existing locations and

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: Owens Pupfish Recovery Plan

monitoring of introduction
sought.
12.

sites.

Additional refugia sites will

be

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/1984

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Maintenance and enhance-

ment of existing populations.

Establishment of additional stable

Warm
1.

Springs pupfish
marker; reestablish water
habitat
to his-

Species:

Warm

Springs pupfish

(Cyprinodon nevadensis
pectoralis)
2.

toric channels; secure essential

presence of all listed plant speci< and 4 candidate plant species at

all sites

disturbances;

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4. 5.

13,

1970

of

all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
10.

which they have

histori-

cally occupied.

Meadows

naucorid, in

Major Activity Since Last Repot

Initiation of multi-year research
1

all

springs

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

where they were historically present; document presence of

program by Seattle National

Fisheries Center, utilizing Sectic

Amargosa

niterwort in

all

historic

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

localities; establish

and protect

6.

Recovery Plan

Ash

refugia populations of Devil's

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

Hole pupfish. Delisting

ing criteria must be

followfor 5

met

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/September 28, 1990

years following downlisting: se-

cure corridors for listed plant

species within essential habitat;
reestablish native plant

6 funding from the Nevada Department of Wildlife, to deter mine life history patterns of endemic fishes and aquatic invertebrates, and determine impacts of exotic species on endemic fishes and aquatic invertebrates.
11.

8.

and

aquatic communities to historic

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting all of following 7

structure and composition within

all critical

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement A: Meadows Species Recovery Plai
Recovery Achieved: 2

habitat; establish self-

conditions met within essential

habitat for a period of 5 years:

sustaining populations of

Ash

12.

Eradicate

all

non-native plants
all

Meadows Amargosa pupfish and Ash Meadows speckled dace in

addition to
pupfish;

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

and animals; secure aquifer so

Warm

Springs

spring flows return to historic dis-

charge rates, and maintain water level in Devils Hole at a mini-

document presence of all 14 candidate aquatic insects and

which they document

snails in all springs

mum
210

level of

.4 feet

below

historically occupied;

Pygmy
1.

sculpin

Species:

Pygmy

sculpin (Cottus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

pygmaeus)
2.

No
11.

action.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Feriod: Population sur-

Threatened/September 28, 1989

3.

vey

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

4.

Unknown
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

5.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990
Pending

6.

Title:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

I.

).

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Beautiful shiner
Species: Beautiful shiner
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Collection permits were obtained

(Cyprinella formosa)
Listing/Date: Threatened/August
31,

from

the

Mexican government

for

1984

beautiful shiner. Approximately

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

Recovery Priority: 2 Recovery Plan

Title:

900 shiners were collected in Mexico in October 1989 and brought back to Dexter National Fish Hatchery. 300 shiners were stocked in Twin pond at San
Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge in May 1990.
11.

Pending

. Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Determine success of

initial

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

stocking and deter-

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Reintroduce to historic habitat in

the

mine

if

shiners are spawning. If

is

stocking

successful, introduce

United States.

shiners into available habitat on

the refuge. Initiate gathering of

baseline genetic data.

12. Recovery Achieved:
1

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

21

Cape Fear shiner

1.

Species:

Cape Fear

shiner

10.

(Notropis mekistocholas
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: No recovery activities have been conducted on the species since
completion of a status survey
1986.
in

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 25, 1987

3.
4. 5.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: North Carolina has submitted Cape Fear shiner
Section 6 proposals for the past 2

Unknown

Recovery

Priority: 5

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Cape Fear Shiner Recovery Plan

no funding has been They will likely submit another request this year; and if
years, but
available.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recover)' Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October7. 1988
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Establish six viable populations through the protection of existing populations and through
the discovery and/or creation of

funds are available, a

life

history

and threat analysis

funded.
12.

will likely

be

8.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

13. Information Current as of:

June

25.

1990

additional populations.

Pecos bluntnose shiner

Species: Pecos bluntnose shiner
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

(Notropis simns pecoseiisis)

Listing/Date:

Secure

in

remaining

occupied areas and reintroduce

Threatened/February 19, 1987
into
10.

unoccupied historic habitat.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:
5.
6.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Initiation of inventories to deter-

Unknown

Recovery

Priority: 3

mine seasonal distribution and abundance relative to reservoir

operations.

Recovery Plan Title: Pecos Bluntnose Shiner Plan

1 1.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of inventories and initiation of detailed life history studies.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.

TA

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

212

Waccamaw
1.

silverside

Species:

Waccamaw

silverside

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Menidia externa)
2.

Worked with

local municipality

Listing/Date: Threatened/April 8,

1987
3. 4.

and lakefront landowners on a weed control plan that would not be detrimental to the ichthyofauna
of the lake; commented on several development proposals to minimize impacts to the fish's habitat.
11.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

Unknown

5.

Recovery Priority: 8 Recovery Plan

Title:

6.

Pending

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Not yet

planned

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

8.

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
be developed.

Spikedace
1.

Species: Spikedace

(Meda

Central Arizona Project/Upstream

barrier will be a multi-agency effort

fulgida)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July

Verde River Water Exchanges was completed in May. The biological

1,

with primary funding and ex-

pertise being furnished

1986
3.

opinion found the proposed project to

by the Bureau of Reclamation under

be likely

to

jeopardize the
adversely

their

new Enhancement

Initiative.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

continued existence of the

spikedace and likely
to

Evaluation of available habitat

and modification needs

for loach

4.

modify
tat.

its

proposed

critical habi-

5.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

4C
Spikedace

Additional Section 7 issues

are expected on the upper Verde

6.

Title:

River spikedace population

(Yavapai County, Arizona) as a
result of the

minnow reintroduction are being conducted on the San Pedro River in Cochise County, Arizona. Due to lack of funding from the
Bureau of Land Management and
the Fish and Wildlife Service, this

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: TA'July 27, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting. Criteria to

proposed

Ft.

McDowell Indian Water Rights

Settlement
bill

work

is

proceeding slowly using

which

is

being
bill

volunteer efforts.
11.

8.

considered by Congress. This

9.

be

would involve pumping of groundwater from the uppermost Verde River basin and downstream transport of some of that
water via the river channel.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Initiate Aravaipa fish barrier. Section 7
protection, reintroduction habitat

developed as result of

accomplishment of certain recovery plan actions.

10.

A
12.

evaluation

Major Activity Since Last Report: Formal Section 7 consultation on

the

barrier to upstream movement of non-native fishes is being planned

for

Recovery Achieved:

Aravaipa Creek

in

Graham

13. Information

Current as

of:

July

1990

Bureau of Reclamation's

and Pinal Counties, Arizona. This

213

240
1.

Big Spring spinedace

9.

Species: Big Spring spinedace

(Lcpidomcda mollispinis pratensis)

2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Secure Condor Canyon population, establish a

second populaValley

tion within the

Meadow

Listing/Date: Threatened/March
28, 1985
10.

Wash

drainage.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Initiation of life history study and
transplant site identification site

Unknown
11.

study using Section 6 funds.

Recovery

Priority: 12

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
life

Recovery Plan Title: Big Spring Spinedace Recovery Plan

history

and transplant

site

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

12.

studies.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: TA/July 30, 1986

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

241
1.

Little

Colorado spinedace
10.

Species: Little Colorado

spinedace {Lepidomeda
2.

vittata)

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Recovery team formed. Broad objectives addressed. Recovery plan
preparation initiated.

Threatened/September
3.

16,

1987
11.

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

4.
5.

Unknown

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete Recovery plan. Articulate recovery objectives and tasks. Initiate
field activities for recovering the

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

species.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

31,

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/criteria for delisting not yet

established.

214

White River spinedace

1.

White River spinedace (Lepidomeda albivallis)

Species:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Establishment of four native populations and one refugium population.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/

September
3.
4.

12,

1985

should consist of
tion at least

Each native population at least 500

200
adults, for a

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

adults and the refugium popula-

Unknown
2C
10.

min-

imum
None
11.

of 5 years.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan

Spinedace

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Title:

Recovery

Plan for the White River

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Recovery plan
to

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

12.

be

finalized.
1

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

U/Draft/March 1988

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

Hiko White River springfish

..

Species:

Hiko White River

10.

springfish (Crenichthys baileyi

grandis)
'.

Listing/Date: Endangered/

September 27, 1985

.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Since Last Report: Annual census conducted at Hiko and Crystal Springs. Census in May, 1987 of Blue Link Spring refugium population found more than 5,000 individuals, but population thought to be very low presently due to cold water temperatures.

Recovery Priority:

3C
Pending

11.

Major Activity Over Next

susing

Recovery Plan

Title:

'

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
be developed (probably will
lation in addition to those in
in-

Reporting Period: Continue cenat the three sites using

Section 6

money (Nevada Dept.

of Wildlife), maintain Blue Link

i.

Spring refugium, continue electrophoresis analysis.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

clude at least one refugium popunatural habitat)

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

215

244
1.

Railroad Valley springfish

10.

Species: Railroad Valley springfish (Crenichthys

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population estimates completed

nevadae)

2.

Listing/Dale: Threatened/March
31.

1986

3.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

4 Lockes Ranch Duckwater area (type locality), and all introduced populations were checked and estimates made of abundance.
in

1989

at

springs. Springs in the

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Recovery

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Inventory and monitor populations at native lo-

Recovery Plan

Title:

Plan for the Railroad Valley Springfish

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

and introduced sites (Nevada Department of Wildlife, using Section 6 money). Continue work on Recovery Plan.
calities

12.
8.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

U/Partial draft
13. Information Current as of:

August

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Secure native habitats, establish at least one refugium population for each of the two native populations.

23,

1990

White River springfish

1.

Species: White River springfish

10.

(Crenichthys haileyi baileyi)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ September 27, 1985

Major Activity Since Last Report: Completion of research project by Service's Seattle Research Lab on
Pahranagat River Fishes. Includes
information on springfish
seasonal distribution, abundance,

3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

and habitat use.

1 1.

Recovery

Priority:

3C
Pending

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.
12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Nevada Department of Wildlife, using Section 6 money, will continue
monitor population
exotic species, and evaluate po-

to

level, control

8.

tential for development of refugium population.

9.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

216

Colorado squawfish
Species: Colorado squawfish
the

246

San Juan River

is

{Ptychocheilus lucius)
Listing/Date:
11,

sidered). Delist

being con-

in addition,

Endangered/March

reestablish a population in the

Salt or Verde River

needed water Restocking from hatcherybred fish has been successful and
tions to acquire
rights.

1967

and protect

essential habitats, migratory

an experimental population is being established in the Salt and

Verde Rivers.
11.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

routes and stream-flows, and re-

move

the threat of population

fragmentation.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Recovery

Priority:

2C
10.

genetics di-

Recovery Plan Title: Colorado Squawfish Recovery Plan

,

for

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: RTF/March 16, 1978

Major Activity Since Last Report: The "Recovery Implementation Program for Endangered Fish Species in the Upper Colorado
River Basin" entered its third year and a $2.8 million work plan cov-

versity study will begin in

FY

91.

Work

will continue to investigate

water rights acquisition and in development and implementation of FY 91 recovery work plan.
12.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when self-sustaining populations are maintained in

three reaches of tributaries in the

Green River Basin and a portion of the Colorado River (in

addition, the inclusion of appropriate habitat

newly

44 high priority recovery activities was developed by the Upper Basin Recovery Program Implementation Committee for FY 90. The Colorado Squawfish Recovery Plan underwent agency and public review. The Service is refining recommendations for flow needed to maintain species' habitat and has begun investigaering

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

identified in

Unarmored threespine stickleback

Species:
-

247

Unarmored

threespine

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Capturing and controlling

stickleback {Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni)

Listing/Date: Endangered/

expanding populations of the African clawed frog, a major

predator of this species, in

October 13, 1970

.

Soledad Canyon.
11.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
predator control efforts.

J
.

Recovery Priority: 3 Recovery Plan

Plan for the
12.
Title:

Recovery

Recovery Achieved:

Unarmored

13. Information Current as of:

August

Threespine Stickleback
.

1990

for
.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/F/June 1982
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Maintain five self-sustaining populations that have no significant threat to their continued
existence.

217

248
1.
(

Pallid

sturgeon
1 1.

Species: Pallid slurgcon

S(

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Prepare draft recovery plan. Consider habitat
acquisition and investigate water

uphirhxnchus

dibits

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangcrcd/Scpicmbcr
Group: Fishes

6,

990

rights acquisition.

Develop

Section 6 agreements. Undertake

research on status, distribution, propagation, reintroduc-

Species Status: Declining

artificial

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

tion techniques,
lization.

and habitat utiEducate public on the

Recovery Plan

Title:

distinguishing characteristics of
this species

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
9.

from the more abun-

dant shovelnose sturgeon.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

September 1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.
Received

249
1.

June sucker
lations. Additional year classes

Species: June sucker (Chasmistes

Horns)
2.

have been added

to the

brood

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
31, 1986

stock in 1988 and 1989.

No

eggs

were found
1 1.

in 1990.

3.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Artificial propagation will continue. Efforts will

4. 5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending

be undertaken be conducted

to establish refugia

for this species. Inventories will

Recovery Plan

Title:

to identify

potential

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

reintroduction areas to safeguard

against potential catastrophe in
the Provo River

and Utah Lake,

8. 9.

where

the population is severely

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

threatened and reproductive

recruitment

is

low due

to

high

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Artificial

populations of non-native predatory fish.

12.

propagation

is

continu-

Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit with the propagation of spawn taken from wild adult fish to supplement existing brood and refugium popuing at

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

218

Lost River sucker

Species: Lost River sucker
{Deltistes luxatus)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Initiation of genetic analysis,

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
18,

monitoring of Upper Klamath

1988

Lake water

quality,

and

initiation

of habitat restoration studies, un-

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining
11.

der direction of Klamath Basin

Sucker Working Group

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Prepare recovery plan and continue activities
outlined in #10.

Priority:

Recovery Plan
'
.

Title:

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Establish pure, self-sustaining

23, 1990

populations in the Klamath Basin.

Modoc sucker
Species:
I

Modoc

sucker

10.

(Catostomus microps)
Listing/Date: Endangered/June
11,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Salvage of fishes affected by

dessication of streams during
fourth year of drought. Initiation

1985

of genetic analysis to determine

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

pure populations for reintroduction to historic habitat.

11.

Recovery Priority: 5
.

Recovery Plan

Title:

NA

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete revision of 1984 Interagency Action
Plan for Recovery of the
tinue actions outlined in

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Modoc
No.
10.

Sucker, restore habitat, and con-

NA

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Secure habitat and establish vi-

13. Information Current as of:

August

Modoc sucker populations throughout the Turner-Hulberable

23, 1990

Washington Creeks drainage basin and at least two other

drainages within the historic
range.

219

Short-nose sucker
Species: Short-nose sucker
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Initiation of genetic analysis,

(Chasmistes brevirostris)
Listing/Date: Endangered/July
18.

monitoring of Upper Klamath

Lake water

quality,

and

initiation

1988

of habitat restoration studies un-

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining
11.

der the direction of Klamath

Basin Sucker Working Group.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Prepare recovery plan and continue activities in

Recovery
6.
7.

Priority: 2
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

#10.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,
9.

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Establish pure, self-sustaining

populations in the Klamath

Basin.

Warner sucker
1.

Species: Warner sucker

toric range,

streams must be free

(Catostomus warnerensis)
2.

of exotic fishes, and there must be

free passage past existing agricultural diversion structures

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September 27, 1985

3.

without

high mortality of adults and juve-

Group: Fishes
Species Status:

niles.

4. 5.
6.

Unknown

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Inventory of lake and pothole
areas.

Recovery

Priority: 2

Recovery Plan Title: Warner Sucker Recovery Plan

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
to

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

inventory lakes and extend to

Recovery Plan: Region

stream habitats.
at

Install fish

ladder

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

TA

20 mile diversion dike.

potential for establish-

Examine

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threats to remaining populations of Warner suckers,
12.

ing rearing ponds.

Recovery Achieved:

and restore the species throughout

historic habitats in the

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

Twenty mile. Deep, and Honey Creek drainages, and in Hart

rally

Lake. Populations must be natureproducing throughout his-

220

Gila
1.

topminnow
just

Species: Gila

topminnow

(incl.

10.

Yaqui) (Poeciliopsis occidentalis)

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/March

11,1967
3.
4.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

5. 6.

Recovery Priority: 2

Major Activity Since Last Report: In FY90, at least two Gila topminnow reintroduced populations failed due to various factors (Peoples Canyon and Castle Creek, both in Yavapai Co., AZ. Gila topminnow stock from Bos and Medicine Springs at Bylas Springs complex (Gila County,
is now being held at Arizona State Univ. pending chemical removal of mosquitofish

been

initiated

by the Forest

Service on proposed grazing use

changes, road closure, and other

watershed improvement actions Rcdrock Canyon in Santa Cruz

at

County Arizona. Stock

is

being

successfully maintained at Dexter

National Fish Hatchery for refugium and reintroduction purposes.

11.

Sonoran Topminnow (Gila and Yaqui)

Recovery Plan
Title:

Arizona)

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Section 7 protection, monitoring, habitat pro-

Recovery Plan
7.

from

the habitat. Barrier repair at tection

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Bylas Springs was completed and mosquitofish removal may take

place in

and enhancement, studies,

FY

91, depending

upon

reintroduction, mosquitofish and

8.

R/F/March
9.

15,

1984

funding. Limited monitoring of

natural populations

other exotic fish removal, captive

was
12.

propagation

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Under revision

conducted by Arizona Game and Fish Department using Section 6 funds. Intensive monitoring of the Cienega Creek population in Pima County, Arizona, is being conducted by volunteer biologists. Formal Section 7 consultation has

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Apache
1.

trout

Species:
trout

Apache (= Arizona) (Oncorhynchm apache)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Barrier constructed on Little

Bonita Creek. Electrophoretic

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/March
11,

1987; July 16, 1975

11.

work completed
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Renovate
least three
at

3.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

4.

streams and restock

5.
6.

Recovery Priority: 8
Recovery Plan
Title:

Arizona

with pure Apache trout stocks. Complete electrophoretic work on all existing wild Apache trout
populations.
12.

Trout Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 15, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/Action to occur

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

31,

1990

9.

when 30

self-sustaining populations have

been established in the species'

historic habitat.

221

Gila trout
1.

Species: Gila trout

stocks in streams within the historic habitat to protect

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) gilae)

2.

remaining

genome.
Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11.

1967

10.

3. 4.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining,
primarily due to drought and
associated forest fires

Major Activity Since Last Report: Surveyed several streams, West Fork of the Gila, Cub, White, South Diamond, Main Diamond and transferred fish from Iron to Sacaton Creek. Revised Recovery
Plan.

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 2
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue surveys and reintroduction of fish
into

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Gila Trout

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

South Diamond and Main

as appropriate.

Diamond

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 3, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting is the short-term
goal, delisting goal.
is

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

9.

31,

1990

the long-term
is to

Of immediate concern
all

secure survival of
tions.

wild popula-

Duplicating and triplicating

Greenback cutthroat
1.

trout
11.

Species: Greenback cutthroat

trout

9.

(Oncorhynchus clarki

sto-

Delist

mias)
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: when 20 stable populations are documented and main-

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Waters in th( Arkansas River drainage are be

duction potential.
evaluating

Listing/Date: Threatened/April
18,

tained within the species' native

ing investigated for future reint

1978
10.

range.

3. 4.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Stocking of greenbacks in Rocky

how

close

The Service we are to

this

meeting recovery goals for

species.
12.

Mountain National Park lakes was

conducted
tions in
in

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 15
Title:

1989.

Some

popula-

Recovery Achieved: 3

Rocky Mountain National

to

Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan

Recovery Plan

Park were opened

release angling.

catch-and-

13. Information Current as of: July

A new captive

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/Rev/September 30, 1983; F/November 11, 1977

8.

brood stock is being established at the Colorado Division of Wildlife's Experimental Hatchery. Trout Unlimited and Texaco, Inc.
have provided funds
recovery
efforts. to assist in

Inadequate funding has prevented

accomplishment of habitat
restoration projects outside

Rocky

Mountain National Park.

222

Lahontan cutthroat trout

1.

Species: Lahontan cutthroat trout

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

No

11.

(Oneorhyncus clarki henshawi)

2.

quantitative criteria established.

Reporting Period:

Major Acuvity Over Next 1) Attempt by

Field Station to secure
to rewrite

Listing/Date: Endangered/

Draft plan provides for develop-

Reno

October

13, 1970.

Threatened/

ment

of a

management plan

for

funding/personnel

and

July 16, 1975

3.

each sub-basin, and delisting by sub-basin once identified objectives are reached.

finali/e Recover)' Plan. 2)

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining
10.

4.
5.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Continuation of stream surveys

Development by Nevada Department of Wildlife of draft management plan for Quinn River
sub-basin. 3) Continuation of

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

6.

Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan

Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

and fish inventories by Nevada Department of Wildlife. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). and Forest Service (FS). Development
of

stream surveys and fish inventories. 4) Issuance of several grazing decisions/Allotment

Management Plans by
FS.
12.

BLM

and

some Habitat Management

Plans/Allotment Management
Plans by

Recovery Achieved:

8.

BLM

and FS.

13. Information Current as of: July

25.

1990

Little
Species: Little

Kern golden trout

The

Kern golden

trout

designated Critical Habitat. These

objectives are outlined in

(Otworhynchus aguabonita
whitei)

Revised Fishery Management

Plan for the
Little

Listing/Date: Threatened/April
13,

Kern Golden

1978
10.

Trout (Christenson 1984).

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority:

9C

Major Activity Since Last Report: Chemical treatment of Silver Lake, Lower Shotgun Creek, Pistol Creek, and Trout Meadows
Creek.

Recovery Plan

Title:

N/A
11.

(Revised Fisheries
lieu of)

Management

Plan by California being used in

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete

chemical treatment of nine additional waters.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

N/A

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Complete genetic analysis of all

populations, chemically treat
all

streams that contain hybrid or exotic trout,

and establish

stable,

self-sustaining populations within

223

260
1.

Paiute cutthroat trout

10.

Species: Paiute cutthroat trout

(Oncorhyrichus clarki seleniris)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: U.S. Forest Service has conducted habitat restoration projects, with
cooperation of Trout Unlimited,
in the

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 16,

1975
3.

mainstem of

Silver

King

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

Creek. California Department of Fish and Game has applied

4.
5.

rotenone
fish.

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title: Paiute

to remove undesirable These applications were not

effective.
6.

Recovery Plan

Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan

7.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: California

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January25, 1985
12.

8.

Department of Fish and Game will retreat the mainstem of Silver King Creek with rotenone.
Recovery Achieved:
1

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

when

13. Information Current as of: July

a population size of
is

at least

500 individuals

main-

20,

1990

tained.

261
1.

Woundfin
9.

Species:

Woundfin (Plagopterus

argentissimus)
2.

Listing/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: upgrade and stabilize existing and marginal habitats in

Stabilize

plete red shiner eradication

and

make
tion.

additional river habitat

available for species reintroduc-

Endangered/October
3.

13,

1970

the Virgin River, maintain present

populations, and establish one

11.

Group: Fishes
Species Status: Declining

additional population in a differ-

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Eradication
the red shiner will continue, as
will reintroduction of the
of

ent drainage within historical range. Delist

4. 5. 6.

establish a third

Recovery

Priority:

1C
Woundfin

self-sustaining population in a

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

separate drainage within the historic range. All

woundfin

into available quality

populations must

habitat. Efforts to

develop

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
10.
9,

be self-sustaining with population numbers over 100,000 for at least

10 years.
12.

successful propagation techniqu<

will continue.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

R/Rev/March
1979

1,

1985; F/July

Major Activity Since Last Report: A program was conducted in

1989
to eradicate the

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

non-native

red shiner (which outcompetes

the woundfin) from a 2 1-mile reach of the Virgin River. A 6-

mile reach was successful and the area in now available for reintroduction of the woundfin. Further treatments are planned to com-

224

Appendix

IV.

Invertebrates

226

Magazine Mountain shagreen

Species:

Magazine Mountain sha-

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

green (Mesodon magazinensis)

Listing/Date: Threatened/April
17,

be developed.
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

1989
11.

No

action taken.

Group: Snails
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
recovery plan.
Initiate draft

Recovery Priority: 8
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

June

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

1990

Chittenango ovate amber snail

Species: Chittenango ovate
snail

amber

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population monitoring, habitat
monitoring, and habitat protection.

(Succinea chittenangoensis)

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 28,

1978

No

increase has been seen in

Group: Snails
Species Status: Declining

known population. An increasing number of introduced

the one

succineids continues to be a concern.

Recovery

Priority: 5
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring and
habitat protection will continue.

Recovery Plan Title: Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March24, 1983
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize/Protect and ensure the maintenance of the self-sustaining colony at Chittenango Falls. Delisting will be considered if 5
additional populations are found.
12.

and maintain a captive population will be underEfforts to create

taken.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

227

264
1.

Flat-spired three-toothed land snail

toring plan in place,

Species: Flat-spired three-toothed

and monitortrend.

land snail (Triodopsis platysayoides)

2.

ing shows no
10.

downward

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 28,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Monitoring and habitat

protection. Studies to determine
total distribution.

1978
3. 4. 5. 6.

Six

new

sites

Group: Snails
Species Status: Stable

were located in the Coopers Rock area on both sides of the Cheat River Gorge.
11.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Major Activity Over Next

Recovery Plan Title: Flat-Spired Three -Toothed Snail (Triodopsis platysayoides) Recovery Plan

known populations and for new populations.

12. Recovery Achieved: 2

Reporting Period: Monitoring of searches

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 9, 1983
Recovery Objective/Criteria: when species is found

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

1990

9.

Delist

at a

minimum
sites,

of 3 additional discrete
of sites are protected,

60%
is

there

management and moni-

Iowa Pleistocene snail

1.

Species: Iowa Pleistocene snail

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting. Criteria as follows:

pared for these new refuge

units.

(Discus macclintocki)
2.

A number of state- and The

Nature Conservancy-owned
site?

Listing/Date: Endangered/July 3,

Downlisting: permanent protection

1978
3.

and documentation of stable

have been fenced (Section 6 funo

ing) to eliminate site degradatioi

or increasing populations at 16

Group: Snails
Species Status:

colonies. Delisting: similar pro-

from grazing.
11.

4.
5. 6.

Unknown

tection

and

status

documented
is

for

24

sufficiently dispersed, viable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Acquisition
of
is

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

colonies.

(A viable colony

as-

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

National

sumed

for the

Iowa
10.

have an effective breeding population of at least 500

to

additional sites by the Service

expected. Approximately

Pleistocene Snail
7.

individuals.)

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population monitoring methods
are being tested

Recovery Plan: Region 3

on other

snail

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March22, 1984

species found in the

tats.

same habi(for approxi-

$300,000 remains in the acquisiAcquired sites will be protected from habitat degradation, and population monitoring methods will be developed and implemented.
tion account.
12.

Over 230 acres

mately $170,000) have been purchased as part of the Service's Algific Talus Slope Land
Acquisition Program for habitat
protection for the northern

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

23, 1990

monkshood and this species. Management plans are being

pre-

228

Noonday
Species:

snail

Noonday

snail

(Mesodon

additional populations of the

rlarki naniahaia)

species to insure that the species

will continue to exists without the

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 3.

1978
10.

protection offered by the Act.

Group: Snails
Species Status:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None

Unknown
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

Recovery Plan
Plan For

Recover)'
Snail
12. Recover)' Achieved:
1

The Noonday

(Mesodon

clarki naniahaia)
13. Information Current as of:

June

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 7. 1984
Recover}' Objective/Criteria: To
delist Lhe species

26,

1990

by protecting

known population from adverse human activities and deterthe

mining, by 5 years of continuous

monitoring, that the population
stable; or.
is

discovering sufficient

Oahu
Species:

tree snail

Oahu

tree snail

(Achatinella 19 species)

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
6,

1981

Group: Snails
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

Oahu Tree

Snails Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

U
The
loss of native trees
in

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
be developed.

on the island

of

Oahu, Hawaii

is

believed to have prompted

the decline
shelter

these endemic tree snails With the loss of native trees, the snails'
threat.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

and food sources have disappeared. Collectors also pose a

None
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continue work on development of recovery plan.

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

229

 !
1.

Painted snake coiled forest snail

additional populations of the

Species: Painted snake coiled forest snail (Anguispira picta)

species to insure that the species

will continue to exist without the

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 3,

1978
10.
3.
4. 5.
6.

protection offered by the Act.

Group: Snails
Species Status:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None

Unknown
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Recovery

Priority:

None

Recovery Plan Title: Painted Snake Coiled Forest Snail Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October 14, 1990
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
delist the species

26, 1990

8.

9.

by protecting

known population from adverse human activities and deterthe

mining, by 5 years of continuous monitoring, that the population is

stable; or, discovering sufficient

Stock Island tree snail

1.

Species: Stock Island tree snail

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/S pedes can be delisted

(Orthalicus reses reses)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 3,

when
out a

the following criteria are

is

1978
3.

met: Species

present throughof

minimum

Group: Snails
Species Status: Declining

habitat. Population
sistent

20 acres of shows no condownward trend for more

in place

4. 5. 6.

than 2 consecutive years.

Recovery

Priority: 3

Management agreements
with involved agencies.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan Stock Island Tree Snail.

Minimum

of 30 additional populations have been reestablished.

10.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 4

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

to report.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 9, 1983

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

230

Virginia fringed
1.

mountain snail

270

Species: Virginia fringed

tain snail (Polygyriscus

moun-

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist/ All habitats protected,

virginianus)
2.

long-term management and monitoring programs implemented,

Listing/Date: Endangered/July 3,

1978
3.

and no downward trend

quality and distribution.
Stabilization

in habitat

Group: Snails
Species Status: Stable

now

appears to be a

more
10.

realistic objective.

4.

5.

Recovery Priority: 4

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Habitat monitoring.

6.

Recovery Plan

Title: Virginia

Fringed Mountain Snail

(Potygyris virginianus)

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Habitat acquisition. Development of sampling method to determine distribution

Recovery

Plan
7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 5

12.

of live snails.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 9, 1983

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Fanshell
Species: Fanshell (Cyprogenia
stegaria (= irrorata))
the Tennessee, Clinch,

271

and Green

Rivers.
11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
21,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
the mussel propagation research.

1990

Group: Mussels
Species Status: Declining

Conduct additional mussel

sur-

veys in the Tennessee, Clinch, and

Recovery

Green
Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

Develop an educaon the plight of freshwater mussels and develop

Rivers.
tional video

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed
0.

techniques

to

cryopreserve mus-

sels. Investigate the life history of

the species in the

12.

Green
1

River.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Major Activity Since Last Report: Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act. Conducted mussel propagation research and a mussel survey of

231

Arkansas fatmucket
1.

Species: Arkansas fatmucket

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Lampsilis powelli)
2.

Known range on U.S. Forest

Service lands was surveyed to establish population trends.
11.

Listing/Date: Threatened/April 5,

1990
3.

Group: Clams
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: U.S. Forest
Service plans to conduct
habitat studies.

4. 5. 6. 7.

Unknown
8
12.

some

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Inflated heelsplitter
1.

Species: Inflated heelsplitter

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

(Potamilus inflatus)
2.

be developed
10.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received
the
listing protection under Endangered Species Act.

Threatened/September 28, 1990

3.

Group: Mussels
Species Status: Declining
11.

4. 5.
6.
7.

Recovery

Priority:

8C
Pending
12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: To survey populations in the Tombigbee and
Black Warrior River systems. Recovery Achieved:
1

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

8.

232

Curtus' mussel
1.

Species: Curtus' mussel

Tombigbee River

at

Gainesville
indication

(Pleurobema curium)
2.

Bendway (FY
cline

88).

No

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

of species was found. Habitat de-

1987

due

to siltation

was noted

at

both

sites.

Shell survey in East

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

i.

5.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Five
11.

S.

Recovery Plan

Fork habitat resulted in recovery of four fresh dead specimens (FY 89). East Fork shell survey in FY 90 resulted in recovery of one fresh dead specimen.

Title:

Tombigbee River Mussels

Recovery Plan
1.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Work with

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 14, 1989

Ecological Services and Corps of

Engineers

to establish

minimum
monitor

flows through Gainesville

\.

Bendway. Continue

to

F/November
>.

East Fork population and habitat.

12. Recovery Achieved:
1

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Prevent extinction and protect the

remaining range of the species.

0.

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

Major Activity Since Last Report: Search and assessment of habitat in East Fork Tombigbee River and

Dwarf wedge mussel

Dwarf wedge mussel {Alasmidonta heterodon)
Species:

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
14,

two new popuand New York; however, the New England popuin the location of

lations in Virginia

1990

lations are declining. Habitat pro-

tection

is

being initiated through

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining
11.

landowner contacts.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The host fish study will be completed, more
surveys to determine total distri-

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

bution of the species and population trends throughout

will be undertaken,
its

Recovery Plan: Region 5

range

and

a recov-

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

12.

ery plan will be prepared.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

o.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Various studies are underway, including determination of host
fishes,

contaminant studies, and

population trend studies.

Population surveys have resulted

233

Judge
1.

Tait's
10.

mussel
11.

Species: Judge Tait's mussel

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Status surveys and habitat assessment of the re-

(Pleurobema taitianum)
2.

A status survey and habitat

assessment of the East Fork

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

1987

Tombigee River (FY

Gainesville

88),

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Bendway (FY 88) and the lower Buttahatchee River (FY 89) has been completed. The
species was not found in the East
12.

maining Buttahatchee habitat, and of the Sipsey River will be

continued.

4.
5. 6.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Five

Recovery Plan
Recovery Plan

Title:

Tombigbee River Mussels

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 4

8.

F/November
9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 14, 1989

Fork Tombigbee, and the habitat has been severely impacted by siltation and drought. The species was not found in the Gainesville Bendway, and the habitat was impacted by Tennessee Tombigbee Waterway releases and siltation. The population in the extreme
lower Buttahatchee was not encountered, and habitat has been

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Prevent extinction and protect the

impacted by gravel mines and

tation. Shell surveys of the

sil-

East

remaining range of the species.

Fork during

FY

89 and 90 did not

encounter the species.

Marshall's mussel
1.

Species: Marshall's mussel

Gainesville Bendway,
88).

AL (FY

(Pleurobema marshalli)
2.

No

Marshall's mussel shells

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

1987

were found. This historic population site has been affected by the construction of the Tennessee
reaches of the
ily silted.

3. 4.
5.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Tombigbee Waterway. The lower Bendway are heav-

Recovery

Priority: 5
11.
Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

6.

Recovery Plan
Recovery Plan

Five

Work with

Tombigbee River Mussels

Ecological Services and Corps of

Engineers

to establish

minimum

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

flows through Gainesville

Bendway.
Recovery Achieved:
1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November 14, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Prevent extinction and protect the

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

9.

remaining range of the species.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Survey and habitat assessment of the Tombigbee River at

234

Penitent mussel
1.

Species: Penitent mussel

assessment of the East Fork

13. Information Current as of: the

June

(Epioblasma (=Dysnomia)
penita)
2.

Tombigbee River (FY 88) and

1990

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

1987

lower Buttahatchee River (FY 89) has been completed. The species was not found in the East Fork

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

4.

5.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Five

5.

Recovery Plan
Plan

Title:

Tombigbee Mussels Recovery

Tombigbee, and the habitat has been severely impacted by siltation and drought. The population in the extreme lower Buttahatchee has declined from historic levels, and habitat has been impacted by gravel mines and siltation. Shell surveys of the East Fork during FY 89 and 90 did not find the
species.
11.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November 14, 1989

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Status surveys and habitat assessment of the re-

J.

).

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Prevent extinction and protect the remaining range of the species.

maining Buttahatchee habitat, and of the Sipsey River, will be

continued.
12.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A status survey and habitat

Recovery Achieved:

Ring pink mussel

l.

Species: Ring pink (=golf stick

pearly) mussel (Obovaria retusa)

10.

\.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 29, 1989

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Tennessee and Green Rivers.
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Continuation of

X
1.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

11.

5.

Recovery

Priority: 5

>.

Recovery Plan Title: Ring Pink Mussel Recovery Plan

mussel propagation research. Additional mussel surveys in the Tennessee and Green River. Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and
develop techniques
life

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: T/March 1990
12.

to

cryopreserve mussels. Investigate

history of the species in the
River.
1

Green

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish 9 viable popula-

13. Information Current as of: June

tions through the protection of

25,

1990

existing populations

and through

discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

235

280
1.

Louisiana pearlshell
Natural Heritage Program survey
of 1985, and the habitat in these

Species: Louisiana pearlshell

(Margaritifera hembeli)

streams
2.

is fully

protected; popula-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/February
3. 4. 5. 6.

5,

1988

tions in each of

Mack Branch,
Brown Creek
is

Castor Creek, and

Group: Clams
Species Status:

number

in

excess of 1,000 indifully

Unknown
2

viduals, and the habitat

protected; and these

levels are

minimum

Recovery

Priority:

maintained for a period

Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery

of at least 10 years with evidence of successful reproduction and

Plan for the Louisiana Pearlshell

(Margaritifera hembeli)
7.

recruitment.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/undated

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

No
11.

action.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: All streams
will

8.

be surveyed

to

determine

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist. Populations in each of Long Branch, Bayou Clear, Loving Creek and Little Loving Creek number the greater of 2,000 individuals or the level determined by the Louisiana

population status.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

281
1.

Alabama lamp pearly mussel

streams within historic range.
Protect historic, newly

Species:

Alabama lamp pearly

mussel (Lampsilis virescens)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

discovered, and established

species populations.
10.

1976

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report:

No
11.

action taken.

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Determine the

species' current status, distribution

Recovery Plan Title: A Recovery Plan for the Alabama Lamp Pearly Mussel Lampsilis virescens (Lea 1858)

and habitat requirements in

the Paint
12.

Rock River System.

1

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 2, 1985

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

8.

9.

Delist.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Locate or establish a vi-

able population in the Paint

Rock

River above Wheeler Reservoir

influence. Locate or establish vi-

able populations in two additional

236

Appalachian monkeyface pearly mussel

1.

Species: Appalachian monkeyface

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal related silt and toxic components of coal waste on mussels in the Powell River. Mussel propagation
research. Mussel survey of the

pearly mussel (Quadrula sparsa)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

3. 4. 5.
6.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Powell and Clinch Rivers.

11.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
research on mussel propagation

Appalachian Monkeyface Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 9, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish three viable

and on the impact of the toxic components of coal waste to mussels. Additional mussel surveys in the Clinch and Powell Rivers. Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and
develop techniques
to

cryopreserve mussels.

pop-

12.

Recovery Achieved:

ulations through the protection of

existing populations

and through

13. Information Current as of: June

the discovery and/or creation of

25, 1990

an additional population.

Birdwing pearly mussel

1.

Species: Birdwing pearly mussel

9.

(Conradilla caelata)
12.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

Recovery Objective/Criteria: populations through the protection of existing populations and discovDelist. Establish five viable

freshwater mussels and develop

techniques to cryopreserve
mussels.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

ery and/or creation of additional

3. 4.
'

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining
10.

populations.

13. Information Current as of:

June

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal related silt and toxic components of coal waste on mussels in the
Powell River. Mussel propagation
research. Mussel survey of the

25, 1990

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

4C
Birdwing

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 9, 1984
11.

Powell, Clinch, Duck, and Elk

Rivers.

H8.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
research on mussel propagation

and on the impact of the toxic components of coal waste to mussels.

Additional mussel surveys in

the Powell, Clinch,

Duck, and Elk

Rivers. Evaluate birdwing pearly

cational video

mussel transplants. Develop eduon the plight of

237

Cracking pearly mussel

1.

Species: Cracking pearly mussel

10.

(Hemistena
2.

lata)

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1989

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

4.
5.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Clinch, Powell, Elk, Tennessee, and Green Rivers. Study of the impacts of coal related silt and toxic components of coal waste on mussels. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Continuation of

Recovery

Priority:

4
11.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Cracking

Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

for

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: T/July 1990

mussel propagation research and study of the impacts of coal related

silt

and toxic components of

in the Clinch,

coal waste on mussels. Additional

mussel surveys
Rivers.

Powell, Tennessee, and Green

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish eight viable

Develop educational

video on the plight of freshwater

pop-

ulations through the protection of

existing populations

mussels and develop techniques

to

and through
12.

cryopreserve mussels.
1

the discovery and/or creation of

Recovery Achieved:

additional populations.

13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

Cumberland bean pearly mussel

1.

Species: Cumberland bean pearly mussel (Villosa trabalis)

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal resilt and toxic components of coal waste on mussels. Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Cumberland River system. Evaluation of mussel
lated

2.

1976

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

4. 5.
6.

instream flow needs.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
11.

Determination of fish hosts.

Recovery Plan Title: Cumberland Bean Pearly Mussel Recovery

Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
research on mussel propagation

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August22, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Establish five viable populations through the protection of
existing populations and through
12.

and on the impact of coal waste

mussels. Additional mussel sur-

to

veys in the Cumberland River system. Develop educational video

8.

on

the plight of freshwater

musto

sels

and develop techniques

9.

cryopreserve mussels. Continuation of instream flow needs study.

Recovery Achieved:

discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.
13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

238

Cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel

l.

i-

Species:

Cumberland monkeyface

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal related silt and toxic components of coal waste on mussels in the Powell River. Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Powell, Duck, and Elk Rivers.

pearly mussel {Quadrula intermedia)

I.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

}.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining
11.

I.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
research on mussel propagation

5.

Recovery Priority: Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

5C

5.

Title: Cumberland Monkeyface Pearly Mussel

7.

for
J.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 9, 1984
12.

and on the impact of the toxic components of coal waste to mussels. Additional mussel surveys in the Powell, Duck, and Elk Rivers. Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and
develop techniques
to

cryopreserve mussels.

h Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish four viable

Recovery Achieved:

pop-

ulations through protection of

existing populations

13. Information Current as of: June

and through

25,

1990

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

Curtis' pearly
Species: Curtis' pearly mussel

mussel

populations are surrounded by a

protected riparian zone, and 3)
the populations are protected

(Epioblasma florentina

curtisi)

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

from the adverse effects resulting from any future man-made

changes.
10.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 6
Title:

Major Activity Since Last Report: A riparian purchase of over one mile of one of the two rivers believed to contain the species has

Recovery Plan

Recovery

Plan for the Curtis' Pearly Mussel

resulted in the stream bank stabilizing

ity.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

and improving water qual-

Recovery Plan: Region 3

11.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February4, 1986 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. The species will be considered to be recovered when 1) viable populations occur in four
streams which are sufficiently

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring of
the mussel beds in the two

streams will be done next year.

Section 7 consultation will be

used

to protect habitat

when

ap-

propriate.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

separate so that a single event

would be unlikely to than one population,

affect

more

13. Information Current as of: July

2) the four

25,

1990

239

288
1.

Dromedary pearly mussel

10.

Species:
sel

Dromedary pearly mus(Dromus dromas)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal related silt and toxic components of
coal waste on mussels. Mussel

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

propagation research. Mussel sur-

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

vey of the Clinch, Powell, and Tennessee Rivers.

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

4C

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
research on mussel propagation

Recovery Plan Title: Dromedary Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August22, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Establish five viable populations through the protection of existing populations and through
the discovery and/or creation of

8.

and on the impact of coal waste on mussels. Additional mussel surveys in the Clinch, Powell, and Tennessee Rivers. Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and develop
techniques
mussels.
12.
to

cryopreserve

9.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

additional populations.

25, 1990

T|

Green-blossom pearly mussel

the discovery and/or creation of

1.

Species: Green-blossom pearly mussel {Epioblasma torulosa gu-

additional populations.
10.

bemaculum)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal related
silt

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

and toxic components of

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining,
extinct

coal waste on mussels. Mussel

propagation research. Mussel sur-

4.

may be
11.

vey of the Clinch and Powell

Rivers.

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
research on mussel propagation

Recovery Plan

GreenBlossom Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

Title:

and on the impact of coal waste on mussels. Additional mussel

surveys in the Clinch and Powell
Rivers.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 9, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
12.
Delist. Establish four viable

Develop educational

video on the plight of freshwater

8.

mussels and develop techniques

to

cryopreserve mussels.
1

9.

pop-

Recovery Achieved:

ulations through the protection of

existing populations and through

13. Information Current as of:

June

25, 1990

240

Higgins eye pearly mussel

1.

290

Species: Higgins' eye pearly

sel

mus-

9.

(Lampsilis higginsi)

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. The species will be considered recovered

are

study

is

gathering baseline data

on

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

when

5 sepa-

1976

rate viable populations exist

and
11.

mussel bed in be used in future monitoring activities.

a Higgins' eye

the Mississippi River to

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status:

4.
5. 6.

Unknown
2C
10.

be stable over a 10year period. These populations should be in five separate pools
to

shown

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Section 7 protection, Prairie
ing,

of the Mississippi River.

Recovery

du Chien monitorand studies will continue.

1

Priority:

Recovery Plan Title: Higgins' Eye Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

The

Major Activity Since Last Report: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment
Station
is

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 29, 1983

continuing a long-term

24,

1990

study of barge and navigation impacts on the species at six sites in

the

8.

Upper Mississippi

River.

Section 7 consultation continues

to protect
sites

known and suspected occupied by the species, known

du Chien,
at that site at Prairie

including the largest

population

Wisconsin. Monitoring
is

measuring acute and chronic

effects of current barge traffic

over the mussel bed.

separate

Little-wing pearly
1.

mussel
25,

291
June

Species: Little-wing pearly

sel {Pegias fabula)

mus-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal related silt and toxic components of

13. Information Current as of:

1990

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/November
3. 4.
5. 6.

14,

1988

coal waste on mussels. Mussel

propagation research. Mussel sur-

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

vey of the Cumberland River system. Evaluation of mussel

instream flow needs. Determination of fish hosts.

Recovery

Priority:

4
Little-Wing
11.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of research on mussel propagation

Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

and on the impact of coal waste on mussels. Additional mussel

surveys in the Cumberland River system. Develop educational

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 22, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria: populations through the protection of existing populations and through
Delist. Establish 13 viable

video on the plight of freshwater

9.

mussels and develop techniques

to

cryopreserve mussels.

Continuation of insueam flow

needs study.
12.

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

Recovery Achieved:

241

Orange-footed pearly mussel

1.

Species: Orange-footed pearly

10.

mussel {Plethobasus cooperianus)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Ohio and
Tennessee Rivers.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of mussel propagation research. Additional mussel surveys in the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers. Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and develop techniques to
cryopreserve mussels.

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: OrangeFooted Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

7.

for

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 30, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: popuand through

25, 1990

Delist. Establish five viable

lations through the protection of

existing populations

discovery and/or creation of additional populations.

Pale
1.

lilliput

pearly mussel
im-

Species: Pale
sel

lilliput

pearly mus-

historic localities. Noticeable

(Toxolasma (=Carunculina)

provements

in substrate quality

cylitidrellus)
2.

are achieved and maintained.

10.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

1976
11.

No

action taken.

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Determine the

species' current status, distribution

4.
5.

Recovery

Priority: 5

6.

Recovery Plan

Title: Recovery Plan for the Pale Lilliput Pearly

the Paint
12.

and habitat requirements Rock River System.

1

in

Recovery Achieved:

Mussel {Toxolasma cylindrellus)

13. Information Current as of:
7.

June

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August22, 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Protect populations in the

1990

8.

9.

Rock River, Estill Fork, and Hurricane Creek. Discovery or

Paint

reestablishment and protection of

new

populations in two additional

242

Pink mucket pearly mussel

Species: Pink
sel

294

mucket pearly mus-

10.

(Lampsilis orbiculata)

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Clinch, Ohio, Kanawha, Tennessee, Green, and Barrens Rivers. Life history investigations in the Green
River.

Recovery Priority: 5 Recovery Plan Title: Pink Mucket Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of mussel propagation research.
Additional mussel surveys in the
Clinch, Ohio, Kanawha,

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 24, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Establish 18 viable populations through protection of existing populations and discovery
and/or creation of additional
populations.

Tennessee, Green, and Barrens

Rivers. Develop educational

video on the plight of freshwater

mussels and develop techniques

to

cryopreserve mussels.
life

Continuation of
tigations in the

history invesRiver.

Green
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

Purple cat's
Species: Purple cat's

paw

pearly mussel
Green

paw

pearly

Conducted surveys
River. 11.

in the

mussel (Epioblasma

(=Dysnomia)
cata))

o.

obliquata (=sul-

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
10,

1990

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Conduct mussel propagation research. Conduct additional mussel surveys in the Tennessee, Clinch, and Green Rivers. Develop an educational video on the plight of freshwater
mussels and develop techniques
to

Recovery

Priority: 6
Title:

cryopreserve mussels.
life

Recovery Plan

Pending

Investigate the

history of the

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

I
.

species in the Green River.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

0.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received
the
listing protection under Endangered Species Act.

243

Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel

1.

Species: Tubercled-blossom

10.

pearly mussel (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)

11.
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Continuation of

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 14, 1976

3. 4. 5

Group: Clams
Species Status: Extinct

mussel propagation research. Develop educational video on the

plight of freshwater mussels and

develop techniques

to

Recovery

cryopreserve mussels.
Priority:

6
12.

Recovery Plan
Plan
7.

Recovery Achieved:

Title:

Tubercled13. Information Current as of: June

Blossom Pearly Mussel Recovery

25,

1990

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January25, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

criteria for

9.

No

recovery exists.
will

Recovery objectives
lished
if

be estab-

a population of the

species can be found.

Turgid-blossom pearly mussel

1.

Species: Turgid-blossom pearly mussel (Epioblasma turgidula)

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Continuation of

2.

11.

1976

3.
4. 5.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Extinct

mussel propagation research. Develop educational video on the

plight of freshwater mussels

and

Recovery

develop techniques
Priority: 5
Title:

to

cryopreserve mussels.
6.

Recovery Plan
Plan

Turgid12.

Blossom Pearly Mussel Recovery

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January25, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
criteria for recovery exists.

25,

1990

8.

9.

No

Recovery objectives
lished
if

will

be estab-

a population of the

species can be found.

244

White
1.

cat's
Downlisting

paw
to
if
( 1 )

pearly mussel
quality problems will be identified
12.

Species:

White

cat s

paw

pearly

threatened status
the Fish
to

mussel (Epioblasma sulcata dclicata = E. obliquata perobliqua)

2.

may occur

Creek

and remedies sought.

1

population proves

be viable

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

and self-maintaining and receives protection from adverse activities: and (2) three additional, viable
populations are discovered or
reestablished and protected.
10.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

24,

1990

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status:

4.
5.

Unknown

Recovery

Priority: 6
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan
Pearly Mussel

Recovery

Plan for the White Cats

Paw

Major Activity Since Last Report: Recovery Plan has been completed. Mussel collecting has been prohibited in the Ohio portion of Fish Creek. In addition.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January25, 1990
11.

Service has met with Indiana and

Ohio

DNR to plan landowner

contact program throughout

species watershed.

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize. Recovery and delisting

of the subspecies are not antici-

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Landowner

pated due to extremely low population levels

and no recent

evidence of recruitment.

made by state and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) representatives under cooperative agreement funding from the Service. Sources of water
contacts will be

White warty-back pearly mussel

1.

Species:

White warty-back pearly

10.

mussel (Plethobasus cicatricosus)

.2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Ohio and
Tennessee River.

1976
11.

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

4. 5.

Recovery

mussel propagation research. Additional mussel surveys in the

Priority: 5

Ohio and Tennessee

River.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: White Warty-Back Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan

Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and

develop techniques
to

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 19, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish 3 viable popula-

cryopreserve mussels.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: June

25,

1990

9.

tions through the protection of

existing populations

and through

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

245

300
1.

Yellow-blossom pearly mussel

10.

Species: Yellow-blossom pearly

mussel (Epioblasmaflorentina
florentitm)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Continuation of

11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Extinct

mussel propagation research. Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and develop techniques to
cryopreserve mussels.

Recovery

Priority: 6

Recovery Plan
Plan

12.
Title:

Yellow-

Recovery Achieved:

Blossom Pearly Mussel Recovery

13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January25, 1985

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
criteria for

No

recovery exists.

Recovery objectives will be established

if

a population of the

species can be found.

301
1. 2.

Fine-rayed pigtoe
10.

Species: Fine-rayed pigtoe

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Study of the impacts of coal related silt and toxic components of
coal waste on mussels. Mussel

(Fusconia cuneolus)
Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

propagation research. Mussel sur-

'*
<>H

3.
4.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

vey of the Clinch, Powell, and Holston Rivers. Life history study
completed.

"4J

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

5
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
research on mussel propagation

Recovery Plan Title: Fine-Rayed Pigtoe Mussel Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 19, 1984

and on the impact of coal waste

mussels. Additional mussel surveys in the Clinch, Powell, Holston, Paint Rock, and

to

8.

Sequatchie Rivers. Develop educational video

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish eight viable

on the plight of

pop-

freshwater mussels and develop

ulations through the protection of

existing populations

techniques
mussels.
12.

to

cryopreserve

and through

the discovery and/or creation of

Recovery Achieved:

additional populations.
13. Information Current as of: June

25,

1990

246

Rough pigtoe
1.

302

Species:

Rough

pigtoe

10.

(Pleurobema plenum)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Clinch, Tennessee, Green, and Barrens
Rivers. Life history investigations
in the

3.
4.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining
11.

Green

River.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

5.

Recovery Priority: 5 Recovery Plan

Title:

6.

Rough

mussel propagation research. Additional mussel surveys in the

Clinch, Tennessee, Green, and

Pigtoe Mussel Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 6, 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Establish six viable populations through the protection of existing populations and through
the discovery and/or creation of

Barrens Rivers. Develop educational video

on the plight of freshcryopreserve muslife

water mussels and develop

techniques
sels.

8.

to

Continuation of

history
River.

investigations in the
12.

Green
1

9.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

additional populations.

Shiny pigtoe mussel

1.

303

Species: Shiny pigtoe mussel

10.

Major Activity Since

Last Report: Study of
the impacts of coal
silt and toxic components of coal waste on mussels. Mussel propagation research. Mussel sur-

(Fusconaia edgariana)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

related

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

4.
5.

Recovery

Priority: 5

vey of the Clinch,

Powell, and Holston
Rivers. Life history
pigtoe mussel is now restricted to Virginia, Tennessee and Alabama. Like the majority of endan-

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Shiny Pigtoe Mussel Recovery Plan

The shiny

study completed.
11.

gered mussels, the species

stable substrates.

is

declining.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 1984

quires clear, clean, fast-flowing rivers

The pigtoe reand streams with

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Continuation

due
the

The disappearance of this habitat impoundments and water pollution has restricted ability of the Fish and Wildlife Service to restore the
to
is critical

9,

of research on
sel

mus-

species. Preservation of existing populations

to their survival

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Establish seven viable populations through the protection of existing populations and through the discovery and/or creation of additional populations.

propagation and on the impact of coal

and eventual recovery.

techniques
mussels.
to

waste

to

mussels. Additional

mus
12.

cryopreserve

sel surveys in the Clinch, Powell,

Holston, Paint Rock, and

Recovery Achieved:

Sequatchie Rivers. Develop educational video on the plight of

13. Information Current as of: June

freshwater mussels and develop

25,

1990

247

304
1.

Fat pocketbook
9.

Species: Fat pocketbook

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Existing population in
the St. Francis
tributary streams

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitor transplanted populations; survey affects of

(Potamilus capax)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
14,

1976

Floodway and and ditches

the
is

Corps of Engineer
St.

protected from habitat modifica-

dredging in
population.
12.

Francis Floodway

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Improving

two viable populations are located in two other

tion; at least

and

survey of Wabash River system

river systems within historic range,

Recovery

Priority:

2C

including the upper Mississippi

River, the

Recovery Achieved: 2

Recovery Plan Title: A Recovery Plan for the Fat Pocketbook Pearly Mussel Potamilus capax (Green 1832)

White or Wabash

13. Information Current as of: June

Rivers in Indiana, or others.

10.

1990

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Transplants to upper Mississippi

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

River by Missouri Department of

Conservation; survey of tributary
ditch to St. Francis

Floodway and

8.

extension of population in Little

R/Rev/March

28,

1989

Bay

Ditch; survey in

Wabash

F/October4, 1985.

River system.

305
1.

Speckled pocketbook
9.

Species: Speckled pocketbook

{Lampsilis streckeri)
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Listing/Date:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Endangered/February 28, 1989

3.

None
11.

Group: Clams
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

4.
5. 6. 7.

Unknown
12.

None

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Pending
13. Information Current as of: June

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

1990

8.

248

Tan
1.

riffle

shell

306

Species: Tan riffle shell

10.

(Epioblasma walkeri)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ August

27,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Mussel propagation research. Mussel survey of the Clinch and

1977
11.

Duck

Rivers.

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

4.
5.

Recovery

mussel propagation research. Additional mussel surveys in the

Clinch, Holston, and

Priority: 5

Duck

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Tan Riffle Shell Mussel Recovery Plan

Rivers. Develop educational

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October28, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Establish four viable

video on the plight of freshwater mussels and develop techniques

to

cryopreserve mussels.
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

9.

pop-

ulations through the protection of

existing populations

and through

the discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

Stirrup shell
1.

307

Species: Stirrup shell (Quadrula

stapes)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Survey and habitat assessment of
the

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

Tombigbee River

at

1987

Gainesville Bendway,
88).

AL (FY
were found.
site

No

stirrup shells

3.
1.4.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

This historic population

has

5.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

been affected by the construction of the Tennessee Tombigbee Waterway. The lower reaches of
the
11.

6.

Recovery Plan
Recovery Plan

Five

Bendway

are heavily silted.

Tombigbee River Mussels

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Historic habitat
in the lower Sipsey River in

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November 14, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Prevent extinction and protect the remaining range of the species.
12.

Alabama
assessed.

will

be searched and

8.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

9.

1990

249

308
1. 2.

James

River spinymussel
10.

Species: James River spinymussel (Pleurobema collina)

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
22, 1988

Major Activity Since Last Report: Surveys conducted. Host fishes and life history requirements determined. Finalized recovery plan.

3.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

11.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Conduct additional surveys within the species'

4.
5. 6.

historic range.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: James River Spinymussel (Pleurobema collina) Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 24, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when all known populations stable or expanding. There are widely distributed populations in at least four rivers. All

9.

known
from

habitats are protected

threats.

309
1.

Tar River spinymussel

10.

Species: Tar River spinymussel

(Elliptio steinstansana)

Major Activity Since

Last Report: Mussel

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
27, 1985

propagation research.

Mussel surveys of the

Tar River system.
Life history study of
a related species

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Clams
Species Status: Declining

was

completed.

Recovery

Priority: 5

11.

Recovery Plan Title: Tar River Spinymussel Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Continuation

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 16, 1987

of mussel propagation research.

Critically

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist. Establish two viable

populations through the protection of existing populations

Develop educational video on the plight of freshwater mussels and develop techniques
to

only found
Carolina.

endangered, the Tar River spinymussel is in a short stretch of the Tar River in North

Fewer than 500 individuals

exist. Like
is

severa

other endangered mussels, the species

threatened

cryopre-

by competition from the introduced Asiatic clam, as we as habitat modification and degradation.

serve mussels.

and

Continue

to

monitor population

in

12.

Recovery Achieved:

discovery and/or creation of

additional populations.

the Tar River system.

13. Information Current as of: June

25, 1990

250

Hay's Spring
1.

amphipod

310

Species: Hay's Spring

amphipod

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Habitat protection and monitoring.

(Stygobromus hayi)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/February
3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

5,

1982

11.

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued habitat protection and monitoring.
Investigate recharge area.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

Recovery Plan

N/A

13. Information Current as of: July

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

1990

8.
9.

N/A

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize/Protect the amphipod's

spring habitat.

Cave crayfish
1.

311

Cave crayfish (Cambarus zophonastes)

Species:
Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Discovery of nine

new

populations. Protection of five

2.

1987
10.

populations and their habitat.

3.

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Since Last Report:

The cave entrance and surrounding area have been purchased by

the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission. The recharge area has been delineated.
11.

X.

5.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

5.

Recovery Plan

Recovery

Plan for the Cave Crayfish

{Cambarus zophonastes)
7.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Survey caves
for additional populations as

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 26, 1988
12.

funding becomes available.

I.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

251

312
1.

Nashville crayfish
10.

Species: Nashville crayfish

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Orconectes shoupi)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Tennessee has
submitted Nashville crayfish
Section 6 proposals, but no funding has been available.
likely

Endangered/September 26, 1986

3.

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status:

4. 5. 6.

Unknown
11C

They

will
this

Recovery

submit another request

Priority:

year;

and

if

funds are available, a

Recovery Plan Title: Nashville Crayfish Recovery Plan

life

history

and threat analysis

may be
12.

funded.
1

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/February 8, 1989; F/August 12, 1987

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

8.

25, 1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Establish two viable
populations through the protection of the existing population

and through the discovery and/or

creation of additional population.

313
1.

Shasta crayfish
9.

Species: Shasta crayfish

(Pacifastacus fords)

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

2.

Listing/Date:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Section 6 surveys and Section 7
consultations.

Endangered/September 30, 1988

3. 4.
5.

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status:

Unknown
1

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Assist species
recovery via Section 7 consultations

Recovery

Priority:

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
12.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

August

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

23,

1990

252

Madison Cave isopod

1.

314

Species:

Madison Cave isopod

lira)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Habitat monitoring and protection. There are relatively few sites comprising the isopod s habitat, although other sightings remain

(Antrolana
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/October
4,

1982

3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status: Stable
11.

possible.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued
habitat monitoring.

Recovery Priority: 4

Map re-

Recovery Plan

Title:

N/A
12.

charge area. Develop cooperative

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

agreement with landowner.

Recovery Achieved: 3

8.
9.

NA

13. Information Current as of: Juiy

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize / Protect the isopod's
habitat.

1990

Socorro isopod
Species: Socorro isopod
10.

315

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Thermosphaeroma (= Exosphaeroma) thermophilic)

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
27,

A captive population continues

to

1978

be maintained at the University of New Mexico. Modifications to the drain field of the expanded habitat area have been made to
eliminate erosion. Quarterly
itoring visits

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status: Improving

monto

have been made

the

site.

Recovery

Priority:

2
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Socorro Isopod Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The habitat

drain field

may

require further

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/February 16, 1982
12.

work

to control erosion.

Monitoring

visits will

continue
will

and the captive population maintained as a backup.

Recovery Achieved: 4

be

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize: establish and maintain two additional populations.

13. Information Current as of:

1,

August

1990

253

316
1.

Alabama cave shrimp

10.

Species:

Alabama cave shrimp

(Palaemonias alabamae)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3. 4.
5.

7,

1988
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Water quality study of Shelta Cave, and hydrology study of Shelta and Bobcat Cave aquifers have been initiated. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:
studies.
Initiate

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status: Declining

water

Recovery

quality study. Continue hydrology

Priority: 5

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Alabama Cave Shrimp {Palaemonias alabamae) Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

1990

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Protect

known
to

populations,

downlist

threatened status. Five

reproducing populations must be

and protected in five groundwater basins to reclassify.

identified

317
1.

California freshwater shrimp

10.

Species: California freshwater

shrimp (Syncaris pacified)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Section 6 surveys and Section 7

Consultations.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 31, 1988

3.
4. 5. 6.
7.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Assist species
recovery via Section 7 consultations.

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status:

Unknown
8
12.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

23,

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

254

Kentucky cave shrimp

1.

318

Species:

Kentucky cave shrimp

10.

{Palaemonias ganteri)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Completion of sewage treatment

facilities for

some

of the pollution

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3.

12,

1983
11.

originating outside of

Mammoth

Cave National Park

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

4.

Unknown
12.

None

5.

Recovery Priority: 5 Recovery Plan Title: Kentucky Cave Shrimp Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

6.

13. Information Current as of:

June

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

26, 1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October7, 1988

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To delist the species by protecting,
for the foreseeable future, nine

9.

viable, reproducing populations

of the species

Squirrel
i

Chimney cave shrimp

319

Species: Squirrel

Chimney

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.

(= Florida) cave shrimp

{Palaemonetes cummingi)
Listing/Date: Threatened/June 21,
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The species
occurs on only one
site that is

1990
3. 4.

Group: Crustaceans
Species Status: Declining

ad-

equately protected by a single

landowner.
12.

None

anticipated.
1

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 17
Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

NA

13. Information Current as of:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

September 1990

8. 9.

NA Recovery Objective/Criteria: NA
Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

255

320
1.

American burying beetle

beetle

Species:

American burying

populations. Surveys
in western portion of

(Nicrophorus americanus)
2.

range. Reintro-

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
13,

1989

duction of beetles to
suitable habitat.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Insects
Species Status: Declining

Preparation of draft
technical recovery

plan initiated. The

Recovery

Priority:

5C

Block Island population appears stable;

..i>

Recovery Plan Title: American Burying Beetle Draft Recovery Plan

other populations

continue to decline.
11.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period:

The American burying beetle feeds

primarily

on carrion

Small animal carcasses are buried by the beetles and

A recovery

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U/no

date

plan will be prepared. Monitoring of

the

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist / No criteria developed

yet.

Block Island

later serve as food for hatching larvae. The beetle was once found in 32 states and in Canada, but is now known from only two populations in Oklahoma and Nev England. The reason for its drastic decline remains a

mystery.

population will continue; the reintroduction effort

on

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Penikese Island will also be moni

tored. Studies will continue.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ecological and reproductive studies on Block Island and captive

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

321
1.
tle

Delta green ground beetle

10.

Species: Delta green ground bee-

{Elaphrus

viridis)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
3,

1980
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: is on California Nature Conservancy lands and is being managed as part of the Nature Conservancy preserve.
Entire population

3. 4.
5.

Group: Insects
Species Status:

Unknown

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued management and monitoring by
the Nature Conservancy.

6.

Recovery Plan

Solano
12.

Grass/Delta Green Ground Beetle Recovery Plan

7.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

19,

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 11, 1985

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize and protect
all

9.

known

populations for 10 years.

256

Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle

1.

Species: Kretschmarr Cave

mold

several landowners about protective measures that could be taken. Texas Parks and Wildlife

beetle (Texamaurops reddelli)

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3.
4.

16,

1988

Department received Section 6

funds
to

survey for additional

this species.

Group: Insects
Species Status:

populations of

Unknown

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

HCP may be

completed, approved, and imple-

Recovery Plan

Title:

mentation (including land acquisition)

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
12.

begun.

Two

Section 6

projects will continue.

Recovery Achieved:

.8.

13. Information Current as of: July,

1990

9.

be developed.
10. Major Activity Since Last Report: Progress continued on an

Balcones Canyonlands Habitat

Conservation Plan (HCP) that
will include this species. Service

has provided advice directly

to

Northeastern beach tiger beetle

l.

Species: Northeastern beach tiger

beetle (Cicindela dorsalis)

State, Federal,

and private species

were

experts,

and

collectors. Proposals

12.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
7.

for recovery actions

1990
11.

prepared.

p. Group:
il.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
species monitoring efforts.

Insects

Species Status: Declining

>.

Recovery

Priority: 6
Title:

>.

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Conduct genetic studies to compare the taxonomy of the Chesapeake Bay and New England populations. Conduct more surveys, especially in Maryland prior to phragmites
control. Investigate potential for

i.

possible translocations to establish

new

populations.
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

.0.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act. Recovery coordination meeting
held at Forsythe National Wildlife

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Refuge. Participants included

257

Puritan tiger beetle

1.

Species: Puritan tiger beetle

State, Federal,

and private species were

(Cicindela pur i tana)

2.

experts,

and

collectors. Proposals

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
7,

for recovery actions

1990
11.

prepared.

3.

Group: Insects
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
species monitoring efforts.

4.
5.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

Conduct genetic studies to compare the taxonomy of the Chesapeake Bay and New England populations. Conduct more surveys, especially in Maryland prior to phragmites
control. Investigate potential for

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

possible translocations to establish

new

populations.
1

9.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received
the
listing protection

13. Information Current as of:

under

September 1990

Endangered Species Act. Recovery coordination meeting

held at Forsythe National Wildlife
Refuge. Participants included

Tooth Cave ground beetle

1.

Species: Tooth Cave ground beetle

several landowners about protective

(Rhadine persephone)

measures

that could

be taken.

Texas Parks and Wildlife

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3. 4.

16,

1988

Department received Section 6

funds
to

survey for additional

Group: Insects
Species Status:

populations of this species.

Unknown
2C
Pending

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Recovery

HCP may be

Priority:

completed, approved, and imple-

Recovery Plan

Title:

mentation (including land acquisition)

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.

begun.

Two

Section 6

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

projects will continue.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Progress continued on an

Balcones Canyonlands Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) that

will include this species. Service

has provided advice directly

to

258

Valley elderberry longhorn beetle

1.

Species: Valley elderberry

10.

longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Survey of Sacramento and

Consumnes Rivers Consumnes

11.

for species,

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
8,

larvae study contract

River.

on

1980

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Insects
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Gather more
information on
life

Unknown
9
12.

cycle and dis-

Recovery

tribution before evaluating the

Priority:

species for recovery requirements.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Valley Elderberry

Recovery Achieved:

Longhorn Beetle
7.

13. Information Current as of: July

19,

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.
;

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/l 984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Insufficient information on life history, biology, and ecology exists to develop long term recovery
goals

9.

Bay checkerspot
1.

butterfly

Species:
fly

Bay checkerspot butter{Euphydryas editha bayensis)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Section 7 consultations (both for-

2.

Listing/Date:

mal and informal).

11.

Threatened/September 18, 1987

3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Advise local
agencies and private parties of the
value of Habitat Conservation
Plans for species and continue
to

Group: Insects
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

attempt to protect remaining habi-

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

tat.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

'8.

August

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

23,

1990

'9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

259

El
1.

Segundo blue
butter10.

butterfly

Species: El

Segundo blue

fly (Euphilotes battoides allyni)

2.

Few
1,

Major Activity Since Last Report: one report comactivities

Listing/Date: Endangered/June

pleted.
11.

1976
3. 4.
5.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Group: Insects
Species Status:

None
1

planned.

Unknown

12. Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of:

Priority: 12
Title:

August

1990

6.

Recovery Plan
fly,

Recovery

Plan for El Segundo blue butter(Euphilotes battoides allyni)

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/January 22, 1986

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: existing habitat and to maintain and increase the popula-

Enhance
tion.

7m Lange's metalmark butterfly

1.

Species: Lange's metalmark butterfly

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize population status.

(Apodemia mormo langei)

1,

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Control some exotic vegetation,

1976
3. 4.
5.

Group: Insects
Species Status: Stable
11.

expand

larval host plant.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue #10

Recovery

Priority: 9

12.
6.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Three Endangered Species Endemic to Antioch Dunes, California

13. Information Current as of: July

19,

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/April 25, 1984

260

Lotis blue butterfly

1.

330

Species: Lotis blue butterfly

10.

(Lycaeides argyrogtwmon
2.

lotis)
1,

Listing/Date: Endangered/June

1976
3. 4. 5. 6.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Gas and Electric Company conducted status reviews and habitat quality surPacific

veys in

990.

Group: Insects
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Electric

Species Status:

Unknown

Recovery

Priority: 3

Reporting Period: Pacific Gas and Company will continue

status reviews through 1991. 12.

Recovery Plan Title: Lotis Blue Butterfly Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 26, 1985

13. Information Current as of: July

19,

1990

8.

F/December
1

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

known population,

es-

tablish three additional colonies

Mission blue butterfly

.1.

331

Species: Mission blue butterfly

(Icaricia icarioides missionensis)

10.

Major Activity Since

Last Report: Imple-

1.2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June

mentation of San
1,

1976 Group: Insects

Species Status: Stable
11.

Bruno Mountain
Habitat Conservation
Plan.

Recovery
6.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Restore, en-

Priority:

9
hance, and maintain
populations, imple-

Recovery Plan Title: San Bruno Elfin and Mission Blue Butterflies Recovery Plan

ment conservation
plan.
12.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Protect, maintain, and enhance
current populations.

The Mission blue

coastal scrub
in

butterfly inhabits

grasslands and

Recovery Achieved: 2

California. In order to protect the

species from suburban development, the Fish and

Wildlife Service,

18.

working with developers and local gov-

13. Information Current

as

of:

July 19, 1990

ernments, developed a habitat conservation plan for the San Bruno Mountains. Several hundred acres of habitat

9.

were set aside so development

could continue.

of the surrounding area

261

Oregon silverspot
1.

butterfly
working group
Study of
at

Species:

Oregon

silverspot butter-

silverspot butterfly

habitat and habitat monitoring at

fly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta)

2.

met on May
courtship

11, 1990.

Cascade Head, Mt. Hebo, and

the relationships of habitat to

Rock Creek. Search

for potential

Listing/Date: Endangered/July 2,

1980
3.
4.

commenced

Cascade

areas for establishment of addi-

Head.

An

evaluation of the effect

tional populations, renovate habi-

Group: Insects
Species Status: Declining (Loss of habitat, declining numbers of
butterflies over years)

of the 1988 burn at north slope

5.

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan
Plan

Oregon

Silverspot Butterfly Recovery

Cascade Head was begun in 1990 by The Nature Conservancy. Meadow habitat at Rock Creek and Mount Hebo are secure from invasion by shrubs and trees through ongoing habitat manipulation efforts. Continue population monitoring, restoration and
rehabilitation of existing grass-

Roads End and Fairview Mountain, and introduce butterflies at Fairview Mountain. Siuslaw National Forest seeks to
tat at

protect additional existing and

potential habitat at

Rock Creek

through purchase of adjacent private land. Maintenance of openings in forest fringes and inland

meadows used by
appropriate

adult butterflie

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

land

meadow
at

habitat,

Recovery Plan: Region

monitoring

and habitat Cascade Head, Mt.

until further studies

determine

management needs

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/Rev/September 22, 1982

Hebo, and Rock Creek.

11.

for these areas. 12.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize; criteria are being devel-

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Develop

Recovery Achieved: 2

a draft 13. Information Current as of: July

oped by
10.

the

Recovery Team.

Recovery Plan for technical review. Continue population monitoring, restoration and rehabilitation of existing grassland

24, 1990

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population surveys, habitat manipulation, and acquisition efforts
initiated

meadow

by Washington Depart-

ment of Wildlife at Long Beach, Washington. Oregon silverspot

butterfly recovery

team formed

to

revise Recovery Plan. Siuslaw

National Forest developed man-

agement plans

for four habitat ar-

eas on National Forest lands

(Hammond

1989). Bray Point

Area was purchased by the

Siuslaw National Forest. Bray
Point has an existing

Oregon

sil-

verspot butterfly colony. Habitat

is

One Conservation Plan HCP)

being developed for Clatsop

Plains and two additional

HCPs

are being contemplated. 1988 sur-

veys of Viola adunca habitat and

Oregon

silverspot butterflies were conducted by P. Hammond for the Service at Clatsop Plains, Clatsop County, Oregon. Oregon

The Oregon
and Oregon.
species
to

silverspot
It

is

found

in salt

spray

meadows

along the coasts of Washingto

violet,

is

heavily

dependent on the western blue

host for the butterfly's larvae.

habitat conservation plan

well

accommodate continued development as

which serves at the has been developed for th< as protection of the specie:

262

Palos Verdes blue butterfly

1.

Species: Palos Verdes blue butterfly

10.

(Glaucopsyche lygdamus

palosverdesensis)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Conducted a few surveys that revealed no presence of this species.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July 2,

11.

1980
3. 4.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Comprehensive

surveys to determine
still

if

Group: Insects
Species Status: Declining
12.

species

exists.
1

Recovery Achieved:

(possibly extinct)
5. 6.

Recovery

13. Information Current as of:

Priority: 6

August

1990

Recovery Plan Title: Palos Verdes Blue Butterfly Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/January 1984

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Halt the loss and degradation of remaining habitat.

San Bruno
Species:

elfin butterfly

334

San Bruno

elfin butterfly

10.

{Callophrys mossii bayensis)

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
1,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Implementation of San Bruno Mountain Habitat Conservation
Plan.

1976
,3.

Group: Insects
Species Status: Stable

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Restore,
enhance, and maintain
populations, implement conservation plan.

4.
5.

Recovery

Priority: 9

6.

Recovery Plan Title: San Bruno Elfin and Mission Blue Butterflies Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

19,

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: and enhance

1990

J.

).

Protect, maintain,

current populations.

263

Schaus
1.

swallowtail butterfly
9.

Species: Schaus swallowtail butterfly (Heraclides

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Objective
is to

aristodemus

prevent the extir-

ponceanus)
2.

pation of extant colonies and

reestablish colonies

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
31, 1984

where

suit-

able habitat remains within historic range.

3.

Group: Insects
Species Status: Declining

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

4. 5. 6.

None
11.

Recovery

Priority:

3C

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated

Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly Recovery

Recovery Plan
Plan.

None

Title:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 17, 1982

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

F/November

Smith's blue butterfly

1.

Species: Smith's blue butterfly

butterflies at these sites are not

(Euphilotes enoptes smithi)

2.

threatened.
1,

Listing/Date: Endangered/July

10.

1976
3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Insects
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report: Working on protecting habitat through the development of two
Habitat Conservation Plans with

Sand City and

11.

the City of Marina.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue working with the two cities to

Recovery Plan

Title:

Smith

Blue

Butterfly Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

complete the Habitat Conservation Plans.

12.

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/November9, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened when 10
sites

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,
9.

1990

which contain

viable, self-

sustaining populations have been

secured.
after

Remove from

list

when,
total

10 consecutive years, a

of 18 sites appear to be

permanently protected and the

264

Kern primrose sphinx moth

1.

Species: Kern primrose sphinx moth {Euproserpinus euterpe)

Listing/Date: Threatened/April
8,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Surveys conducted by

FWS

in

2.

1980Endangered/June
3. 4. 5.
6.

1,

1976

Group: Insects
Species Status:

1989 on larva plant distribution and abundance. Dr. Oakley Shields captured one butterfly and saw another during surveys
spring 1990.
11.

in

Unknown
2

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Sacramento
field office plans a

Priority:

Recovery Plan
Plan

Title:

Kern

week-long

sta-

Primrose Sphinx

Moth Recovery

tus survey to determine popula-

tion size in 1991.

12.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/February8, 1984

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

19,

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

when

three additional

colonies established and

known

population maintained and protected for 10 consecutive years

Ash Meadows naucorid

i

1.

Species:

Ash Meadows naucorid

level in Devil's

Hole

at a

led dace;

document presence

of

(Ambrysus amargosus)
2.

minimum

level of 1.4 feet

below
to his-

all

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 20,

marker; reestablish water

habitat

and

which

1985
1

toric channels; secure essential

they historically occupied; docu-

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Insects
Species Status:

disturbances;

Unknown
2

of

all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

ment presence of all listed plant species and 4 candidate plant species at all sites which they
have historically occupied.
10.

Meadows

springs

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Ash

where they were historically present; document presence of

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

Amargosa

Ash Meadows

niterwort in

all

historic

localities; establish

and protect

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting all of following

Recovery Plan. Published Notice of Availability for public review in

Federal Register.

refugia populations of Devil's

Hole pupfish.
Delisting

8.

following

criteria

must

11.

be met

for 5 years following

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2

downlisting: Reestablish native

plant and aquatic communities to
historic stfucture

9.

12.

conditions

met within

and composition
habitat; estab-

essential

within

13. Information Current as of:

all critical

habitat for a period of 5 years:

lish self-sustaining

September 1990

Eradicate

all

non-native plants
all

populations of

and animals; secure aquifer so

Warm

spring flows return to historic discharge rates, and maintain water

Springs pupfish and Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speck-

265

Pawnee montane skipper

1.

Species:

Pawnee montane skipper

agencies) regarding
proval of the

management

(Hesperia leonardus montana)

2.

of this species in the event of ap-

Two

Forks project.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September 25, 1987

3. 4. 5.
6.
7.

The agreement includes land acquisition to protect habitat, management of existing properties
benefit the species, long-term
studies,
to

Group: Insects
Species Status: Stable

and population monitor-

Recovery

Priority:

9C
Pending
11.

ing.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Recovery actions are dependent upon
approval or denial of the

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 6

Two

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Forks project. Once a decision on

this project is

made, a recovery

plan can be initiated and the direction of recovery actions can be

9.

determined.
12.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A management agreement has been signed by an Interagency Committee (with members comprised of the Denver Water Department and various Federal

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

340
Species:

Bee Creek Cave harvestman

several landowners about protective

Bee Creek Cave harvest-

man

(Texella reddelli)

measures

that could

be taken.

Listing/Date:

Texas Parks and Wildlife

16,

Endangered/September
3. 4.

1988

Department received Section 6

funds
to

survey for additional

Group: Arachnids
Species Status:

populations of this species.

11.

Unknown
2C
Pending

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

5.
6. 7.

Recovery

Priority:

HCP may be

completed, approved, and imple-

Recovery Plan

Title:

mentation (including land acquisition)

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

begun.

Two

Section 6

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

projects will continue.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Progress continued on an

Balcones Canyonlands Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) that

will include this species. Service

has provided advice directly

to

266

Tooth Cave pseudoscorpion

1.

341

Species: Tooth

Cave pseudoscor-

several landowners about protective measures that could be taken. Texas Parks and Wildlife

pion (Microcreagris texana)

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3.

16,

1988

Department received Section 6

funds
to

survey for additional

this species.

Group: Arachnids
Species Status:

populations of
11.

4. 5. 6.
7.

Unknown

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

HCP may be

Recovery Plan

Title:

completed, approved, and implementation (including land acquisition)

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
12.

begun.

Two

Section 6

projects will continue.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

be developed
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Progress continued on an

Balcones Canyonlands Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) that

will include this species. Service

has provided advice directly

to

Tooth Cave spider

1.

Species: Tooth Cave spider

several landowners about protective measures that could be taken. Texas Parks and Wildlife

(Leptoneta myopica)
I

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3.

16,

1988

Department received Section 6

funds
to

survey for additional

this species.

Group: Arachnids
Species Status:

populations of
11.

4.
5. 6. 7.

Unknown

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

HCP may be

completed, approved, and imple-

Recovery Plan

Title:

mentation (including land acquisition)

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed
12.

begun.

Two

Section 6

projects will continue.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Progress continued on an

Balcones Canyonlands Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) that

will include this species. Service

has provided advice directly

to

267

Appendix
Plants

IV.

268

Achyranthes splendens
1.

var.

rotundata

343

Species: Round-leaved chaff-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

flower {Achyranthes splendens

var.
2.

None
11.

rotundata)

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
26,

None

1986
12.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery

1990
Priority: 3
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Arizona agave
1.

344

Species: Arizona agave (Agave

grazing permit with the most recent permit holder.

arizonica)
2.

The

Forest

Listing/Date:
18,

Endangered/May

Service hopes

to

reduce the num-

1984

ber of livestock on the allotment,

thereby reducing grazing pressure

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

and improving the habitat for the

Unknown

listed species. Forest Service

con-

tractor will

conduct

studies into

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

the

taxonomy and pollination

this species.

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

ecology of

The

tax-

onomy

of the species has been

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

questioned and the research will

help answer these questions.
11.

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Forest Service
surveys and taxonomy/pollination

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize/No Recovery Plan

ecology studies will continue.

12.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Forest Service conducted surveys

Recovery Achieved:

and located some previously un-

13. Information Current as of: July

known
plants.

plants.

increased the

The action slightly number of known

is dis-

1990

The

Forest Service

cussing the terms of the livestock

269

Ewa
1.

Plains 'akoko
9.

Species:

Ewa Plains

'akoko

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To

(Chamaesyce
kalaeloana)
2.

skottsbergii van
10.

be developed.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
24,

None
11.

1982

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

3.
4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
12.

None

Recovery Achieved:

5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority:

12

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

346
1. 2.

Little

amphiathus
11.

Species: Little amphiathus

{Amphianthus pusillus)
Listing/Date:

Threatened/February
3.

5,

1988

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Emphasis will be placed on the development of the recovery plan which will be completed by September 1990. Key landowners will be contacted and a monitoring program will be
initiated if

4.

funds become avail-

Recovery

Priority:

able.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
9.

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

All populations were visited in

order to have accurate distributional information for

upcoming

recovery plan.

270

Bunched arrowhead
1.

Species:

Bunched arrowhead

are protected across a similar distribution.

(Sagittaria fasciculata)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
25,

10.

1979

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report: populations have been monitored, research has been conducted on habitat requirements and population demogra-

Known

Recovery

Priority:

2C

phy, additional populations have

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Bunched Arrowhead Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 8, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting can be considered
11.

been searched for; habitat has been acquired and protected for two populations in South Carolina, and negotiations are under way for acquisition of a third
site in

North Carolina.

8.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Protection efforts for

9.

important populations

will continue.

when

15 colonies distributed
12.

across drainages and

Recovery Achieved:

physiographic provinces are per-

13. Information Current as of:

June

manently protected. Delisting can be considered when 26 colonies

1990

Decurrent false aster

I

348

1.

Species: Decurrent false aster

10.

Major Activity Since

Last Report:

(Boltonia decurrens)
I

recovery team was

2.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/November
Group: Plants

14,

1988
11.

formed, and prepared

a recovery plan.

Species Status: Improving

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continue to

search for
lations,

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Decurrent

new popudevelop man-

False Aster (Boltonia decurrens)

agement plans and

cooperative agree-

Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delisting may be considered

ments

for those

pop-

The decurrent
in Illinois

false aster

is

a native of prairie wetlands

ulations on public
lands, monitor exist-

ing populations, and

introduce plants to a

and Missouri. The Fish and Wildlife Service is cooperating with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Missouri Department of Conservation to develop a cooperative management agreement for the species.

new

site on Missouri Department of Conservation

when 12

lands.
12.

geographically distinct,

self-sustaining natural or estab-

Recovery Achieved:

lished populations of the species

are protected, and remain stable
to

13. Information Current as of: July

expanding for a 5-year period.

27,

1990

271

349
1. 2.

Florida golden aster

10.

Species: Florida golden aster

( Ch ry sop sis floridana)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Hillsborough County has worked to protect a small population in a

Listing/Date:
16,

Endangered/May

1986

development; the county's tree

and vegetation protection

ordinance requires review of de-

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

velopment proposals to protect endangered plant habitat.

11.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: None known.

1

Plan for Florida Golden Aster

7.

12. Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August29, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Consider downlisting to threatened when 10 geographically distinct self-sustaining

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

populations

are protected.

350
1. 2.

Ruth's golden aster

10.

Species: Ruth's golden aster

(Pityopsis ruthii)

Major Activity Since Last Report: Development of technical draft

recovery plan

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
18,

1985

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Preparation of

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

agency draft and

plans

final recovery

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Recovery

12. Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

13. Information Current as of:

June

Plan for Ruth's Golden Aster

7.

25,

1990

for
8. 9.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist the species

when

there are

stable, self-sustaining populations

on the Ocoee and Hiwassee

Rivers

272

Spreading avens
1.

351

Species: Spreading avens

(Geum

radiatum)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
21,

1989

from mosf of the surviving populations and reintroduction experiments have begun; the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National
Park Service are redesigning a
heavily-used visitor facility on the

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Blue Ridge Parkway

to prevent

4. 5.
6.

further impact to this species

and

Recovery

Priority:

2
Pending
11.

other rare plants at the

site.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
the above mentioned work.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.
9.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Major landowners have been contacted regarding protection of the

plant

on

their lands; research has

on population bioland habitat requirements; seed has been collected

been
initiated

ogy, genetics,

Truckee barberry
Species: Truckee barberry
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Results of study financed by

{Mahonia (=Berberis) sonnei)

22.

Section 6 concluded that 5. sonListing/Date:

Endangered/November
3.

6,

1979

nei should be included as part of

another species, B. repens.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Service waiting until treatment of

genus

in the scientific literature

J4.
v

before proceeding with an evaluation as to

tain

5.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
11.

whether or not
list.

to

main-

66.

Recovery Plan Title: Truckee Barberry Recovery Plan

on the

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: To be
determined.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

*8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 20, 1984

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when known population stabilized and 5 new populations
of

1990

100+

plants are established.

273

Bariaco
1.

Species: Bariaco (Trichilia

triacantha)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/ Stabilize the species
self-sustaining status
to

when
Punta

the

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/February
3.

5,

1988

known population
Guaniquilla
three
is

at

placed under pro-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

tective status

and when at least new populations capable of

have been estab-

4. 5. 6.

self-perpetuation

Recovery

Priority:

5
10.

lished within protected units.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Bariaco {Trichilia triacantha)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/September 1989
12.

None

8.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Dwarf bear-poppy
Dwarf bear-poppy {Arctomecon humilis)
Species:
2.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Reduce threats to this
species by controlling and

reproduction and pollination

biol-

ogy are being conducted.

11.

manag-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/November
3. 4. 5. 6.

6,

1979

ing off-road vehicle use and mining,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Population
monitoring will continue. Construction of fences to physilation

and secure habitat areas

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

through conservation easements, exchanges of State of Utah lands,

Recovery

Priority:

5C
10.

and designating Areas of Critical Environmental Concern on

Federal lands.
12.

cally protect portions of the popu-

from unauthorized

ORV

use will be accomplished.

Recovery Plan Title: Dwarf Bearpoppy Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

The population has experienced

large die-off

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan: Region 6

due apparently

to

1990

cyclical natural factors. Federal

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/December31, 1985

and State governments have

closed bear-poppy habitat areas to
off-road vehicle

(ORV)

use;

howon

ever

ORV use is continuing ille-

gally despite posting. Studies

the species' biology and ecology are being conducted primarily

through university programs.

Monitoring studies and studies on

274

Penland beardtongue
Species: Penland beardtongue
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Purchase of occupied habitat on
private land by Nature

(Penstemon penlatuiii)
Listing/Date: Endangered/July
13,
3. 4.
5.

1989

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Conservancy and Colorado River Water Conservation District has begun. Seeds were collected and viability tests were conducted in 1989
11.

Recovery

Priority:

14

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Seeds will be
collected again in 1990 and ger-

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Penland Beardtongue/Osterhout Milkvetch Recovery Plan

mination techniques will be

tested.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: T/A Recovery Objective/Criteria: Conservation of existing population.

The recovery plan

will

be

drafted in 1990/91. This will be a

joint recovery plan with the

8. 9.

Osterhout milk-vetch.
12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Harper's beauty
Species: Harper's beauty

have two colonies each or

colonies each. Delisting

when

(Harperocallis flava)
Listing/Date:

three populations have three

Endangered/October
Group: Plants

2,

1979

considered
a

when

may be minimum of

five secure wild populations, with

minimum

of three colonies

Species Status: Improving

each, have been found or established.

Recovery

Priority: 7

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Transplants of plugs of sod containing Harper's beauty

Recovery Plan

Title:

Harper's

beauty {Harperocallis flava) Recovery plan.

from

roadside

to

seemingly suitable

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 14, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Harper's beauty may be considered for downlisting
to

habitats appear successful.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue work

on
12.

transplants.
1

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

threatened

1990

when

five populations (in habitat

similar to the type locality, away from the roadside where most

Harper's beauty plants

now

exist)

275

Brooksville bellflower
1.

Species: Brooksville bellflower

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Technical/Agency Recovery Plan
in preparation.

(Campanula robinsiae)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
27,

1989

11.

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete

covery plan.

re-

Unknown

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

13. Information Current as of: July

6.

Recovery Plan

Recovery

1990

Plan for Brooksville Bellflower

and Cooley's water-willow.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Cuneate bidens
1.

Species: Cuneate bidens {Bidens

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

N/A

cuneata)
10.
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Listing/Date:

None
17,

believed

extinct

Endangered/February
3. 4. 5.

1984
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Extinct

None

Recovery

12.
Priority:

Recovery Achieved:

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Title:

N/A

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990
1

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: N/A

276

Virginia round-leaf birch

1.

Species: Virginia round-leaf birch

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Protection and monitoring of the
original population. Establish-

(Betula uber)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26,

1978

ment of additional populations.

An extensive

taxonomic study.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
11.

Updating of the revised recovery plan has been completed.

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 8

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Habitat protection

Recovery Plan Title: Virginia Round-Leaf Birch Recovery Plan

(First

and population monitoring.

Revision)

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan: Region 5

1990

>

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Rev/April, 1986

'9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist / Increase the

number
to

of

Betula uber individuals

in

1,000

each of 10 populations.

Palmate-bracted bird's-beak
,1.

360

Species: Palmate-bracted bird's-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

City of Livermore and California

beak (Cordylanthus palmatus)

12.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July

Department of Fish and

1,

Game

1986
3.
1.4.

have worked with the Fish and

Wildlife Service on securing the

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

j?5.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending
11.

Livermore population, two new populations have been discovered on Service lands in the Sacramento Valley.

p. Recovery
7.

Plan

Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Further work

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

on the Livermore
12.

situation.
1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objecuve/Criteria:

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

None

established as of yet,

although some recovery actions

have occurred.

277

361
1.

Salt

marsh bird's-beak
10.

Species: Salt

marsh bird's-beak

{Cordylanthus maritimus ssp.

maritimus)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ensure protection of marshes where this plant species occurs or
has previously occurred.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1978

3.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue protection of marshes.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

4.
5. 6.

Unknown
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan Title: Salt Marsh Bird's-Beak Recovery Plan

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/December 1985
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Protect 12 major marshes in the

U.S. for a period of at least 10

years to secure self-maintaining

populations.

Small-anthered bittercress
1.

Species: Small-anthered bittercress

10.

(Cardamine micranthera)

Major Activity Since Last Report: Major land owners have been
contacted regarding conservation

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 21, 1989

3.

easements or land acquisition;

surveys of additional potential
habitat have

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

been conducted and

existing populations monitored;

4.
5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending
11.

two additional populations have been found and one known population has been extirpated.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
activities

described under 10.

1

8. 9.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

278

Dudley Bluffs bladderpod

1.

Species: Dudley Bluffs bladderpod {Lesquerella congesta)

10.

Final listing
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: was completed. Major Activity Over Next

2.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/February
3.

6,

1990

Reporting Period: Conduct

Section 7 consultations regarding
the proposed Trans-Colorado

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

4.
5. 6.

pipeline and nahcolite mining activity.

Recovery

Priority:

14

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

Lyrate bladderpod
1.

364

Species: Lyrate bladderpod

9.

{Lesquerella lyrata)
12.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Listing/Date:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.

Threatened/September 28, 1990

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Group: Plants
11.

Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

make
Pending
12.

Reporting Period: Continue to contact with private land

Recovery Plan

owners

to protect the species

on

private lands.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

<8.

September 1990

279

Missouri bladderpod
1.

Species: Missouri bladderpod

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting can be considered

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue pursuing protection of
tinue searches for

(Lesquerella filiformis)
2.

when

30 scattered self-sustaining popuListing/Date:

known

sites,

Endangered/January
3. 4. 5.

8,

1987

lations are maintained for 7 years,

monitor selected areas, and con-

and when 15 of these are

in se-

new

sites.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
10.

cure and protected ownership.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Recovery

Priority: 8

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Missouri Bladder-pod Recovery plan

Major Activity Since Last Report: Additional surveys for sites were conducted in 1989 by the Missouri Department of Conservation. 13 new occurrences were
found, bringing the total

13. Information Current as of: July

27, 1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

known

Recovery Plan: Region 3

occurrences

to 69.

Nine of the 69

sites are protected.

The National

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 7, 1988

Park Service has completed a

contract research project that sets

out some recommended management techniques on Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, which
will enable the

Park Service

to

restore

some

of the areas with

bladder-pod and establish populations resistant to the invasion of

exotics.

White bladderpod
1.

Species: White bladderpod

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Texas Natural Heritage Program is doing a monitoring study with
State University on Shrubby species are encroaching in areas where white bladderpod occurs.
this species.

{Lesquerella pallida)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
11,

1987

Sam Houston

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

11.
Priority: 8

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Report due on this years monitoring study.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Texas Bladderpod Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

26,
8. 9.

1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize

280

Ash Meadows blazingstar

1.

367
which
plant
all listed

Species:

Ash Meadows

blazing-

level in Devil s

Hole

at a

led dace;

document presence of

star (Mentzelia leucophylla)

2.

minimum

level of 1.4 feet

below
to his-

all

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 20,

marker; reestablish water

habitat

and

1985
3. 4.
5.

toric channels; secure essential

they historically occupied; docu-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

disturbances;
of
all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

ment presence of
species at
all sites

species and four candidate plant

which they

Meadows
sent;

springs
10.

have historically occupied.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan

Ash

where they were historically predocument presence of

niterwort in
all historic

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

Amargosa

Ash Meadows

localities; establish

and protect

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

refugia populations of Devil's

Recovery Plan: Region

Hole pupfish.
Delisting

Recovery Plan. Published Notice of Availability for public review in Federal Register. Monitoring of
extant plant populations within

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting all of following

following

criteria

Ash Meadows National

Refuge.
11.

Wildlife

must be met

for 5 years following

downlisting: Reestablish native

plant and aquatic communities to
historic structure

9.

conditions

met within

and composition
habitat; estab-

essential

within

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2

all critical

habitat for a period of 5 years:

lish self-sustaining

Eradicate

all

non-native plants
all

populations of

12.

and animals; secure aquifer so

Warm Springs pupfish and Ash

Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speck-

13. Information Current as of:

spring flows return to historic dis-

September, 1990

charge rates, and maintain water

Heller's blazingstar
Species: Heller's blazingstar
(Liatris helleri)

368

self-sustaining

and permanently

protected.
10.
19,

Listing/Date:

Threatened/November
Group: Plants
Species Status:

1987

Major Activity Since Last Report: Major landowners have been contacted regarding conservation of
the species

on

their lands;
is

Unknown

prescribed burning

being con-

Recovery

ducted
Priority: 8
sites.

at

some

Forest Service

Recovery Plan for Heller's Blazing Star

Title:
7.

Recovery Plan

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
activities in

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 1, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlisting will be considered when the seven currently extant populations are protected and two
additional populations have been found or reestablished; populations

#10, as well as moni-

toring and population biology re-

search.
12.

8.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

must be determined

to

be

281

369
1.

Scrub blazingstar
tions at 2 or more sites in Highlands or Polk Counties must be accomplished. A total of at least 3 sites must be in Highlands

Species: Scrub blazingstar

(Liatris ohlingerae)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
27, 1989

County, 3 in Polk.
10.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Purchase of sites by the State and The Nature Conservancy has al-

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

ready made reclassification as

threatened possible. Habitat acquisition

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

by the Fish and Wildlife

Service.
11.

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Further state

and private habitat acquisition. Additional habitat acquisition by the Fish and Wildlife Service.
12.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status

Recovery Achieved: 2

can be considered when pro-

13. Information Current as of: July

tection of a total of 5 sites, each

1990

with at least 1 population, is accomplished. For delisting, a total of at least 10 additional popula-

370
1.

Kearney's blue-star
10.

Species: Kearney's blue-star

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Transplanted population has been

(Amsonia keameyana)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
19,

monitored and supplemental water

1989

provided.
is

The

status of this

population
3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

recent

now in question; flooding may have

Unknown
11.

destroyed most plants.

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

No

actions are

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

anticipated

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U/draft due December 1 990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize/no Recovery Plan

1990

9.

282

Roan Mountain
1.

bluet

371

Species:

Roan Mountain
var.

bluet

10.

(Hedyotis purpurea

montand)

Major Activity Since Last Report: Major landowners have been contacted regarding protection of the

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
5,
3.

1990

plant on their lands. Research has

Group: Plants
Species Status:

been initiated on population biology and habitat requirements.

4.
5.

Unknown

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

Recovery

Priority: 6
Title:

work
Pending
12.

in

#10.
1

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Florida
1.

bonamia
Gardens has propagated the
species.
11.

bonamia (Bonamia grandiflora)

Species: Florida
Listing/Date:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

when

at least

one

site

with

viable populations
2.

is

secured in

Threatened/November
3.

2,

1987

Highlands County, Florida; two sites in Polk County; and at least

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: More habitat

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

one

in a

county within the plant's

12.

purchase by State and Fish and

Wildlife Service.

original range other than Marion.

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

10.
Priority:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

U.S. Forest Service carried out a

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

thorough inventory of the very

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

8.

Ocala National Forest. The Nature Conservancy signed conservation agreements with Orange County
large population in

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1989

and City of Orlando to protect two small populations. State

Division of Forestry
a
is

preparing

management plan

for recently-

acquired Arbuckle State Forest

with Nature Conservancy technical assistance. State

is

moving

to

purchase habitat
Blanket Lakes.

at

Saddle

Bok Tower

283

Vahl's
1.

boxwood
9.

Species: Vahl's
vahlii)

boxwood (Buxus

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Reverse the decline and
stabilize to self-sustaining condi-

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
13,

1985

tion

lations

by protecting existing popuand their habitats and by

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

establishing

new populations

in

the karst region of northwestern

4. 5.
6.

Puerto Rico.
10.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery Plan Title: Vahl's Boxwood {Buxus vahlii) Recovery Plan

None
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 28, 1987

13. Information Current as of: July

12,

1990

374
1.

San Clemente
9.

Island

broom

Species:

San Clemente Island

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threat from introduced
pigs and goats.

broom

{Lotus dendroideus ssp.

traskiae
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
11,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Intensive efforts to eradicate feral

1977

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
11.

goats and pigs continues.

4. 5. 6.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
to re-

Recovery

Priority: 9

move
12.

feral animals.
1

Recovery Plan Title: California Channel Islands Species Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

13. information Current as of:

August

1990
7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 1984

284

Steamboat buckwheat
1.

Species: Steamboat buckwheat

10.

(Eriogonum ovalifolium
williamsiae)
2.

var.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Proposed land exchange between private landowner and the Forest
Service has fallen through.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July 8,

1986
3. 4.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan

Pending

23, 1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

Prairie bush-clover
1.

Species: Prairie bush-clover

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Lespedeza leptostachya)
I

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/January
9,

new occurrences have been reported, bringing the total

Several
to 39.

1987

Eighteen of these are in

public ownership; however, few

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

have any type of management plan strictly for the bush clover.
11.

5.
6.

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
searches for

Priority:

Recovery Plan Title: Prairie Bushclover Recovery Plan

new

occurrences.

grazing research project and soil

analysis survey will

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 3

undertaken

in

be Iowa next

year.

Searches for new populations and

monitoring will continue in

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October 6, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria: when 20 viable naturally
occurring populations within the
12.

Minnesota.

9.

Recovery Achieved:

Delist

13. Information Current as of: July

core area are

tected,

managed and pro-

27,

1990

and 15 populations outside

the core area are protected and

managed.

285

377
1.

San Clemente
9.

Island

bush-mallow

Species: San Clemente Island bush-mallow (Malacothamnus

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threat from introduced
goats and pigs.

clementinus)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ August

11,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Intensive efforts to eradicate feral

1977

goats and pigs continue.

3.
4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued removal of feral animals.

Recovery

Priority: 8

Recovery Plan Title: California Channel Islands Species Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/January 1984

Autumn buttercup
1.

Species:

Autumn

buttercup
var.

10.

(Ranunculus acriformis
aestivalis)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The species' only known habitat has been acquired by The Nature
Conservancy. Intensive population monitoring has

tive plants for captive

propogation

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
21, 1989

on biology and ecology of the species and for use in enhancing populations in the
for use in research

been

wild are being reviewed.

Acquisition of the habitat

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

4. 5. 6.

conducted and a population increase to 34 plants has been documented. Control of competing
vegetation in the species' habitat

Recovery

Priority:

has been implemented. Four individual plants are in cultivation at

purchased by the Nature Conservancy may be considered by the Service for eventual placement under the refuge system.
12.

Recovery Plan Title: Autumn Buttercup Recovery Plan

an arboretum
critically

Recovery Achieved:

in Flagstaff,

Arizona. The species remains

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

endangered and

may go

1990

Recovery Plan: Region 6

extinct in the wild in the near future unless exceptional efforts are

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

U
11.

made

for

its

preservation.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Under development

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

draft recov-

ery plan will be completed.

Establishment of an additional
population
Proposals
at

Utah State
is

University's arboretum
to

planned.

clone existing cap-

286

Mohr's Barbara's-button
1.

Species: Mohr's Barbara's-button

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Recovery plan
will

(Marshallia mohrii)
2.

Listing/Date:

be completed by September
their

Threatened/September
3.

7,

1988

1990. Anticipate contacting key

landowners and encouraging

tions

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

cooperation in protecting popula-

on

their property.
1

4. 5. 6. 7.

Recovery

12.
Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Pending

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Initiation of recovery plan devel-

opment.

Arizona hedgehog cactus

I.

380

Species: Arizona hedgehog cactus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Echinocereus triglochidiatus
arizonicus)

var.

No
11.

actions taken in

FY 90.
actions are

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

111 Listing/Date: Endangered/October 25, 1979

3.
!

No
1

Group: Plants
Species Status:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

4.
5. 6.

Unknown

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery

1990
Priority: 3
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U/draft due December 1990

'9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/No Recovery Plan

287

381
1.

Bakersfield cactus
11.

Species: Bakersfield cactus

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Metropolitan Bakersfield Habitat Conservation
Plan proposes
cactus areas,
to

(Opuntia
2.

treleasei)

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
19,

1990

"preserve" three

if

the Section 10(a)

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
12.

permit

is

issued.
1

4.
5. 6. 7.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

13. Information Current as of:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

September 1990

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Pending
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

the

Received listing protection under Endangered Species Act.

Black lace cactus

1.

Species: Black lace cactus

10.
var.

Major Activity Since

Last Report: Ray

(Echinocereus reichenbachii
albertii)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3. 4.

Emmett, Ph.D., has completed a seed bank study on this species. The Corpus
Christi Botanical

l^fsrwi
Black lace cacti are
stock and
plant.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Garden
seed.
11.

is

propagat-

ing this species from

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 3

Recovery Plan Title: Black-lace Cactus Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Unknown.

known

only from three counties

in

Texas. Habitat loss during the clearing of land for

live-

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

Recovery Achieved:
1

illegal

collecting are the

main threats

to this

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 18, 1987

13. Information Current as of: July 26,

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

1990

Unknown

288

Brady pincushion cactus

1.

Species: Brady pincushion cactus

10.

{Pediocactus bradyi)
2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Bureau of Land Management inventoried demographic monitoring plots. This action resulted in

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3.

no net
threats

loss or gain to the species

Group: Plants
Species Status:

but allowed the

BLM to assess

4.
5. 6.

Unknown
2
11.

and determine

management direction.
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:
plots.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan Title: Brady Pincushion Cactus Recovery Plan

BLM

will con-

tinue inventorying monitoring

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: July

F/March28, 1986
9.

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Criteria not established.

Bunched cory cactus

1.

384

Species:

Bunched cory cactus

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

{Coryphantha ramillosa)
I

2.

Listing/Date:

10.
6,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Threatened/November
3.
J

1979
11.

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining.

None

4. 5.
6.

anticipated.

Recovery

Priority: 8

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Title: Bunched Cory Cactus Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

r .

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 13. 1990

289

Chisos Mountain hedgehog cactus

1.

Species: Chisos Mountain hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

chisosensis var. chisosensis)

2.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Listing/Date:

None

Threatened/September 30, 1988

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

12.

Recovery Achieved:

4.
5. 6. 7.

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery

Priority:

26, 1990

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

386
1.

Cochise pincushion cactus

10.

Species: Cochise pincushion cactus

{Coryphantha robbinsorum)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/January
9,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Demographic monitoring plots were inventoried in April. The
purpose of monitoring is to identify threats to species and deter-

1986

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

mine

the best

management

Unknown
11.

strategy.

5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Priority: 8
Title:

Same
1

as #10.

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

290

Key tree-cactus
1.

Species:
robinii)

Key

tree -cactus

(Cereus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Fish and Wildlife Service

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
19,

purchased a

site

with

Key

tree-

1984

cactus on Big Pine Key. Michael

Hennessy

(U.S.

Department of

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Agriculture) researched pollination biology as part of a project to

evaluate the need for pesticide

restrictions in the Florida Keys.

Recovery

Priority:

5C

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Key Treecactus Recovery Plan.

Effort by county to acquire part of

the state park for a landfill fended

off.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 9, 1986

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Hope
plants at Cactus
to

consite

8.

duct taxonomic reevaluation of

Hammock
Wildlife

on

).

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened

Key Deer National

Refuge.

possible

when

10 self-sustaining

12. Recovery Achieved:

sub-populations are established at

secure sites in the Florida Keys.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Knowlton cactus
1.

388

Species:

Knowlton cactus

10.

(Pediocactus knowltonii)
1,2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Monitoring continues at the type locality and population size was
estimated with random sampling.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3.
4. 5.

Monitoring of the reintroduced

population continues but no
lation.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

new

plants are yet present in the popu-

Recovery

Priority:

>6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Knowlton

Cactus Recovery Plan

7.

The Bureau of Land Management has surveyed the Reese Canyon Research Natural Area (RNA) for potential reintroduction sites. The RNA was designed with the goal of using
establishment of
11.
it

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 30, 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Restore habitat to carrying

for

new

populations.

8.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Plan establish-

F/March
9.

ment

of a second reintroduced

population.
12.

capacity of 100,000 plants; rein-

Recovery Achieved: 2

troduce cacti i into two

Protect plants

new

areas.
13. Information Current as of: July

from collecting and

development impacts.

27, 1990

291

389
1.

Kuenzler hedgehog cactus

10.

Species: Kuenzler hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus fendleri var.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

New Mexico
Fort Stanton.

continues gathering

kuenzleri)
2.

data from monitoring plots on

The

Forest Service

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3. 4. 5. 6.

continues to monitor populations

on

the Lincoln National Forest.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Pollinator studies are being con-

ducted by U.S. Department of

Agriculture.
11.

Recovery

Priority: 3

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued

Recovery Plan Title: Kuenzler Hedgehog Cactus Recovery Plan

monitoring
12.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March28, 1985

27,

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Secure and maintain a

wild population of 5,000 plants.

390
1.

Lee pincushion cactus

10.
var. leei)

Species:

Lee pincushion cactus

(Coryphantha sneedii
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The NPS continues surveying the
monitoring plots
it

Listing/Date: Threatened/October
25, 1979

established at

Carlsbad Caverns National Park.

11.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued
monitoring

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 3

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Recovery Plan Title: Sneed and Lee Pincushion Cacti Recovery

Plan

13. Information Current as of: July

27,

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/March21, 1986
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist.

Remove

collecting threat,

maintain stable population, and

develop National Park Service

(NPS) management

plan.

292

Lloyd's
1.

hedgehog cactus

391

Species: Lloyd's hedgehog cactus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Echinocereus
2.

lloydii)

None
11.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3. 4.

Unknown
1

Group: Plants
Species Status:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Unknown

13. Information Current as of: July

5.
6.

Recovery

26, 1990
Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

NA

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8. 9.

NA

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Conduct status review. Now thought to be a naturally occurring hybrid.

The Service

is

wait-

ing for Dr. Allan D.

to

Zimmerman

publish his work on this

species.

Lloyd's Mariposa cactus

11.

Species: Lloyd's Mariposa cactus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report

{Neolloydia mariposensis)
2

None
11.

2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated

Threatened/November
3. 4. 5. 6.

6,

1979

Group: Plants
12.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

13. Information Current as of: July

26,

1990

Recovery Plan Title: Lloyd's Mariposa Cactus Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/April 13, 1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

293

Mesa Verde Cactus

1.

Species:

Mesa Verde Cactus

10.

Major Activity Since

Last Report:

(Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/October
30, 1979

Monitoring continues by Bureau of Land

Management (BLM),

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

New Mexico
biology
is

and the States of and

being stud-

Colorado. Pollination
ied by U.S.

Recovery

Priority:

8C

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Mesa Verde Cactus Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Department of Agriculture. The Hogback Area of

Critical

The main

threats to the

Mesa Verde cactus

are removal

Recovery Plan: Region 2

by collectors and habitat disturbance due to

livestock activities.

human and

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October30, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Delist. Protect the five

Environmental

Concern has been

designated by

BLM
management
of

12.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

primarily for the

Mesa Verde
time of
11.

cactus.

13. Information Current as of: July

populations
listing

known

at the

27,

1990

from present and future

threats.

human

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continued

monitoring

394
1.

Nellie cory cactus

10.

Species: Nellie cory cactus

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Private landowner
is

(Coryphantha minima)
2.

currently

denying Texas Natural Heritage

Listing/Date:

Endangered/November
3. 4. 5. 6.

7,

1979
11.

Program access
population.

to this

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
present.

Unknown

at

Recovery

Priority:

2
12.

Recovery Plan Title: Nellie Cory Cactus Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

13. information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

26, 1990

Recovery Plan: Region 2

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 20, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

9.

294

Nichol's Turk's head cactus

1.

Species: Nichol's Turk's head cactus (Echinocactiis horizonthalo-

10.

The Bureau

nius var. nicholii)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: of Land Management inventoried demographic monitoring plots for this species.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3. 4. 5. 6.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

anticipated.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Unknown
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

Turk's
7.

Recovery Plan Title: Nichol's Head Cactus

1990

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 14, 1986 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting and delisting criteria
not established.

Y9.

Peebles Navajo cactus

1.

Species: Peebles Navajo cactus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

{Pediocactus peeblesianus

var.

A Fish and Wildlife

tractor

Service con-

peeblesianus)
.2.

and

the

Bureau of Land
plots for

Listing/Date:

Management
this species.

inventoried the de-

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3.
4.

mographic monitoring

Group: Plants
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Species Status:

Unknown
12.

Same
1

as #10.

IS.
t>6.

Recovery

Priority: 3

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Title: Peebles Navajo Cactus Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

18.

F/March30, 1984
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting/Delisting criteria:

Maintain, protect, and enhance both existing natural populations,

increase

number

of individuals to

10,000, and curtail illegal collection.

295

San Rafael cactus

1.

Species:

San Rafael cactus

tion

(Pediocactus despainii)
2.

tat inventories.

was discovered through habiBecause of limited

is

habitat distribution, the species

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3.
4.

16,

1987
11.

probably not recoverable, but

protectable.

is

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Habitat inventories

5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending

will continue for the

and population monitoring purpose of

Recovery Plan

Title:

discovering additional populations

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

and determining the status

poten-

Recovery Plan: Region 6

of

known populations. The

tial

for initiation of a horticultural

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

propagation effort will be

analyzed. Development of a re-

covery plan will be deferred until

a listing package for a closely related candidate species
pleted.
12.
is

9.

com-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

One
tat

of the species' two popula-

tions experienced continued habi-

Recovery Achieved:

degradation from off-road

13. Information Current as of: July

vehicle use. Population monitor-

1990

ing was begun and a third popula-

398
1. 2.

Siler

pincushion cactus
plots. Delisting criteria include

Species: Siler pincushion cactus

(Pediocactus sileri)
Listing/Date:

implementation of management
plan, demonstrate long-term stability of populations,

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3.

and assure

protection from
claims.

new mining

Group: Plants
Species Status:

4.
5.

Unknown

10.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title: Siler

Major Activity Since Last Report: Bureau of Land Management (BLM) inventoried demographic
monitoring plots. This action resulted in

6.

Recovery Plan

Pincushion Cactus Recovery Plan

7.

no net

loss or gain to the

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

species but allowed the

BLM to
man-

Recovery Plan: Region 2

11.

assess threats and determine

agement

direction.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/April 14, 1986

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Same

as above.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Five downlisting criteria
include developing
12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

management

13. Information Current as of: July

plan, developing mineral feasibility reports,

25,

1990

censusing and map-

ping populations, administering

mining claims, and establishing and inventorying monitoring

296

Sneed pincushion cactus

1.

Species:

Sneed pincushion cactus

pincushion monitoring program

for Region 2. Two years of work have not located large, extensive

(Coryphantha sneedii van

sneedii)
2.

Listing/Date:

populations of
7,

this species; there-

Endangered/November
3.

1979

fore, there is a

monitoring

to

need for ongoing determine popula-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
(several populations in Lincoln
10.

tion trends/threats over time.

4.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Field monitoring of
tions in

known

loca-

National Forest were destroyed by

a
5.

New

Mexico.

major

fire)

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Populations in

Recovery

Priority:

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Sneed and Lee Pincushion Cacti Recovery

Plan
12.

Texas and near El Paso City need

to

be monitored.

Recovery Achieved: 2

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

8.

F/March21, 1986
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Potential downlist/Charlie

McDonald

is

leading the Sneed

Spineless hedgehog cactus

1

400

1.

Species: Spineless hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus

var.

10.

inermis)

12.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: In 1988 the Utah Interagency Rare Plant Group recommended delisting based on invalid taxonomy. Taxonomy validity remains
questionable and delisting
appropriate.

Endangered/November
1

7,

1979

may be

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Delist
if

Recovery

taxon-

Priority: 9
Title:

omy
Spineless
12.

is

invalid.
1

Recovery Plan

Hedgehog Cactus Recovery Plan

7.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan: Region 6

1990

F/April
.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 2, 1986

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist secure 20 populations unknown to collectors with 2,000

plants per population. Delist

secure 35 such populations.

297

401
1.

Tobusch fishhook cactus

isting populations

Species: Tobusch fishhook cactus

and inventory

(Ancistrocactus tobuschii)
2.

additional habitat.
10.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/November
3. 4. 5.

7,

1979

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ray Emmett, PhD., completed a

reproductive biology study of
species for

Group: Plants
Species Status:

FY

90. This study will

Unknown
2
11.

Recovery

provide information about pollination vectors, seed germination,

Priority:

and population demography.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Tobusch Fishhook Cactus Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
present.

Unknown

at

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recoveiy Plan: Region 2

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March 18, 1987 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Potential downlist/several

13. Information Current as of: July

26,
9.

1990

new
2 years,

populations and locations have

been found within the

last

suggesting that this species

may

be more abundant and have a wider range than previously thought. Continue to monitor ex-

402
1.

Uinta Basin hookless cactus

habitat. Special conservation

Species: Uinta Basin hookless

cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus)

2.

measures
tinct

for populations

and

Listing/Date: Threatened/October
11,

habitats of morphologically dis-

1979
10.

tified

forms will be needed, if jusby taxonomic evaluations.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery

Priority: 8

The agency/public draft of the covery plan was completed in

re-

May

1990. Compilation of field

Recovery Plan Title: Uinta Basin Hookless Cactus Recovery Plan

data on species distribution and

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

abundance on Bureau of Land Management lands was initiated.

11.

Recovery Plan: Region 6

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Compilation of
data on species abundance will be

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting

completed
9.

in

FY

91 or 92.

Document

Possibility of delisting will

be

a total pop-

evaluated based on
tion
12.

new informa-

ulation of 30,000 individuals in 6

on species abundance.

separate populations of at least

2,000 individuals each, 4 of

Recovery Achieved: 3

which must be on lands with formal management designations

providing long-term, undisturbed

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

298

Wright fishhook cactus

1.

403

Species: Wright fishhook cactus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population and habitat monitoring
studies are being conducted.

{Sclerocactus wrightiae)
2.

Listing/Date:

The

Endangered/October
3.

11,

1979

Bureau of Land Management and

the National Park Service have

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

incorporated habitat protection

measures

for this species into

4.
5.

their land use planning

Recovery

Priority: 8

documents.
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Wright Fishhook Cactus Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Population and
habitat inventories have identified
a greater abundance, range distri-

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 6

bution, and additional populations

F/December

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 24, 1985

of this species than originally

known. Evaluation

will

be under-

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eligible for downlisting

taken to consider delisting.

12.

when 2

Recovery Achieved: 3

self-sustaining populations of at
least

10,000 individuals over 2

13. Information Current as of: July

areas
tial

which are considered essen-

1990

habitat are secured. Eligible

for delisting

when

a third such

population

is

secured.

Cassia mirablliS
Species:

(No

common name)

404

No common name

10.

{Cassia mirabilis)
Listing/Date: Endangered/April
5,

Major Activity Since Last Report: None.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

1990

None

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: July

Priority: 5
Title:

1990
Pending

Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

299

405
1.

Spring-loving centaury
minimum
level of 1.4 feet

Species: Spring-loving centaury

below
to his-

(Centaurium namophilum)
2.

marker; reestablish water

habitat

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 20,

toric channels; secure essential

1985
3. 4.
5.

disturbances;

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

of

all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

Meadows

springs

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan

Ash

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

where they were historically present; document presence of Amargosa niterwort in all historic localities; establish and protect
refugia populations of Devils

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Hole pupfish.
Delisting

Recovery Plan: Region

following

criteria

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: all of following Downlisting

must be met

for 5 years following

downlisting: Reestablish native

plant and aquatic communities to
historic structure

9.

and composition
habitat; estab-

conditions

met within

within

all critical

essential
lish self-sustaining

habitat for a period of 5 years:

populations of

Eradicate

all

non-native plants
all

Warm

and animals; secure aquifer so

spring flows return to historic dis-

Springs pupfish and Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speckled dace;
all

charge rates, and maintain water

level in

document presence

of

Devils Hole

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

at a

and

which
plant

they historically occupied; docu-

ment presence
species at

of

all listed

species and four candidate plant

all sites

which they

have historically occupied.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

Ash Meadows

Recovery Plan. Published Notice

of Availability for public review in

Federal Register. Monitoring of

extant plant populations within

Ash Meadows National

Refuge.
11.

Wildlife

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2

12.

13. Information Current as of:

Known
the

only from

Ash Meadows, Nevada,

September, 1990

the spring-loving centaury requires, as

name

suggests, moist areas.

Many

of

the remaining individuals are found on the

Ash Meadows National

Wildlife

Refuge, a unique desert wetland ecosystem established to conserve the centaury

and

1 1

other listed plants

and animals.

300

Pedate checker-mallow
1.

406

Species: Pedate checker-mallow

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

{Sidalcea pedata)
2.

No recovery

activity.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ August

31,

Consultations to preserve remaining habitat have been completed.

11.

1984

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Prepare a recovery plan.

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

13. Information Current as of:

August

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

91

U/FY

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: This

species occurs within only 5 locales greater than one acre in size.

These 5 areas total approximately 30 acres. The primary recovery

objective
is to

preserve 5

locations and expand the population into several

additional acres of wet

hundred meadows.

Higo
1.

chumbo

407

Species: Higo

chumbo

(Harrisia

10.

(-Cereus) portoricensis)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
8.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Complete the
recovery plan.

1990

11.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
12.

4.
5. 6. 7.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

13. Information Current as of:

Recovery Plan

Pending

September 1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

8.

9.

301

408
1.

Robbins' cinquefoil
9.

Species: Robbins' cinquefoil

(Potentilla robbinsiatm)

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist / Protect the existing colony of Potentilla robbinsiatm

in its entirety,
ral

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The recovery
plan will be updated, and reclassification of the species will

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3.
4.

17,

1980

encourage

its

natu-

be

in-

expansion, and establish self-

vestigated pending successful

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

sustaining, reproducing

reproduction in the established

colonies. Current recovery activities

populations in at least four identified potential habitats not

mentioned above

will

5.

Recovery

Priority:

presently occupied.

continue.
12.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Robbins'

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Monitoring of the original colony and establishment of two
additional colonies. Plant propagation. Habitat protection, includ-

Recovery Achieved: 2

Cinquefoil {Potentilla

robbinsiatm) Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.

Recovery Plan: Region 5

ing relocation of foot

trails that

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 22, 1983

passed through the

site of the

ma-

jor colony. Habitat protection.

The major colony

is

stable; the

established colonies have not yet

produced seedlings.

409
1.

Arizona cliff-rose
mation
that

Species: Arizona cliff-rose

was gathered

(Cowania subintegra)
2.

supported the
burros.

BLM effort to build

and
reduce grazing
to occur.

Listing/Date:
29, 1984

Endangered/May

a fence that excludes cattle

The

enclosure, built last

fiscal year, will

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

pressure on these plants and will

Unknown
2
11.

allow reproduction

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Priority:

BLM will con-

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

tinue inventorying the monitoring

plots to determine the success of

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

the fenced exclosure.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U/draft due December 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist/No Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Bureau of Land Management

(BLM)

inventoried monitoring

plots to determine grazing effects.

This action resulted in no change in population levels but the infor-

302

Running buffalo-clover
1.

410

Species: Running buffalo-clover

{Trifolium stoloniferum)

additional populations are protected.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 5,

10.

1987
3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

4. 5.
6.

Major Activity Since Last Report: population was discovered in West Virginia. At the time of listing in 1987, only one population was known. We now are

One new

Recovery

Priority:

2
11.

aware of 18 populations.

Running Buffalo-Clover Recovery Plan

Recovery Plan
Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
search for
to

new

populations, and

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

monitor existing ones. Missouri

Recovery Plan: Region 3

Department of Conservation

in-

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 8, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist to threatened when 30
secure self-sustaining populations
are

tends to reintroduce plants in at

least one historic site, using stock from the Missouri Botanical

9.

Garden, a Center for Plant Conservation member.

12.

known, and we have adequate

Recovery Achieved:

biological information to fully

13. Information Current as of: July

understand the plant. Delisting

27,

1990

can be undertaken when

Tennessee purple coneflower

1.

411

Species: Tennessee purple cone-

10.

flower {Echinacea tennesseensis)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Material from all colonies is being maintained in cultivation,

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 6,

1979
3. 4. 5.

state-owned colonies have

received protective zoning,
life

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

been completed, studies on

history studies have

management requirements
species have been initiated
11.

of

Recovery

Priority: 8

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Tennessee Coneflower Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/F/November 14, 1989
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

management requirements
12.

studies

Recovery Achieved: 2

8.

13. Information Current as of: June

25,

1990
Tennessee purple conef lowers are now under cultivation at the Tennessee Valley
Authority Nursery. Botanical
facilities in

9.

when

five populations with

three self-sustaining colonies

each are protected

Nashville and local citizens are participating

in

the efforts.

303

412
1.

Loch Lomond coyote-thistle

10.

Species:
thistle

Loch Lomond coyote-

(Eryngium constancei)

Major Activity Since Last Report: Land owned and managed by

California

Department of Fish

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
1,

1985

and

Game was fenced with

money and population
in the disturbed portion

Section 6

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
11.

enhanced

of the lake.

4.
5.

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Likely
ate a delisting
to initi-

Priority: 14
Title:

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

N/A
12.

package soon.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved: 4

13. Information Current as of:

August

N/A

23, 1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Acquire and protectively fence

only
bed.

known population,

recontour

vernal lake bed, and reseed lake

413
1.

Toad-flax cress
verified the validity of the species

Species: Toad-flax cress

{Glaucocarpum suffrutescens)
2.

taxonomic
11.

classification.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The species

Endangered/October
3.

6,

1987

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

was

historically affected

by

live-

stock grazing, however habitat

4.
5. 6. 7.

disturbance from energy develop-

Recovery

Priority:

IOC
Pending

ment
begin

is

seen as a major future

threat.

Population monitoring will

to

Recovery Plan

Title:

document

the population

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

status in the face of future threats.

Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery of

this species

may be
of

covered in a joint recovery plan

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

12.

after other candidate

members

the species' genus are listed.

9.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The Bureau of Land Management has incorporated protection measures for this species' habitat into

1990

land use planning documents. Recent taxonomic analyses have

its

304

Jones cycladenia
1.

414

Species: Jones cycladenia

studies have begun. Threats to

this species

(Cycladenia humilis

var. jonesii)

come from

habitat

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 5,

disturbance from mining and secondarily from off-road vehicle

use.

1986
3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

As long

as the habitat

is

pro-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
11.

tected, the species should

stable.

remain

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Development

of a recovery plan
is proposed. Monitoring of population status

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 6

12.

and external disturbance factors

will continue.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

9.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

The U.S. Department of Agricultures Bee Biology Laboratory has begun research
pollination biology of this
species. Population monitoring

in

Santa Cruz cypress

1.

415

Species: Santa Cruz cypress

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

{Cupressus abramsiatia)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
8,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

1987

None

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
12.

Recovery Achieved:

4.
5.

Recovery

13. Information Current as of:

Priority: 2
Title:

August

23, 1990

Recovery Plan
7.

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Pending

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

305

416
1988
3.
4. 5.
6.

Lakeside daisy
10.

Species: Lakeside daisy

(Hymenoxys acaulis van glabra)

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 23,

Plants have

Major Activity Since Last Report: been introduced into

three areas. Recovery plan
is

be-

ing written.

The

State of

Ohio has

acquired 19 acres of prime habitat

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

on the Marblehead Peninsula with good healthy population of daisy.

Monitoring of introduced populations has

Recovery

Priority:

9
11.

been

initiated.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Lakeside Daisy

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue monitoring.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 3

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 19, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Maintain and protect 475 acres on the Marblehead area, and two geographically distinct introduced

13. Information Current as of: July

27, 1990

9.

populations for 10-plus years.

417
1.

Maguire daisy
ditional populations in the

Species: Maguire daisy (Erigeron

San

maguire i
2.

var.

maguirei)

Rafael Swell. Taxonomic studies

have been completed indicating

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3. 4.

5,

1985

that Erigeron maguirei var.

maguirei and Erigeron maguirei

var. harrisonii are the

Group: Plants
Species Status:

same

entity.

Unknown
6

The

species should

now be

recog-

nized as Erigeron maguirei

Recovery

Priority:

without taxonomic varieties.

Recovery Plan

Title:

NA

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Inventories of
population abundance and habitat
distribution will continue

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8. 9.

Recovery Plan: Region 6

and the

NA Recovery Objective/Criteria: NA
Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

resulting data will be analyzed for

abundance and vigor of the

species to determine if the species can be considered for delisting. This may preclude the need for

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The National Park Service has
initiated

an inventory for

this

development of a recovery plan.

12.

species in Capitol Reef National

Park.

The Fish and Wildlife

is

Recovery Achieved: 4

Service

monitoring the species

13. Information Current as of: July

on Bureau of Land Management

1990

(BLM)

lands.

BLM has found ad-

306

DaphnopsiS hellerana
1.

(No

common name)

418

Species:

No common name

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting/To establish three additional populations of in protected areas

{Daphnopsis hellerana)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
23,

each species

1988

such as the
sites

Commonwealth

Forest Reserves.

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Privately-owned population

should be protected.
10.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
Cornutia
11.

6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

obovata and Daphnopsis hellerana Recovery Plan

7.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/April 1990

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Texas prairie dawn-flower

Species: Texas prairie

419

dawn-

9.

flower (=Texas bitterweed)

{Hymenoxys texana)
Listing/Date: Endangered/March
13,

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize. Downlisting may be considered when 50 separate populations, each at least one hectare
in size, are discovered or estab-

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Searches will

1986

be made of potential habitat areas as time and money allows. The species will continue to be propagated at Mercer.
12.

lished and protected

from adverse

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

land use practices or

modifications.
10.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

8C

Recovery Plan Title: Hymenoxys texana Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report: Final recovery plan was signed, printed, and distributed to interested parties.

13. Information Current as of: July

26,

1990

No new

populations

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/April 13, 1990

were discovered this year. One population of about 500 individuals was lost due to road construction. Several hundred individuals remain under artificial propagation at the Mercer Arboretum of Houston, Texas. Good reproduction, survival, and growth of the
plant
is

being observed.

307

420
1.

Ashy dogweed
10.

Species:

Ashy dogweed

(Thymophylla tephroleuca)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The National Wildflower

Research Center

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
19,

(NWRC)
is

in

1984

Austin, Texas, collected seed of

ashy dogweed and

doing a seed

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

germination study under a Section 6 Cooperative Agreement

with the Texas Natural Heritage Program. The had trouble

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

NWRC

Recovery Plan Title: Ashy Dogweed Recovery Plan

getting seeds to germinate this

year and wants

seed.

to collect

more

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 29, 1987

12.

NWRC seed germination study.

Recovery Achieved:
1

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

421
1.

Canby's dropwort
marginal) augmented
to the

Species:

Canbys dropwort

point

12.

Recovery Achieved:

(Oxypolis canbyi)
2.

where they can be

all

self-sustaining;

Listing/Date:

19 populations needed for re-

13. Information Current as of: June

Endangered/February 25, 1986

3. 4. 5. 6.

covery must be determined to be self-sustaining and permanently

protected.
10.

1990

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Major Activity Since Last Report: Surveys have been conducted in

suitable habitat for additional

Priority: 5
Title:
s

Recovery Plan
Plan for Canby

Recovery

populations, the most important

existing populations are being

Dropwort

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recoveiy Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/April 10, 1990

monitored, research

is

currently

ongoing on the biology of the species, and two of the remaining

three plants in the last surviving

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting can be considered

Delaware population have been taken into cultivation due to that

populations precipitous decline.
11.

when

14 of the extant populations

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
activities

from habitat destruction and 5 additional populations have been found, reestabare protected
lished, or (in the case of

described in #10, as

well as investigation of

manage-

ment needs

at

key

sites.

populations that are

now

308

Erubia
1.

Species: Erubia (Solatium

10.

drymophilium)
2.

Post hurricane assessment

Major Activity Since Last Report: was

in Cayey.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
26,

conducted
11.

1988

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
12.

None

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

13. Information Current as of: July

12,

Recovery Plan

Title:

1990

for
8. 9.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Garber's spurge
i.

Species: Garber's spurge

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

{Chamaesyce garberi)
2

None
1

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July

8,

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated

1985
3. 4. 5.

None

Group: Plants
12.

Species Status: Stable.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: July

Priority: 8

1990

ft

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recoveiy plan for Five Pine Rockland Plant
Species.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October7, 1988
Recovery Objective/Criteria:

8.

9.

Chamaesyce garberi could be considered for delisting if 20 selfsustaining populations were se-

cured.

309

424
ssp. howellii)
2.

Antioch Dunes evening-primrose

Dunes evening9.

Species: Antioch

primrose (Oenothera deltoides

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when known population is stabilized and an undetermined

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1978
10.

number
lished.

of populations are estab-

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Evening-primrose on refuge has been monitored and autecological
studies have

Recovery

been undertaken us-

Priority: 9
Title:

ing Section 6 monies.

Recovery Plan

Recovery
11.

Plan for Three Endangered

Species Endemic
to

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
#10.

Antioch

Dunes, California

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.

12. Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 25, 1984

1990

Eureka Valley evening-primrose

1.

Species: Eureka Valley eveningprimrose (Oenothera avita ssp.

eurekensis)

Analysis of the data has not been completed.

An inter-

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1978

agency meeting (California Depart-

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

ment of Fish & Game, Bureau of Land Management,

FWS,

Inyo County,

Recovery

Priority: 9

California National

Recovery Plan Title: Eureka Valley Dunes Recovery Plan

Park Service) con-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/December 13, 1982

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize population by eliminating impacts from off-road vehicles
11.

vened to discuss concerns over the encroachment of Russian thistle onto the Eureka Dunes
evening primrose
habitat.

The Eureka
tive to

Valley evening-primrose
is

is

extremely sensi-

disturbance and

particularly vulnerable to off-

road vehicles.

The

with the Bureau of

Fish and Wildlife Service is working Land Management to protect the

habitat of the species.

9.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
available: 1) assist
If

12.
is

Recovery Achieved: 2
August

funding

BLM in compermanent
transects to

13. Information Current as of:

8,

1990

pleting data analysis of

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) monitored permanent transects in 1988 that were originally established in 1985.

transects 2) Set

up

determine whether the encroachment of Russian thistle is a threat

to the species.

310

San Benito evening-primrose

1.

426

Species:

San Benito evening-

9.

primrose (Camissonia benitensis)

2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Secure and manage all known

suitable populations of the

Listing/Date:

Threatened/February 12, 1985

3. 4.

species along Clear Creek by enhancing or restoring all habitat.

10.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Unknown (temporarily declining due

The Bureau
to

Major Activity Since Last Report: of Land Management

this

contracted out annual population

drought conditions)
5.

monitoring activities for

species.
11.

Recovery

Priority:

5C

6.

Recovery Plan Title: San Benito Evening-Primrose Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

A final

year of

monitoring will be conducted in

1991. Finalize the Draft Recovery
Plan.
12.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Agency/June 27, 1988

8.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

23, 1990

Aleutian shield-fern
Species: Aleutian shield-fern

Propagation experiments initiated

(Polystichum aleuticum)
Listing/Date:

and first in vitro production of sporophyte accomplished.

Endangered/February

17,

1988

Surveys for previously

yet undiscovered.
11.

known

population on Atka, and others

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
propagation experiments
to col-

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

lect data

on

life

history and causes

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

of rarity. Continuation of surveys

for undiscovered populations.

Recovery Plan: Region 7

Collection of

all

available infor-

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

mation

to

be used in determina-

tion of feasibility of appointing a

recovery team and preparing a recovery plan.

12.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The population on Mt. Reed, island of Adak, Alaska, was mapped, and permanent monitoring plots established. Soil samples collected for analyses.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

311

428
1.

American hart's-tongue fern

hart's-tongue
10.

Species:

American

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Preparation and distribution of
the technical draft recovery plan.

fern (Phyllitis scolopendrium var.

americatia)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 14,

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Preparation and
distribution of the agency draft

1989
3.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

and

final recovery plans for the

4.
5. 6.

Unknown
12.

species

Recovery

Priority: 9
Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan
Fern

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: June

Plan for American Hart's-tongue

26, 1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: T/May 1990
Recovery Objective/Criteria: To by protecting at

8.

9.

delist the species

least 13 self-sustaining popula-

tions in the U. S. (2 in

AL, 2

in

TN,

3 in MI, and 6 in

NY)

429
1.

Elfin tree fern

9.

Species: Elfin tree fern {Cyathea

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Stabilize the species to
a self-sustaining status
least

dryopteroides)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
16,

when

at

1987

two new populations of each

have been established within
Forest Reserves

species capable of self-perpetua3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

tion

protected units of the

Commonwealth

Recovery

Priority: 5

or on Federal land within the

Recovery Plan Title: Ilex cooki and Cyathea dryopteroides Recovery Plan

Caribbean National Forest.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

specified.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

None
1

specified.

8.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

A/1990
13. Information Current as of: July

1990

312

Large-flowered fiddleneck
1.

430

Species: Large-flowered fiddle-

10.

neck (Amsinckia grandiflora)

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/May

8,

1985
3. 4. 5. 6.

Major Activity Since Last Report: and one new population introduced and monitored.

New population discovered,

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

second pop-

ulation will be introduced

12.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan
Fiddleneck

Recovery

13. Information Current as of:

August

Plan for Large-flowered

23,

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/June 18, 1987 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when known populations secure with 2,500 plants and at least 4 new populations are established for 10 consecutive years

9.

Zuni (rhizome) fleabane

Species: Zuni (rhizome) fleabane
10.

431

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Monitoring continues in the State
study plots.
nation.

(Erigeron rhizomatus)
Listing/Date: Threatened/April
26, 1985

The U.S. Department

of Agriculture has studied polli-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

The Bureau of Land Management designated the

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Sawtooth Area of Critical Environmental Concern primarily for management of Zuni fleabane.
11.

Recovery Plan

Zuni

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Surveys will be conducted in the Sawtooth Mountains to locate new populations.

Fleabane Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 30, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Survey all potential habitat, establish permanent monitoring, and implement a management plan. Demonstrate
long-term population
stability.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

27,

1990

313

MacFarlane's four-o'clock
1.

Species: MacFarlane's four-

10.

Major Activity Since

Last Report:

o'clock (Mirabilis macfarlanei)

2.

Searched potential
Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3.

habitats for

more

plants; continued

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

sampling and monitoring; allelopathic

4. 5.
6.

studies; collect

Recovery

Priority:

propagules; insect
studies continued;

Recovery Plan Title: MacFarlane's Four O'Clock Recovery Plan

outplantings of rhi-

zome

materials; seed

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

viability studies.

Thought

to

be
in

extinct,

MacFarlane's tour-o'clock was

It

Recovery Plan: Region

11.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March27, 1985

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Monitoring;
allelopathic activities;

rediscovered
populations
Idaho.

in

1977.

is

now known

only from two

northwest Oregon and west-central

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Species may be considered recovered

search potential habitats for

plants; propagule collecting;

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

when

a total of 10 colonies

more
ity.

any combinations of 10, in each of 2 geographically distinct and isolated populations) are protected and managed to as(5 colonies, or

seed viability; tissue culture activ-

13. Information Current as of: July

16,

1990

sure their continued existence.

433
1.

Johnston's frankenia
9.

Species: Johnston's frankenia

(Frankenia johnstonii)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
7,

1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist or delist. (New populations have been found in the lower Rio Grande valley and this

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

now appears to be more abundant and widespread than

species

previously thought.)
10.

Recovery

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Priority: 5
Title: Johnston's

None
11.

Recovery Plan

Frankenia Recovery Plan

7.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 24, 1988

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

314

Hawaiian gardenia
1.

434

Species: Hawaiian gardenia

10.

(= na'u) (Gardenia brighamii)

2.

The

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
21, 1985

Major Activity Since Last Report: State constructed two enclosures around two known wild trees on Oahu for protection and

regeneration purposes.

The

State

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

plans to plant seedlings, maintain

the enclosure and water delivery

4. 5. 6. 7.

system, and monitor the plants on

Recovery

Priority:

Molokai.

A fence was also conknown

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
11.
1

structed to protect the two

remaining trees on Molokai.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

Geocarpon
Species: Geocarpon {Geocarpon minimum)
Listing/Date: Threatened/June 16,
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

A new population was discovered

in Louisiana through surveys

by

1987

the Louisiana Heritage Program.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Arkansas and Missouri are continuing to monitor populations in

their States.

Recovery

11. Priority: 13
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Emphasis will be placed on the development of
the recovery plan. Additional sur-

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

veys will be conducted in

Louisiana,
if

funding becomes

U
12.

available.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

315

436
1.

Sandplain gerardia
10.

Species: Sandplain gerardia

(Agalinis acuta)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Habitat protection through

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3. 4.
5.

7,

1988

to transfer a

landowner contacts and an effort key sandplain gerar-

dia site to the National Wildlife

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Refuge System through Government Services

Administration. Establishment of
a seed

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Sandplain

bank and plant

cultivation.

Recovery Plan

Life history studies. Site-specific

soil

Title:

Gerardia Recovery Plan

analyses to determine natural

limiting factors.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued population and habitat monitoring.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 20, 1989

9.

controlled burn study. Closer contacts

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist / ( 1) 20 stable, wild

populations; (2) 15 sites on protected land; (3) technology devel-

with landowners.
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

oped

for seed propagation

and

1990

storage.

437
1.

Tumamoc
globeberry

globeberry
biological opinion issued in 1986
for the Central

Species:

Tumamoc

{Tumamoca macdougalii)
2.

Arizona Project

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1986

Land Management (BLM) inventoried demoCanal. Bureau of

graphic monitoring plots. This

action resulted in

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

no net

loss or

Unknown
1

gain to the species but allowed the

BLM to assess threats and determine management

direction.
11.

5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
ing conducted by

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be determined.
12.

BLM will con-

tinue monitoring. Surveys are be-

BLM and other

8.

agencies for the purposes of

Section 7 consultation.

9.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The Bureau of Reclamation purchased two parcels of land and
payed
for a survey for the species

25,

1990

and Mexico. These two actions were required by a

in the U.S.

316

Beautiful goetzea
1.

438

Species: Beautiful goetzea

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Reverse the decline and
stabilize to self-sustaining condi-

(matabuey) {Goetzea elegans)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
19,

1985

tion by protecting existing

lations
3. 4. 5.

and

their habitats

popuand
at

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

establishing

new populations

other protected sites in northern

Puerto Rico.

Recovery

Priority: 5

10.

Recovery Plan Title: Beautiful Goetzea (Goetzea elegans) Recovery Plan

11.
7.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Research project has been conducted by a graduate student.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None specified

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 18, 1987

13. Information Current as of: July

12,

1990

Blue Ridge goldenrod

1.

439

Species: Blue Ridge goldenrod

tions

must be determined

to

be

(Solidago spithamaea)
2.

self-sustaining.

Listing/Date: Threatened/March
28, 1985

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

All landowners have been contacted regarding protection of the

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

species on their lands; barriers to

Unknown

prevent trampling have been constructed

Recovery

on

the U.S. Forest Service

Priority: 8

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for the Blue Ridge Goldenrod
11.

is being conducted by volunteers on population biology and habitat requirements.

site;

research

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October28, 1987
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting can be considered
12.

moniexpanded research into habitat and management needs.

activities in #10, as well as

toring and

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

when

the three extant populations

1990

have been protected and two additional populations have been found or reestablished; popula-

317

440
1.

Houghton's goldenrod
10.

Species: Houghton's goldenrod

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery plan is being prepared under contract. Michigan Department of Natural Resources is initiating a landowner contact program, and continues to search
for

(Solidago houghtonii)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 18,

1988
3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
11.

new

populations.

Recovery

Priority: 8

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete the

recovery plan; continue

Recovery Plan Title: Houghton's Goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii) Recovery Plan

landowner contacts, and searches

for

new

populations.
1

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

12. Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 3

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: T/March 1, 1989

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist.

27,

1990

9.

Agency

draft will contain

criteria.

measurable recovery

441
1.

Short's goldenrod
10.

Species: Short's goldenrod

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Searched for new populations,
prioritized

(Solidago shortii)
2.

Listing/Date:

known occurrences
life

for

Endangered/September
3. 4.
5.

5,

1985

protection, studied

history

and
ini-

habitat requirements, initiated

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

long term demographic study,

tiated study of species

Recovery

Priority: 8

management requirements, and The Nature Conservancy purchased

and protected one population
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Short's Goldenrod Recovery Plan

7.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue protection efforts, continue

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/May 25, 1988

demographic
requirements
12.

studies,

and

continue study of management

9.

delist the species

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To by providing permanent protection to 18 viable

occurrences, including the 9 cur-

Recovery Achieved: 2 June

13. Information Current as of:

26, 1990

rently

known occurrences near

Blue Licks State Park.

318

White-haired goldenrod
1.

442

Species: White-haired goldenrod

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Solidago albopilosa)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date: Threatened/April 7,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

1988
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.

None

Group: Plants
12.

Species Status: Stable

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of:

Priority: 8
Title:

June

26, 1990

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
delist the species; recovery criteria

have not been established yet

Miccosukee gooseberry
1.

443

Species: Miccosukee gooseberry

10.

(Ribes echinellum)
2.

The two

Major Activity Since Last Report: sites on which this

species occurs are adequately

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 18,

1985
3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority:

14

The one site in South owned and managed by that State. The other site in Florida is privately owned and managed with an agreement with The Nature Conservancy.
protected.

Carolina

is

Recovery Plan

Title:

NA

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
to

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

What

appears

be a

reliable report of the plant

NA
12.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize. Both known

populations are secure, but this

on the right of way of Interstate 10 in Gadsden County Florida needs to be confirmed.

Recovery Achieved:
1

remains a very rare plant.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

319

444
1. 2.

Hillebrand's gouania
lished for 10 years, the species

Species: Hillebrand's gouania

(Gouania hillebrandii)
Listing/Date:
10.
9,

may be
1984
11.

delisted.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Endangered/November
3.

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 8

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Title: Gouania Hillebrandii Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 16, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

9.

Remove

threats

from

cattle graz-

ing and insect infestations, and

increase each of the two populations to at least

500 reproductive

plants for downlisting. plants each have

When 5
estab-

populations of 500 reproductive

become

445
1.

Eureka Valley dune-grass

1988 that were originally established in 1985. Analysis of the

Species: Eureka Valley dunegrass (Swallenia alexandrae)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1978

data has not been completed. Off-

road vehicle

traffic

was

signifi-

cantly reduced in the early 1980's

3.
4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

with the construction of vehicle

barriers at the base of the dunes,

though occasional infractions

Recovery

Priority: 7

continue.
11.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Eureka Valley Dunes Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The permanent transects should be monitored
again in 1991.

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/December 13, 1982

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize population by eliminat-

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of:

8,

August

1990

9.

ing impacts from off-road vehicles

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: of Land Management monitored permanent transects in

The Bureau

320

Solano grass
1.

446

Species: Solano grass (Tuctoria mucronata)

Listing/Date:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: is on California Nature Conservancy lands and is
Entire population

2.

Endangered/September 28,
3.
4. 5.

978
11.

being managed as a Nature Conservancy preserve.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Acuvity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued

Recovery

Priority:

2
Delta Green
12.

management and monitoring by

the Nature Conservancy.

6.

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

Ground Beetle and Solano Grass

Lead Region/Region Responsible
for
8.

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

1990

7.

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 11, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when 2 populations grow within 2 vernal pools for 10
years; delist

9.

when

3 populations
for 15

grow within 2 vernal pools

years.

San Francisco Peaks groundsel

1.

447

Species:

San Francisco Peaks

ment of cooperative agreement

between the Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service on monitoring and enforcement of
closure. Short-term objective
is to

groundsel (Senecio fraticiscanus)

2.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/November 22, 1983

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

downlist.

4.
5.

Unknown

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Forest Service has drafted the

Recovery

Priority: 8

Kachina Peaks Wilderness Plan

(Plan).

6.

Recovery Plan Title: San Francisco Peaks Groundsel Recovery Plan

The Plan

sets forth

man-

agement

criteria for the

Wilderness Area, including the

alpine area that
is

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

the habitat for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

11.

San Francisco Peaks groundsel.

Major Acuvity Over Next
Reporting Period: Forest Service
plans to build
trails

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October 5, 1987 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Delist/Delisting criteria include

9.

manage
habitat.

visitor traffic

and better through the

demonstrated long-term stability of populations and habitat, implementation of Alpine Tundra

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

Management
of the
trail

improvement system, and developPlan,

1990

321

448
1.

Ash Meadows gumplant

level in Devil's

Species:

Ash Meadows gumplant

Hole

at a

all

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

(Grindelia fraxinopratensis)
2.

minimum

level of

1 .4

feet

below
to his-

and

which
plant

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 20,

marker; reestablish water

habitat

they historically occupied; docu-

toric channels; secure essential

1985
3.

ment presence of
species at

all listed

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

from detrimental human disturbances; document presence of all listed fish species, and Ash

species and four candidate plant

all sites

which they

have historically occupied.

10.

4. 5.
6.

Meadows

naucorid, in

all

springs

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Ash

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

where they were historically present; document presence of Amargosa niterwort in all historic localities; establish and protect
refugia populations of Devil's

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

Ash Meadows

Recovery Plan. Published Notice

of Availability for public review

in

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Federal Register. Monitoring of

extant plant populations within

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting all of following

Hole pupfish. Delisting ing criteria must be met

followfor 5

Ash Meadows National

Refuge.
11.

Wildlife

years following downlisting:

Reestablish native plant and

aquatic communities to historic
structure

9.

and composition within

establish self-

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2

conditions

met within

essential

all critical habitat;

habitat for a period of five years:

sustaining populations of

Warm

12.

Eradicate

all

non-native plants
all

and animals; secure aquifer so

spring flows return to historic dis-

Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speckSprings pupfish and
led dace;

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

charge rates and maintain water

document presence

of

449
1.

Narrow-leaved haplostachya
9.

Species: Narrow-leaved

haplostachya (Haplostachys haplostachya var. angustifolia)

10.
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Listing/Date:

None
11.

Endangered/October 30, 1979

3. 4.
5.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The State of

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

Hawaii plans

to

construct an en-

closure to protect plants at the

Recovery

Priority:

4
Pending
12.

Pohakuloa Training Area from

herbivores.

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

August

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

1990

322

Harperella
1.

450

Species: Harperella (Ptilimnium

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population surveys, and monitoring of threats and habitat. Also,
habitat and transplanting survival
studies. Preparation of a techni-

nodosum)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1988

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

cal/agency draft recovery plan

was
11.

initiated.

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Habitat protection through conservation ease-

Priority: 8

Recovery Plan Title: Harperella Draft Recovery Plan

ments

in

West Virginia with The

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Nature Conservancy. Completion

of the recovery plan. Preparation
of

Recovery Plan: Region 5

management

plans. Genetic

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U/August, 1990

12.

studies.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist / No criteria developed

13. Information Current as of: July

yet.

1990

Dwarf-flowered heartleaf
Species:

451

Dwarf-flowered

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

heartleaf (Hexastylis naniflora)

None
11.

Listing/Date: Threatened/April
14,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

1989

None

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Unknown
8

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: June

Priority:

26, 1990

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
delist the species; criteria for re-

covery have not been established

yet.

323

Mountain golden heather

1.

Species: Mountain golden heather

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting can be considered

been conducted
scribed
to
fire);

(the plant
to pre-

{Hudsonia montana)
2.

responds very favorably

Listing/Date: Threatened/October
20, 1980

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority:

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Mountain Golden Heather Recovery Plan

when: the five known populations are maintained at least at current levels and are self-sustaining; when species biology and site dynamics are sufficiently understood to assure effective long-term management and protection; protection and manage-

plans are underway

burn the habitat of all existing

to

populations and
itoring.

continue mon-

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of activities described in #10.

ment

policies of the U.S. Forest

all

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Service (owner of
species and

known

sites)

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 14, 1983

are proven effective; and the

its

13. Information Current as of: June

habitat are

perma-

1990

nently protected.
10.

8.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Searches of potential habitat have

been conducted, resulting in the discovery of one new population; existing populations have been monitored, documenting declines;
experimental management involving prescribed burning and cutting of

competing vegetation has

Hiquero de Sierra
1.

Species: Hiquero de Sierra

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Stabilize to a self-sustaining status

(Crescentia portoricensis)
2.

Listing/Date:

when

at least four

Endangered/December 4, 1987
3. 4. 5. 6.

new

populations capable of self-

perpetuation have been

established within suitable protected areas.
10.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority:

5
Crescentia
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: None. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: None specified.

Recovery Plan

Title:

portoricensis Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

A/1990

1990

324

Cook's holly
1.

454

Species: Cook's holly (Ilex

cookii)

Commonwealth

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
16,

Forest System or on Federal land within the Caribbean National Forest.

10.

1990

Major Activity Since Last Report:

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
11.

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:

None

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

anticipated.
12.

Recovery Plan Title: Ilex cookii and Cyathea dryopteroides Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.

A/1990
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Stabilize the species to
a self-sustaining status
least

when

at

two new populations of each

species capable of self-perpetuation

have been established within

protected units of the

Highlands scrub hypericum

1

1.

Species: Highlands scrub hyper-

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status

icum (Hypericum cumulicola)

111
Listing/Date:

can be considered when prois

Endangered/January 21, 1987

i

tection of 3 additional sites

accomplished. Recovery could be

considered upon protection of
least
at

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

10 additional viable popula-

14.

||5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

2
10.

tions at 2 or more sites in Highland or Polk Counties.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Acquisition of a site at Lake Apthorpe by The Nature Conservancy. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Florida
are planning habitat acquisition.

N8.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Potentially,
land acquisition.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

325

San Clemente Island Indian paintbrush

1.

Species:

San Clemente Island

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Intensive efforts to eradicate feral

Indian paintbrush (Castilleja

grisea)
2.

goats and pigs continue.

11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
11,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
to re-

1977

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
12.

move

feral animals.
1

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery

Priority: 8

1990

6.

Recovery Plan Title: California Channel Islands Species Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Eliminate threats from introduced
goats and pigs.

9.

Dwarf lake
1.

iris
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Continue searches for new sites, continue

Species:

Dwarf lake

iris (Iris

11.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

lacustris)
2.

13. Information Current as of: July

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September 28, 1988

3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

Michigan landowner contact program, and complete the recovthe

27, 1990

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

ery plan.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 3

8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Criteria pending.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: team has been formed, and several meetings have been held. A draft plan will be out in

A recovery

the early winter of 1990-91.

Michigan is initiating a landowner contact program.

Dwarf lake irises are native to the shores of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. Development and road construction threaten the species.

326

Ash Meadows
1.

ivesia
led dace;
all

458
of

Species:

Ash Meadows

ivesia

tain

water level in Devil's Hole

level of 1.4 feet

at

document presence

(Ivesia eremica)
2.

minimum

below

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 20,

marker; reestablish water

habitat

to his-

and

which
plant

1985
3.
4. 5.

toric channels; secure essential

they historically occupied; docu-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

disturbances;
of
all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

ment presence of
species at

all listed

species and four candidate plant

all sites

that they

have

Meadows

springs
10.

historically occupied.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

6.

Recovery Plan

Ash

where they were historically present; document presence of

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

Amargosa

Ash Meadows

niterwort in

all historic

localities; establish

and protect

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

refugia populations of Devil's

Recovery Plan: Region

Hole pupfish.
Delisting

Recovery Plan. Published Notice of Availability for public review in Federal Register. Monitoring of
extant plant populations within

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting when all following conditions have been met within

the following criteria

for 5 years following

Ash Meadows National

Refuge.
11.

Wildlife

must be met

downlisting: Reestablish native

plant and aquatic communities to
historic structure

9.

and composition
habitat; estab-

within

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2

all critical

essential habitat for a period of 5

lish self-sustaining

populations of

12.

years: Eradicate all non-native

plants and animals; secure aquifer

Warm

Springs pupfish and

Ash

so

all

spring flows return to his-

toric

discharge rates, and main-

Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speck-

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

California jewelflower
Species: California jewelflower
10.

459

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received
the
listing protection under Endangered Species Act.

{Caulanthus californicus)
Listing/Date: Endangered/July
19,

1990

11.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The Bureau of Land Management will likely survey their lands for
this species
oil

be-

Recovery

Priority:

cause of potential
leasing conflicts.

and gas

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

327

460
1. 2.

Kauai hau kuahiwi

11.

Species: Kauai hau kuahiwi

(Hibiscadelphus distans)
Listing/Date: Endangered/April
29, 1986
3.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The State of

Hawaii plans
to construct three

enclosures to protect the trees

from herbivores. Two were

to protect the

sited

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

maximum number
was
sited for

of trees and the third

4.
5.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

use in introducing nursery stock. Nursery stock will be planted

within and outside of the fence to

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

compare
sure.

effectiveness of enclo-

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

12.
8.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None

461
1.

Ko'olau'ula
10.

Species: Ko'olau'ula (Abutilon

menziesii)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 26, 1986

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The State of

Hawaii plans
to

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

construct an en-

closure to protect wild plants

from herbivores.
12.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

328

Koki'o
1.

462

Species: Koki'o (= hau-hele'ula)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Kokia drynarioides)
2.

None
11.
4,

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Endangered/December
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1984

None

Group: Plants
12.

Species Status: Stable

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990
Pending

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

Cooke's koki'o
1

463

1.

Species:

Cooke s koki'o (Kokia

10.

cookei)
12.

The only known

Major Activity Since Last Report: plant has been grafted onto Kokio kauaietisis in
suit-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 30, 1979

3.
j

botanical gardens. Grafts of the

kokio were reintroduced into

able areas on Hawaii during
90.
11.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable (captive
propagation)

FY

4.

5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The reintroduction project will continue.

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

13. information Current as of:

August

1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

329

464
1.

Navasota ladies'-tresses
10.

Species: Navasota ladies'-tresses

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Spiranthes parksii)
2.

The 1989-90 monitoring

plant report
6,

trans-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/May

was received from

1982
3.

Bolton Williams at Texas Municipal Power Agency. The

drought in eastern Texas may have caused a population fluctuation in this species.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

2
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Unknown.

Navasota Ladies'-tresses Recovery Plan

Recovery Plan

Title:

12.
7.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September21, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

9.

465
1.

Hyan lagu
lagu (Serianthes)
10.

Species:

Hyan

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Serianthes nelsonii)
2.

None
11.
18,

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Endangered/February
3. 4. 5.

1987

None

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of:

Priority: 5
Title:

August

1990
Pending

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

330

San Clemente
1.

Island larkspur

466

Species:

San Clemente

Island

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Intensive efforts to eradicate feral

larkspur (Delphinium kinkiense)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ August

goats and pigs continue.

11.

11,1977
3. 4. 5.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue removal of feral animals.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 8

13. Information Current as of:

6.

August

Recovery Plan Title: California Channel Islands Species Recovery Plan

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/January 1984

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threat from introduced
goats and pigs.

Crenulate lead-plant
1.

467

Species: Crenulate lead-plant

10.

{Amorpha crenulata)
2.

Fairchild Tropical

Major Activity Since Last Report: Garden is carthe Center for Plant Conservation.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
18,

rying out garden propagation for

1985

The Metropolitan Dade County

government
tively
is

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

attempting

to effec-

manage

the only viable

is

population, which

in semi-nat-

Recovery

Priority:

5C

ural pineland vegetation badly

Recovery Plan for 5 Pine Rockland Plant

Title:

Recovery Plan
Species.

infested with Scheffiera and other

exotic plants.
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Possible conservation of

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October7, 1988
12.

some possibly

suit-

able habitat (see

deltoidea).

Euphorbia

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting to threatened status could be considered if 10 populations were established and considered viable.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

331

468
1.

Alabama
leather flower

leather flower
10.

Species:

Alabama

(Clematis socialis)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Initiation of a research project on

management technique
Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 26, 1986

3. 4.

experiments. Obtained a long-

term protection agreement for the

population in Cherokee County,

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
11.

AL.
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Management
technique experiments will continue and a progress report will

Recovery Plan Title: Alabama Leather Flower Recovery Plan

be

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

submitted. Surveys will be con-

ducted for additional populations.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/December 27, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist Protection and management of 10 viable and geographically distinct populations, each occupying a minimum of 1 acre.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

9.

469
1.

Minnesota trout
lily

lily

Species: Minnesota trout

(Erythronium propullam)
2.

500 colonies in 15 sites are protected and managed over the entire

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
26,

range of the species.

1986

10.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Since Last Report: Monitoring program at Nerstrand

Woods

State Park continues.

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 8

Searches for new sites continue. A public information brochure

was completed and printed

in a

Recovery Plan Title: Minnesota Trout Lily Recovery Plan

cooperative venture between the

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recoveiy Plan: Region 3

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Service. The Nature Conservancy continues to negotiate with several landowners
concerning the acquisition of their
property.
11.

8.

F/December
9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 16, 1987 Recoveiy Objective/Criteria: to threatened can be

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
searches and activities
to

Downlisting

considered when 400 naturally occurring colonies in ten

geographically distinct sites are
protected and
their

protect

known
12.

sites.

managed

Recovery Achieved:

to insure

continued existence.

13. Information Current as of: July

Delisting can be initiated

when

27,

1990

332

Nehe
1.

470

Species:

Nehe (Lipochaeta

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

venosa)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The State of

Endangered/October 30, 1979

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Hawaii plans to construct a fire break to protect some of the

colonies from wildfires.
12.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

Santa Barbara Island liveforever

1.

471

Species: Santa Barbara Island

liveforever (Dudleya traskiae)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26,

1978

and California Department of Fish and Game. The population appears to be

stable in total

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

bers, with
tality

numsome morand some

4. 5. 6.

recruitment occurring.

Recovery

Priority:

8C

Recruitment
to

appears
I

Recovery Plan Title: Santa Barbara Island Liveforever Recovery Plan

be a
an

cyclic, rather than

annual event, and

may be
1

tied to years

The Santa Barbara

Island liveforever
off

Is

restricted to

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

with abundant rainfall.

Santa Barbara Island

the coast of southern

Recovery Plan: Region

The number of

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 27, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

11.

floretes per plant

also

may

vary with

annual

rainfall.

such as goats, rabbits, have wreaked havoc on the liveforever Although the goats and rabbits have been removed, the Fish and Wildlife Service has recommended the removal
California. Introduced species,

and other

plants,

9.

of

all

remaining exotic species.

Expand
plant to
tat

the distribution of the

95%

Major Activity Over Next Reporting

Period: Continue annual

of the suitable habi-

on the

island.

monitoring.
12.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A report was recently issued reviewing the results of a 5 year monitoring program funded by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

February 1990

333

Fassett's locoweed
1.

Species: Fassett's locoweed

10.

(Oxytropis campestris var.

chartacea)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/

September 28, 1988

3.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A contractor was selected to prepare a recovery plan by December 31, 1990. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
has acquired a
site

with a large

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
11.

population of Fassett's locoweed.

4. 5.
6.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
efforts to protect habitat,

Recovery

Priority: 9

continue

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Fassett's Locoweed

(Oxytropis campestris
tacea)
var.

searches for
initiate

new

populations, and
distribute

monitoring of known pop-

char-

ulations.

Complete and

recovery plan.
12.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 3

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/August 1, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: and manage all

27,

1990

9.

Delist. Protect

five naturally occurring populations.

473
1. 2.

Bradshaw's lomatium
10.

Species: Bradshaw's lomatium

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Preliminary recovery planning

(Lomatium bradshawii)
Listing/Date:
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Recovery planning meetings.

Endangered/September 30, 1988

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Unknown

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.
9.

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Criteria being developed.

334

Rough-leaved loosestrife
1.

474

Species: Rough-leaved loosestrife

10.

{Lysimachia asperulaefolia)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Major landowners have been contacted regarding protection of the

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
12,

1987

species on their land; manage-

ment

to benefit the species (pre-

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

scribed burning) has been

Unknown

conducted on several

sites

owned

by The Nature Conservancy and

the U.S. Forest Service.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
tasks in #10, as well as monitor-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

ing and expanded

12.

management.
1

8. 9.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

Furbish lousewort
1.

Species: Furbish lousewort

(Pedicularis furbishiae)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Revision of recovery plan
initiated; the

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1978

plan will include a

revised recovery objective. Other

activities include

population and

3. 4.
5.
i

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

habitat surveys, habitat

protection, habitat manipulation

to

eliminate

woody

vegetation

Recovery

Priority: 14

where necessary, and public education.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Furbish Lousewort Recovery Plan

The Furbish lousewort

is

population

stable

and possibly

slightly increasing.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

11.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/June 29, 1983

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist / Protect and maintain the 28 known lousewort colonies, and establish 10 new reproducing populations on St. Johns River in Maine.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Feriod: The activities mentioned above will continue. The focus will be on habitat protection and management.
Reclassification of the species
will

be considered.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

335

476
1.

Scrub lupine
10.

Species: Scrub lupine (Lupinus

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Interested individuals inventoried
sites

aridorum)
2.

with

this species

during

its

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

flowering season in 1989 and

1990.
11.

1987

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Acquisition of at least one site by private or gov-

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
12.

ernment bodies

is

badly needed.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: The

only "recovery" objective
present time
tion.
is to

at the

prevent extinc-

A
its

rare Florida plant, the scrub lupine,

is in

serious danger due to clearing of

habitat for agriculture

and residen-

tial

development.

477
1.

Kern mallow
10.

Species:

Kern mallow

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.

(Eremalche kernensis)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
19,

1990

11.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The Bureau of

Land Management
vey
cause of potential

likely will sur-

4.

their lands for this species beoil

Recovery

Priority:

2
Pending
12.

and gas

leasing and conflicts.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

336

Peter's Mountain
1.

mallow

478

Species: Peter's Mountain

mallow

established within the plants historical range.

(Iliamna corei)
2.

Listing/Date:
12,

Endangered/May

10.

1986

Major Activity Since Last Report: Acquisition of the property where

the natural population occurs is

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

4. 5.
6.

under negotiation by The Nature Conservancy. Other activities include population monitoring, ger-

Recovery

Priority: 5

Recovery Plan Title: Peter's Mountain Mallow (Iliamna corei) Recovery Plan
11.

mination of the plant in plant breeding facilities, and life history

studies.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Habitat acquisition,

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

continued studies and plant

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist / A natural population
of a least
12.

propagation, establishment of
populations.

new

Recovery Achieved: 2

9.

13. Information Current as of: July

50 clones

that is self-

1990

maintaining for at least 5 years, and permanently protected habitat.

Delisting can occur

when two

additional populations have been

Palma de manaca
Palma de manaca (Calyptronoma rival is)
Species:
Listing/Date:
10.

479

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Propagation and reintroduction into protected conservation areas.

Threatened/February

6,

1990

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue the
propagation program and reintroduction into protected conservation areas.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

13. information Current as of: July

1990

337

480
1.

Presidio or Raven's manzanita

man10.

Species: Presidio or Raven's

zanita (Arctostaphylos
ssp. ravenii)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Transplanted cuttings of the manzanita to areas adjacent to

pungens

known
in the

population on Presidio. At least

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October 26, 1979

3.

fifty plants

were established

wild by January 1988.

11.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring of
plant reintroduction success will

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

12
12.

continue.

Recovery Plan Title: Raven's Manzanita Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved: 2

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

Recoveiy Plan: Region

1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 10, 1984

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when the known population (which consists of one extant plant) is increased to

20+

plants and there are

4 additional

populations of 20+ plants.

481
1.

Cooley's
meadowrue

meadowrue
10.

Species: Cooley's

(Thalictrum cooleyi)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Major landowners have been contacted regarding protection of the

Listing/Date:

Endangered/February
3. 4.
5.

7,

1989

plant on their lands; conservation

agreements have been established

with some landowners and
utility

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Unknown

companies which have

rights-of-

way

affecting populations;

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

searches for additional

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

populations in potential habitat

have been conducted; property

supporting one North Carolina

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

population has been acquired and

is

8. 9.

U
11.

being managed for the benefit

of the species.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
activities

described in #10, as

well as population monitoring.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

338

San Diego mesa-mint

1.

482

San Diego mesa-mint (Pogogyne abramsii)

Species:
Listing/Date:

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Efforts are being

made

to

secure

many
11.

of the remaining pools as a

2.

Endangered/September 28, 1978

3. 4.
5.

national wildlife refuge.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
efforts to protect

remaining vernal

Recovery

Priority: 5

pools. Distribute recovery plans.

12.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: San Diego Mesa Mint Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/1988

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Protect remaining vernal pools

9.

and

their

watersheds that are oc-

cupied or could be occupied by

this species.

Ash Meadows milk-vetch

1.

483
which
docuof
all

Species:

Ash Meadows milk-

level in Devil's

Hole

at a

minito his-

led dace;
all

document presence of

vetch {Astragalus phoenix)

2.

mum level of
habitat

.4 feet

below

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 20,

marker; reestablish water

and

1985
3. 4. 5. 6.

toric channels; secure essential

they historically occupied;

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

from detrimental human disturbances; document presence of all listed fish species, and Ash

ment presence
species at

listed plant

species and four candidate plant

all sites

which they

Meadows

naucorid, in

all

springs
10.

have historically occupied.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

(
j

Recovery Plan

Ash

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

where they were historically present; document presence of Amargosa niterwort in all historic localities; establish and protect
refugia populations of Devil's

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

Ash Meadows

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

Hole pupfish.
Delisting

Recovery Plan. Published Notice of Availability for public review in Federal Register. Monitoring of
extant plant populations within

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting when all of follow-

the following criteria

for 5 years following

Ash Meadows National

Refuge.
11.

Wildlife

must be met

downlisting: Reestablish native

plant and aquatic communities to
historic structure

9.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Implement Ash

ing conditions
tial

met within essen-

and composition
habitat; estab-

within

Meadows
12.

Species Recovery Plan.

all critical

habitat for a period of 5 years:

lish self-sustaining
all

populations of

Recovery Achieved: 2

Eradicate

non-native plants
all

and animals; secure aquifer so

Warm

Springs pupfish and

Ash

spring flows return to historic dis-

charge rates, and maintain water

Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speck-

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

339

484
1.

Heliotrope milk-vetch
distribution. Potential threats are

Species: Heliotrope milk-vetch

(Astragalus montii)
2.

from energy development and grazing.

habitat disturbance
6,

Listing/Date:

Threatened/November
3.

1987

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Population
monitoring will continue
to deter-

Group: Plants
Species Status:

4. 5. 6.
7.

Unknown

Recovery

mine population changes and evidence of habitat disturbance from

Priority: 17
Title:

human
is

activities.

A recovery plan

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

needed but is a lower priority, and is unplanned for the next reporting period.
12.

Recovery Plan: Region 6

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service are conducting population monitoring studies.

This species

is

a small

endemic population with limited

485
1.

Jesup's milk-vetch
ditional populations,
least

Species: Jesup's milk-vetch

each with

at

(Astragalus robbinsii \M.jesupi)

2.

100 individual

plants.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June 5,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population monitoring,
interagency coordination to protect the plant's habitat,

1987
3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

and

life

history studies. Attempts to prop-

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 12

agate the plant, which were unsuccessful. Completion of

Recovery Plan Title: Jesup's MilkVetch (Astragalus robbitisii var. jesupi) Recovery Plan

recovery plan.
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Life history
studies and propagation efforts
will continue.
ies will

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 5

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Demographic

stud-

be conducted. Habitat

F/November21, 1980
9.

protection will be strengthened.

12.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize. Protect and maintain the three known populations and
their essential habitat along the

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Connecticut River. Downlisting

will

be considered based upon the

location of establishment of 7 ad-

340

Mancos milk-vetch
1.

486

Species:

Mancos milk-vetch

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Monitoring continues on Bureau of Land Management and Navajo
Indian lands. Population

(Astragalus humillimus)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
27, 1985

decreases have occurred within

the plots,

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

which may be

the result

of severe drought in 1989.

One

4.
5.

new

population was discovered by

Recovery

Priority:

5C

the Navajo Natural Heritage

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Mancos Milk-vetch Recovery Plan

Program. The pollination biology of this species is being studied by

the U.S.

Department of

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 2

11.

Agriculture.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continued
monitoring.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/December 20, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Downlist. Develop Habitat
12.

9.

Recovery Achieved:

Management Plans to insure protection of 75% of known habitat.

Establish permanent study plots.

13. Information Current as of: July

27, 1990

Osterhout milk-vetch
Species: Osterhout milk-vetch
10.

487

(Astragalus osterhoutii)
Listing/Date: Endangered/July
13,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Seeds were collected and viability
tests were conducted in 1989. Germination tests are being conducted on seeds collected in

1989

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
11.

1990.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Occupied habitat will be purchased by the Colorado Water Conservation District for transfer to Bureau of Land Management. Design of the

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan Title: Penland Beardtongue/Osterhout Milkvetch Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

recreation facilities at the

Recovery Plan: Region 6

proposed

Muddy Creek

Reservoir

will incorporate plant protection.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: T/A Recovery Objective/Criteria: Conservation of existing population.

Habitat studies will be conducted.

The recovery plan

to

be drafted

in

1990/91 will be a joint recovery

plan with Penland beardtongue.
12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

341

488
1.

Small's milkpea
9.

Species: Small's milkpea

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status

(Galactia smallii)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
18,

can be considered

if

10

self-

1985

sustaining populations of this

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

species were secured. Delisting could be considered if 20 such populations were secured.

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Recovery

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

Recovery Plan
Species.

Title:

Plan for Five Pine Rockland Plant

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

None
is

anticipated, unless this plant

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October7, 1988
12.

confirmed

to

occur

at the

Richmond
toidea.

Field sites, along with

the endangered

Euphorbia

del-

8.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

489
1.

Mead's milkweed
milkweed
ing the total in Missouri to 46.

Species: Mead's

(Asclepias meadii)
2.

There

is

potential for additional

sites in

Listing/Date:

Missouri.

Threatened/September
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1,

1988.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue and complete recovery plan preparation.
sites.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Continue to search for new Research to better

Priority: 8
Title:

understand the genetic distinct-

Recovery Plan

Pending

ness

among and between populabe initiated, and will be funded by the Fish and

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

tions will

jointly

Wildlife Service and the Forest Service.

8. 9.

The Missouri

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Pending

Department of Conservation will initiate a monitoring study on one

of their State-owned prairies.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Recovery team has been formed, has met twice, and intends to have
a technical draft out soon.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July 7.

New

1990

population found
in

in

Iowa. Surveys
in the discov-

Missouri resulted

ery of 15

new

populations, bring-

342

Welsh's milkweed
1.

490
The
to assist the State

Species: Welsh's

milkweed

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

efforts are carried out.

(Asclepias welshii)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/October
28, 1987

The State of Utah has developed a management plan for this species,
including the designation of off-

Service will consider use of

Section 6 funds
in tection.

conducting active species pro-

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

road vehicle (ORV) use zones; however, the plan is basically unenforceable due to difficulty of
controlling
12.

Recovery Achieved:

ORV use. A

third

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery

Priority:

5C
11.

small population has been discov-

1990

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Welsh's Milkweed Recovery Plan

ered on the Utah/Arizona border.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

A recovery

Recovery Plan: Region 6

plan will be developed and monitoring of the population status

will

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:

ture population

be undertaken to identify fuchanges and new

Under development

or continuing threats or

disturbances.

Due

to the

species'

habitat being located in a desig-

nated

ORV use area (the Coral

Pink Sand Dunes), the plant is currently considered unrecoverable; however, the population is

protectable

if

active protection

Garrett's mint
1.

491

Species: Garrett's mint

10.

(Dicerandra christmanii)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The State has purchased habitat
similar to that occupied by this
species,

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 21, 1989

3. 4. 5.
i

which may allow

for

eventual establishment of populations.

Wildlife Service initiated

new

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

The Fish and

planning for land purchase in the

area, as did

Recovery

Priority:

The Nature
is

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for 3 Florida Mints.

Conservancy. Eric Menges

closely-related species.

studying the demography of a

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 1, 1987

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Postential acquisition of habitat by the Fish

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status is possible

and Wildlife Service, State, The Nature Conservancy, or other private parties.

when

10 separate,

12.

Recovery Achieved:

self-sustaining populations of the

13. Information Current as of: July

species are established at secure,

maintained

1990

sites.

343

492
1.

Lakela's mint
10.

Species: Lakela's mint

(Dicerandra immaculata)
2.

Listing/Date:
15,

Endangered/May
11.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A garden population has been established at Bok Tower Gardens
(Center for Plant Conservation).

1985

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Recovery

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

13. Information Current as of: July

Plan for 3 Florida Mints.

7.

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 1, 1987
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status is possible

8.

9.

when 10

separate,

self-sustaining populations of the

species are established at secure,

maintained

sites.

493
1.

Longspurred mint
10.

Species: Longspurred mint

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Dicerandra cornutissima)
2.

The Nature Conservancy

this species
jay.

investi-

Listing/Date:

gated establishing a preserve for

1,

Endangered/November
3.

1985

and the Florida scrub

small population was

A new,

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

discovered 13 miles west of previously

11.

known

sites.

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None definitely

Recovery Plan

Title:

Plan for 3 Florida Mints.

7.

The plant occurs on some empty lots owned by the

expected.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 1, 1987 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status
is

Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation; a determination will

have
sites

8.

to be made on whether the can be sold without arrang-

ing for protection of the plants.

12.

9.

Recovery Achieved:

possible

when

10 separate,

13. Information Current as of: July

self-sustaining populations of the

1990

species are established at secure,

maintained

sites.

344

Scrub mint
1.

494

Species: Scrub mint {Diccrandra

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

frutescens)
2.

The

State has purchased habitat

Listing/Date:

similar to that occupied by this

1,

Endangered/November
3. 4. 5.

1985

species,

which may allow

for

eventual establishment of

new

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

species. Fish and Wildlife Service

initiated planning for land

purchase in the area, as did The

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

Nature Conservancy. Eric Menges

6.

Recovery Plan

Recovery
11.

at

Archbold Biological Station

is

Plan for 3 Florida Mints.

7.

researching population biology.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 1, 1987

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Potential acquisition of habitat

by Fish and

8.

Wildlife Service, State, Nature

Conservancy or other private parties.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status is possible 12.

Recovery Achieved:

when

10 separate,

13. Information Current as of: July

self-sustaining populations of the

1990

species are established at secure,

maintained

sites.

Michigan monkey-flower
1.

495

Species: Michigan

monkeyvar.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

In the course of a resort develop-

flower {Mi mul us g lab rat us michiganensis)

2.

ment along

the shore of

Lake

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
21,

Michigan, another population was

discovered, bringing the total

1990
11.

known occurrences
Reporting Period:
to

to 13.

3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Initiate actions

Recovery

Priority:

9C
12.

complete a recovery plan.

1

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

345

496
1.

Northern wild monkshood

tributed in the three distinct geo-

Species: Northern wild monkshood (Aconitum twveboracense)

Listing/Date:
10.

graphical areas.

2.

Threatened/December 30, 1974

3.

The

Major Activity Since Last Report: Driftless Area acquisition program is under way in northeast
Iowa.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

A number of sites have

4.
5.

been acquired, and acquisition of

additional areas being pursued.

Recovery

Priority: 8

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Northern Monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense)

Monitoring activities have been ongoing for several years. Fencing

has been done
at several sites to

eliminate the threats from neigh-

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

boring livestock operations.

11.

Recovery Plan: Region 3

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue acquisition, protection, and monitoring activities.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/September 23, 1983

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delisting can be considered when one-half of the 109 known sites containing at least one -half of the known plants in each state are permanently protected and dis-

12. Recovery Achieved: 2

13. information Current as of: July

27, 1990

497
1.

Carter's mustard
10.

Species: Carter's mustard (Warea

carteri)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

A new population was discovered

in

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
21, 1987

Brevard County. State purchase

Lake Arbuckle State Forest and development of a management

of

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

plan with technical assistance

from The Nature Conservancy

may
11.

benefit this species.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Possible acquisition of

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

more

habitat by the State

or the Fish and Wildlife Service.

12.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Tentatively, protection of at least
five sites with viable populations

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

1990

9.

of this plant

would

suffice for re-

classification to threatened status.

Delisting would require protection of at least 10 sites.

346

Slender-petaled mustard
1.

498

Species: Slender-petaled mustard

into several

hundred acres of wet

possible.

{Thelypodium stenopetahtm)
2.

meadow
10.

is

Listing/Date: Endangered/ August

31,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Preserved 10 acres of wet

1984

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining,
partially

meadow

habitat containing this

species through a Corps of

4.

Engineers permit application.

11.

due

to

drought

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Preserve an additional 7 acres of habitat through

5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending
12.
1

Recovery Plan

Title:

Corps of Engineers permit.

1

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

91

U/FY

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Protect remaining populations

and expand

into adjacent

wet

meadow meadow
Valley.

habitats. This species

persists within

25 acres of wet

habitat within Big Bear

Expansion of this species

Dwarf naupaka
1.

499

Species:

Dwarf naupaka
Endangered/May

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Scaevola coriacea)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date:
16,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

1986

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Group: Plants
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990
Pending

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

9.

347

500
1.

Cobana negra
{Stahlia
10.

Species: Cobana negra monosperma)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Propagation efforts conducted by
the University of Puerto Rico and

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/April 5,

1990
3.

reintroduction into protected

areas.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

4. 5.
6. 7.

None

Recovery

Priority:

4
Pending
12.

Recovery Plan

Recovery Achieved:

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

13. Information Current as of: July

12,

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

501
1.

Amargosa
niterwort

niterwort
level in Devil's

Species:

Amargosa

Hole
1

at a

led dace;

document presence of
which
plant

(Nitrophila mohavensis)
2.

minimum

level of

.4 feet

below
to his-

all

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

Listing/Date:
20, 1985

Endangered/May

marker; reestablish water

habitat

and

toric channels; secure essential

they historically occupied; docu-

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

disturbances;
of
all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

ment presence of
species at

all listed

species and four candidate plant

all sites

which they

Meadows
sent;

springs
10.

have historically occupied.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Ash

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

where they were historically predocument presence of Amargosa niterwort in all historic localities; establish and protect

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

Ash Meadows

Recovery Plan. Published Notice

of Availability for public review in

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

refugia populations of Devil's

Recovery Plan: Region

Hole pupfish.
Delisting

Federal Register. Monitoring of

extant plant populations within

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting when all of follow-

the following criteria

for 5 years following

Ash Meadows National

Refuge.
11.

Wildlife

must be met

downlisting: Reestablish native

plant and aquatic communities to
historic structure

9.

ing conditions
tial

met within essen-

and composition
habitat; estab-

habitat for a period of 5 years:

all

within

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2

all critical

lish self-sustaining

Eradicate

non-native plants
all

populations of

12.

and animals; secure aquifer so

Warm

Springs pupfish and

Ash

spring flows return to historic dis-

charge rates, and maintain water

Meadows Amargosa pupfish in addition to Ash Meadows speck-

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

348

Hinckley's oak
1.

502

Species: Hinckley's oak {Quercus

hinckleyi)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Sul Ross State University in
Alpine, Texas,
is

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
26,

doing

1988

micropropagation (tissue culture) on this species. There is concern

that this species

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

cally

may be genetiswamped with another

species of oak (Quercus

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

pungens). The Texas Natural

Recovery Plan

Pending

Heritage Program

is

interested in

having some isozyme and

flavonoid work done to answer

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

how much
occurring.
11.

genetic

swamping

is

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Unknown.

9.

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

Eastern prairie fringed orchid

1.

503

Species: Eastern prairie fringed

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue to monitor existing populations,
search for

orchid (Platanthera leucophaea)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/

September 28, 1989

3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

new

occurrences, com-

plete recovery plan.

12.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

27,

1990

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 3

8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Delist. Criteria to
10.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: be developed.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

A contractor has been selected to

prepare a recovery plan; the technical draft
is

The eastern
which
in
it

prairie fringed orchid

has

due February

declined as the prairie habitat upon

1,

1991, with the final plan antici-

Historically

pated approximately June

1992.

1,
in

depends has disappeared. known from 15 states and Canada, has been reduced to sites
it

7 states.

349

504
1.

Western

prairie fringed orchid

10.

Species: Western prairie fringed

orchid {Platanthera praeclara)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/

September 28, 1989

11.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

Major Activity Since Last Report: A recovery team has been formed, and has been asked to complete a recovery plan by January 1, 1992. Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period: Complete recovery plan, continue searches for

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Recovery

new
Priority: 8
Title:

populations, and establish

monitoring programs for existing

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

populations.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 3

13. Information Current as of: July

8.
9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

27, 1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Criteria being developed.

505
1.

Palo de Nigua
Nigua (Cornutia
9.

Species: Palo de

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting/ To establish three additional populations of
in protected areas

obovata)
2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
7,

each species

1988

such as the
sites

Commonwealth

Forest Reserves.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Privately-owned population

Unknown
10.

should be protected.

Recovery

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Priority: 5

None
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Cornutia obovata and Daphnopsis hellerana Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/April 1990

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

350

Palo de
1.

Ramon

506

Species: Palo de
vanderbiltii)

Ramon {Banara

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Propagation
efforts.

2.

Listing/Date:

11.
14,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Endangered/January
3. 4.

1987

None

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
12.

Recovery Achieved:

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 5

13. Information Current as of: July

12,

1990

Recovery Plan Title: Banara vanderbiltii Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.

A/1990
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Reverse the decline and
stabilize to self-sustaining condi-

tion

by protection of existing pop-

ulations and their habitats and

establishing

new populations

at

other appropriate sites in Puerto

Rico.

Carter's panicgrass
1.

507

Species: Carter's panicgrass

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

{Panicum carteri)
2.

None
11.
12,

Listing/Date:

Endangered/October
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1983

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The State of

Hawaii expects
its islet to

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

to

begin planting

the grass at different locations on

improve distribution.
1

Recovery

Priority:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

351

508
1.

Beautiful
pawpaw

pawpaw
10.

Species: Beautiful

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Deeringothamnus pulchellus)
2.

The

state

has declined

to

purchase

habitat for this plant near

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 26, 1986

3.

Charlotte Harbor. This negative

decision
11.

may be reversed.
None

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

2
12.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Three Florida Pawpaws.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
F/April 5, 1988

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: This species can be considered for reclassification to threatened status

when 10

self-sustaining popula-

tions are secured.

509
1.

Four-petal
pawpaw

pawpaw
Savannah's State Reserve. State
is

Species: Four-petal

(Asimina tetramera)
2.

considering (but has low priority)

purchase of suitable, apparently

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 26, 1986

3. 4. 5.
6.

unoccupied habitat south of

Stuart.

Hobe Sound

National

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Wildlife Refuge has purchased a

small tract of suitable habitat.

is implementing a muchneeded prescribed fire plan for habitat at Jonathan Dickinson State Park. Florida Power and

State

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Three Florida Pawpaws.

Light
7.

Company

saved several

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 5, 1988
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Can be downlisted to threatened if six
11.

plants and a tiny tract of habitat at

its headquarters office. Bok Tower Gardens has established a garden

8.

population.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
lish at least

9.

Hope

to estab-

more populations
established.
10.

one new population.

1

are protected or
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

State has purchased

13. Information Current as of: July

some

suitable

1990

or occupied habitat for

352

Rugel's
1.

pawpaw

510

Species: Rugel's

pawpaw
rugelii)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: This

species can be considered for reclassification to threatened status

(Deeiingothamnus
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 26, 1986

3. 4. 5. 6.

when 10

self-sustaining popula-

tions are secured.

Group: Plants
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Species Status: Declining

The Volusia County government

has expressed interest in purchasing habitat for this species.

Recovery

Priority:

2
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Three Florida Pawpaws.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

None

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

12.

anticipated.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April5, 1988

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

Pelos del diablo

1.

511

Species: Pelos del diablo {Aristida

porioricensis)

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
8,

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.

1990

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
11.

Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
recovery plan.
Initiate a draft

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending
12.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

8.

353

512
1.

McKittrick pennyroyal
more
plants than were previously

Species: McKittrick pennyroyal

(Hedeoma apiculatum)
2.

thought.
10.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 13,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Paul Knight

1982
3. 4.
5. 6.

mapped

additional

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

populations in the Guadalupe

Mountains of New Mexico during

1989-90.
11.

Recovery

Priority: 8

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Recovery Plan Title: McKittrick Pennyroyal Recovery Plan

None

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 12, 1985

26,

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

The New Mexico

this species

Heritage Program has done a

of

lot

work on

and found

additional plants on inaccessible

limestone

cliffs.

threats to this species

There are few and many

513
1.

Todsen's pennyroyal
10.

Species: Todsen's pennyroyal

(Hedeoma
2.

todsenii)

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
19,

Major Activity Since Last Report: Surveys are being conducted by the State and Bureau of Land

1981

Management

to

discover

additional populations
3. 4. 5. 6.

on the

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

west slope of the Sacramento

Mountains.

Two new

populations

have been discovered and more

extensive survey will be done in

Recovery

Priority: 8

Recovery Plan Title: Todsen's Pennyroyal Recovery Plan

August.
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Surveys for

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

new

populations
1

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/March22, 1985

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist. Protect habitat from degradation and manage for
healthy populations.

27,

1990

354

Blowout penstemon
1.

514

Species: Blowout penstemon

(Penstemon haydenii)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3.

1,

1987
11.

growth and establishment; developing propagation techniques; and characterizing the environmental requirements and life history of this species.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Studies funded by Nebraska Game and Parks

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

11C

Commission
tus, ecology,

investigating the sta-

Recovery Plan Title: Blowout Penstemon Recovery Plan

and propagation of

this species will continue.

The

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

draft recovery plan will

be com-

Recovery Plan: Region 6

pleted in
12.

FY

90.
1

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Under development

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Nebraska Game and Parks

Commission

is

currently

mapping

locations and determining population status; determining ecological

requirements for germination.

Wheeler's peperomia
1.

515

Species: Wheeler's peperomia

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Propagation
efforts.

(Peperomia wheeleri)
:

2.

Listing/Date:

11.
14,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Endangered/January
3.

1987

None

Group: Plants
12.

4.
5.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: July

Priority: 5

1990

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Peperomia wheeleri Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.

A/1990
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist/Stabilize to self-sustaining condition, protecting the existing

populations and their

habitats

and establish new popu-

lations at other appropriate sites

in

Culebra and Puerto Rico.

355

516
1.

Clay phacelia
10.

Species: Clay phacelia (Phacelia

argillacea)

Major Activity Since Last Report:

The Nature Conservancy has chased habitat. The Fish and

1

pur-

and will be reevaluated as part of a recovery plan revision. Biology and ecology studies will continue
as will habitat inventories to iden
tify additional

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28,
3.

978

Wildlife Service has constructed

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

remaining plants from wildlife (deer and elk) and

cages
to protect

populations.

livestock (sheep) grazing. Studies

4. 5.

Information from these studies will be used in analyzing the pos

sibility of establishing additional

are being conducted

on

the repro-

Recovery

Priority:

ductive and pollination biology of

the plant.

populations on public lands.

12.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Clay Phacelia Recovery Plan

Brigham Young

University has begun research on

the biology and ecology of the

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

species as outlined in the recovery

plan.

1990

Recovery Plan: Region 6

The

Forest Service has con-

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 12, 1982

ducted inventories on their lands

and has identified an additional small population on nearby private lands.

11.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Establish a self-sustaining population of 2,000-3,000 individuals on 120 acres of

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
the University of

horticultural
at

protected habitat and possibly establish at least

1

population will be established

new

Utah

population.

Arboretum. Delineated recovery

criteria are

considered insufficient

517
1.

North Park phacelia

10.

Species: North Park phacelia

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Phace lia formosu la)

2.

A joint management plan has

1,

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September
3.

1982

been developed by Colorado Natural Areas Program, Bureau of Land Management, and the
Service.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

4.
5.

Unknown

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

A study
FY

of the

reproductive biology of the plant

6.

Recovery Plan

North Park

will

be completed in

90. This

Phacelia Recovery Plan

7.

study will provide information

on

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

pollination methods, seed viability

Recovery Plan: Region 6

and germination, and other

aspects of plant reproduction that

will be used to identify habitat

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/March 2 1,1986
9.

protection requirements and potential

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting Locate and secure

propagation techniques.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

5 occurrences of approximately

500 mature flowering individuals

each. Delisting

13. Information Current as of: July

secure 10

1990

addi-

tional areas with

500 mature

flowering individuals each.

356

Swamp
Species:
bullata)

pink

518

Swamp pink

(Helonias

determined for agency draft); stabilization of range-wide

species' status (currently
1 1

2.

Listing/Date:

Threatened/September

9,

1988
10.

sites in

7 states).

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Population surveys and studies,
disturbance studies, and develop-

Recovery

Priority:

7C

ment

of site protection strategies.

is

Preparation of a recovery plan

Recovery Plan

Title:

Swamp Pink
11.

under way.

{Helonias bullata) Technical

Draft Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Electrophoretic
analysis to determine genetic diversity.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 5

Search for additional

sites

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: T/May, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist / 1. Permanent protection
secured for
sites that are viable,

within historic range. Completion

of recovery plan.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

representative of range-wide distribution, or representative of

habitat or genetic diversity (the

number

of sites will be

Davis' green pitaya

Species: Davis' green pitaya
10.

519

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Texas Natural Heritage Program
is

(Echinocereus viridiflorus van

davisii)

currently being denied access

to this

Listing/Date:

population on private

Endangered/November
Group: Plants

7,

1979
11.

property.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Unknown.

Species Status: Declining

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan Title: Davis' Green Pitaya Cactus Recovery Plan

26, 1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 20, 1984

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

357

520
1.

Alabama canebrake
10.

pitcher-plant

Species:

Alabama canebrake

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Principal landowners are being

pitcher-plant (Sarracenia rubra

ssp.
2.

alabamensis)

contacted to encourage their assistance in protecting populations

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
10,

1989
11.

on

their property.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

4.
5.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Emphasis will be on the development of a recovery plan.

Recovery

Priority: 6
Title:

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

12. Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
be determined.

Green pitcher-plant
1.

Species:

Green

pitcher-plant

achieve consistent seed production followed

(Sarracenia oreophila)
2.

by seedling estab-

lishment.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 21, 1979

3. 4.
5. 6.

10.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ongoing recovery activities include prescribed bums to manage habitat and improve vigor of
colonies, transplantation experi-

Recovery

Priority: 8

ments, monitoring of

all

protected

Recovery Plan Title: Green Pitcher Plant Recovery Plan

colonies and the reestablishment

the location and protection of an additional colony in the Sand
site,

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Rev/F/April 5, 1985 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist. Attain long-term protec11.

Mountain

area,

and

a seed preda-

tion study. This species' status

8.

has improved (increased flowering and fruit production) as a result of

management

activities.

9.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Projects listed above (#10) will continue during
the next FY. Additional surveys
will

tion/management of 15 colonies,
including at least 3 colonies in the

The green
species,

4 geographically
tions; attain

distinct populaapproximate values of plants for each colony by habitat

be conducted

to

search for

new

populations in the Coosa and

areas. Several

an insectivorous dependent on wetlands, many of which have disappeared due to drainage and filling. This species is now found only in a small section of Alabama and Georgia.
pitcher plant,
is

type as follows: [seepage

bog

20%

cover; flatwoods

5%
12.

Lake Chatuge

new
13. Information Current as of:

populations will be entered into

the monitoring program.

June

5% cover; streambank 10% frequency, 2% cover];

frequency,

1990

Recovery Achieved: 2

358

Mountain sweet pitcher-plant

Species: Mountain sweet pitcherplant (Sarracenia rubra ssp.
jonesii)
10.

sustaining or permanently
protected.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Landowners have been contacted

regarding the protection of the
species on their lands; three of the

Endangered/September 30, 1988

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

Recovery Plan
Plant

Recovery

Plan for Mountain Sweet Pitcher

11.
7.

South Carolina populations have been acquired and are being protected; research is underway to determine necessary management; monitoring and studies of population demography are under way.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
activities

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/August 28, 1989 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting can be considered

under #10, as well as

implementation of management.
12.

8.

Recovery Achieved:

9.

13. Information Current as of:

June

1990

when

at least

4 populations
total) are self-

within each occupied drainage (12 populations

Scrub plum
1.

Species: Scrub

plum (Primus

sidered

if

20 viable populations

geniculata)
2.

are protected at a
sites.

minimum

of 5

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
21, 1987
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Populations are being protected at

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

recently-purchased Lake

Recovery

Priority:

management plan

Arbuckle State Forest, where a is being devel-

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

oped with the assistance of The Nature Conservancy. Purchase of populations at Saddle Blanket Lakes and Catfish Creek (by the
State)
11.
is

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990

underway.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Purchase(s) of
population(s) by Fish and
Wildlife Service
stages;
is

in the

planning

Recovery Objective/Criteria: For

reclassification to threatened status, this

The Nature Conservancy may acquire one or more sites.

12.

species requires protec-

tion of 8 viable populations

on

Recovery Achieved: 2

a
13. Information Current as of: July

minimum

of

sites,

with

sites in

each of Highlands, Polk, and Lake Counties. Recovery could be con-

1990

359

Small whorled pogonia

1.

Species: Small whorled pogonia

(Isotria medeoloides)

historic range with at least 15

populations in
10.
10,

New England.

2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Populations surveys and monitoring.

Endangered/September
3. 4. 5.
6.

1982

Group: Plants
Species Status: Improving
11.

Demographic

studies. Habitat

protection.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The plan will

Recovery

Priority: 14
Title:

Recovery Plan

Small

Whorled Pogonia Recovery Plan

7.

be updated or revised, and reclassification of the species will be

investigated. Habitat protection

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

and searches for additional populations will continue.

Recovery Plan: Region 5

12.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

F/January 16, 1985

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist The establishment or location, and subsequent protection, of 30 populations (sites) consisting of at least 20 individu-

1990

als

each. Distribution of these

sites

should be throughout the

Tiny polygala
1.

Species: Tiny polygala (Polygala

smallii)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Florida Power

& Light Company

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
18,

1985

and the Metropolitan Dade County Department of Environmental Resources

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Management have cooperated to develop a management plan for a

power
by
11.
line right-of-way inhabited
this plant.

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Recovery

Recovery Plan
Species.

Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Plan for Five Pine Rockland Plant

None

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October7, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

1990

9.

can be considered

if

10 self-

sustaining populations are

secured.

360

Pondberry
1.

Species: Pondberry (Lindera

melissifolia)

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Technical draft recovery plan will be distributed
in

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
31, 1986

FY 90.
1

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Unknown

13. Information Current as of: June

26, 1990

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

8. 9.

Recoveiy Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
delist the species; recovery criteria

have not been established yet

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None

Sacramento prickly-poppy
1.

Species: Sacramento prickly-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

poppy (Argemone pleiacantha

ssp. pintiatisccta)
2.

The
to

Forest Service

is

continuing

study aspects of prickly poppy

Listing/Date: Endangered/August
24, 1989

biology in a small nursery population.

The

Forest Service

is

de-

veloping a management plan and

has done surveys to locate additional plants.
11.

3. 4.
5. 6.
7.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Unknown

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue surveys for

Priority: 3
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

new

populations. Review

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

and
12.

finalize recovery plan.

1

Recovery Plan: Region 2

Recovery Achieved:

8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting. Determine means of maintaining stable population numbers.

29,

1990

361

Texas poppy mallow

1.

Species: Texas

poppy mallow

10.

(Callirhoe scabriuscula)
2.

Dr.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Bonnie Amos at San Angelo

State University has turned in a

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
13, 1981;

August

6,

1981

final report

on the seed germina-

tion investigation of this species.

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

It

contains useful information on

various seed treatments that can

4. 5. 6.

be successfully used
this rare species.

to

propagate

Recovery

Priority:

2
11.

Recovery Plan Title: Texas Poppy Mallow Recovery Plan

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
present.

Unknown

at

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

F/March29, 1985
9.

26,

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

Price's potato-bean
11.

1.

Species: Price's potato-bean

(Apios priceana)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/January
5,

1990

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Emphasis will be placed on the development of the recovery plan. Key landowners will be contacted and encouraged to protect populations on their property. If funding becomes available, surveys will be
conducted
to

5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

search for additional

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

sites.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

8. 9.

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Not determined since recovery plan is

not completed.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

No

action taken.

362

Fragrant prickly-apple
1.

530

Species: Fragrant prickly-apple

10.

(Cereus eriophorus
2.

var. fragrans)

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Garden propagation underway at Bok Tower Gardens. Research on
the species' population biology

Endangered/November
3.
4. 5. 6.

1,

1985

by Dr. John Rae (Francis Marion

College, Florence, SC). Contact

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

with one private landowner.

11.

Recovery

Priority: 3
Title:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Attempt
to pur-

Recovery Plan
Cactus.

Recovery

chase habitat for Savannah's State

Reserve.
12.

Plan for Fragrant Prickly-Apple

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/August29, 1988 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

can be considered when 10

its

geographically distinct populations are protected within

toric range.

his-

St.
1.

Thomas

prickly-ash

531

Species: St.

Thomas

prickly-ash

sites in

Puerto Rico and the U.S.

{Zanthoxylum thomasianum)
2.

Virgin Islands.
10.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Endangered/December 20, 1985

3.

None
11.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated.

4. 5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

2C
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Title: St. Thomas Prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum thomasianum) Recovery Plan

13. Information Current as of: July

12,

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April 5, 1988
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Downlist. Reverse the decline and stabilize to self-sustaining condition

8.

9.

lations

by protecting existing popuand then establishing new

populations at other appropriate

363

Maguire primrose
1.

Species: Maguire primrose

(Primula maguirei)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
21, 1985

3. 4. 5.
6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

implemented to protect the species habitat from degradation; and ensuring that the Section 9 process and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
erly
is

limited habitat and there

little

is

very

reintroduction potential.
is

The

probably not recoverable; however, can be maintained with sufficient protection.

species
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Population monitoring activities will begin
for the

properly utilized

to

protect the

species from over-collecting and

Recovery

Priority:

5C
10.

commercial exploitation.

purpose of documenting

Recovery Plan Title: Maguire Primrose Recovery Plan

Major Activity Since Last Report:

All six populations declined since

population changes and status.

Species protection will be undertaken through the Section 7 consultation process invoked for proposed construction activities.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1986, five of them drastically. The

Recovery Plan: Region 6

most

stable population

is

vulnera-

ble to a proposed road improve-

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize by ensuring that all populations are identified and
included in management plans

ment

project in

Logan Canyon,

Horticultural propagation

may be

Utah. The Utah Native Plant

considered.
12.

9.

and Fish and Wildlife Service are conducting population surveys and moniSociety, Forest Service,

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of:

toring of the species.

A recovery

September 1990

and that the populations are well monitored to ensure no adverse

effects are occurring; ensuring

plan was prepared by the Fish and

Wildlife Service. Recreational use

and highway development

threaten this species in
its

that the Section 7 process

very

is

prop-

Black-spored quillwort
1.

Species: Black-spored quillwort

(Isoetes melanospora)

10.

2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: All populations were visited and censused by the individual
preparing the recovery plan.

Endangered/February
3. 4.
5.

5,

1988
11.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Emphasis will be placed on the development of the recovery plan. Key landowners will be contacted and a monitoring program will be initiated if
funds

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

become

available.
1

12.

Recovery Achieved:

8.
9.

13. Information Current as of: June

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

1990

364

Mat-forming quillwort
1.

Species: Mat-forming quillwort

(Isoetes tegetiformans)

11.

2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Emphasis will be on the development of the recovery plan. Anticipate contacting key landowners to encourage
their cooperation in the protection

Endangered/February
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

5,

1988

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

of populations on their property.

If funding becomes available, a monitoring program will be initi-

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

ated.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: June

8.

1990

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

All populations were visited in

order to have accurate distributional information for

upcoming

recovery plan.

Hairy rattleweed
1.

Species: Hairy rattleweed

(Baptisia arachnifera)

10.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1978

Major Activity Since Last Report: Permanent plots established; nursery-grown plants transplanted
(1987).

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Georgia

4.
5.

Recovery

Department of Natural Resources is conducting research on this

species through Section 6 funds.
12.

Priority: 8

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Hairy Rattleweed.

Recovery Achieved:

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: 19, 1984
Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened
is

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

F/March
9.

possible

when

four self-sustaining

populations are secured; recovery

requires eight populations.

365

Chapman's rhododendron
1.

Species: Chapman's

Hosford population
continues
to

rhododendron {Rhododendron chapmanii)

2.

cover

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
24,

1979

200 acres with at least 500 plants; 3) the Gulf County (Port
St.

Joe) population

3.
4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

continues to occupy
at least

with

at least

200 acres 500

Clay
at

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

8C
Recovery

plants; 4) the

Recovery Plan

County population
continues
least
to

Title:

plan for Chapman's

have

Rhododendron, Rhododendron chapmanii

7.

20

plants;
is

5) there

and a perma-

nent increase of

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 8, 1983 Recovery Objective/Criteria:
10.

about 1000 plants at any combination of

sites 2, 3,

An evergreen of Florida, Chapman's rhododendron is threatened due to collecting and silvicultural practices. The species requires prescribed burns and the removal of invading hardwoods in order to survive. Landowners
in

the area have expressed an interest

in

protecting the

and 4

to

species.

8.

provide a
least

total of at

2,000 plants in the wild

Blanding (Clay County) population.

9.

Reclassification to threatened will

Major Activity Since Last Report:

dense 10-acre population near Hosford maintains itself; 2) the rest of the

be possible

None
11.

in 1987-1990

12.

Recovery Achieved:

if:

1) a

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Visit

13. Information Current as of: July

Camp

1990

Barneby ridge-cress
1.

Species: Barneby ridge -cress

10.

(=pepper-cress) (Lepidium

barnebyanum)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.
Received

Listing/Date:

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Evaluate recovery needs and prepare a recovery
outline.

Endangered/September 28, 1990

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
12.

4.
5. 6. 7.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending

13. Information Current as of:

Recovery Plan

Title:

September 1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 6

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

9.

366

McDonald's rock-cress
1.

Species: McDonald's rock-cress

10.

(Arabis mcdonaldiana)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Preparauon of recovery plan for

printing.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1978

3. 4. 5. 6.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Publish and
distribute recovery plan.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

Recovery

Priority:

2
13. Information Current as of: July
17,

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for McDonald's Rock-Cress

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

A/1985
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when 5 square miles of

species' habitat are protected

from mining via mineral

withdrawal

Shale barren rock-cress

1.

Species: Shale barren rock-cress

10.

{Arabis serotina)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Ongoing population monitoring and site
Life history studies.
protection.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
13,

1989

A technical
is

draft re-

covery plan

underway.

A rainy

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

summer resulted
growth
xeric habitat.

in luxuriant

in the plant's

normally

4. 5.
6.

Recovery

Priority:

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Completion of
the recovery plan. Continued
history studies, population
toring,
life

Recovery Plan Title: Shale Barren Rock-Cress Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.
9.

moni-

Recovery Plan: Region 5

and

site protection.
1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist Secure habitat for 20 populations, each with an average

1990

population of 50 plants, over 7

years.

367

540
1.

Palo de rosa
10.

Species: Palo de rosa

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ April

10,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

1990

None

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Group: Plants
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Species Status: Declining

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery

Priority: 5
12,
Title:

1990

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8.
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

541
1.

Slender rush-pea
10.

Species: Slender rush-pea

(Hoffmannseggia tenella)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Corpus Christi Botanical Garden

is

propagating

this species.

Listing/Date:

The
in

Endangered/November
3.

1,

1985

St.

James Catholic Church

Bishop, Texas, has expressed an

interest in protecting the slender

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

rush-pea plants that occur in the

4.
5.

Bishop Cemetery.
11.

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Unknown.

Recovery Plan Title: Slender Rush-pea Recovery Plan

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

26, 1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 13, 1988

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize.

368

Large-fruited
1.

sand verbena

Species: Large-fruited sand ver-

10.

bena (Abronia macrocarpa)

2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1988

3.
4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report: at the Mercer Arboretum in Humble, Texas, is propagating this species from seed and has submitted a report on his progress to the Corpus
Steve Young
Christi Field Office.

Recovery

Priority:

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: The Texas
Natural Heritage Program
is

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8.

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

working on a recovery plan for this species and may have a draft
available later on this
fall.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

9.

26,

1990

Lanai (or
1.

iliahi)

sandalwood

Species: Lanai (or

'iliahi)

sandal-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

wood (Santalum freycinetianum

var.
2.

None
11.

lanaiense)

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None

Listing/Date:

Endangered/January 24, 1986

12.
3.

Recovery Achieved:

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

13. Information Current as of:

August

4. 5.

1990

Recovery

Priority: 12
Title:

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

369

544
1.

Cumberland sandwort
10.

Species:

Cumberland sandwort

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Arenaria cumberlandensis)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
23, 1988

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

None

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

4.
5. 6. 7.

Unknown

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

June

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

26, 1990

Recovery Plan

Pending

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
delist the species; recovery criteria

have not been established

Diamond Head schiedea

1.

Species:

Diamond Head

schiedea

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Schiedea adamantis)
2.

None
11. 17,

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Endangered/February
3. 4.

1984

None

Group: Plants
12.

Species Status: Stable

Recovery Achieved:

5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

13. Information Current as of:

August

1990
Pending

Recovery Plan

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recoveiy Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

370

Navajo sedge
1.

546

Species: Navajo sedge (Carex

tected sites, demonstrate long-

specuicola)
2.

term
10.

stability of

known

sites.

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 8,

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Navajo Natural Heritage Program
personnel located a significant

1985
3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

number

of previously

unknown

Unknown
11.

populations of

this species.

Recovery

Priority: 8

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
anticipated.

Recovery Plan Title: Navajo Sedge Recovery Plan

No

actions are

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

12. Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 24, 1987

Recovery Objective/Criteria: permanent
suitable habitat, monitor

1990

9.

Delist/Criteria include

protection of habitat, inventory

known

populations, study the potential

for hydrological

development in

habitat area, transplant into pro-

Mauna Kea siiversword

1.

Species:

Mauna Kea

siiversword

11.

('Ahinahina) {Argyroxiphium

sandwicense
2.

ssp. sandwiceiise)

Listing/Date: Endangered/March
21, 1986
12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Continue work on recovery

plan.

3.
4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Recovery Achieved:
1

13. Information Current

Recovery

Priority: 9

as of: August

1990

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Mauna Kea Siiversword Recovery Plan

Various Hawaiian state agencies are cooperating with

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

the Fish and Wildlife Service to restore the

siiversword, a plant that
is

Mauna Kea

Recovery Plan: Region

endemic

to the Island of

8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Manage through protection and

propagation
to create large, self-

Hawaii. It is believed that the introduction of species such as goats, sheep, pigs, and cattle was a major cause in its decline. In one recovery effort, silverswords are being grown in nurseries for planting in the wild.

sustaining populations on the

Island of Hawaii.
10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None

371

548
1.

Large-flowered skullcap
10.

Species: Large-flowered skullcap

(Scutellaria

Major Activity Since Last Report:

montana)
11.

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:
anticipated.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/June
20, 1986

None

3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

Unknown

12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

13. Information Current as of: June

Priority: 8
Title:

26, 1990

Recovery Plan

Pending

for
8.
9.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To
delist the species; recovery criteria

have not been established yet

549
1.

Snakeroot
tions at 2 or more sites in Highlands or Polk Counties.
10.

Species: Snakeroot {Eryngium

cuneifolium)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/January 21, 1987

3. 4.
5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Since Last Report: Acquisition of a site at Lake Apthorpe by The Nature Conservancy. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Florida
are planning habitat acquisition.

Recovery

Priority:

2
11.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Land

acquisition.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status

can be considered when prois

tection of three additional sites

accomplished. Recovery could be considered upon protection of at

least 10 additional viable popula-

372

Texas snowbells
1.

Species: Texas snowbells (Styrax

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

texana)
2.

The two reintroduced populations

appear
12,
to

Listing/Date:

be doing fine despite

Endangered/October
3.

1984

high mortality

among

seedlings

that fall outside of screen-wire

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

cages. Apparently, rock squirrels

eat the seeds that
fall

through the

4.
5.

cages.

A new wild population of

Recovery

Priority:

Texas snowbell was recently discovered near the Devil's River in

Val Verde County, Texas.
11.

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Texas Snowbells Recovery Plan

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Unknown.

Recovery Plan: Region 2

12.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/July 31, 1987 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Stabilize

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

26,

1990

9.

Virginia spiraea
1.

Species: Virginia spiraea (Spiraea

virginiana)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recently
listed.

Habitat protection
efforts are

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 15,

and plant propagation

underway.
11.

1990
3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

A recovery

4.
5.

plan will be prepared. Recovery

activities will include studies of

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

genetic variability, seed produc-

6. 7.

Recovery Plan

Pending

tion,

and habitat requirements.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Searches will be conducted for

additional populations. Habitat

Recovery Plan: Region 5

12.

protection activities will increase.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Achieved:

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Stabilize. This is an interim objective. Maintain all known populations and protect all known
sites.

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

373

Slender-horned spineflower
1.

Species: Slender-homed spine-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Continued negotiations with the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and sand and gravel miners to protect existing stands and eliminate threats.

flower (Dodecahema leptoceras)

(formerly Centrostegia
leptoceras)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1987

11.
3.
4.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: (See #10)

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

12. Recovery Achieved:

5. 6.
7.

Recovery

Priority:

4C
Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan

Title:

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

91

U/FY

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threats from water storage, flood control, recreational

vehicle travel, trash dumping,

trespassing, and sand and gravel

mining. Protect existing stands.

Deltoid spurge
1.

Species: Deltoid spurge

be considered
ssp. del-

if

20 such popula-

(Chamaesyce deltoidea
toidea)

tions are secured.

10.
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
18,

The Metropolitan Dade County

Department of Environmental
Resources Management has coordinated efforts to improve the

1985

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

4. 5. 6.

management

of pinelands with
at the

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Recovery

Euphorbia deltoidea

former

Richmond
Station,

Field Naval Air

is

Recoveiy Plan
Species.

Title:

which

now

divided

Plan for Five Pine Rockland Plant

among

various federal and local

agencies, plus a county park.

11.

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October7, 1988

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Reclassification to threatened status
12.

management improvement Richmond.

Recovery Achieved:
1

at

9.

13. Information Current as of: July

can be considered

if

10

self-

1990

sustaining populations of this

species are secured. Delisting can

374

Narrow-leaved stenogyne
1.

Species: Narrow-leaved stenog-

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

yne (Stenogyne angustifolia

angustifolia)

var.

None
11.

2.

Listing/Date:

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The State of

Hawaii plans
to construct

Endangered/October 30, 1979

3.

an en-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

closure to protect plants at the

Pohakuloa Training Area from

herbivores.
12.

4. 5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

13. Information Current as of:

August

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

1990

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

Michaux's
1.

sumac

Species: Michaux's

sumac (Rhus

10.

michauxii)
2.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1989

3.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Landowners of major populations have been contacted regarding protection of the plant on their
lands; research is being conducted by volunteers on population demography and genetics; reintroduction efforts are under way in Georgia to reestablish an

Group: Plants
Species Status:

4.
5. 6. 7.

Unknown
2
Pending
11.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan

extirpated population.

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
activities

described in #10, as

8. 9.

well as research on necessary

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

management.
12. Recovery Achieved:
1

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

375

Ash Meadows sunray

1.

Species:

Ash Meadows sunray

Delisting

following

criteria

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Finalized Draft

(Enceliopsis nudicaulis var.

must be met

for 5 years following

Ash Meadows

corrugata)
2.

downlisting: Reestablish native

plant and aquatic communities to
historic structure

Recovery Plan. Published Notice

of Availability for public review in

Listing/Date: Threatened/May 20,

1985
3. 4.

and composition
habitat; estab-

Federal Register. Monitoring of

extant plant populations within

within

all critical

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

lish self-sustaining

populations of

Ash Meadows National

Refuge.
11.

Wildlife

Warm Springs
addition to

pupfish and

Ash

5. 6.

Recovery

Priority:

Meadows Amargosa pupfish in Ash Meadows speckdocument presence of

which
plant

Recovery Plan

Title:

Ash

led dace;
all

Meadows
7.

Species Recovery Plan

14 candidate aquatic insects

snails in all springs

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Implement Ash Meadows Species Recovery Plan.
Recovery Achieved: 2

and

12.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

they historically occupied; docu-

Recovery Plan: Region

ment presence of
species at
all sites

13. Information Current as of:

all listed

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 28, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria:

Downlisting
conditions

species and four candidate plant

September, 1990

which they

have historically occupied.

9.

all

of following
essential

met within

habitat for a period of 5 years:

Eradicate

all

non-native plants
all

and animals; secure aquifer so

spring flows return to historic dis-

charge rates, and maintain water

level in Devil's

Hole
1

at a

minimum

level of

.4 feet

below
to his-

marker; reestablish water

habitat

toric channels; secure essential

disturbances;
of
all

from detrimental human document presence listed fish species, and Ash
naucorid, in
all

Meadows

springs

where they were historically present; document presence of Amargosa niterwort in all historic localities; establish and protect
refugia populations of Devil's

Hole pupfish.
Endemic to Ash Meadows, Nevada, the Ash Meadows sunray is one of 1 2 endangered species found
in

the area.

Threats to the species include livestock

grazing, off-road vehicles,
of surface

and diversions

water and groundwater. The

Fish and Wildlife Service established the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
for the

purpose

of

conserving these

species.

376

Pitcher's thistle
1.

Species: Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium

pitcheri)

Park Service completed the

first

of a two year study concerning

the establishment of long-term

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 18,

1988
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

monitoring plots and characterizing species distribution.

Group: Plants
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Complete recovery plan, continue landowner
contact program, survey for addi
tional populations,

Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending

and monitor

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

known
12.

areas.
1

Recovery Plan: Region 3

Recovery Achieved:

8. 9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Criteria being developed.

27,

1990

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Recovery team has been formed, two meetings have been held, and
a draft recovery plan is

expected

by

late

1990. Michigan will soon

initiate a

landowner contact/pro-

tection program.

The National

Sacramento Mountains
1.

thistle

Species: Sacramento Mountains

thistle

10.

{Cirsium vinaceum)

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/June 16,

1987
3. 4.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Study by New Mexico State University continues on competition between Cirsium vinaceum and teasel. Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete competition study. Review and finalize recovery plan.

Group: Plants
11.

Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority: 2
Title:

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for
8. 9.

Recovery Plan: Region 2

13. Information Current as of: July

29,

1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Develop management that will ensure permanent protection from primary threats of grazing and competition with exotic weeds.
Delist.

377

San Mateo thornmint

1.

Species:

San Mateo thornmint

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Acanthomintha obovata ssp.

duttonii)
11.
2.

None
Major Activity Over Next
Reporting Period:

Listing/Date:

None

Endangered/September
3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

18,

1990
12.

anticipated

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery

Priority:

6C
Pending

23, 1990

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

9.

560
1.

Florida torreya
rity.

Species: Florida torreya (Torreya

taxifolia)

Research the disease problems of this tree.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/January
23, 1984

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

The Center
Arboretum,

for Plant

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Conservation, through Arnold

is

establishing a culti-

vated collection of trees. The

habitat.

Recovery

Priority: 5
Title:

Nature Conservancy has acquired A comprehensive

Recovery Plan Recovery plan.

7.

Florida

program of research

into

smoke

Torreya ( Torreya floridana )

fumigation as a means of inhibiting fungus infections,

combined

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/September 9, 1986
11.

with development of prescribed

fire

plans for the Torreya

is

preserves,

underway.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue
research program; begin imple-

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Produce a genetically diverse collection of healthy trees in cultivation to preserve a representative
12.

menting preserve management

with prescribed
fire.

gene pool. Attempt reintroduction when there is reason to believe the trees would survive to matu-

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

378

Last
1.

Chance townsendia
on lands with formal
that

561
and from

Species: Last

Chance townsendia

tions occur

from mining

activities; additional

(Townsendia aprica)
2.

management designations
habitat.

secondary threats are habitat degredation from livestock use and

off-road vehicle use,

Listing/Date: Threatened/August
21, 1985

provide long term, undisturbed

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

10.

Unknown
5C

Recovery

Major Activity Since Last Report: Department of Agriculture's Bee Biology Laboratory has begun research in the pollination

road building from increasing hu-

US

man
12.

use of habitat.
1

Recovery Achieved:

Priority:

biology of this species.

The

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan Title: Last Chance Townsendia Recovery Plan

Service has initiated population

1990

monitoring studies of

this species.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

The

State

Arboretum

Recovery Plan: Region 6

begun

to raise plants

Utah has from seed

in

collected by the Service.

A draft

8.
9.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

A
is

recovery plan has been

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Stabilize-Ensure the habitat
degradation,
11.

completed.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Population

protected from environmental

document

a total

monitoring and habitat protection

efforts will continue. Inventories

population of at least 30,000 individuals, demonstrate that 6 separate populations of at least 2,000

of additional populations or potential reintroduction sites

on

individuals each

is

maintained,

public lands will be undertaken.

and ensure

that

4 of the 6 popula-

Major

threats to this species are

Pygmy
1.

fringe tree

Species:

Pygmy fringe

tree

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Populations are being protected at

(Chionanthus pygmaeus)
2.

recently-purchased Arbuckle
Listing/Date:

Endangered/January 21, 1987

3. 4. 5.

State Forest, with

management

plan being developed with techni-

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Recovery

Priority:

2
11.

Nature Conservancy. Purchase of population at Saddle Blanket Lakes by State is under way.
cal assistance of the

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Probable pur-

chase of populations

at

Catfish

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlisting to threatened possible with protection of eight viable
12.

Creek by

State. Possible

purchase(s) of population(s) by

Fish and Wildlife Service.

8.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

9.

1990

populations on a

minimum

of

four sites, with sites in each of

Highlands, Polk, and Lake

Counties.

379

Persistent trillium
1.

Species: Persistent trillium

(Trillium persistens)

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting or downlisting (plan

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of activities described in #10, and

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1978

does not differentiate) can be considered

when

at least

75%

of the

implementation of appropriate

known

plants of persistent
12.

management techniques.
Recovery Achieved: 2 June

3.
4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

trillium are protected, appropriate

management
5.
6.

guidelines are devel-

oped and implemented, commercial

13. Information Current as of:

Recovery

Priority: 8

sources of T. persistens are

available, long-term seed
is

1990

Recovery Plan Title: Persistent Trillium Recovery Plan

made

storage

provided, and laws pro-

tecting the species are enforced.

10.

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Major Activity Since Last Report: Additional populations have been searched for, with a few additional
colonies being found; population

F/March27, 1984

biology and habitat relationships have been researched; major

landowners are cooperating in

conservation of the species; commercial sources of plants are being developed, and seeds have

been deposited
age
facilities.

in

longterm

stor-

564
1.

Relict trillium
10.

Species: Relict trillium {Trillium

Major Activity Since Last Report:

reliquum)
2.

None
11.

Listing/Date: Endangered/ April

4,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Preparation of
final recovery plan

1988

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
12.

Recovery Achieved:

4.
5. 6.

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

13. Information Current as of:

June

26, 1990

Recovery Plan

Recovery

Plan for Relict Trillium

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:
T/April 1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delist

when

12 self-sustaining

populations are fully protected (2 in AL, 7 in GA, 3 in SC)

380

Dudley Bluffs twinpod

Species: Dudley Bluffs twinpod
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Section 7 consultations will be completed on

(Physaria obcordata)
Listing/Date:

Threatened/February

6,

1990

the proposed Trans-Colorado

pipeline and proposed nahcolite

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
12.

mining.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery
6.
7.

Priority: 14
Title:

13. Information Current as of: July

Recovery Plan

Pending

1990

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region 6

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Pending

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

10.

Final listing

Major Activity Since Last Report: was completed.

Uhiuhi
1.

Species: Uhiuhi (Mezoneuron)

10.

{Mezoneuron kavaiense)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The State of Hawaii constructed a

1-acre enclosure to protect exist-

Listing/Date: Endangered/July 8.

1986
3.

ing trees at

Puuwaawaa from

grazing ungulates.

fire

break

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

was constructed and some rat control efforts were implemented.

11.

4.
5. 6. 7.

Recovery

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Priority: 2
Title:

None

Recovery Plan

Pending
12.

anticipated.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

August

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

1990

9.

381

Hawaiian vetch
1.

Species: Hawaiian vetch (Vicia

menziesii)

not allow the populations to decline further.

will

be working

in several areas

One
is

of the primary
the protection of

that

may

support Hawaiian vetch.

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26,

recovery goals
habitat.

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Activities
continue.
to

1978
10.

3.
4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Recovery

Priority:

Major Activity Since Last Report: At least two parcels of land have been identified for acquisition or management, Keauhou/Kilauea (Bishop Estate) and State land at
Kulani.
tion has
filled in

protect important habitat will

12.

Recovery Achieved:

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan Title: Vicia menziesii Recovery Plan

A full-time realty posibeen established and Honolulu, and negotia-

1990

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

tions continue for acquisition of

1

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/October4, 1984 Recovery Objective/Criteria: Data

are insufficient to quantify recov-

erative

9.

A coopagreement has been signed with the State Department of Corrections to develop a management plan at Kulani. The State
land from Bishop Estate.
filled several posi-

has recently
ery objectives. Interim objectives
are to identify, secure, and maintain all existing populations

tions for the

ral

management

of natu-

and

area reserves. These managers

Contra Costa wallflower

1.

Species: Contra Costa wallflower

9.

(Erysimum capitatum
tatum)
2.

var. angiis-

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when known population is stabilized and an undetermined

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26,

number
lished.

of populations are estab-

1978
10.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Wallflower on refuge has been

Recovery

Priority:

6
11.

monitored and autecological studies have been undertaken using

Section 6 monies.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Three Endangered Species Endemic to Antioch Dunes, California

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continuation of
#10.

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

The Contra Costa

as Antioch Dunes,

wallflower

is

found

in

very restrictive sand dune habitat,

in

known

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of: July

17,

California. Portions

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/April25, 1984

1990

have been purchased by the Fish and Wildlife Service and managed as Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge. Two other endangered
of the wallflowers' habitat

species, the Antioch

Dunes eveningthe area.

primrose and Lange's metalmark butterfly,

are also found

in

382

Wide-leaf warea
1.

Species: Wide-leaf warea (Warea

amplexifolia)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Bok Tower Gardens is

experimenting with expanding the
native population on
its

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/April
26, 1987

property

3. 4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: None
anticipated

Recovery

Priority:

2C
Pending

12.

Recovery Achieved:

6.

Recovery Plan

Title:

13. Information Current as of: July

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: U. T/A
anticipated 1991

1990

8.

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: This is now a rare plant, having

suffered severe habitat loss.

Krai's water-plantain
1.

570

Species: Krai's water-plantain

(Sagittaria secundifolia)

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

None
11.

2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/April
13,

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:
recovery plan.
Initiate draft

1990

3.

Group: Plants
12.

4.
5.

Species Status: Declining

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery

Priority:

5C
Pending

13. Information Current as of: June

1990

6.
7.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

8. 9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

383

571
1.

Cooley's water-willow
11.

Species: Cooley's water-willow

(Justicia cooleyi)

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: Complete

covery plan.

re-

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
27, 1989
12.

Recovery Achieved:

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status:

13. Information Current as of: July

4.
5. 6.

Unknown

1990

Recovery

Priority: 8
Title:

Recovery Plan

Recovery

Plan for Brooksville Bellflower

and Cooley s Water

7.

Willow.
U

for
8. 9.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Technical/agency draft recovery
plan in preparation.

Papery whitlow-wort
1.

Species: Papery whitlow-wort

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

State acquisition (and planned
acquisitions) at Arbuckle Lake,

(Paronychia chartacea)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/January
21, 1987

Saddle Blanket Lakes, and Catfish Creek, plus acquisition of

a tract at Lake Arbuckle by The Nature Conservancy has

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

4.
5. 6.

contributed to recovery of this

Recovery

Priority: 8
11.

plant.

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue land
acquisition, including acquisition

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

by the Fish and Wildlife Service.

12.

Recovery Achieved: 3

13. Information Current as of: July

F/January29, 1990
9.

1990

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Delisting can be considered

when

this species is protected at 10

sites,

including at least one in

Orange and/or Osceola Counties, and at least 3 each in Polk and

Highlands Counties.

384

Clay-loving wild-buckwheat
1.

Species: Clay-loving wild-buck-

10.

wheat (Eriogonum pelinophilum)

2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: The biological opinion was completed on the

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
13,

AB

Lateral Project

1984

calling for protection of an additional population to offset loss of

3.
4. 5.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable
11.

plants

from the pipeline.

Recovery

Priority: 5

Major Activity Over Next A taxonomic study comparing this species with
Reporting Period:
E. clavellatum will begin in

6.

Recovery Plan Title: Clay-loving Wild-buckwheat Recovery Plan

FY

91 to verify the species'

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

taxonomic relationship.
12.

Recovery Plan: Region 6

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/Novernber 10, 1988

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist Secure 10 populations (sites). Delist Secure 20 popula-

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

9.

tions (sites).

Gypsum
1.

wild

buckwheat

Gypsum wild buckwheat {Eriogonum gyp sophilum)

Species:
Listing/Date: Threatened/January
19,

habitat

on Bureau of Land
land.

Management (BLM)
status of the

The

BLM continues monitoring the

main population
through permanent plots. The understanding of species biology

2.

1981

3. 4.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Stable

has been improved through pollinator studies by U.S. Department

of Agriculture

5.
6.

Recovery

Priority: 8

(USDA) and

repro-

Recovery Plan Title: Gypsum Wild Buckwheat Recovery Plan

duction studies by the State of

New

Mexico. The State of New Mexico has inventoried for new

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

populations through
tract.

USDA

con-

Recovery Plan: Region 2

11.

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Continue monitoring and biological studies.

F/March30, 1984
9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Delist. Maintain a population of

10,000 individuals in a single
bilized population.
sta-

12.

Recovery Achieved: 2

13. Information Current as of: July

27,
10.

1990

Major Activity Since Last Report:

An

off -road vehicle closure has for the critical

been accomplished

385

Texas wild-rice
1.

Species: Texas wild-rice (Zizania

9.

texana)
2.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Downlist when flow in San

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Monitoring will continue. River Management
Plan will be completed and ready for implementation. Negotiations

Listing/Date: Endangered/ April

26, 1978

Marcos River
jective

is

ensured. This obwill likely

and criterion

be

revised in the Recovery Plan revi-

3. 4. 5.
6.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
10.

sion underway.

among
begin

aquifer user groups will

to

Recovery

Priority:

2C
San Marcos

Major Activity Since Last Report: Monthly monitoring of Texas wild-rice continued and the location of wild-rice plants through-

provide for spring flow

maintenance.
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Recovery Plan

Title:

out the species' range was

13. Information Current as of: July,

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

remapped
project).

in July

1990 (Section 6

1990

Recovery Plan: Region 2

River

Management

Plan

is

being developed (with

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: R/F/April 8, 1985

Section 6 funds) to address local

and outline management and protection needs. Aquifer water user groups have been meeting to try to develop a water use plan
threats

agreeable to

all.

Hopefully, this

plan will provide for maintaining

critical spring flows.

Malheur wirelettuce
1.

Species: Malheur wirelettuce

10.

{Stephanomeria malheurensis)
2.

Major Activity Since Last Report: Seed bank experiments, seasonal

monitoring, etc.

Listing/Date:

Endangered/November
3. 4. 5. 6.

10,

1982

11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Fall monitoring

Group: Plants
Species Status:

and

effects of exotics via

chemical

Unknown
2
12.

analysis.

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Achieved:

Recovery Plan Title: Stephanomeria malheurensis (Malheur Wirelettuce) Recovery

Plan

13. Information Current as of:

August

23,

1990

7.

for
8.

Lead Region/Region Responsible Recoveiy Plan: Region 1

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: A/June
30, 1986

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria: Wild and newly established populations are protected and maintain themselves for a period of time determined by recovery
action.

386

Wireweed
1.

Species:

Wireweed {Potygonella

established for these sites, the

basiramia)
2.

species can be reclassified as

threatened. Recovery and delist-

Listing/Date:

Endangered/January 21, 1987

3.

ing can be considered

when

at

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
10.

one more site Highlands County.

least

is

protected in

4.
5. 6.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Acquisition by the State of habitat
at

Recovery

Priority: 2

Saddle Blanket Lakes and

is

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Florida Scrub

Plant Species.
11.

Catfish Creek
species.

benefiting this

7.

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990 Recovery Objective/Criteria: This plant has been found at an important new site since it was listed as
endangered.
tected sites
suitable
12.

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The Fish and

Wildlife Service
is

planning pos-

sible acquisition of habitat for this

8.

species.

Recovery Achieved: 3

9.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

When

the identifica-

tions of plants
is

from currently prois

confirmed, and

management

Hoover's woolly-star
1.

Species: Hoover's woolly-star

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received listing protection under the Endangered Species Act.

{Eriastrum hooveri)
2.

Listing/Date: Threatened/July 19,

1990
3.

11.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Major Activity Over Next Reporting Period: The Bureau of Land Management likely will survey their lands for
cause of potential
this species
oil

4.

be-

Recovery

Priority:

and gas

leasing and conflicts.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
12.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

387

iff
Species: Santa

Santa Ana River woolly-star

Ana River
woollyssp.

10.

star {Eriastrum densifolium sanctorum)

Major Activity Since Last Report: Continued negotiations with the Corps of Engineers (Corps), and
miners
to

eliminate threats.
life

Listing/Date:

Endangered/September 28, 1987

3.

Population monitoring and

history studies funded by the

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining
11.

Corps.

4. 5. 6.
7.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: (See #10)

Recovery

Priority:

6C
12.

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

13. Information Current as of:

August

Recovery Plan: Region

1990

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date:

91

U/FY

9.

Recovery Objective/Criteria:
Eliminate threat from flood control, off -road

vehicle travel, trash

dumping, and sand and gravel

mining.

580
1.

San Joaquin wooly-threads

11.

Species:

San Joaquin wooly-

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period: Metropolitan
Bakersfield Habitat Conservation

threads {Lembertia congdonii)

2.

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
19,

1990

Plan

may

affect

some

habitat

preservation and enhancement in

3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Kern Water Bank area for the The Bureau of Land Management likely will survey
the
species.
their lands for this species

Recovery

Priority:

Recovery Plan

Title:

Pending
12.
1

because of potential
leasing conflicts.

oil

and gas

Lead Region/Region Responsible

for

Recovery Plan: Region

Recovery Achieved:

8.

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: Pending Recovery Objective/Criteria: To be developed

13. Information Current as of:

September 1990

9.

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

Received
the
listing protection under Endangered Species Act.

388

Florida ziziphus
1.

581

Species: Florida ziziphus

10.

Major Activity Since Last Report:

(Ziziphus celata)
2.

The

discoverer of this plant in the

site

Listing/Date: Endangered/July
27,

wild has leased the one

turbed vegetation.

where

1989

Ziziphus celata occurs in undis-

Bok Tower

3.

Group: Plants
Species Status: Declining

Gardens

is

successfully propagat-

ing the species for the Center for

4.
5. 6.

Plant Conservation.

Recovery

Priority: 5
11.

Major Activity Over Next

Reporting Period:

Recovery Plan Title: Recovery Plan for Eleven Rorida Scrub

12.

Plant Species.
7.

Recovery Achieved:

Lead Region/Region Responsible for Recovery Plan: Region 4

Recovery Plan Stage/Date: F/January29, 1990
Recovery Objective/Criteria: Recovery of Ziziphus celata is conditional on there being enough
genetically distinct individuals to
constitute a
ulation.

13. Information Current as of: July

1990

8.

9.

minimum

viable pop-

389

Index of Listed Species

by

Common Name

* Listed species with

no species

account number are the responsibility

of the National Marine Fisheries

Service and are not subjects of this

report.

391

Species

Account

Number
343
118

Species
Achyranthes splendens
var.

Listed
rotundata (=Chaff-flower)

As

Ae'o

(=Stilt,

Hawaiian)

344
547
51

Agave, Arizona
'Ahinahina (Mauna

Kea

silversword)

'Akepa, Hawaii (honeycreeper)

52
53

Akepa, Maui (honeycreeper)

Akialoa, Kauai (honeycreeper)

54
345

Akiapola'au (honeycreeper)

Akoko, Ewa

Plains

60
66

Alae-ke'oke'o (=Coot, Hawaiian)

Alala (Hawaiian crow)

346

Amphianthus,

little

310
137

Amphipod, Hay's spring

Anole, Culebra Island giant

347 348

Arrowhead, bunched
Aster, decurrent false
Aster, Florida golden Aster,

349

350
351

Ruth 's golden

Avens, spreading
Barberry, Truckee

352
353
1

Bariaco
Bat, gray Bat, Hawaiian hoary Bat, Indiana Bat, Bat,
little

E E E E E E E E E E E T E E E T E E E E E E
E E

2
3

4
5 6
7 8 9

Mariana
fruit

fruit

Mariana

Bat,

Mexican long-nosed

Bat,

Ozark big-eared

E E E E
E E T

Bat, Sanborn's long-nosed

Bat. Virginia big-eared

10

Bear, grizzly or

brown

354
355

Bear-poppy, dwarf

Beardtongue, Penland
Beauty, Harper's
Beetle,

E E
carrion)

356

320
321

American burying (=giant

Cave mold

Beetle, delta green ground

Beetle, Kretschmarr

322
323

Beetle, northeastern beach tiger

Beetle, Puritan tiger

324
325

Beetle, Tooth

Cave ground

326
357

Beetle, valley elderberry longhorn

Bellflower, Brooksville

358 359
361

Bidens, cuneate
Birch, Virginia round-leaf

Birds-beak,

salt

marsh

360

Birds-beak, palmate-bracted

E E T E T T E T E E E E E

392

Species

Account

Number
362

Species
Bittercress, small-anthered

Listed
E E E T E E T T T E E E T E E E T E E E E T E E T E E E E T E E E E E E E E E T T T E E E T

As

419
55

Bitterweed, Texas (=Texas prairie dawn-flower)

Blackbird, yellow-shouldered

364
366
365 363 367

Bladderpod, lyrate

Bladderpod, white Bladderpod, Missouri Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs

Blazingstar,

Ash Meadows

368 369

Blazingstar, Heller's Blazingstar, scrub

Blue-star, Kearney's

370
371
138

Bluet,

Roan Mountain

Boa,

Mona

139

Boa, Puerto Rican Boa, Virgin Islands tree

140

56

Bobwhite, masked (quail)

372
373
57

Bonamia, Florida

Boxwood,
Broadbill,

Vahl's

Guam
Island

374
375

Broom, San Clemente

Buckwheat, steamboat
Bush-clover, prairie

376
377 378 327 328 329

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island

Buttercup, autumn
Butterfly,

bay checkerspot

Butterfly, El

Segundo blue
metalmark

Butterfly, Lange's

330
331

Butterfly, lotis blue Butterfly, mission blue Butterfly,

332
333

Oregon

silverspot

Butterfly, Palos Verde blue

334
335

Butterfly,
Butterfly,

San Bruno

elfin

Schaus swallowtail

336 379

Butterfly, Smith's blue

Button, Mohr's Barbara

380
381

Cactus, Arizona hedgehog

Cactus, Bakersfield Cactus, black lace Cactus. Brady pincushion
Cactus, bunched cory Cactus, Chisos

382
383

384
385

Mm.

hedgehog

386
387 388

Cactus, Cochise pincushion Cactus,

Key

tree

Cactus, Knowlton

389

Cactus, Kuenzler hedgehog Cactus, Lee pincushion

390

393

Species

Account

Number
391

Species
Cactus, Lloyd's hedgehog Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa Cactus,

Listed
E
T T

As

392
393

Mesa Verde

394
395

Cactus, Nellie cory Cactus, Nichol's Turk's head

396

Cactus, Peebles Navajo Cactus, San Rafael Cactus, Siler pincushion Cactus, Sneed pincushion Cactus, spineless hedgehog
Cactus, Tobusch fishhook

397 398
399

400
401

402
403
58
11

Cactus, Unita Basin hookless

Cactus, Wright fishhook

E E E E E E E E T
E T E E T E T T E T E E E E T E T E E E T T T
E

Caracara, Audubon's (Florida) crested

Caribou, woodland

404
179

Cassia mirabilis (=Sci. name)

Catfish, Yaqui

180
181

Cavefish, Cavefish,

Alabama
Ozark

405
343

Centaury, spring-loving
Chaff-flower, round-leaved (=Achyranthes splendens)

423 406
182
189
183

Chamaesyce garberi (=Spurge, Garber's)

Checker-mallow, pedate

Chub, bonytail Chub, bonytail (=Pahranagat roundtail) Chub, Borax Lake Chub, Chihuahua Chub, humpback Chub, Hutton Chub, Owens
tui tui

184
185

186
187 188

Chub, Mohave

tui

189

Chub, Pahranagat roundtail (=bonytail) Chub, slender Chub, Sonora

Chub, spotfin Chub, Virgin River Chub, Yaqui

190
191

192
193

194

407 408

Chumbo, higo
Cinquefoil, Robbins'
Cliff-rose,

409

Arizona

410
59
411

Clover, running buffalo

Condor, California
Coneflower, Tennessee purple
Coot, Hawaiian (='alae-ke'oke'o)

60
168
12

Coqui, golden
Cougar, eastern

E T E E E E E E T E

394

Species

Account

Number
412
61

Species
Coyote-thistle,

Listed
Loch Lomond

As

Crane, Mississippi sandhill Crane, whooping

Crayfish,

62
311

Cave

312
313
63

Crayfish, Nashville Crayfish, Shasta (=placid)

Creeper, Hawaiian Creeper, Molokai (=kakawahie) Creeper,

64
65

Oahu (=alauwahio)

413
141

Cress, toad-flax

Crocodile, American Crocodile, saltwater

142

66
67
195

Crow, Hawaiian (='alala) Crow, Mariana

Cui-ui

68

Curlew, eskimo
Cycladenia, Jones

414
415
196 197
198

Cypress, Santa Cruz

Dace, Ash Meadows speckled Dace, blackside

Dace, Clover Valley speckled

199

Dace, desert Dace, Foskett speckled Dace, Independence Valley speckled Dace, Kendall

E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E T E E T E T
T E E E T E E E T E E T E T E T T E E E E E E E

200
201

202
203

Warm

Springs

Dace,

Moapa

416
417 418 204
205

Daisy, lakeside

Daisy, Maguire

Daphnopsis hellerana (=Sci. Name)

Darter,

amber

Darter, bayou

206

Darter, boulder (=Elk River)

Darter, fountain

207 208 209

Darter, leopard Darter, Darter, Darter,

Maryland

210
211

Niangua
Okaloosa

212
213

Darter, slackwater
Darter, snail

214

Darter, watercress

419
13

Dawn-flower, Texas prairie

Deer, Columbian white-tailed

14

Deer, key

420
421
69

Dogweed, ashy
Dropwort, Canby's

Duck, Hawaiian (koloa)

395

Species

Account

Number
70
15

Species
Duck, Laysan

Listed
E E
E,T

As

Dugong
Eagle, bald

71

422
423

Erubia

Euphorbia (Chamaesyce) garberi (=Spurge, Garber's)

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley Evening-primrose, San Benito
Falcon, American peregrine (Alaska plan) Falcon, American peregrine (Eastern plan) Falcon, American peregrine (Western plan) Falcon, Arctic peregrine
Falcon, northern aplomado

424
425

426
72
73

74
75

76
271

Fanshell

272

Fatmucket, Arkansas
Fern, Aleutian shield Fern,

427
428

American harts-tongue

429
16

Fern, elfin tree

Ferret, black-footed

430
77 78

Fiddleneck, large-flowered
Finch, Laysan (honeycreeper) Finch, Nihoa (honeycreeper)

431

Fleabane. rhizome
Four-o'clock, MacFarlane's

432
17

Fox, San Joaquin kit

Frankenia. Johnstons

E T E E T E E E T E E T E T E E E E E T E E
E E E E E E E T
E E E T T E T

433
215

Gambusia, Big Bend Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia,

Ffecos

216
217 218

Gambusia, San Marcos

Gardenia, Hawaiian (na'u)

434
143

Gecko, Monito

435

Geocarpon minimum
Gerardia, sandplain

(=Sci.

Name)

436 437 438 439

Globe-berry,

Tumamoc

Goetzea, beautiful (matabuey)

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge

Goldenrod, Houghton's Goldenrod, Short's Goldenrod, white-haired

440
441

442
79

Goose, Aleutian Canada

80

Goose, Hawaiian (nene)

Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Florida)

443

444
445

Gouania, Hillebrand's (=G. hilkbrandii)

Grass, Eureka

Dune

446

Grass, Solano

E E T E E E

396

Species

Account

Number
447
448 449

Species
Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks

Listed
T T E E E E E T T T T E E E E T E E E T T E T E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E T T

As

Gumplant, Ash Meadows

Haplostachya, narrow-leaved (=H.
h.

van angustifolia)

449 450
340
81

Haplostachys haplostachya
Harperella

var.

angustifolia

Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave

Hawk, Hawaiian

(io)

451

Heartleaf, dwarf-flowered

452
273

Heather, mountain golden

Heelsplitter, inflated

407 453

Higo chumbo
Higuero de Sierra
Holly, Cook's

454
82

Honeycreeper, crested ("akohekohe)

455
144

Hypericum, highlands scrub

Iguana,

Mona ground

456
543
81

Indian paintbrush, San Clemente Island

'Iliahi

(Lanai sandalwood)

Io (Hawaiian
Iris,

hawk)

457
314
315

dwarf lake

Isopod, Madison Cave Isopod, Socorro

Ivesia,

458
19 18

Ash Meadows

Jaguarundi Jaguarundi
Jay,

83

Florida scrub

459

Jewelflower, California

460
219
84
85 69

Kauai hau kuahiwi

Killifish,

Pahrump

Kingfisher,

Guam Micronesian

Kite, Everglade snail

Koloa (Hawaiian duck)

Ko'oloa'ula

461

462
463

Koki'o (=hau-hele'ula or Hawaii

Koki'o, Cooke's

tree cotton)

464
465

Ladies '-tresses. Navasota

Lagu, Hyan
Larkspur, San Clemente Island
Lead-plant, Crenulate

466 467 468

Leather flower, Alabama

Lily,

469

Minnesota

trout

470
471
145

Lipochaeta xenosa (=Sci. Name) = Nehe

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island

Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed

Lizard, Island night

146 147

397

Species

Account

Number
148

Species
Lizard, St. Croix ground

Listed
E T E E E E E E T E E T E E E T T E E E E E T T E E E E T T E T E E E E T T E E E T E E E E

As

472
220
221

Locoweed,

Fassett's

Logperch, Conasauga Logperch, Roanoke

473

Lomatium, Bradshaw's
Loosestrife, rough-leaved

474
475

Lousewort, Furbish
Lupine, scrub

476 222
223

Madtom, Neosho
Madtom, Scioto Madtom, smoky

224
225
86

Madtom, yellowfin
Mallard, Mariana

477 478 479

Mallow, Kern

Mallow, Peter's Mountain

Manaca, palma de

479
20

Palma de Manaca
Manatee, West Indian (Florida)
Manzanita, Presido (=Raven's)

480
481
87

Meadowrue, Cooley's
Megapode, Micronesian (La
Mesa-mint, San Diego
Milk-vetch,
Perouse's)

482
483

Ash Meadows

484
485

Milk-vetch, heliotrope Milk-vetch, Jesup's Milk-vetch,

486
487 488 489

Mancos

Milk-vetch, Osterhout

Milkpea, Small's

Milkweed, Mead's
Milkweed, Welsh's
Millerbird,

490
88

Nihoa (old world warbler)

226
491

Minnow, loach
Mint, Garrett's (=scrub, in part)

492
493

Mint, Lakela's Mint, longspurred Mint, scrub

494
89

Monarch, Tinian

496
495
90
91

Monkshood, northern wild

Monkey-flower, Michigan

Moorhen Moorhen

(gallinule), (gallinule),

Hawaiian

common Mariana common

337
21

Moth, Kern primrose sphinx

Mouse, Alabama beach

22
23

Mouse, Anastasia Island beach

Mouse, Choctawahatchee beach

24

Mouse, Key Largo cotton

398

Species

Account

Number
25

Species
Mouse, Perdido Key beach

Listed
E E T E E E E E E E E E E T E T E E E E E E E T E T T T T E E E E E E E E E
E E E

As

26
27

Mouse,

salt

marsh harvest

Mouse, southeastern beach

Mussel, Curtus' Mussel, dwarf wedge Mussel, golf stick pearly (=ring pink)
Mussel, Judge
Tait's

274
275

279
276
277

Mussel, Marshall's Mussel, penitent

278 279

Mussel, ring pink (=golf stick pearly)

Mustard, Carter's
Mustard, slender-petaled

497 498

434
338

Na'u (Hawaiian gardenia)

Naucorid, Ash

Meadows

499

Naupaka, dwarf
Negra, cobana

500

470
92

Nehe (Lipochaeta venosa

Nigua
Niterwort,

=Sci.

Name)

Nightjar (whip-poor-will), Puerto Rico

505
501
93

Amargosa

Nukupu'u (honeycreeper)
'O'o, Kauai (= 'O'o A'a)(honeyeater)

94
95

'O'u (honeycreeper)

502
28

Oak, Hinckley
Ocelot
Orchid, eastern prairie fringed Orchid, western prairie fringed
Otter, southern sea

503

504
29 96
97

Owl, northern spotted

Palila (honeycreeper)

505

Palo de nigua Palo de

506 507
30
98

Ramon

Panicgrass, Carter's
Panther, Florida
Parrot, Puerto
Parrotbill,

Rican

99

Maui (honeycreeper)

508 509

Pawpaw, beautiful Pawpaw, four-petal Pawpaw, Rugel's

Pearlshell, Louisiana

510
280
281

Pearly mussel,

Alabama lamp

282
283

Pearly mussel, Appalachain monkeyface

Pearly mussel, birdwing

284
285

Pearly mussel, cracking Pearly mussel, Cumberland bean Pearly mussel, Cumberland monkeyface

286

E E E E E

399

Species

Account

Number
287 288

Species
Pearly mussel, Curtis'
Pearly mussel, dromedary

Listed
E E E E E E E E E

As

289

Pearly mussel, green-blossom

Pearly mussel, Higgins' eye

290
291

Pearly mussel, little-wing Pearly mussel, orange-footed Pearly mussel, pale

lilliput

292
293

294
295

Pearly mussel, pink mucket

Pearly mussel, purple cat's

paw

296
297 298 299

Pearly mussel, tubercled-blossom

E
E E
E E E E E T E E E E E E E E E E T E E E E T
E,T

Pearly mussel, turgid-blossom

Pearly mussel, white cat's

paw

Pearly mussel, white wartyback Pearly mussel, yellow-blossom

Pelican,

300
100
101

brown

(California plan)

Pelican,

brown (Eastern plan)

511

Pelos del diablo

512
513

Pennyroyal, McKittrick Pennyroyal, Todsen's

514
515
102

Penstemon, blowout
Peperomia, Wheeler's
Petrel,

Hawaiian dark-rumped

516 517
103

Phacelia, clay Phacelia, North Park

Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain

Pigtoe, fine-rayed

301

302
303

Pigtoe, rough
Pigtoe, shiny

518 519

Pink,

swamp
Alabama canebrake
mountain sweet

Pitaya, Davis' green

520
521

Pitcher-plant,

Pitcher-plant, green

522
104
105

Pitcher-plant,

Plover, piping (Atlantic coastal plan) Plover, piping (Interior plan)

523
106

Plum, scrub
Po'ouli (honeycreeper)

304
305

Pocketbook,

fat

Pocketbook, speckled
Pogonia, small whorled
Polygala, tiny

524
525

526 527 528 529

107

Pondberry
Poppy, Sacramento prickly

Poppy-mallow, Texas
Potato-bean, Price's
Prairie-chicken, Attwater's greater

E E E E E E E E E T E

400

Species

Account

Number
31

Species
Prairie dog,

Listed
T
E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E E T E T T E E E T E E E E

As

Utah

530
531

Prickly-apple, fragrant
Prickly-ash, St.

Thomas

532
32

Primrose, Maguire

Pronghom, Sonoran
Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave
Pupfish,
Pupfish,

341

227
228 229

Ash Meadows Amargosa Comanche Springs

Pupfish, desert

230
231

Pupfish, Devils Hole Pupfish,

Pupfish, Pupfish,

Leon Springs

232
233

Owens

Warm

Springs

533

Quillwort, black spored Quillwort, mat-forming

534
33

Rabbit,

Lower Keys

108 109
110
111

Rail, California clapper Rail,

Guam
Yuma
clapper

Rail, light-footed clapper

Rail,

34
35

Rat, Fresno kangaroo

Rat, giant kangaroo

36 37
38 149

Rat,

Morro Bay kangaroo

Rat, Stephens' kangaroo Rat, Tipton kangaroo

Rattlesnake,

New

Mexican ridge -nosed

535

Rattleweed, hairy

536 537
306

Rhododendron, Chapman
Ridge-cress (=pepper-cress),
Riffle shell, tan

Bameby

538

Rock-cress,

McDonalds

539 540
541
169 170
171

Rock-cress, shale barren

Rosa, palo de

Rush-pea, slender Salamander, Cheat Mountain Salamander, desert slender Salamander, Red Hills Salamander, San Marcos Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toed
Salamander, Shenandoah Salamander, Texas blind
*

172
173

174
175

Salmon, chinook

542
543

Sand-verbena, large-fruited

Sandalwood, Lanai

Ciliahi)

544
545

Sandwort, Cumberland
Schiedea,

Diamond Head

401

Species

Account

Number
234

Species
Sculpin,

Listed
T T E T E T T T E T

As

pygmy

Sea-lion, Steller (=northern) *

Seal,

Caribbean

monk
fur *

Seal,
Seal,

Guadalupe
Hawaiian

monk

546 262
112

Sedge, Navajo
Shagreen, Magazine Mountain
Shearwater, Newell 's Townsend's
Shell, stirrup

307 235

Shiner, beautiful
Shiner,

236

Cape Fear

E
T T E E E E T T E T T T E T T E T E T T E T T T E
E E E

237
39
113

Shiner, Pecos bluntnose

Shrew, Dismal
Shrike,

Swamp southeastern

San Clemente loggerhead

316
317 318 319

Shrimp, Alabama cave Shrimp, California freshwater

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney (=Florida) Cave

Silverside,

238

547
150
151

Silversword,

Waccamaw Mauna Kea ( Ahinahina)

Skink, blue-tailed mole

Skink, sand
Skipper,

339

Pawnee montane

548
263

Skullcap, large-flowered
Snail, Chittenango ovate

amber

264
265 266

Snail, flat-spired three-toothed Snail, Snail,

Iowa Pleistocene

267 268 269

Noonday Snails, Oahu tree (19

Snail, Stock Island

species)

Snail, painted snake coiled forest

270
152
153

Snail, Virginia fringed

mountain

Snake, Atlantic

salt

marsh

Snake, Concho water Snake, eastern indigo Snake, San Francisco garter

154
155

549

Snakeroot
Snowbells, Texas
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside Sparrow, dusky seaside
Sparrow, Florida grasshopper Sparrow, San Clemente sage
Spider, Tooth

550
114
115

E
E

116
117

T
E

342
239

Cave

Spikedace
Spinedace, Big Spring

240
241

Spinedace, Little Colorado

T T T

402

Species

Account

Number
242

Species
Spinedace, White River
Spineflower, slender-homed

Listed
E E E E T E T E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E T E T E E E
E,T

As

552
308 309
551

Spinymussel, James River (=Virginia) Spinymussel, Tar River

Spiraea, Virginia
Springfish,

243

Hiko White River

244
245

Springfish, Railroad Valley Springfish,

White River

553

Spurge, Delta

423
246

Spurge, Garber's

Squawfish, Colorado
Squirrel, Carolina northern flying Squirrel, Squirrel,

40
41

Delmarva Peninsula fox

42
43

Mount Graham

red

Squirrel, Virginia northern flying

554
247
118

Stenogyne angustifolia

var. angustifolia

Stickleback, unarmored threespine

Stilt,

Hawaiian (=Ae'o)

119

Stork,

wood

248
249

Sturgeon, pallid

Sturgeon, shortnose *
Sucker, June
Sucker, Lost River

250
251

Sucker,

Modoc

252
253 555

Sucker, shortnose Sucker, Warner

Sumac, Michauxs
Sunray,

556
120
121

Ash Meadows
Mariana gray (=Vanikoro)

Swiftlet,

Tern, California least Tern, least Tern, roseate

Thistle, Pitchers Thistle,

122
123

557 558 559

124
125

Sacramento Mountains

Thornmint, San Mateo

Thrush, large Kauai Thrush, Molokai (oloma'o) Thrush, small Kauai (puaiohi)
Toad, Houston Toad, Puerto Rican crested Toad,

126 176 177 178

Wyoming

254 560
156
157 127

Topminnow, Gila (inch Yaqui)

Torreya, Florida
Tortoise, desert Tortoise,

gopher

Towhee, Inyo brown

T T E E E E E T E E E T T T

403

Species

Account

Number
561

Species
Townsendia, Last Chance
Tree,

Listed
T E E E T E T T T T E T
E,T

As

562
563

pygmy

fringe

Trillium, persistent

564
255 256

Trillium, relict

Trout,

Apache

Trout, Gila
Trout, greenback cutthroat Trout, Lahontan cutthroat

257
258 259

Trout, Little

Kern golden

260
158 159

Trout, Paiute cutthroat

Turtle,

Alabama

red-bellied

Turtle, flattened Turtle, green sea

musk

160
161

Turtle, hawksbill sea (=carey) Turtle,

162
163

Kemp's

(Atlantic) ridley sea

Turtle, leatherback sea Turtle, loggerhead sea Turtle, olive (Pacific) ridley sea Turtle,

164
165

E E E T
E,T

166
167

Plymouth red-bellied

Turtle, ringed

sawback

565

Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs

Uhiuhi
Vanikoro (=Swiftlet, Mariana gray)
Vetch, Hawaiian
Vireo, black-capped
Vireo, least Bell's
Vole,

E T T
E E E

566
120

567
128

129

44
45

Amargosa
Mexican

E E E
E E E E E E E T E E E E E E E E E E E

Vole, Hualapai

568
130
131

Wallflower, Contra Costa

Warbler (willow), nightingale reed Warbler (wood), Bachman's

Warbler (wood), golden-cheeked

132
133

Warbler (wood),
Warea, wide-leaf

K inland's

569

570
571

Water-plantain, Krai's

Water-willow, Cooley's

Whale, blue

* *

Whale, bowhead Whale, finback Whale,

gray *
*

Whale, humpback Whale,

right *
*

Whale, Sei

Whale, sperm *

92
134

Whip-poor-will, (nightjar) Puerto Rico

White-eye, bridled

404

Species

Account

Number
572
573

Species
Whitlow-wort, papery

Listed
T E T E E E
E,T

As

Wild-buckwheat, clay-loving

574
575 576

Wild-buckwheat, gypsum
Wild-rice, Texas
Wire-lettuce,

Malheur

577 46
47

Wireweed
Wolf, gray (Eastern Timber Wolf plan) Wolf, gray (Mexican Wolf plan) Wolf, gray (Rocky Mtn. plan) Wolf, red

48 49
135

Woodpecker, ivory-billed Woodpecker, red-cockaded

Woodrat, Key Largo
Woolly-star,

136

50

578 579

Hoover

E E E E E E T
E E E E

Woolly-star, Santa

Ana River

580
261

Wooly-threads, San Joaquin

Woundfin
Ziziphus, Florida

581

405

Photo Credits
Page
3

Page

AshtonGraham/U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

161 C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr./U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service

165 R. Mount 166 Beverly Steveson

4 (Top) U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service

4 (Bottom)

Jerry

Ludwig
Commission

170 Donna Dewhurst/U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

6 K. Taylor/North Carolina
Wildlife Resources

7 (Top) U.S. Fish and Wildlife

176 C.Kenneth Dodd, Jr./U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 186

Bill Miller

Service
7 (Bottom)

Bob Parenti/U.S.

Fish

203 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 208 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

and Wildlife Service

9 (Top) Tupper Ansel Blake

229 William Mull

9 (Bottom) J.R. Shute

247 Virginia Cooperative Fishery

11

Dean Biggins/U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

Research Unit

250 Dick Biggins/U.S. Fish and

83 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 85 Washington Department of
Natural Resources
Wildlife Service

256 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

261 Edward S.Ross

88 (Top) U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service

262 David McCorkle

271 John Schwegman

88 (Bottom) Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission

91

288 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Alabama Cooperative Fish And

Wildlife Research Unit

294 Kenneth Heil 300 Susan Cochrane

303 PaulSomers

93

Tom

Smylie/ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

310 MaryDeDecker
94 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 100 (Top)

WH. Julian

314 Bob Parenti/U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

100 (Bottom) Leslie Fitzpatrick/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 104 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
124 Florida Audubon Society 132 EricForsman
133 James
P.

326 University of Michigan Matthaei Botanical Gardens

333 Reid Moran

336 Andy Robinson/U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

Mattison

349 Donald Kurz/Smitlisonian

Institute

136 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

139 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

358 Donald Schell 366 E. Laverne Smith/U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

147 Luther Goldman/U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

152 DonBleitz 160 C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr./U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

371 Gerald D.Carr

376 Susan Cochrane

382 Nordcn Cheatham

406

Clemson University

3 1604 009 782 931

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