1.

0 General * It is the purpose of this section of this section to provide a basic review of electrical units, fundamental citcuitry and examples which illustrate their simple applicaton. 2.0 ELECTRICAL UNITS OF AC CIRCUITS TABLE 1

* parts of this material reprinted by permission from Field Engineers Manuel by Robert O. Parmley P.E. publeshed by McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. T133

3.0 FUNDAMENTAL LAWS 3.1 Ohms Law For alternating current (AC)

3.2 Kirchhoff's Laws a) The algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero. b) The algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving a point is zero. 3.2.1 Series circuits The following circuits (Figures 1 and 2) provide a simple numeric illustration:

It has to be noted that current l is constant throughout the circuit while the voltage is divided among the elements.

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3.2.2 Parallel Circuits For parallel circuits the conductances (the reciprocal of impedances) add algebraically.

special from for only two resistances in parallel:

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4.0 THREE-PHASE POWER Commercial power is normally delivered as a single-phase (1), 3, or a combination of both. AC power is ideally of the sine-wave form (Figure 6) and since power is a function of E, the effective or root mean square (rms) value is usually given:

A 3 generator could be constructed by mounting three 1 units on a common shaft, each displaced 120 electrically. In practice, three sets of windings are installed on one frame. If the three phases are connected as in Figure 7, the system is said to be star- or wye-(Y)-connected.

Figure 7 Y-Connected Generator

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In general, line-to-line voltage = 3 x line-to-neutral. If the phases are connected as in Figure 8, the system is said to be delta-or mess-connected. From Figure 7 or 8 we can get equation for power P:

Assuming balanced voltages and balanced load, from Figure 7 P = 3El cos where E is line-to-neutral or P = 3El cos where E is line-to-line.

The same result may be obtained from Figure 8 by complex algebra, and the expression is valid for either case. T137

Figure 9 shows a typical circuit with a combination of 1 and 3 loads. The source is Y-connected with a grounded neutral. Note the current flow in the neutral due to load unbalance.

In the case of the motor (balanced load), it is immaterial to the external circuit whether the motor is Y-connected or delta-connected internally. In general, a Y-connected circuit may be replaced with an equivalent a delta connection and vice versa if there is no neural involved. To replace a delta by a star (Figure 10), let

To replace a star by a delta, let

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5.0 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS 5.1 Single-Phase

5.2 Three-Phase Transformer Banks

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