CV4000 - History of Engineering - 2013 (Compatibility Mode)

CV4000/MP4007/AE4007: Engineers & Society
What is the p place of history y in engineering?

A chronologies of past events to help us to
History of Engineering
Dr Lum Kit Meng
S h l of School f Ci Civil il & E Environmental i t lE Engineering i i
understand why things happened.

Presents the past in a way that makes more
sense of the present present.

Gives meaning to the continuity to a multiplicity
of apparently unrelated events to make the connection between engineering & different aspects of human society.
1 2013 Engineers & Society 2
Ref: Engineering & Society, Chapter 1 & 2

2013 Engineers & Society
Engineering in Human Society

When did engineering really begin? What is the connection between
Technological Formation of Human Society

Technology, science & engineering
technology, science, & engineering?

How does engineering affect society & the
emerged as distinct areas of human endeavor at different periods of human history. history
The relationships between the activities
world we live in?

How do engineering activities affect you as
an engineer i i in th the f future? t ?

2013 Engineers & Society 3
associated with them have changed and will continue to evolve over time time.
What is Technology?
Technology is a form of human cultural activity
Early Technologies
The origin of technology dates from the
for practical ends & purposes. It involves forming & transforming the material world through ideas & thoughts; it is typically done with the aid of tools & procedures procedures. Technology is about solving problems & meeting needs in the real world world. It includes products, processes & systems that takes into account the environment required for their development & use.
Stone Age.
Earliest human ancestors were hunter-
gatherers, taking advantage of animal life and seasonal variation of plant produce.
Adopted systematic technological actions
to survive.
Early Technology Developments

Made tools from wood and stone for survival
Turning Point in Human History

Fertile river valleys provided favorable
purposes.
Stones were fractured to produce sharp edges
conditions for crop growth.

Domesticated animals as beasts of
for cutting cutting.

Others include grinding stones, the wedge,
burdens.
Establishment E t bli h t of f agrarian i society; i t e.g., in i
carrying yoke, the ax & the spear.

Developed the controlled use of fire fire, fashioning
of clothing & utensils for domestic use.

Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley, others in India & China.

Developments in Agrarian Society

Primitive sledge for crop transportation. Use of level in balance beam for weighing (5000
Early Building Technology

Mesopotamians built using
B.C. in Egypt).
Use of wheel potters wheel, chariots, (3500
B.C. in Mesopotamia).
Smelting & working of metals. Large-scale L l control l of f water resources in i riveri
based societies.
brick. Egyptians built using stones; e.g., the Great Pyramid of Gizeh 230m square 147m high square, high, using massive stone blocks (2 to 30 tons each) assembled with h accuracy th t remains i such that impressive today. The Greek culture that followed was built on Egyptian foundations.
2013 Engineers & Society
Source: National Geographic

10
Classical Antiquity
The Greeks laid the first philosophical & scientific basis
Rise of the Roman Empire

Romans inherited Greek philosophy & mathematics but
for knowledge (600 B.C.).

Philosophers such as Thales, Socrates & Plato
attempted tt t d to t explain l i the th world ld on th the b basis i of f rationality ti lit rather myth.
Greek technological achievements were not spectacular
did not encourage abstract science. Engineering practice became more recognizable. recognizable
Had engineers competent in contracts, specifications &
because scholars disdained practical craft skills. Euclid, , Pythagoras y g & Plato struggled gg to find philosophical basis for natural phenomena & humanitys place in the universe.
Archimedes (287 (287-212 212 B B.C.) C ) used mechanical models to
costing, that built road systems as key military technology. Roads facilitated rapid troop movement throughout the empire. i
Romans also excelled in hydraulics bringing water to
arrive at mathematical results, but discarded them in his proofs.

towns in large stone aquaducts & reticulating it in lead pipes.

Fall of the Roman Empire

Like Greece, Rome became technologically
Post Roman Empire Development

Relative chaos after the Roman Empire collapsed. Expanding population led to cultivation of forested
stagnant. Productivity was limited by widespread use of slaves that precluded efforts to develop laborsaving i t technology. h l Engineering advances in the military & transport fi ld driven fields di b by i imperial i l endeavors d to invade i d & fortify cities. The Roman Empire crumbled around 400 - 500 A.D.
lowlands that required new new agricultural technology to till the heavy soils of Northern Europe. By 900 A.D., feudalism emerged kings & powerful nobles gave land grants (not ownership) to members of their retinues who then rendered military services.
Peasants P t became b serfs f to t work k the th lands l d led l dt to
primitive accumulation of capital that gave rise to middle class of peasants. Political sovereignty was fragmented; led to growth of free cities.
Emergence of Craft-Based Craft Based Technology

City/town growth led to commodity
Major Social Changes in Europe

Outbreak of bubonic plague, the black death in
p production.
Formation of medieval craft guilds which
planned production & supervised supervised, trained & even employed workmen.
Economy based on serfs and craft workers
at e than t a slaves s a es e encouraged cou aged t the e use o of rather labor-saving technology.
Europe in A.D. 1348. Over 40% loss of population over two generations labor shortage. Power based on land holding was challenged by town-based merchants. Led to a move away from feudalism. Power o e was as increasingly c eas g y ce centralized a ed in monarchies monarchs were suspicious of feudal barons.
Major Social Changes in Europe

Emergence of medieval technologies in military
Preambles to the Renaissance

Rediscovery of ancient Greek & Roman culture
& printing helped to strengthen the monarchies. Monarchs introduced standing armies, permanent bureaucracy, taxation, law and the beginnings of unified markets markets. Rich monarchs, backed by powerful merchants, set the conditions for the rise of merchant capitalism. Ships set sail to open the way for the discovery of the New World of America.
& the discovery of America brought new ideas & knowledge to Europe Europe. Poets, artists & sculptors embraced new humanistic perspectives that were far from medieval religious symbolism. Centers were established for learning in theology, law & medicine. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (1452 1519) the best example of a Renaissance man.
The Scientific Revolution

At the end of the 16th
The Scientific Revolution

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
century, observation & experiment presented challenges to centuries-old dogma to present a new view i of f nature. t
Galileo (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilee 1564 - 1642
was an enthusiast for industrial science used inductive approach to draw conclusions from experimental p data.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
d l d th t l developed the telescope from observation of Jupiters p satellites, , concluded that the Earth revolved round the sun.
emphasized deductive h through th h approach mathematics. Advocated that science & religion should be separated t d promoted t d the th advance of science.
Scientific World View Triumphed

In the 17th century, the rise of capitalism led to renewed
Exploration & Empire Building

With ships fitted with navigational aids & firearms,
interest in the practical orientation of knowledge in artisans trade practices. artisans practices
Intellectual assumptions & attitudes toward knowledge
Europe set out to explore & conquer foreign lands to seize new resources resources.
In the 16th century, Spain & Portugal led the overseas
from the Middle Ages yielded to a new view of the world knowledge was much less controlled by the Church.
The Earth Earth-centered centered cosmos of Aristotle gave way to the
conquests for gold gold, silver silver, etc etc.

In the early 17th century, the Netherlands dominated
acceptance of the solar system.

The universe was seen to obey y Newtons law
world trades & founded profitable empires in the East & West Indies.
Britain used its large g coal deposits p to drive its industries; ;
knowledge became a means of controlling nature.
surpassed the Netherlands to build a vast colonial empire.

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Engineers & Society
Capital p Accumulation; Agricultural Revolution

Monopolies in mining, manufacturing & foreign trade
Preambles to Industrial Revolution

By early 18th century, urban merchants with banking &
were granted by monarchs to their court favorites & merchant guilds guilds.
In 1624, British parliament reduced the royal power. Land L dh holding ldi under d th the f feudal d l system t was officially ffi i ll
exchange practices gained control of commodity p production. Capitalist formed new social class & challenged religious authority & hereditary privileges.
They emphasized individual freedom to invest & trade as
abolished large estates of the defeated Royalists were sold.

Rich merchants implemented efficient large-scale
gp practices that led to increases in scientific farming productivity to satisfy the expanding markets the Agricultural Revolution.
he saw fit. Plunder Pl d f from th the colonies l i helped h l dt to fi finance th the European industrial take-off. Continuous exploitation of colonial resources sustained European industrial growth & left a legacy of underdeveloped colonies.
Industrial Revolution Take-off Take off

In England, the guilds were weakened by anti-monopoly
The Industrial Revolution The Machine Age

Mechanization of tasks led to profusion of machines for
legislation. In 1709 1709, Abraham Darby discovered how to use coal to smelt iron important raw materials to make machines & structures. In 1776, Adam Smith described the division of labor in pin making that greatly increased workers productivity.
Once O production d ti processes were standardized, t d di d each h
spinning, sewing, iron smelting, etc. Journeymen reduced to machines minders people sold their raw labor power to owners of factories & mills. The industrial revolution provided employment for those displaced from the land.
Social & economic impact of the industrial revolution
process could then be replaced by a machine. Development of these machines completed the transformation to modern industrial production.
population l ti growth. th Population growth was both an underlying cause & a fuel for the industrial revolution provided labor for new industries & markets for their products.
Power to Drive Machine

Steam power was harnessed for use in machines by
James Watts Watt s Steam Engine
early 17th century.

In 1698, Thomas Savery invented & patented a primitive
steam engine. It was James Watt who improved on the efficiency of the engine & introduced adaptation in 1782 to produce rotary motion.
James Watt Watts s (1736 (1736-1819) 1819) improved steam engine drove
new machinery that took British industry to world leadership.

Steam engine formed the basis for the rise of the
mechanical engineering profession.

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The Railway Age

In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first steam-powered
George Stephensons Stephenson s Rocket Rocket
locomotive.
In 1825, wrought iron rails were introduced and the
success of George Stephensons Rocket locomotive in 1829 set the stage for the railway age age.
Railway enabled the ability to move people & goods
quickly, reliably & economically opened up broader markets for goods & services.
The building g of railroads was a major j factor in the
colonization of much of the rest of the world.
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Contributors to Industrial Revolution

John Rennie (1716 - 1821) John Smeaton (1724 - 1792) Thomas Telford (1757 - 1834)
Contributors to Industrial Revolution

Marc Isambard Brunel (1769 - 1849) Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806 - 1859) George Stephenson (1781 - 1848)
1st President of ICE, 1820

2013 Engineers & Society 31 2013 Engineers & Society
1st President of IMechE, 1847

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High Point of British Industrialization

The Crystal Palace Exhibition in London in 1851 was a
Challenge from the US

Settlers in US were extremely utilitarian dissenters
celebration l b i of fB British i i h engineers i and d engineering, i i as i it marked the high point of British industrial ascendancy.
from established churches. Saw knowledge as a commodity to satisfy human needs a frontier spirit of inventiveness. American entrepreneurs designed industrial equipment that reduced their dependence on labor.
American engineers took the lead in machine shop
t h i techniques t develop to d l effective ff ti grinding i di & milling illi machines. American system of manufacture was characterized by highly standardized products of interchangeable parts.
Challenge from the US cont contd d

The early American Republic leaders recognized the
Pioneer Engineers in America

Robert Fulton (1765-1815) best
need to encourage domestic manufacture, especially basic military y equipment. q p Expansion of American railroads opened up national markets for machine tools.
Tensions arose between slave-owning South and the
known for his pioneering work on steamboats. t b t

Eli Whitney (1765-1825)
Robert Fulton
rapidly industrialized North led to the devastating American Civil War (1861 (1861-1865) 1865) both sides fought with modern weapons.
After the civil war, the railroads united the nations to
patented d a simple i l cotton gin i to separate fibre from seeds. Milling machine with automatic feed in 1820.
move ahead with greater momentum the 1stt trans continental rail link saw trainloads of baffalo skins going products. east for manufacture into consumer p
Engineers & Society 35 2013 Engineers & Society 36
2013
Britains Britain s Loss of Industrial Leadership

Britains loss of industrial leadership from 1850s onwards
Britains Britain s Loss of Industrial Leadership

Universities emphasized on pursuit of scientific
reflected complacency in society at large.

The peaceful & protracted transfer of power from
aristocracy to rising capitalist state fostered a self-limiting development in Britain Britain.

Industrialization in Britain was indigenous more
knowledge for its own sake neglected & undervalued commercial application.
British preoccupation with individually fitted final
accommodated to existing social structure.

Pressures to adopt values & interests of industrialization
product discouraged standardization precipitated Britains Britain s relative decline decline.

Dominance of the steam engine delayed other
y the ruling g elite hence, , Britain did not were resisted by change radically & have barely done so even now.
form of power development in Britain.

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Engineers & Society
Spread of Industrialization
France & Germany developed the internal combustion
Spread of Industrialization
Innovative
machine w/o real competition.

In the US, consumers were prepared to buy standard
it items, creating ti the th opportunity t it for f mass production. d ti

Technological convergence in the US whereby a range
of key metal-working industries emerged with common technological needs. The same machine tools were used across a range g of industries over several decades within the same manufacturing enterprises, there was a progression of products from g p guns to machine tools, , to sewing g machines, bicycles, motorcycles, & finally to automobiles.
development of machine tools & their use to produce standardized interchangeable parts, paved the way for Henry Ford to use moving assembly-line techniques to produce automobiles. bil
Start of Modern Industrial Era

From 1860 to 1900, manufacturing replaced agriculture
Industrialization Drive in Germany

Bismarck became
as the leading source of economic growth in US.

In the
half of the century, the manufacturing industry was itself transformed manufacturers shifted to producing products for consumers to producers producers.
d 2nd
19th
Heavy industry steel, iron, petroleum & machinery
Chancellor of G Germany in i 1871 and d led a concerted drive towards industrialization. C t d state-owned t t d Created national railway to open up internal market.
grew rapidly, boosted by a number of technical innovations.

Price of raw materials fell stimulated new demands &
further technological changes.
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Engineers & Society
Industrialization Drive in Germany

Push to expand foreign trade in the export of
Some International Engineers

Sir Henry Bessemer (1813 - 1898) Gustave Eiffel (1832 - 1923) Thomas Alva Edison (1847 - 1931)
industrial products.
German government strongly promoted
education relevant to industrialization.

German manufacturers set up closely integrated
industrial research laboratories laboratories.

By 1900, Germany had surpassed Britain as an
industrial power power, especially in the field of university-level technical expertise.

Engineering Education & the Rise of the Profession

During the Industrial Revolution, engineer training in

One early leader of the engineering profession was John
Britain involved paying a substantial fee for a 5-year pupilage p p g in an engineers g office.
Britain did not establish engineering schools (@ London
Smeaton, the 1st Englishman to differentiate himself as a Civil engineer g ( (rather than military). y)
In 1771, Smeaton & some colleagues formed the
& Glasgow Universities) until 1840. Failure to recognized the need for systematic sciencebased education for technologists allowed other countries to overtake Britain. Britain
Formal & informal associations of practicing engineers,
Smeatonian society of Civil Engineers. The Institution of Civil Engieers (ICE) was formed in 1818 to distinguished itself from other societies.
In I 1920, 1920 Thomas Th Thelford, Th lf d a leading l di engineer i of f th that t
manufacturers, & scientists allowed exchange of ideas & experience in the general development of f the engineering profession.
time, became the President of ICE. In 1928 1928, he obtained the Royal Charter for ICE to give it the status as the leader of the profession.

Other major powers adopted a much more

US Military Academy at West Point, established in 1802,
structured approach to training engineers. In 1676, France set up a specialized army corps of engineers. In 1747, France established the 1st engineering school, the Ecole Nationale des Ponts st Chaussees. Chaussees In 1794, the Ecole Polytechnique was established. The engineering profession in France continues to enjoy high social status.
was the first American military engineering school. The first non military engineering school in America America, the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was established in 1823 in New York.
The success of Rensselaer in attracting students forced
other established US universities to introduce technical courses. courses

Germany established Berlin University in 1809 prototype
for the modern research university with academic rigor & laboratory experiments. Germany also established polytechnics the 1st at Karlsruhe in 1825 1825.

In Japan, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 dismantled the

The history of the engineering profession reflected the
Japanese feudal system. The Meiji government set up the physical & educational infrastructure for industrialization. The Imperial College of Engineering was established in Tokyo in 1873 emphasized practical & academic skills.
By the end of the Meiji era in 1912, there were 4 Imperial
transformation wrought g by y technological g changes. g

In the 17th & 18th century, civil engineering was increasingly
differentiated from military engineering.

Mechanical engineering came with the steam engine &
railroads in the late 18th and early 19th century.

As engineering practice developed, many specializations
Universities, U i iti all ll with ith engineering i i f facilities. iliti Military training centers, such as the Japanese Naval Academy (1870), (1870) were also important for engineering education.
were added to these basic disciplines.
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Scientific Foundations of Modern Engineering

The previous role of science had been to explain &
Timeline of Modern Technology

1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition 1869 Union Pacific Railroad across US, Suez Canal
systemize what the engineer had done. Technical innovations led to major advances in science science.
By mid 19th century, craft skills & technical know-how
required much closer interaction between science & engineering. By end 19th century, major new industries emerged b based d on science i & systematic t ti research. h
Individual inventors & engineers gave way to scientists &
opened p 1876 Invention of telephone, 1st internal combustion engine

1878 Beginning of electric lighting 1900 Invention of radio 1903 Wilbur Wrights propeller biplane flight 1913 Ford moving g assembly y line 1914 Panama Canal opened 1926 Invention of TV
industrial researchers & in time to large scale R&D development departments associated with industrial enterprises.
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Timeline of Modern Technology

1930 Invention of gas turbine 1942 1st electronic computer 1947 Invention of transistor 1957 Sputnik launched 1958 1969
Useful Websites
History of ICE & IMech E:
www.ice.org.uk www.imeche.org.uk
Achievements in the 20th century by US Academy of
Engineering:
www.greatachievements.org/ www greatachievements org/
1st 1st
integrated circuit
man on the moon 1977 1st personal l computer t

1981 Microsoft MS-DOS computer operating system 1982 Compact disc 1996 Dolly the cloned sheep was born on 5 July
UK engineers and inventions timeline:

www.engineering-timelines.com www engineering timelines com
Inventors and inventions

www.inventors.about.com www inventors about com
Legends of Silicon Valley

www.thetech.org/revolutionaries www thetech org/revolutionaries

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CV4000/MP4007/AE4007: Engineers & Society

What is the p place of history y in engineering?

understand why things happened.

sense of the present present.

Ref: Engineering & Society, Chapter 1 & 2

Engineering in Human Society

Technological Formation of Human Society

technology, science, & engineering?

world we live in?

an engineer i i in th the f future? t ?

Early Technology Developments

Turning Point in Human History

conditions for crop growth.

for cutting cutting.

carrying yoke, the ax & the spear.

of clothing & utensils for domestic use.

Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley, others in India & China.

Developments in Agrarian Society

Early Building Technology

Source: National Geographic

Rise of the Roman Empire

for knowledge (600 B.C.).

arrive at mathematical results, but discarded them in his proofs.

towns in large stone aquaducts & reticulating it in lead pipes.

Fall of the Roman Empire

Post Roman Empire Development

Emergence of Craft-Based Craft Based Technology

Major Social Changes in Europe

Major Social Changes in Europe

Preambles to the Renaissance

The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution

Galileo Galilee 1564 - 1642

Scientific World View Triumphed

Exploration & Empire Building

conquests for gold gold, silver silver, etc etc.

acceptance of the solar system.

knowledge became a means of controlling nature.

surpassed the Netherlands to build a vast colonial empire.

Engineers & Society

Capital p Accumulation; Agricultural Revolution

Preambles to Industrial Revolution

abolished large estates of the defeated Royalists were sold.

Industrial Revolution Take-off Take off

The Industrial Revolution The Machine Age

Power to Drive Machine

James Watts Watt s Steam Engine

early 17th century.

new machinery that took British industry to world leadership.

mechanical engineering profession.

The Railway Age

George Stephensons Stephenson s Rocket Rocket

colonization of much of the rest of the world.

Engineers & Society

Engineers & Society

Contributors to Industrial Revolution

Contributors to Industrial Revolution

1st President of ICE, 1820

1st President of IMechE, 1847

High Point of British Industrialization

Challenge from the US

Challenge from the US cont contd d

Pioneer Engineers in America