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Dr. SARNAM SINGH Forestry & Ecology Division Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (ISRO)
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Geographic Information System = a tool for data collection, storing, organizing, retrieving, displaying, integration and analyses as per user requirement, as and when and the way required, in computer domain
The term Biological diversity was first defined by Norse & Mc Manus (1980) and its abridged form Biodiversity was coined by Walter G Rosen in 1985.
The biodiversity has been defined in various ways, an appropriate definition of biodiversity is the totality of genes, species and ecosystem in a region (IUCN & UNEP.1992). The simple definition is the variety and variability of living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) on planet earth.
This lecture focuses on Phytodiversity
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Global Scenario
In 600 million year, 5 to 50 million species on planet Only 1.6 m species have been identified Animals 1.17 millions One higher plant species is lost per day from Tropical Rain Forest About 25% of the total 2,50,000 higher plants species will be lost in the next few decades, and another 25% by the end of 21st century
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY
DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY IS NOT UNIFORM !!! It increases : from pole to equator from high to low attitude
17 Mega Biodiversity Centers in the world Area with high concentration of Biodiversity are known as Biodiversity Hotspots
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Himalayas 3160
HOWEVER ???
Source: R.A. Mittermeter, Primate diversity & Tropical forest: case studies from Brazil & Madascagar & Importance of Megadiversity countries,Biodiversity, 1988 National Academy Press
Source:
Data from Lee Hannah & David Lohse, 1993 Annual Report,Conservation Institution, Washington, D.C.
A Human disturbance-map compares predominantly natural areas with those that are partially disturbed or human dominated
Biodiversity Scenario in India 16 forest types and 221 sub-types probably unique in the world
Ecosystem diversity from sea level (Mangrove) to Alpine in the Himalayas Diverse habitats from extreme icy cold in Himalayas to extreme hot in western India
6th amongst centre of diversity and origin as far as Agro-bio-diversity is concerned. Local land racesRice (60000)
Mango (5000)
Sheep: 40 breeds
Poultry: 18 breeds Buffalo: 8 breeds Camel: 8 breeds Horses: 6 breeds Donkey: 2 breeds
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
Forest Ecosystems
Grassland Ecosystems
Wetland Ecosystems
Particulars
Flowering Plants
Species
17,500 8,000 5,000 900 800 700 300
30
Courtesy : NBRI, 2001
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Region
Himalayas
Peninsular India Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Species
3471
2015 239
Natural
Draught
Landslides
(90% collected from forests. Out of which 70% collected in distractive manner.
1999
2000
156000
38029 118128
Types of Biodiversity
Species Diversity: variety of species within a region Genetic Diversity: variations of genes within a species
Ecosystem Diversity: different types of ecosystems/ habitats Alpha Diversity (Within Community Diversity)
Beta Diversity (Between Community Diversity) Gamma Diversity (Diversity of the habitats in the whole geographic region)
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Biosphere
Community
Population Species
A structurally distinct geographical space, which is kilometres wide, is called a landscape. Biosphere is the limited zone of life on earth
Approaches for Inventorying Biodiversity Conventional Time Consuming High extinction rate ? Overtaking inventory process
Landscape
Ecosystem Community
Population
Species
Gene
Geospatial Stratified approach Extrapolation on large landscapes Systematic Monitoring Spatial Environmental Database
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Landscape Characterization
What is Landscape? Landscape commonly refers to the landforms of a region in the aggregate (Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, 1980) or
Landscape Characterization
Unit of Landscape is Patch, therefore landscape characterization is basically based on patch characteristics i.e. patch characterization What is a patch ? Patch is a non-linear relatively homogeneous contiguous area.
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Because biodiversity of small forest areas/ patches is poor therefore, conservation of small areas/patches is not viable as a long term conservation strategy Because conservation of single species is not feasible in long term
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Ecosystem goods and services will not function properly Nutrient cycle will be always threatened in small area
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Large areas have more core & intact forest hence less biotic interference
Fewer Extinctions Constancy of Environment
SIZE Small
Symmetric S H A P E CORE
Patch Characteristics
Large
Good IDEAL
BUFFER
Small Size Peoples Criss-cross High Biotic Pressure High Disturbance Not Suitable
Good
Small
Small-Medium
Medium-High
APPROACH
GIS
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY LOW DISTURBANCE REGIMES
HABITAT (ECOSYSTEMS)
VEGETATION / ECOSYSTEM MAPPING Remote Sensing + Ground Truth + Existing Vegetation Maps
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
APPLICATIONS
BIODIVERSITY PRIORITY ZONE
Biodiversity Richness Identification Disturbance Gradient Analysis Biodiversity Conservation Gap Areas Conservation of BR areas Extension of PA area or Network Prioritization of Biodiversity Surveys
GIS
LOW ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE COMPLEXITY REGIMES
HABITAT (ECOSYSTEMS)
Bioprospecting
Road
Disturbance Index
Juxtaposition
Settlement
Landscape Parameters
Of the several parameters available in literature following parameters were considered
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS
Natural Landscape
IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION
Artificial Landscape
Intact
Lowest
IMPACT OF POROSITY
Highest
Intact
Lowest
Highest
FRAGMENTATION The number of patches of forest and non-forest type in per unit area. PATCHINESS
The measure of the density of patches of all types or number of clusters in a given mask POROSITY
The measure of number of patches or density of patches within a particular type.
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
INTERSPERSION
The count of dissimilar neighbors with respect to central pixel or measurement of the spatial intermixing of the vegetation types.
JUXTAPOSITION
The measure of proximity or adjacency of the vegetation types.
Raw Satellite Data Sun Angle Effect Ratioing Biophysical spectral Indices NDVI, SAVI Knowledge base
Pre-Processing
Removal of Discrepancies
Ground Truth
Doon Valley
Sal Forest
Temperate Forest
Agriculture
Rivers
Settlements
Sampling Design
Transect
Square
Point
Plot Design
Sampling Design
N Nested Quadrate Approach Laying of plots North-South Along Slope or gradient
Landscape Analysis
250 m
500 m
1250 m
HOSHANGABAD DISTRICT
FCC of Bori WLS and Satpura NP in Madhya Pradesh (IRS WiFS data, 2002)
Water body
Agriculture
Very basic understanding of RS data is sufficient
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Legend
Moist Deciduous Forest Dry Deciduous Forest Sal mixed Forest Teak mixed Forest Sal Forest Teak Forest Bamboo mixed Forest Degraded Forest Scrub Agriculture Fallow/ Barren land Water body Wetland / Sand Settlement
22 10 49.46
22 50 10.01
Fragmentation
Class High Fragmentation Medium Fragmentation Intact Agriculture Area % 31.71 35.99 15.88 16.42
40 35 30 25
Legend
22 10 49.46 Non- Forest Low Fragmentation Moderate Fragmentation High Fragmentation
20 15 10 5 0 1
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Disturbance is inversely proportional to distance
Road Network
Settlements
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Settlement Influence
Meters
Road Impact
Meters
Disturbance Index
Disturbance Index = {(Fragmentation, Porosity, Interspersion, Proximity from disturbance source (settlement+ Roads) and Juxtaposition)} DI= (Frai * WTi1 + Pori * Wti2 + Inti * Wti3 + BDi * Wti4 + Juxti * Wti5
DI= Disturbance Index, Frg = Fragmentation, Por= Porosity, Int = Interspersion, BD = Proximity from disturbance source (settlement+ Roads) and Juxt = Juxtaposition; Wt = Weight
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
22 50 10.01
Disturbance
Class High Medium Low Agriculture Area % 39.95 25.47 18.09 16.49
40 35 30 25 20
Legend 22 10 49.46 Very High Disturbance High Disturbance Low Disturbance Non- forest
15 10 5 0 1
Disturbance Index
Biological Richness
=
Biodiversity Value, Terrain Complexity & Disturbance Index )
f (Ecosystem Uniqueness, Species Richness, Terrain Complexity
Biological Richness
Biological Richness = (Ecosystem Uniqueness, Species Richness, Biodiversity Value, Terrain Complexity & Disturbance Index )
BR= (EUi *WTi1 + SRi * Wti2 + BVi * Wti3 + TCi * Wti4 + DIi * Wti5
EU = Ecosystem Uniqueness; SR = Species Richness; BV = Biodiversity Value; TC = Terrain Complexity; DI= Disturbance Index
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Species Diversity ( H ) Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU) Biodiversity Value (BV) Terrain Complexity (TC)
Height Measurements
Measurements of Biodiversity
Shannons Index
H= - [(ni/N logn (ni/N) where log implies log base n
Where = H is the Shannon-Wiener Index Value = ni is importance value or number of species = N is total number of species Also Sensitive to number of samples
Shannon-Wiener Index and Sample Plot Statistics of different Land Use / Land Cover Classes of PBR
S. No. Forest Types Plots Observed No. of Species Total Individuals Shannon Value Basal Area
Tree Herbs Shrubs Total Trees Herbs Shrubs Total Trees Herbs Shrubs Total Trees Herbs Shrubs Total Trees (m 2/ha)
13 2 Mixed Dry Forest 17 3 Sal Mixed Forest 6 4 Sal Forest 7 5 Teak Mixed Forest 9 6 Riverine 3 7 Bamboo Mixed Teak Forest 7 8 Scrub 2 9 Teak Forest 11 10 Savanna 2 11 Plantation 2
1 Mixed Moist Forest
60 40 15 20 20 15 35 10 30 5
24 16 6 8 8 6 14 4 12 2
97 73 27 35 37 24 56 16 53 9 2
77 54 47 38 41 33 36 19 37 13 6
97 68 42 57 42 29 48 32 55 16
46 22 22 28 26 24 22 14 19 2
1274 1461 640 742 888 169 350 172 756 25 112
1968 1648 4890 1.60 1.62 1.15 4.37 1395 561 3417 1.31 1.33 1.03 3.67 388 242 1270 1.08 1.36 1.09 3.54 536 269 1547 0.78 1.55 1.21 3.54 588 429 1905 1.19 1.32 0.79 3.30 434 248 851 1.04 1.04 1.07 3.16 1009 1599 2958 1.26 1.33 0.30 2.89 603 509 1284 0.87 1.09 0.74 2.70 1081 271 2108 0.83 1.41 0.16 2.40 275 18 318 1.04 0.98 0.26 2.28 112 0.38 0.38
23.21 12.29 21.14 22.43 18.37 25.83 10.49 5.31 12.88 9.85 27.68
Ecosystem Uniqueness
Trees Shrubs Herbs M ME E M ME E M ME Total 44 54 26 41 58 52 130 52 490 41 48 22 36 41 43 125 59 444 35 52 17 36 30 28 87 28 336 20 31 22 30 29 26 91 28 291 18 31 14 28 33 30 73 26 263 19 34 13 35 22 27 70 23 259 20 38 16 19 22 22 82 27 259 16 34 9 16 15 16 70 28 215 21 33 9 26 19 12 56 15 202 18 20 7 19 21 14 39 18 163 49 22 6 17 11 11 25 6 153 12 26 5 8 11 10 35 17 129 9 17 5 5 12 6 29 10 100 4 4 1 2 2 19 44 18 96 6 20 4 4 15 7 23 6 92 3 8 2 3 3 4 16 6 50 0 7 4 3 0 5 17 5 42 3 2 2 3 5 4 7 2 30 2 2 3 1 2 4 5 1 22
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
SP_Name Dry Deciduous Forest Teak Mixed Forest MDF Scrub Sal Forest Sal Mixed Forest Teak Forest Degraded Forest Riverine Forest Bamboo Forest Bamboo with sal Acacia Forest Anogeissus Forest Grassland Boswellia Forest Savannah Plantation Ravine Forest Ziziphus Forest
E 33 29 23 14 10 16 13 11 11 7 6 5 7 2 7 5 1 2 2
Value of Biodiversity
Direct use
Source of food Material for breeding improved varieties Drug & Medicines
Indirect use
Ecological balance: CO2 & O2, reduce pollution, Check soil erosion, food chain, food web, nutrient cycle etc. Aesthetic value: Green forests, beautiful flowers, song of birds, colorful butterflies, fishes, birds, landscape, ecotourism etc. Cultural value: Inspires poets and artists to compose poems, songs,and to make paintings, sculptures, photography, etc. Right to live: Recreation: visit to gardens, NP, Sanctuaries, Zoo etc.
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
E M
M M M M M E
0 0
0 4 5 4 4 4
2 2
4 3 2 2 2 0
4 0
0 5 0 3 0 0
0 0
0 0 3 3 2 3
0 0
0 0 4 4 3 3
3 1
0 0 2 3 5 3
9 4
4 24 32 28 19 17
Abrus precatorius L.
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delila Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.
DEM created based either on contours or point elevation data (Shuttle Radar Terrain Mapper)
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS
Moist Deciduous Forest Dry Deciduous Forest Sal Mixed Forest Teak Mixed Forest Sal Forest Teak Forest Bamboo Mixed Forest Bamboo Mixed Sal Hardwickia Forest Boswellia Forest Ziziphus Forest (Ber) Anogesus Forest Riverine Forest Ravine Thorn Forest
22 50 10.01
Medium
Low Agriculture
8.75
24.61 16.49
40 35
Legend 22 10 49.46 Non- Forest Low Biological Richness Moderate Biological Richness High Biological Richness
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1
Thank you !
Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level using using RS and GIS