LEARNING OUTCOMES LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISONS

i. ii. iii. iv. v. Able to explain and state the relation between linear momentum and the Newtons Second Law of motion. Able to state the Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum. Able to describe and analyze elastic and inelastic collision in one dimension problems. Able to describe and analyze impulse in a collision. Able to apply the conservation of energy and momentum in solving collision problems.

CHAPTER 6
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Linear momentum, p
For closed system, the law of conservation of linear momentum states that the product between mass and velocity. vector quantity. Equation :

if the net external force acting on the system is zero, the total linear momentum of a system is constant
v Fn e t = 0 v p = 0 t v p = 0 v v p f - pi = 0 v v p f = pi v v p f = pi

r r p = mv
The S.I. unit : kg m s-1 The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the velocity.

c o n stan t

The total of initial momentum = the total of final momentum

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Collision Elastic
Collision in which kinetic energy (as well as momentum) is conserved

Example 1: Inelastic
Collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved

u B = 3 m s 1
B

u A = 6 m s 1
A

m1v1

m 2 v2
Elastic Inelastic

Collision Momentum

Figure above shows an object A of mass 200 g collides head-on with object B of mass 100 g. After the collision, B moves at a speed of 2 m s-1 to the left. Determine the velocity of A after collision. Solution : 1

u v u v pf = pi v v v v mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mB vB

KEf = KEi

u v u v p f = pi v v v mA u A + mB u B = ( mA + mB ) v
KEf < KE i KEf + KEloss = KEi

m A = 0.200 kg; mB = 0.100 kg; u A = 6 m s u B = 3 m s 1 ; vB = 2 m s 1

Kinetic energy

p =p
i

1 1 2 2 1 mA uA2 + m = mA vA2 + m B uB Bv B ( mA uA2 + mB uB2 ) + KEloss = 1 ( mA vA2 + mB vB2 ) 2 2 2 2

m Au A + mB u B = m A v A + m B v B

(0.200)( 6) + (0.100)(3) = (0.200)v A + (0.100)( 2)

v A = 3.5 m s 1 to the left
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Completely collision

v v v v ( uB - uA ) = vB - vA
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Example 2:

SOLUTION From the principle of conservation of momentum, mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB (5)(2) + (3)(-2) = 5vA + 3vB 5vA + 3vB = 4 (i) Since the collision is completely elastic, vB - vA = - ( uB - uA ) = - ( - 2 2) vB - vA = 4

Figure below shows a body A of mass mA = 5 kg moving towards the right on a level frictionless surface with a velocity uA = 2 ms-1. It collides with a second body B of mass mB = 3 kg moving towards the left with a velocity uB = 2 ms-1. If the collision is completely elastic, determine the velocities of A and B after the collision.
uA uB

(ii)

mA

mB

Solving equation (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we get vA = -1 m/s , vB = 3 m/s

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Exercise 1:

Exercise 2:

A ball A, 2.2 kg is moving with u = 4i ms-1 collide with another ball B moving with a velocity u = -7i ms1. After the collision the velocity of A and B is v = 3i ms-1 and v = 4i ms-1 . If the total momentum is conserve in the collision, calculate a) The mass of ball A. b) The velocity of A and B if both balls stick together after the collision. (Answers : 1.4 kg, - 0.28 m s-1)
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Two identical balls B1 and B2 of masses 2kg and 5 kg moving at 12 ms-1 and 4 m s-1 respectively along +X axis. After colliding elastically B2 moves at 6 m s-1. Compute i) velocity of B1 after collision, ii) the change in momentum of B1. iii) If B2 moves in the opposite direction and the collision is perfectly elastic, calculate the velocities of the balls after collision. [ 7 ms-1 , - 10 ms-1 ,5.1 ms-1,10.9 ms-1 ]
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r
Impulse, J

Example 3:

v v v v v J =F net t = p = mv - mu
is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t OR the change of momentum. is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the constant force on the object. SI unit: N s or kg m s-1 Impulse momentum theorem:
The impulse exerted on a body is equal to the change in the bodys momentum

A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of 100 m s1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s1 in the opposite direction. a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the wall, b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball. Solution :

m1 = 0.20 kg

u1 = 100 m s 1
1 Wall (2) 1

Relation between kinetic energy and the magnitude of momentum: 2

KE = 1 1 ( m v) 1 p m v2 = = 2 2 m 2 m
2
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v1 = 70 m s 1

v2 = u 2 = 0
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Example 4:
Solution : a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant, A 0.25 kg ball moving in the +x direction at 13 m/s is hit by a bat. Its final velocity is 19 m/s in the x direction. The bat acts on the ball for 0.01 s. Find the average force and the impulse experienced by the ball.

J = dp = p2 p1

J = m1 (v1 u1 ) J = (0.20 )[( 70 ) 100] J = 34 N s

Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s. b. Given the contact time,

Solution
By taking the +x direction as positive, we have vi = 13 m/s and vf = - 19 m/s. From the impulse equation,
F(0.01) = (0.25 )( 19 13 ) (0.25 )( 32) F= = 800N 0.01

dt = 10 10 3 s J = Fav dt 34 = Fav 10 10 3 Fav = 3400 N

The impulse = Ft = (-800)(0.01) = -8.0Ns

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Example 5:
Solution :

m = 60.0 10 3 kg

F (kN )

a. From the force-time graph,

18

0 0.2

1.0

1.8

t (ms )

J = area under the F t graph 1 J = (1.8 0.2 ) 10 3 18 103 2 J = 14.4 N s

b. Given the balls initial speed, An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g struck by a racket is shown in figure above. Determine a. the impulse delivered to the ball, b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is being served so it is nearly at rest initially.
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u=0

J = dp = m(v u )
14.4 = 60.0 10 3 (v 0 )
v = 240 m s
1
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