Equipment Damage Curves Transformers

The information presented in this application guide is for review, approval, interpretation and application by a registered professional engineer only. SKM disclaims any responsibility and liability resulting from the use and interpretation of this information. Reproduction of this material is permitted provided proper acknowledgement is given to SKM Systems Analysis Inc. Purpose The purpose of this guide is to provide basic information about transformer through-fault damage curves and characteristic landmarks necessary for plotting on time-current curves, for the purpose of equipment overcurrent protection. Damage curves are defined in the IEEE standards in per unit on the nominal base rating (kVA) of the transformer, and are not adjusted with changes to the core, winding material or method of cooling. Full Load Amps (FLA) FLA is the rated continuous current carrying capacity of a transformer at a referenced ambient temperature and allowable temperature rise, see table 1. The FLA label is located on a time-current curve (TCC) in top decade at 1000 seconds. The total temperature rise of an OA 65C transformer, at an average/maximum ambient temperature of 30/40C, is 110/120C. These temperatures do exceed the transformer insulation rating of 105C, and are allowed by the standards. Table 1 Transformer temperature ratings Cooling Method Ave/Max Amb. Temp. Hot Spot Temp. 15C 20C 25C 30C 30C 10C 15C Temp. Rise 75C 90C 115C 130C 150C 55C 65C Total Temp. Rise 120C/130C 140C/150C 170C/180C 190C/200C 210C/220C 95C/105C 110C/120C Insul. Temp. 130C 150C 180C 200C 220C 105C Max Winding SC Temp. 300C 350C 400C 425C 450C 200C-Al 250C-CU

AA

30C/40C

ONAN (OA)

30C/40C

SC Withstand Capability (Damage) Curves ANSI C57.109 defines damage characteristics for oil-filled, power transformers see tables 2-5. ANSI C57.12.59 defines damage characteristics for dry-type transformers see table 6 and 7. The through-fault current damage curves are not intended for overload capability. The standards state, if fault current penetrates the limits of the thermal damage curve insulation may be damaged, or if fault current penetrates the limits of the mechanical damage curve cumulative mechanical damage may occur. The validity of these damage limit curves can not be demonstrated by test, since the effects are progressive over the transformer lifetime. They are based principally on informed engineering judgment and favorable, historical field experience. The damage curves are plotted in the top 3 decades of a TCC from 2 to 1000 seconds. Table 2 Category I Liquid-Immersed Transformers 5-500kVA 1- 15-500kVA 3- Frequent (Mechanical Damage) or Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage) x Rated Current Time I2t 1- (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) (kVA) 2 1800 7200 5-500 3 300 2700 5-500 4.75 60 1354 5-500 6.3 30 1191 5-500

3- (kVA) 15-500 15-500 15-500 15-500

11.3 25 35 40

10 2 1.02 0.78

1277 1250 1250 1250

5-500 5-500 5-100 5-75

15-500 15-500 15-300 15-75

Table 3 Category II Liquid-Immersed Transformers 501-1667kVA 1- 501-5000kVA 3- Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage) x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 2 1800 7200 3 300 2700 4.75 60 1354 6.3 30 1191 11.3 10 1277 25 2 1250 Frequent Faults (Include Infrequent Points Plus) Mechanical Damage Points x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 0.7 / Z 2551 Z2 1250 0.7 / Z 4.08 K 1.0 / Z 2 K

Table 4 Category III Liquid-Immersed Transformers 1668-10,000kVA 1- 5001-30,000kVA 3- Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage) x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 2 1800 7200 3 300 2700 4.75 60 1354 6.3 30 1191 11.3 10 1277 25 2 1250 Frequent Faults (Include Infrequent Points Plus) Mechanical Damage Points x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 0.5 / Z 5000 Z2 1250 0.5 / Z 8 K 1.0 / Z 2 K

Table 5 Category IV Liquid-Immersed Transformers 1668-10,000kVA 1- 5001-30,000kVA 3- Frequent (Mechanical Damage) or Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage) x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 2 1800 7200 3 300 2700 4.75 60 1354 6.3 30 1191 11.3 10 1277

25 2 1250 Frequent (Mechanical Damage) or Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage) x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 0.5 / Z 5000 Z2 1250 0.5 / Z 8 K 1.0 / Z 2 K IEEE Std C57.12.01 defines 3 categories of dry-type transformers. However, IEEE Std C57.12.59 only defines damage curves for Category I and II transformers. Damage curves for Category III transformers, 1668-10,000kVA 1-, 5001-30,000kVA 3- are not defined. Table 6 Category I Dry-Type Transformers 1-500kVA 1- 15-500kVA 3- Frequent (Mechanical Damage) or Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage) x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 3.5 100 1250 11.2 10 1250 25 2 1250 Table 7 Category II Dry -Type Transformers 501-1667kVA 1- 501-5000kVA 3- Infrequent Faults (Thermal Damage) x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 3.5 100 1250 11.2 10 1250 25 2 1250 Frequent Faults (Include Infrequent Points Plus) Mechanical Damage Points x Rated Current Time I2t (A p.u.) (sec.) (A p.u.-sec.) 0.7 / Z 2551 Z2 1250 0.7 / Z 4.08 625 1.0 / Z 2 625 Magnetizing Inrush Current Point(s) One or more inrush current points may be plotted on a TCC. Inrush currents are expressed in peak amps. The most common point is 8-12 times rated FLA at 0.1 seconds. Another less common point is 25 times rated FLA at 0.01 seconds. Example 1 Plot the characteristic landmarks for a 1000kVA, 65C, 4160-480/277V, -YG, oil-filled, substation transformer with an impedance of 6.0%. Consider both the frequent and infrequent fault cases for this application. Solution Step 1 Calculate the FLA FLA = 1000kVA / (1.732 x 4.16kV) = 139 amps Step 2 Determine the Applicable Category

This is a Category II transformer based on the nominal rating of 1000kVA Step 3 Calculate the infrequent fault data points from Table 3 I I I I I I 1800 sec = 2 x 139 amps = 278 amps 300 sec = 3 x 139 amps = 417 amps 60 sec = 4.75 x 139 amps = 660 amps 30 sec = 6.3 x 139 amps = 876 amps 10 sec = 11.3 x 139 amps = 1571 amps 2 sec = 25 x 139 amps = 3475 amps

Since the transformer is connected -YG a separate set of data points must be calculated for primary-side protective devices. Primary-side devices will only see 58% of a secondary-side, single-line-to-ground fault. I I I I I I 1800 sec = 0.58 x 2 x 139 amps = 161 amps 300 sec = 0.58 x 3 x 139 amps = 242 amps 60 sec = 0.58 x 4.75 x 139 amps = 383 amps 30 sec = 0.58 x 6.3 x 139 amps = 508 amps 10 sec = 0.58 x 11.3 x 139 amps = 911 amps 2 sec = 0.58 x 25 x 139 amps = 2016 amps

Step 4 Calculate the frequent fault data points from Table 3 I 2 sec = 139 amps / Z = 139 amps / 0.06 = 2316 amps I 4.08 sec = 0.7 x 139 amps / Z = 97.3 amps / 0.06 = 1622 amps t 1622 amps = 2551 (0.06)2 = 9.2 seconds Again, shift the data points by 0.58. I 2 sec = 0.58 x 139 amps / 0.06 = 1344 amps I 4.08 sec = 0.58 x 97.3 amps / 0.06 = 941 amps Step 5 Calculate Inrush Points 12 x Inrush = 12 x 139 amps = 1668 amps 25 x Inrush = 25 x 139 amps = 3475 amps The results are plotted in figure 1. Example 2 Repeat Example 1 but now assume the secondary is high-resistance grounded (HRG). Solution Step 1 Same as Example 1 Step 2 Same as Example 1 Step 3 Same as Example 1 No shifting of the damage curve is required with a HRG secondary. In this case the primary-side protective devices will not see a ground fault on the secondary-side. Ground fault magnitudes will always be much lower than load current levels. Step 4 Same as Example 1 Again, no shifting of data points is required. Step 5 Same as Example 1 The results are plotted in figure 2.

Fig. 1 1000kVA, -YG, liquid-immersed transformer damage curves

Fig. 2 1000kVA, -YG (HRG), liquid-immersed transformer damage curves Example 3 Plot the characteristic landmarks for a 1500kVA, 150C, 13800-480/277V, -, dry-type, substation transformer with an impedance of 5.75%. Consider the infrequent fault case for this application. Solution Step 1 Calculate the FLA FLA = 1500kVA / (1.732 x 13.8kV) = 62.8 amps Step 2 Determine the Applicable Category This is a dry-type, Category II transformer based on the nominal rating of 1500kVA Step 3 Calculate the infrequent fault data points from Table 7

I 100 sec = 3.5 x 62.8 amps = 220 amps I 10 sec = 11.2 x 62.8 amps = 703 amps I 2 sec = 25 x 62.8 amps = 1570 amps Since the transformer is connected - a separate set of data points must be calculated for primary-side protective devices. Primary-side devices will only see 87% of a secondary-side, line-to-line fault. I 100 sec = 0.87 x 3.5 x 62.8 amps = 191 amps I 10 sec = 0.87 x 11.2 x 62.8 amps = 612 amps I 2 sec = 0.87 x 25 x 62.8 amps = 1366 amps Step 4 Calculate Inrush Points 12 x Inrush = 12 x 62.8 amps = 754 amps 25 x Inrush = 25 x 62.8 amps = 1570 amps The results are plotted in figure 3.

Fig. 3 1500kVA, - , dry-type transformer damage curves

References

Other Application Guides offered by SKM Systems Analysis at www.skm.com ABB Protective Relaying Theory and Application, 2nd Edition, 2004

The latest revision of:

IEEE Std 242, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book) IEEE Std C57.12.00, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers IEEE Std C57.12.01, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Including Those with Solid-Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings IEEE Std C57.12.59, IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault-Current Duration IEEE Std C57.109, IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current Duration

Insulating materials Insulation Class Y Maximum Temperature 90C

Insulating Materials Cotton, silk, paper, wood, cellulose, fibre without impregnation or oil-immersion Class Y impregnated with natural resins, cellulose esters, insulating oils, etc., also laminated wood, varnished paper TInsuldur InsulationT Kraft paper with epoxy binders activated under pressure Synthetic-resin enamels, cotton and paper Laminates with formaldehyde bonding Mica, glass fibre, asbestos, etc., with suitable bonding substance; built-up mica, glass-fibre and asbestos laminates The materials of Class B with more thermally-resistant bonding materials Glass-fibre and asbestos materials, and built-up mica, with appropriate Silicone resins Mica, ceramics, glass, quartz, and asbestos without binders or with silicone resins of superior thermal stability TNOMEX insulation, varnish dipped and vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI)

105C

Hybrid A

110C

120C

130C

F H

155C 180C

>180C

>H

220C