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Agenda
SystemGroundingConsiderationsfor600 Voltsandlesssystem TypesofSystemGroundingavailable ProsandConsofeach Mitigationstrategies Selectionguidelineformitigation Questions
SystemsGroundingConsiderations
Cost? Safety? Reliability? Impactofunintendedoutages? Productionloss? Environmental? Safety?
TypesofSystemGrounding
Ungrounded SolidGrounded ImpedanceGrounded
UNGROUNDED(DELTA)SYSTEM
L O A D Feeder(with
capacitanceto ground)
Transformer Secondary
UNGROUNDEDSYSTEM:
NORMALOPERATION&FAULTEDOPERATION
A&Bphasesare
atlinelinevoltage aboveground (eg:600V)
Neutralpointestablished bydistributedcapacitance
Normaloperation
GroundfaultonphaseC
UNGROUNDEDSYSTEM:
FAULTEDOPERATIONWITHTRANSIENTOVERVOLTAGE
A&Bphasesare:
>Linelinevoltageabove ground
Normaloperation
Intermittent groundfaultonphaseC
UNGROUNDEDSYSTEMS:
ProsandCons
Pros MinimumInitialcost Abilitytorunwithonephasefaultedtoground IsolationofPrimaryandSecondarycurrents(harmonics)
Initiallyusedbytheindustrytopreventunplannedoutages
UngroundedSystems
Cons Difficulttodetectground faults nofaultcurrent Runningwithagroundfaultincreasesstressoninsulation, leadingtophasetophasefaults Intermittentfaultmaycausetransientovervoltage
SOLIDLYGROUNDEDSYSTEM
L O A D
WyeConnected TransformerSecondary
Feeder(with
capacitanceto ground)
SolidlyGroundingSystem
Pros Minimumfirstcosts Immediateisolationoffaultedsystem Voltagestabilization Allowsuseofneutralforsinglephaseloads Visibledetectionoffaultedequipment Equipmentinsulatedratedforphasetoground voltage
SolidlygroundedSystems
CONS
Unplannedoutages Voltagedipsduringfaultconditions Higharcingcurrentsthroughgroundingsystems Motorterminalboxcovershavebeenreported blownaway FireHazardespeciallyinHazardous(Classified)Areas Highrepaircostandtime
RESISTANCEGROUNDEDSYSTEM
L O A D
NGR
WyeConnected TransformerSecondary
Feeder(with
capacitanceto ground)
RESISTANCEGROUNDEDSYSTEM
WITHAGROUNDFAULT L O A D
IF
X
TransformerSecondary NGR
Feeder(with
capacitance)
CurrentLimitedtoNGRLetThrough
Resistance(Impedance)Grounded Systems
Pros
Reducesunplannedoutages Transientstabilityofthesystem Eliminatesundesiredvoltagedipsduringfault conditions Allowsfaultdetectionofthefaultedequipment Minimizesarcingfaultcurrentandarcflashhazard
Resistance(Impedance)Grounded Systems
CONS Initialinvestment Faultdetectionandremovalrequired SystemIntegritymaintenancerequired Equipmentinsulationratedforphaseto phasevoltages
ProtectionorPrevention: Whichismoreeffective?
Seatbelts,Airbags,*Accidentavoidance? *alarmandautomaticresponsewhencloseto anothercar) NFPA70E/CSAZ462primarilyaddressprotectionof personneltominimizepersonnelinjurydueto electricalhazards:ShockandArcFlashbyremoving powerwithsomesoftsuggestiononreductionof hazards Engineeringcontrolsminimizethepotentialof electricalincidents SafetyBydesignminimizesinjurypotential. RoleofHighResistanceGrounding?
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GroundFaults
Therehasbeendocumentationovertheyears indicatingthatbetween80%and95%ofall electricalfaultsinitiateasgroundfaults.By limitingthegroundfaultcurrenttoasmall magnitude,agreatmajorityofallphaseto phasearcingfaultscanbeeliminated. Informalnumbersarethatlessthan1%ofthe faultsareinitiallystartasthreephasefaults (jumpersleftinstalled,snakesetc)
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PowerSystemGrounding
120.3 FPN No. 3:
high-resistance grounding of lowvoltage and 5 kV (nominal) systems, are techniques available to reduce the hazard of the system
MitigationElectricShockandArcFlashEnergy ATotalSystemApproachforPersonnelandEquipmentProtectionIEEE IASPCIC2010
PowerSystemGrounding
4.3.1.1 Note (3)
high-resistance grounding of lowvoltage and 5 kV (nominal) systems, are techniques available to reduce the hazard of the system
MitigationElectricShockandArcFlashEnergy ATotalSystemApproachforPersonnelandEquipmentProtectionIEEE IASPCIC2010
70E 130.5
InformationalNoteNo.3:Theoccurrenceofarcingfault insideanenclosureproducesavarietyofphysicalphenomena Forexample,thearcenergyresultingfromanarcdevelopedinthe airwillcauseasuddenpressureincreaseandlocalizedoverheating. Equipmentanddesignpracticesareavailabletominimize theenergylevelsandthenumberofatriskproceduresthat requireanemployeetobeexposedtohighlevelenergy sources.Provendesignssuchasarcresistantswitchgear,
HighResistanceGroundingSystems HighResistanceGrounded
Thereisminimalarcflashhazard,asthereis withsolidlygroundedsystemsonthefirst fault,sincethefaultcurrentisnormally limitedtoaverylowvalue
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HighResistanceGrounding
DoesResistanceGroundingreallyreduce: UnplannedSystemoutages? Potentialofarcflashhazard? EngineersanswerItdepends
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HighResistanceGrounding Yes
ifandonlyif NeutralgroundingsystemIntegrityis maintained. AND firstfaultisclearedbeforeinceptionof secondfault.
(Secondfaultonthesystemwillresultinaphaseto phasefaultIFtheFIRSTFAULTISNOTCLEARED)
PossibleLossofNeutralPath
OpenorShortedNeutralPathtoGround
Broken or Grounded Wire Loose Connection Resistor Failure Corrosion Broken Wire
Excerpt from a technical paper presented at 2009 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop 25
Elimination
Substitution
Engineering Controls
Warnings
Administrative Controls
PPE
WarningofRisk
A N HRG C HRG C C B A N HRG C B A N B
Open Circuit: Desired fault current cannot flow. Grounded thru high inductive transformer. Resonance System.
Short Circuit: Undesired fault current can flow. Place CT close to N, >costs (elevated N).
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AutomaticReductionofRisk
GroundFaultRelay&SensingResistor
DetectsOpen/ShortCircuitsandmaintainsGrounding
A N HRG C
Sensing Resistor
Relay
LossofGroundinHRGSystems
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AvoidingSecondGroundFault
Toreducearcflashhazard,itiscriticaltoreducethe possibilityoftwofaultsatthesametime.
How? Warningofrisk
Eithermakesuremaintenancepeopleremovethe groundfaultimmediately
Automaticreductionofrisk
Providesensingequipmenttoprioritizefeedersto avoidsecondsimultaneousgroundfault
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ZSCT
ZSCT
M1
AN
M2
GM METER
LOAD 1 LOAD 2
GM METER
MGFR relays
R
100A PICKUP
R
100A PICKUP
R
100A PICKUP
R
2.5A PICKUP
5A NGR
- Alarm on first fault Trip on second fault Cannot prioritize essential feeders Difficult to locate fault(s)
MinimizingSecondSimultaneous GroundFault
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NGR DDAI
DDR2 DSP MKII ALARM
CM
Second Fault Trip Selective Inst. Feeder Tripping Ground Current as % of Let Through
ALARM
DSP MKII
SWGR
DDR2
TRIPS
CM
ALARM
DDR2
CM
DSA
FM1
Combined DSA/DSP Identifies individual faulted load and Phase Second Fault Protection Backup
DSPRelay DoubleendedUnitsubApplication
ParallelGenerators
TYPICAL PARALLEL GENERATOR HIGH RESISTANCE GROUNDING SCHEME
Zero Sequence Current Sensors (one per feeder; one per generator) G G G G GENERATORS 600V
DDR2-6
DSA
To BMS
DS-PM2
See Notes 1 and 2. Optional DS-PM2 Pulsing Card 2 - #16AWG, 24 Vdc for pulsing control Notes: 1. NGR/Zig-Zag assembly w ith pulsing resistor, IPC Part Number: OHMNI-6PM-5-ZZ 2. NGR/Zig-Zag assembly w ithout pulsing resistor, IPC Part Number: NTR600-5-ZZ
5A, 347V Neutral Grounding Resistor Optional Pulsing Resistor AWG#8 as per CEC 10-1108(3)
MitigationStrategies
Good Systemmaintenancepractices Better Warnings Alarms Procedures PPE BestAutomaticReductionofRisk Elimination EngineeringControls
MitigationStrategiesselection
Whichonetouse? ItDepends Considersafety/cost/benefit Impactduetofailureinthesystem Cansystembeshutdownimmediately? Costofshutdown? Maintenancepractices? Environmentalconditions? Liabilityconsiderationsofdesign?
Riskreduction
Keystrategyin70E/CSAZ462isrisk analysis Risk=FrequencyXConsequences UseofHRGreducestheprobabilityof frequencyandthusreducestherisk
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RiskAnalysis
DoesHRGreducestheincidentenergy requiredtobeputonlabel?
NO.
Labelisbasedon3phaseboltedfault
BUT
itdoesreduceprobabilityofhighincident energy(80 95%)ofthetimeandcanbe utilizedinRiskAnalysis.
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Questions?
Thankyouforbeinghere!! Thanksforprovidingmewithaforumfor preachingelectricalsafetybydesign DaleepMohla,IEEEFellow,P.E d.c.mohla@ieee.org
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