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Elementary statistics in social research 1 why the social researcher uses statistics The nature of social research Why

test hypotheses The stages of social research Using series of numbers to do social research The functions of statistics Part one: description 2 organizing the data Frequency distribution of nominal data Comparing distributions Proportions and percentages Ratios and rates Simple frequency distributions of ordinal and interval data Grouped frequency distributions of interval data Cumulative distributions Percentile ranks Dealing with decimal data Flexible class intervals Cross-tabulations Graphic presentations 3measures of central tendency The mode The median The mean Taking one step at a time Comparing the mode, median, and mean Obtaining the mode, median, and mean from a simple frequency distribution 4 measures of variability The range The mean deviation The variance and standard deviation The raw-score formula for variance and standard deviation The meaning of the standard deviation Comparing measures of variability Obtaining the variance and standard deviation from grouped frequency distribution Visualizing distributions Part two: from description to decision making 5 probability and the normal curve Rules of probability The normal curve as a probability distribution Characteristics of the normal curve The model and the reality of the normal curve The area under the normal curve Standard scores and the normal curve Finding probability under the normal curve

Obtaining percentile ranks from the normal curve 6 samples and populations Sampling methods Sampling error Sampling distribution of means Standard error of the mean Confidence intervals The t distribution Estimating proportions Part three: decision making 7 testing differences between means The null hypothesis: no difference between means The research hypothesis: a difference between means Sampling distribution of differences between means Testing hypotheses with the distribution of differences between means Levels of significance Standard error of the difference between means Testing the difference between means Comparing the same sample measured twice Two sample tests of proportions One-tailed tests Requirements for testing the difference between means 8 analysis of variance The logic of analysis of variance The sum of squares Mean square The F ratio A multiple comparison of means Requirements for using the F ratio 9 nonparametric tests of significance One-way chi-square test Two-way chi-square test The median test Part four from decision making to association 10 correlation Strength of correlation Direction of correlation Curvilinear correlation The correlation coefficient Pearsons correlation coefficient The importance of scatter plots Partial correlation 11 regression analysis The regression model Interpreting the regression line Prediction errors

Regression and Pearsons correlation Regression and analysis of variance Multiple regressions 12 nonparametric measures of correlation Spearmans rank-correlation coefficient Goodmans and kruskals gamma Correlation coefficient for nominal data arranged in a 2x2 table Correlation coefficients for nominal data in larger than 2x2 tables Lambda Elaboration Part five: Applying statistics 13 choosing statistical procedures for research problems Research situations Research solutions

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