SECTION A

INTRODUCTION 1)INTRODUCTION TO THE EXERCISE

As a part of our course curriculum the students of B. Tech.(Urban and regional Planning), Third Semester, are required to undertake the planning practice exercise SPP 205: PLANNING STUDIO-III (SITE PLANNING-I) CLUSTER DESIGN wherein the students are required to expertise intends to apply the theories of the Site Planning and Design. The students are required to understand the technique to study the requirement of the agencies or cities for which the area is likely to come. To study the norms, standards prevailing in the area, study the byelaws or regulation existing in the area. To identify the specific objective and the consideration for planning of the area, planning projection and to identify the requirement of the area. The purpose of the exercise is to present a brief explanatory role of the designer in planning and development of a cluster to be explored. In this exercise, each student has taken a cluster from his/her neighbourhood the basis of previous exercise. All students have taken norms & standards preferably those given by PUDA.

2)OBJECTIVE
The objective of the exercise is to make the students understand how to develop a site, the importance of the norms, standards and building bye laws existing in that area and how to project the requirements of that area after development which is z to a approach, based on the collected data regarding the site.

3)SCOPE
The scope of this exercise is to understand the requirements of a cluster and how to design a cluster which mainly comprises the residential component. The plotted and the flatted development have to be provided and the design has to be appealing in every sense i.e. functionally as well as aesthetically. Each component should be easily accessible from every corner of the road. In this exercise a cluster was selected from the neighborhood and site analysis of the on-site as well as surroundings was done. Certain objectives were set which were to be achieved by means of the design of the cluster. On the basis of the norms given by PUDA, the assumptions and requirements were calculated and then specific planning and design considerations were made. On the basis of these considerations, four plans were proposed i.e. layout, circulation, utilities and landscaping.

4)INTRODUCTION TO SITE
The cluster selected for designing is located in the west of mohali city and in northeast direction with respect to the neighborhood of which it is a part. The site is surrounded by

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clusters on two sides and residential area on its right side and is connected with the bye-pass road.

Figure 1 cluster site

5)NEED OF CLUSTER DESIGN The concept of design helps to have optimum utilization of resources mainly land. It minimizes the incidental open spaces which are a mere wastage of land and usually become the dumping sites and breeding places for mosquitoes and rodents. A good design serves two functions i.e. better aesthetic view and healthy living environment. Buildings are oriented as per the sun, wind and view orientation. Haphazard development is controlled through planning and design. The common areas like parks and other recreational areas help to have cohesive environment among different sections of the society. The plots and flats are provided according to the various income groups so that they can afford them easily and are also segregated on the income basis so that the residents dont have to face social problems like discrimination etc. 6)IMPORTANCE OF CLUSTER DESIGN Providing better and healthy living conditions. Every service provided into the cluster should be accessible for each an every individual for their convenience. It is a planning for the betterment of the society which includes all the four income group of people such as HIG .MIG ,LIG, and EWS. To make a thing more beautiful and more aesthetically. Optimum utilization of land is done since the development is done in a planned manner and there will be no vacant spaces left in the area.

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7)METHODOLOGY

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

CLUSTER DESIGN

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK COMPONENTS,ELEMENTS & PRINCIPLES BASIC TERMINOLOGIES NORMS & STANDARDS GENERAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

SITE ANALYSIS ON-SITE FEATURES PHYSICAL FEATURES PHYSIOGRAPHIC SLOPE CLIMATE TOPOGRAPHY SURROUNDINGS

REQUIREMENTS

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA TOTAL POPULATION POPULATION COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT INCOME GROUPS HOUSING NO. OF PLOTS AND FLATS AREA FOR DIFFERENT INCOME GROUP PEOPLE COMMERCIAL NO. AND AREA OF SHOPS PARKING AREA AND MANUVERING SPACE PARKING DESIGN

SPECIFIC PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION FLAT DESIGNS HIG FLAT MIG FLAT LIG FLAT EWS FLAT

PROPOSALS LAYOUT PLAN CIRCULATION PLAN UTILITY NETWORK PLAN LANDSCAPING PLAN

PUBLIC/ SEMIPUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL AND CRECHE PARKS AND OPEN SPACES: AREA OF CLUSTER PARK UTILITIES WATER SUPPLY SEWERAGE LANDSCAPING CLUSTER PARK TOTLOTS

Figure 2 Methodology

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METHODOLOGY THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK For designing a cluster of neighbourhood unit first of all a theoretical framework has been setup in which different concepts given by different planners like Clearance Perry, Engelhard, Clearance Stein and Le-Corbusier have been studied at neighbourhood level. By studying their concepts and considerations, a concept has been derived which incorporates all these concepts. Also the elements, components and principles of cluster have studied for better understanding of these concepts. From the above concepts and our derived concept general planning consideration for cluster have been undertaken. Norms and standards given by various planning authorities like PUDA, municipal corporation Mohali, Mohali master plan and Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)norms have been studied to plan the unit strictly according to the laws. Afterwards a site has been selected from the proposed land use plan under residential zone as given in the master plan of Mohali. After selecting site, its analysis has been done by identifying onsite and surrounding features. Knowledge about abutting landuses and site characteristics has been gathered. SITE ANALYSIS By working out details about onsite features like location, water table, slope ,existing landuses ,climatic details like rainfall, temperature and humidity together with surrounding features like abutting land use, distance from major landmarks have been calculated to know the problems, potential and constraints of the site . ASSUMPTIONS To increase the comfort level and to achieve the objectives of the project specific planning considerations at cluster level have been set up and by keeping these considerations in mind a conceptual plan has been given with the help of assumptions and requirements computed from the norms and standards and assumptions made like, area and population etc. placement of various sections of society like HIGs, MIGs, LIGs and EWS along with location of cluster centre and roads have been done. FLAT DESIGNS After this flats design where prepared for different income groups like HIG, MIG, LIG & EWS and the components of house are arrange according to the income groups. FINAL PROPOSAL In the light of this conceptual plan further a layout plan have been proposed to seek the actual placement of different plots & blocks and accordingly circulation, utility network and landscaping maps are proposed which are discussed in detail later.

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SECTION-B THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

B.1 DEFINITIONS Cluster: Definition of cluster is given by different scholars are as following Cluster is a fundamental form of human settlement having well defined boundary which can afford a reasonable degree of privacy, private outdoor space and ground orientation.

A residential cluster development is the grouping of residential properties on a development site in order to use the extra land as open space, recreation or agriculture.

Cluster design: It is simply the process in which a cluster is planned and designed on the basis of the norms and standards as applicable in the respective area and on the basis of the perception of the planner, the purpose of developing the site and on the principles and objectives to be achieved.

Derived Definition: Cluster is the most important and the smallest segment of neighbourhood planning . It is planned and designed on the basis of some planning and design considerations and planning principles, cluster has well defined boundaries either naturally or man-made. The main concept behind cluster planning is to enhance social interaction among different income groups.

Cluster housing: Cluster housing is primarily an urban housing form that is adaptable to many different community scales. By drawing upon the best of a rich tradition, it has the potential to become the enlightened compromise between conventional suburban and urban housing environments. B.2) OBJECTIVES The objectives of the exercise is as follows: To provide healthy living environment.

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To promote social interaction between two income groups and to plan according to the socio economic requirements of different income groups of the society.

To provide safety, self sufficiency and convenience to the residents especially the children, house wives and old age people. B.3 COMPONENTS OF CLUSTER

i.

Housing Type of development a) Plotted b) Flatted

ii.

Commercial Convenient shops o Formal shops o Informal shops

iii. iv. v.

Public and semi-public

Primary school Crche Circulation Inter cluster roads Access roads Parks and open spaces Cluster parks Totlots Incidental open spaces

vi.

Utilities : Water supply Sewerage system

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i. HOUSING: Housing is a provision to fulfill the needs and demands of shelter of a particular set of people, groups and communities. Quality of life depends largely on the kind of housing facilities which are available. It is an integral part of overall improvement of human settlements and economic development. Type of development a) Plotted b) Flatted a) Plotted: Row housing: It may be single stories or two storied. It is preferred for low income group of families, it yield more net residential density.

Detached housing: Sufficient margins are left on side front and rear. The design of a detached house can be made considering the individual requirements of the family.

Semi detached housing: A common boundary wall in the form of structural barriers divides independent plot into two units.

Back to back: In this case only front setback exists in plots and side setbacks in case of corner plots. All the plots share the common boundary wall.

b) Flatted: It consists of flats and apartment which can go up to height of 3-9 stories and each floor may accommodate 2-4 tenements.

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Figure 3 Block Design

Flat: Complete dwelling units with independent entrance for one household within a group housing complex containing similar such unit.

Apartments: Apartments/flats shall means residential buildings constructed in a detached or semi-detached manner being designed as ground floor plus more upper floors and constructed as separated dwelling unit with common staircase.

ii. COMMERCIAL Convenient shops: It consists of formal and informal shops. Shops like general stores and booths. Shop selling convenience goods and should be located at walkable distance.

iii. PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC Nursery schools: A nursery school is a school for children between the ages of three and five years, staffed by qualified teachers and other professionals who encourage and supervise educational play rather than simply providing childcare. It is a pre-school education institution, part of early childhood education. Primary school: A primary school is an institution in which children receive the first stage of compulsory education known as primary or elementary education. Children generally attend primary school from around the age of four or five until the age of eleven or twelve. Crche: Day care center, an organization of adults who take care of children in place of their parents.

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iv.CIRCULATION: Road are the necessary components of cluster which provide access to a site and to its inner clusters/zones as well. There is a hierarchy of the roads followed at cluster level i.e. Inter cluster roads, Intra cluster roads/ Access road

Figure 4CROSS SECTION OF 18 M AND 12 M ROAD

Parking:Parking is a place open or covered owned by local body, private agency, or an individual, used for parking of vehicles with or without parking charges. Parking is an important part of the neighbourhood unit. If the the vehicles of the residents are parked on street or in an illegal way it will lead to make the unit congested as the space on road for vehicular movement is occupied by vehicles. Parking facilities: it is not sufficient to provide the roads for smooth runningof vehicles, but it is equally important to provide spaces for parking them. Use of road for parking the vehicles is a common practice in the Indian towns which should not be allowed since it reduces the effective width of the road thereby causing overcrowding, congestion. It is the abuse of road, since its main function is transit of vehicles and not storage even for short time. There are two methods of parking devices such as: On- street parking Off-street parking

On- street parking: Under this we have, Parallel kerb parking: In this method the vehicles are parked along the road side kerbing, parallel to the centre line of the road. Angle parking: In this case, vehicles are parked at 300, 450 and 600 the kerb. It is easy to park and to take off the cars but it occupies more space. Right angle parking: In this case, as the name indicates, the vehicles are parked at right angle to the kerb. It allows maximum number of vehicles to be parked. Off-street parking: In this separate space away from the kerb is provided for parking the vehicles and is known as off-street Page | 9
Figure 5 DEGREE PARKING

parking. It does not produce congestion and delay as in kerb parking. The off-street parking is provided in the

following ways. Parking areas: it is done by providing a separate by-pass entrance and exit by the side of the road. Parking lots: here parking of vehicles is done by the owners of big commercial establishments, cinema theatres for their customers in their own premises or in the basement floors of the buildings.
Figure 6 ANGLE & 90 DEGREE PARKING

Multi-storied parking garages: it is adopted when the parking space is less and also very costly. It is possible to park a number of vehicles by providing multi-storied garages. Here the inter-floor travel facility is provided by means of elevators or ramp. iv)UTILITIES The basic public services like water supply, sewerage drainage and Waste water from all sources residential, commercial and industrial all other area waste water. WATER SUPPLY1:

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water. 97% of water on the Earth is salt water, leaving only 3% as fresh water of which slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polarice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. The origin of all the sources of water is rainfall. When precipitation occurs, part of it may evaporate and return immediately to the atmosphere, a part of it may infiltrate to the soil, and part of it may flow across the surface of the ground. Those accounts for find source and surface of water.

Layout of distribution system: Depending upon their layout and direction of supply, there are four different systems of distribution:
1

Dead-end or tree system Grid iron or loop system Circular or ring system

Birdie, G.S. & Birdie, J.S. (1986)

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Radial system

Grid System this is an improvement over dead-end system. All the dead ends are interconnected. Main line is laid along the main road. Sub- mains are taken in both directions along other minor roads and streets. From these branches are taken out and are inter-connected. This system is also known as reticulated system and is most convenient for towns having rectangular layout of roads. Actually, this system is an improvement over dead-end system. All the dead ends are interconnected with each other and water circulates freely throughout the system. Main line is laid along the main road. Sub mains are taken in both the directions along other minor roads and streets. From these sub-mains branches are taken out and are inter-connected as shown in figure. This system removes all the disadvantages of dead end system. Following are the main advantages of this system: (a) As water is supplied from both the sides to every point, very small area will be affected during repair. (b) Since the water reaches every point from more than one route, the friction losses and the sizes of the pipes are reduces. (c) All the dead ends are completely eliminated, therefore the water remains in continuous flow and there is no stagnation and chance of pollution is reduced to minimum. (d) In case of fire, more quantity of water can be diverted towards the affected area, by closing the valves of nearby localities. Following are the disadvantages of this system: (e) More number of valves and longer length of pipe are required in this system; thereby increase in the overall cost. SEWERAGE SYSTEM:
Figure 7 GRID IRON /LOOP SYSTEM

In every town or city wastes of different types such as house, and street washings, from various industrial processes, semi liquid wastes of human and animal excreta, dry refuse of house and street sweepings, broken furniture, crockery, wastes from industries etc. are produced daily. If proper arrangements for the sewerage system are not made, they will go on accumulating and create such a foul condition that the safety of the structures such as buildings, roads will be danger due to accumulation of spent water and the health of the Page | 11

public will be in danger. All the drinkable water will be polluted. Total insanitary conditions will be developed in the town and in will become possible for the public to live in the towns or cities. Therefore in the interest of community of the town or city it is most essential to design sewerage system and dispose of all the waste products of the city in such a way that it may not cause any havoc to the people residing in the town. Generally there are three methods of collection viz.: 1. Combined system 2. Separated system 3. Partially separate system 1. Combined system: this system as the name suggests, has only one pipe in which both the storm water and the sanitary sewage drains out to. This is especially beneficial in area which have moderate amount of rainfall and dont require separate pipe for its disposal. The size of the main pipe depends upon the amount of discharge generated. This system is particularly used in areas with high density. Some other advantages of
Figure 8 COMBINED SYSTEM

this system are: 1. As only one pipe is laid, lot of money is saved in terms of cost and workmanship. 2. This system is fully functional even when there is no rain. 3. As this system involves only one pipe hence lot of space is saved which can be used for other facilities. 4. This system works excellently in areas having high density. Along with the advantages this system also has some disadvantages which cannot be unlooked such as: - As only one pipe is involved, frequent choking occurs. - Solid sewage may sometimes cause blockages. - It often decomposes and gives notorious smell for which ventilation may be required. - As only one pipe is used the size of the pipe has to be significantly large to accommodate both the sanitary sewage and storm water

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Landscaping: Landscaping means to grow more and more trees to create a healthy living environment and to make unit aesthetically pleasing. It deals with the preservation of natural as well as manmade organic elements, creating vista, avenues, etc. It refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land including living, for exampleflora, fauna and non-living e.g. swings, benches, sculpture etc. B.4) ELEMENTS There are certain elements & features which should be contained in the cluster so that it may reflect itself as a distinct identity. These are as follows: Well-defined Boundary: A cluster unit shall have well defined physical boundary. It might be any natural or manmade feature like a stream, canal, road, and railway track, etc. which separates the site from the rest of the city. It is the boundary which makes people feels safe when they enter their own cluster. Size: cluster unit shall have adequate area & population to support the neighbourhood infrastructure optimally. Size means the total area/ land under the site boundary which is to be developed as a locality/cluster. It is usually calculated in acres or hectares and on the basis of the area of a site, it is decided that, does the site has appropriate size for being developed as a cluster. Shape: The shape of cluster should be such that the remotest corner of the unit shall be easily accessible from any remote corner of neighbourhood unit.It is the element that describes how the cluster actually looks. On the whole it is important to study so as to lay infrastructure on the basis of our objective of optimum utilization of land while designing a locality. Approach to facilities: The facilities provided in the cluster centre should be within 1/2 1 km walking distance from each household.One of the most important things for a site is how easily one can approach to the cluster. It is only useful if it has any access, that is, people can reach there and they do know about the cluster. An area is said to have a good accessibility if transport facilities are easily and frequently available to that area from major landmarks. B.5) PRINCIPLES2 Following are the principles of cluster design: Facilities: the internal planning within a cluster should provide for an orderly arrangement of all those facilities which are to be shared in common with all residents. The grouping of the facilities should be done while keeping in view the convenience of residents. The facilities may include school, temple, club, sport centre, etc. the location of
Rangawala,S.C. (2003)

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such facilities should form a nucleus for the development of local social life of the cluster unit as a whole. Centrality: In this the highly functional areas like commercial, public offices; schools etc are to be centrally located in the cluster so that it can be easily accessible to the residents. The cluster centre should be placed in the centre of cluster both functionally as well as physically to provide accessibility to every individual and to bring whole of the activities in the centre of cluster. Uniformity: The cluster should follow the principle of uniformity i.e. uniformity in terms of distribution of various income groups like HIG, MIG, LIG and EWS in each cluster. Each cluster is to be planned in such way that density in each cluster remains the same. Introvert: The planning should be done by keeping concept of introvert planning in the mind. The commercial activities should be avoided on the outer roads and preferred in the cluster centre to avoid bottlenecks and eliminating through traffic. Balance & Harmony: The cluster should be in harmony with the nature. The landuses must be compatible & in conformity with the norms and standards. Building bye-laws should be followed in every case. No compromise with the quality of lifestyle should be done. Compactness: The residential units are planned in a compact form with the necessary facilities such as schools, parks, playgrounds and crches etc. Safety: The layout of the streets in a cluster should ensure safety from traffic accidents to school going children especially and the population as a whole. The cluster should be bounded on all sides by main streets wide enough to encourage the passing of vehicles around rather than through the unit. Rhythm: Itis achieved when the elements of adesign create a feeling of motion which leads theviewer's eye through or even beyond the designedarea. Tools like colour schemes, line and form can berepeated to attain rhythm in cluster design.Rhythm reduces confusion in the design. Focalization: It involves the leading of visual observation toward a feature by placement of this feature at the vanishing point between radial or approaching lines.

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B. 6)TYPES OF CLUSTER3 There are various types of clusters that are used in housing are: INDEPENDENT CLUSTER: It may be defined as a cluster when surrounded from all sides by vehicular access roads or pedestrians.

Figure 9 Independent Cluster

BACK TO BACK CLUSTER: Clusters when joined back to back will be considered as back to back cluster.

Figure 10 Back To Back Cluster

INTERLOCKING CLUSTER: Clusters when joined at back and on sides with at least one side of a cluster common and having some dwelling units opening onto or access from adjacent cluster.

Figure 11 INTERLOCKING CLUSTER

CUL-DE-SAC CLUSTER: Plots / dwelling units when located along a pedestrianized or vehicular cul-de-sac road will be considered as cul-de-sac cluster.

Figure 12 Cul-De-Sac Cluster

National building code 2005

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 CLOSED CLUSTER: Cluster with only one common entry into cluster open space.

Figure 13 Closed Cluster

OPEN CLUSTER: Cluster where open spaces linked to form a continuous open space can be considered as open cluster.

Figure 14 Open Cluster

B.7) NORMS AND STANDARD Norms and Standards are studied for taken for determine the requirements of various uses of land, facilities required and services, to cater the population which covers accessibility criteria of convenience to residents, while planning a residential area. The site undertaken for this exercise comes in the M.C. limit of the mohali city and it has the title of mega project as suggested by the area factor, i.e. minimum of 55.05 hectare in the guidelines of Punjab Urban planning and Development Authority. So the norms and standards to be followed for this exercise would be as given in the Punjab Urban Development Policies given by Punjab Urban planning and Development Authority. Table 1 For Plotted Development Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Plot area (sq. Yds) up to 100 100 to 150 150 to 200 200 to 300 300 to 500 Site coverage 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% Min. Front set back 5-0 6-0 7-0 10-0 15_0 Height permissible 38-6 38-6 38-6 38-6 38-6 F.A.R 1:2.00 1:1.9 1:1.75 1:1.65 1:1.50

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Above 500

50%

20-0

38-6

1:1.25

Table 2 Size Of The Shops

Type Large shops Medium shops Small shops Booths Mobile shop

Standard Size (Area) 20 ft * 80ft (144 sq mt) 16.5 ft*66 ft (100 sq mt) 10 ft * 30ft (28 sq mt) 8.25 ft * 16.5 ft (11 sq mt) 6ft*8ft(4.46 sq mt)
Table 3 Number Of Shops

Corridor 3 mt 3 mt 3 mt 2.25 mt

Level Cluster Level

Formal Shops 4-5 Shops Per 1000 People

Table 4 Parking

Mobile Shops 2 Per 1000 People

Type Commercial

ECS Required/100 sq mt 2
Table 5 For Institutional

Area of 1 ECS 23

Primary school Creche Ground coverage F.A.R. For primary school Ht. Of primary school Minimum 25% of the site area shall be earmarked as play area.

0.3 hec 0.05 hec 40% 0.75 8m

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Table 6 For Circulation

Roads

Width of road (in mt)

Width of carrige way (in mt) 18 12 8 4

Inner loop roads Internal roads

Table 7 For Water Requirement

Component Residential Commercial Institutional Parks Street Washing Fire fighting Water loss FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM:

Requirement 135 lpcd 45 lpcd 45 lpcd 1.4 l/sq mt/day 1.5 l/ sqmt/ day 1% of total 15% of total

Sewerage =80% of total water supply excluding water for fire fighting , parks and street wash
Table 8 Plot Size

INCOME GROUPS HIG MIG LIG EWS

AREA (SQM) 344-434 218-260 130-174 40-60

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Table 9 Water Supply

Pipe

Area (inches) 12 8 4

Main Submain Distribution

B5.1)Residential
5% of the area of the project shall be earmarked for EWS housing (for simplification of calculations, area is being provided on the basis of gross project area instead of net residential component). 10 % of the flats to be reserved for E.W.S (Constructed size of flat /apartment shall be 20 to 60 sq. mts). The length of the each row of back to back housing should not exceed 150-170 meters. Height of building shall be 71- 6 or as per rules (PUDA Building Rules / Local Government Building Rules) applicable in that area, otherwise as per N.B.C. F.A.R 1.5 or otherwise as permitted by the Empowered Committee and Ground coverage 40 %. Height of building should not be more than the width of front set back + width of front road from where the entry is drawn/ proposed. Side and rear set back not less than 30 or 1/3rd of the height of building whichever is more.

B5.2) Circulation
Internal sector roads shall be 18M and 12M wide. Unless otherwise permitted, one entry from each side of the sector shall be allowed with a minimum width of 18 meters. Major inner loop within the sector shall have a minimum width of 18 meters. Hierarchy of internal roads to be followed within the sector shall be 25 meters, 18 meters and 12 meters. All roads will have carriage way positioned in the centre of the road reservation.

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The width of carriage way shall be as defined in the road cross-sections However, the width of the carriage way to be followed in the internal roads shall be 10 meters in case 25 meters wide shopping street 8 meters in case of 18 meters wide roads and 5 meters wide in case of 12 meters wide street.

Parking proposed in the setbacks shall not include the drive way for calculating the parking space. Convenient shops if provided shall not be on road less than 18M width.

B5.3) Parks and open spaces

Minimum 5% of the project area shall be in form of organized park /playground/green spaces (width of the organized park / playground/green space shall not be less than 50 feet otherwise it shall not be counted in area of organized parks). This are under park / playground/green spaces shall be in addition to open area green / ground in campus of schools and other public building. Minimum side of totlots should be 15 meters. Totlots in each cluster should be at least 1/3 of the size of Cluster Park. One Nursery cum Primary School for a population of 5000 with minimum area of 0.3 Hectare. One crche for a population of 5000 in an area of 0.05 Hectare.

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B.8 COMPONENTS AT AREA AND FLAT LEVEL

A. AREA LEVEL

1) Blocks: Comprise of set of flats in one building having access from common staircases and having a common parking. 2) Circulation: Passage on which movement take place either pedestrian or vehicular. 3) Parking lots: They are provided on road for the parking of vehicles-car, scooter, cycle. 4) Pedestrian pathways: For access to individual blocks. 5) Common open spaces: Open spaces are provided in front of blocks or insides for children play and setting purposes. 6) Commercial: Some daily need shops are provided to fulfill the daily requirements at an accessible distance.

B.

FLAT LEVEL

1) Habitable room: Room which is designed for use of study, living, sleeping, eating excluding water closet, bathrooms, laundries, corridors etc. Minimum area for a habitable room should be 100sq.ft. and a width not less than 9. It should derive its ventilation directly through a verandan from a street or courtyard. Minimum height of room from floor level to ceiling should not be than 9. 2) Kitchen: Space for cooking, directly open to courtyard or outside (external wall. Minimum area should be 64 sq.ft. 3) Parking space: An area to park vehicles.

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4) Balcony: Cantilevered horizontal projection at the floor or roof level from the wall of a building without any vertical support.

B.9 COMPONENTS OF FLAT AND THEIR LOCATION

Table 10 Components of flat and their location

Components
Living room

Location
Near entrance door

Characteristics
4 Accessibility and privacy of other components

Bed room

Not near the entrance

5 Privacy 6 Avoid western sun

Kitchen

Independent

access

7 Hygienic conditions and properly ventilated 8 Properly ventilated

should not face toilet Toilet Near bed room and living room Store Balcony, verandah Near the bed room Should be on the sunny side of the house

9 Convenience, safety 10 For comfort

B.10 ORIENTATION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS4

i) Solar orientation

Living room SE to West Kitchen Bed room Dining area

4

North to South east North east to south west East to south west

HUDco Concept

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Bathroom/toilet Store ii)

Any direction North east to north without external wall

Wind orientation Maximum windows should open towards north-west direction.

iii)

View orientation Opening should towards open areas for view orientation.

B.11 FLAT DESIGNS(HUDCO DESIGN)

The flats are designed for three income groups i.e. MIG, LIG and EWS. For each income group two prototype designs are studied and analyzed on the basis of the following factors: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) i) Cardinal direction Grouping between components Light, ventilation and dampness Circulatory space External housing units Efficiency MIG Flat Design

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Design I Plinth area = 56.6 sq.m Carpet area = 41.72 sq.m

a)

Cardinal direction
Figure 15 MIG block

Positive point: Bed room, according to direction Negative point: Living room and kitchen are not according to cardinal direction. b) Grouping of components

Positive point: Living room near the entrance Negative point: W.C. near the kitchen c) Light, ventilation and dampness Proper light and ventilation is these in this block. d) Circulatory space Common circulatory space for all the flats in one block. e) External housing units One unit is attached to other 3 units. Page | 24

f)

Efficiency 70.7% is the efficiency.

Design II a) Cardinal Direction

Positive point: Kitchen and living room are according to cardinal direction. Negative point: Bed room is not in right direction.
Figure 16 MIG block

b)

Grouping of Components

Negative point: W.C. near the kitchen and bed room is near the main entrance. c) Light, Ventilation and Dampness Proper light and ventilation is there. d) Circulatory Space Common circulatory space for all the flats in a one block. e) External Housing Units One unit is attached to other 3 unit. f) Efficiency Efficiency of the flat is 76.4%. Plinth area = 44.14sq.m Carpet area = 30.54 sq.m

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ii)

LIG Flat Design

Design I Plinth area = 31 sq.m Carpet area = 21.36 sq.m a) Cardinal Direction

Positive point: Kitchen is placed at appropriate position.

Figure 17 LIG flats

Negative point: Living room is not according to cardinal direction. b) c) d) e) f) Grouping of components: Kitchen is directly opposite to NC. Light, ventilation and dampness: Proper light and ventilation is there. Circulatory space: Common circulatory space for all the flats in one block. External housing units: One unit is attached to other 3 units. Efficiency 73.6%

Design II Plinth area Carpet area Efficiency 35.45 sq.mt. 25.36 sq.mt. 76.2%

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a.

Cardinal direction Placement of are not according to

components direction. b.

Grouping of components There is no direct access from

living room and no space for balcony. c. Common circulatory space for
Figure 18 LIG block

all the flats in one block and heaving proper light and ventilation. iii) EWS Flat Design

Design I Plinth area Carpet area Efficiency 19.8 sq.mt. 16.14 sq.mt. 82%

Figure 19 EWS flat

a.

Positive point Balcony is provided and WC is near the bedroom.

b.

Negative point Room and kitchen are not according to cardinal direction.

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Design II Plinth area Carpet area 37 sq.mt. 26.11 sq.mt.

Efficiency -------------70.4% a. Positive point

Figure 20 EWS flat

Living room and kitchen are according to cardinal direction. b. Negative point There is no balcony and WC is directly to opposite to kitchen.

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B12) GENERAL OBJECTIVES

1. Optimum utilization of resources This is a very essential objective that has to be achieved as the resources are limited especially land, so the design should make the optimum use of the resources available.

2. Safety of residents, especially children Milk booth should be in the cluster itself. So that even children can easily approach them. Tot- lots should be provided adjacent to the houses, so that the mother can keep an eye on her children. Safe pathways should be provided for old and handicapped people.

3. Convenience to residents, especially housewives Roads should be easily accessible for each flat or plot and mode of transportation should be easily available at any point of time. Convenient shops should be there so that housewives can easily approach them for their daily needs. The convenient distance is between 1-2 km. 4. Aesthetically pleasing design Vistas should be created by planting huge trees along the entrance of the cluster. The view of the natural feature for e.g. Ponds, lake, or scene of hills can be exploited to make the unit aesthetically pleasing. Proper landscaping with hard and soft elements should be done so that it appeals the eyes of the residents. Swastika pattern in case of plots can be achieved. 5. Efficient network system (Circulation & Water supply) The network system like circulation and water supply should be efficient. In case of circulation, all the buildings should be accessible from each and every corner of the cluster. In case of water supply, drinkable water should be available to every house present in the cluster.

6. Healthy living environment Pollution free environment should be enhanced. Trees such as Alstonia should be planted along main roads to reduce noise pollution. Also jetrufa trees can be planted along the STP for the absorption of foul smell. Buildings should be oriented as per sun, wind and view orientation so as to provide them with proper ventilation.

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B.13 GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: PLOTTED DEVLOPMENT:

1. Row housing should be provided. 2. Orientation of plots should be such that they should face minimum west sun. 3. Set- backs should be provided. 4. Plots should have access to atleast 12m wide road.

FLATTED DEVLOPMENT:
1. External privacy sholud be ensured by minimising the entrance of other units close by or side-by side. 2. Blocks should be arranged in cul-de-sac pattern. 3. Mass space relationship should be followed in different blocks. 4. Basement parking should be provided or parking should be provided at ground floor. CONVENIENT SHOPPING

1. Formal shops and informal shops should be provided near the cluster center. 2. Corridors and parking should be provided infront of shops. CIRCULATION

1. Hierarchy of roads to be followed 2. T-junction to be preffered over cross junction. 3. Access roads to be provided to all the blocks. FACILITIES AND SERVICES

1. Primary school should be placed on 18m wide road. 2. All the facilities should be placed at the center. PARKS AND OPEN SPACES

1. Private and semi- private open spaces to be provided for plots and flats. 2. Cluster park to be placed at proper distance.

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UTILITIES

1. Hierarchy of pipes to be maintained. 2. Man holes to be placed at 30m distance. 3. Loop and dead end systems are respectively followed in sewerage and water supply system.

Figure 21 Cul-De-Sac Pattern

Figure 22 Mass Space Relationship

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SECTION C SITE ANALYSIS

C1- SITE AND ITS LOCATION A. Basis for Choosing This Cluster
Cluster 3 is choosing from the neighbourhood site. The reason is for choosing this cluster is that the shape of the other cluster is regular so the adjustment of flats and plots would be easier so to learn how to design an irregular shaped site, this cluster has been selected for development. And this cluster has maximum developable area

Figure 23 Location Of Cluster In Neighbourhood Unit

B. Site Location: The cluster 3 is a part of sector -89 which is a proposed residential area according to mohali master plan.. The cluster 3 has been accessed from 25m wide road from inside the cluster two side as according to zonal plan The cluster is located in the south-west direction of the neighbourhood. The clusters aborting landuse is also residential as it is located near sector-96 which is a proposed residential sector..

C. Location advantage: The neighbourhood road runs partially along the cluster boundary so that cluster could be easily accessed to Proposed road The cluster is vicinage to neighbourhood commercial area which located near which is highly accessible for the people of cluster for shopping.

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Neighbourhood park has been provided at 0.12 km away from the cluster so that people could spend their leisure time. The cluster contains 2 religious site & 1 bank which serves the whole neighbourhood which could as help in serving the cluster. Other components like higher secondary school is provided at 0.1km which is placed near to the site so that it provide convenience for the students to walk to school , dispensary is at 0.3 km from the site so that in case of emergency patient could be provide treatment as fast as possible. D. Location disadvantage: 1) The site is away from the sewerage treatment plant so there would a problem in disposing sewage and it would more pipe to take the sewage this will increase the cost of the project. 2) Side is very irregular in shape which while cause many problem while planning. 3) The location of EGS & ESS is away which problem while supplying electricity to the site. E. Onsite Characteristics: Slope of the cluster is towards SW-NE direction so the water & sewerage will flow towards NW direction. Presence of intra-cluster roads to connect with main neighbourhood inters cluster road provided better accessibility to the residents. As this is an agricultural land so the site is fit for residential development and there will be no hindrance to the construction of housing. As this site is irregular in shape so the problem in the shape is there.

F. Surroundings The cluster shares boundary with Cluster 1. It also has neighborhood park and secondary school as its abutting boundary.

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Table 11 Surrounding of the cluster and its components direction

SURROUNDINGS Senior Secondary School Neighbourhood Park Cluster 1 Community Centre

DIRECTION East East North-East South-West

Proposed Road

West

G. Demographic features: Some demographic features are related to the all clusters are as following: Distribution of Clusters
Table 12 Cluster population

Area (Hec) Cluster population

Table 13 Demographic aspect

14.9 5 6900 All income groups

Avg. family size

Population 2656 4713 6900 4010

Cluster Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4

Area( in hec) 4.9 7.8 14.9 7.4

Population Income Group

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C2 Physiographic and Climatic Details

Moreover on site features are studied to know the potential and problem of the site. On site feature include characteristics of topography, temperature, rainfall, wind, direction, vegetation and direction existing man made features which will be discussed with their impact on land use m circulation, utility and landscape plan. The study of surrounding features help in knowing the compatibility of different land uses with the site.

1) Soil Characteristics
Soil is one of the important factors which affects the development pattern and controls the height of buildings within the area as per the bearing capacity of the soil, moreover plantation/ landscaping in the area is determined by the soil type.The type of soil on the site is alluvial soil. Almost in the whole city soil type is same. The soil bearing capacity of soil is 1018 kg/cm so multi storied construction on the site is not possible, construction only up to 4-5 storeys will be permitted in the area. Trees should be planted along the roads, which also add to the aesthetics. Moreover, more open spaces will help to make ground water stable.

Figure 24 Soil Characteristics

2) Rainfall
It is maximum in month of june,july and august as at this time there is a monsoon season and minimum in the months of oct,nov,dec,and march.

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So rain water harvesting should be done in all the buildings high raining months so as to compensate the low raining months.

Graph no. 1
3) Water table More trees can be planted to increase in water percolation. Also it will determine the depth of foundations of the buildings and the type of trees, plants, shrubs and the vegetation to be planted for the composition of natural environment in the cluster. Sewerage water after treatment at STP can be poured in parks instead of fresh water for the proper utilization of ground water.

Graph no. 2
4) Temperature Buildings should be planned while considering the temperature of that area so as to avoid the western sun. Road alignment in North West direction and fewer roads should face east direction to avoid glare of sun. Shady trees planted along the buildings will help to reduce temperature and make a comfortable environment. Also this data helps us to think that what type of landscaping, trees, and plantation should be done so that effect of heat to the building can be reduced. Page | 36

Graph no. 3 5) Wind direction The prevalent wind direction is from North West to south east. Natural advantage of air should be taken which will be helpful in self-cleaning of roads, promote pedestrianization and also helps to keep environment clean and cool. Trees should be planted so that they should not become barrier for incoming breezes.From the diagram it is clear that wind flows in NW-SE and as per this direction placement of different components in the site will be done as per the polluting and non polluting units. Roads can also be placed as per the wind direction, so that self-cleaning of the roads takes place, similarly landscaping of the area will be done keeping in mind the wind direction. I.e. to avoid unnecessary wind by planting trees this will act as wind breakers.

Figure 25 Wind Direction

6) Sun orientation The buildings in the area should be placed as per the sun orientation as this plays prime role in the environment of the area. So to place different components as per sun orientation e.g. Road facing east, west should be avoided as glare increases in the evening.

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E
Figure 26 Orientation Of Plots

Location of the building should be determined by the sun orientation. Maximum number of buildings should be placed in 30 60 degree north and 15-20 degree east, as this is the best direction to place different activities in the site. 7) Humidity So for lowering down the humidity content the planning should be done in accordance to orientation of wind for cross ventilation. During the months of july, august there is heavy precipitation in the area so that will keep the moisture in air so trees with narrow leaves can be planted to absorb the excess of moisture.

Graph no. 4 (average monthly humidity)

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SECTION D ASSUMPTIONS & REQUIREMENTS

D.1 ASSUMPTIONS
For residential area: Total area of Cluster-3= 14.9 hectares (given) Population density:300 PPH(Mohali master plan) Average family size=5 (Mohali master plan)

D.2REQUIREMENTS
Table 14 Population Composition

Category

Population (Given) (D1)

D.U.R. (Mohali Master Plan) 1:1.3 1:1.4 1:1.3 1:00 -

HIG M.I.G L.I.G E.W.S Total

1910 2375 1650 965 6900

30 40 30

100

Table 15 Assumptions for the flats

Category

Block Height

Flats Per Floor

Total Flats In One Block 18 24 15 10

Flat Size (Sq. Mts) 185 130 111 60

Plot Size (Sq. Mts) 334 167 125 80

Dimension (Mts)

H.I.G M.I.G L.I.G E.W.S

9 8 5 5

2 3 3 2

23.13X14.44 14.6X9.5 14.16X11.46 11.32X7.07

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Table 16 Demographic details

` Avg. Family Size (D2) No. Of Households (D1/D2= D3) No.Of Plots (Assumed) No.Of Flats (Assumed) No.Of Blocks Area Under Plots (Sq.mt) Area Under Blocks (Sq.mt) Area (Hectares)

H.I.G MIG LIG EWS

5 5 5 5

382 475 330 193

58 115 106 28

1.3 1.4 1.3 1

45 82 81 28

334*45=15030 167*82=13694 125*81=10125 80*28=2240

185*18=3330 130*15=1950 111*15=1665 60*11=660

1.83 1.56 1.17 0.29

Table 17 Covered area of blocks

Category Ground Area Under Flat (Sq. Mt) Circulation Space (Sq. Mt) 20% Of Flat Area Covered Area Of Block (Sq.mt)

H.I.G

185*4=740 130*4=520 111*4=444 60*4=240

0.2*740=148 0.2*520=104 0.2*444=88 0.2*240=48

740+148=888 520+104=624 444+88=532 240+48=288

MI.I.G

L.I.G E.W.S

Table 18 Land use composition Aspect Housing Commercial Public-Semi Public Incidental and circulation Organized parks
Total

Area (Hectare) 4.85 1.35 0.24 6.28 1.37

% Composition 41 0.42 1.23 25.84 31.51

100

14.09

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Table 19 Commercial area S.NO Component Area required for 5000 1 Formal Sector people for 1000 people ,mobile shops required Area of shop Area under 4 both sectors ECS per 100 sq mt of covered 5 Parking area Area of 6 parking 23 345 2 15ECS 2096.7 16 1500 2070 No.Of Shops Standards Area (sq.m)

2 3

Informal Sector

1 4.46

4.45 26.7

Table 20 Parks and open spaces Type Cluster park Std 1/5000 people Area std(in hec) 0.4

Table 21 Public And Semi Public Categories Nursery Cum Primary School Creche Total Area(In hec) 1.06 0.038 1.35

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Table 22 For Water Supply

PURPOSE STANDARD ASSUMPTION REQUIREMENT (LITRES)

RESIDENTIAL

75-135 LPCD

135 LPCD

931500

CONVENIENT SHOPS

10 LPCd

2 PERSONS IN 1 SHOP 1980

CRCHE/ SCHOOL

45 LPCD

500 CHILDREN IN ONE SCHOOL 11250

PARKS

1.4L/SQ.MT/DAY

38700 SQ. MT OF GREEN AREA

50640

TOTAL

995370

Water for fire fighting = 1 % of total =9953.7

Water losses = 15 % of total =149305.5 Total water requirement =1154629.2. Water for firefighting = 1 % of total requirement=6684.5 liters Water losses = 15 % of total requirement =100267.5 liters

Therefore, total water requirement=106952 liters SEWERAGE: 80% of water supply (excluding water loss, in parks, street washing and fire fighting. ) =80% of 944730 =755784

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SECTION E
SPECIFIC PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION
E.1. Housing Back to back and row housing to be given for optimum utilization of land. Plots to be arranged in the swastika pattern as it ensures safety and security. Corner plots to be larger in size than the other plots so as to minimize incidental open spaces and form vision triangle. Mass space relationship to be followed. The calculated distance between the blocks as per the angle of 45 degree is 6m approx. Detached and semi-detached housing also to be provided incase of hig as they can easily afford these plots.
Figure 28 Cul-De-Sac Pattern Figure 27 Swastika Pattern

Blocks to be arranged in cul-de-sac pattern with tot lot in the centre and each block having proper access.

N
Maximuim plots would be facing the totlots All residential plots will be placed along the 12m road.

E
Figure 29 Block orientation

Hig blocks will be oriented at N-E direction for purpose of light according to

Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). Hig block are to be placed 10m away from roads because so that the pollution does not effect them according to Indian Green Building Council(IGBC) Page | 43

Mig blocks to be oriented in N-W and N-E direction. Ews blocks to be oriented in N-W direction.

E.2. Commercial Parking space to be provided in front of shops. 45 degree parking to be provided in front of shops. 16 formal and 5 informal shop are to be provided to fulfill the daily needs of the

residents. The shops are provided at 18m wide roads so that things are made easily accessible to all and congestion could be avoided. E.3. Circulation Different hierarchy of roads to be followed like 30m wide main road, 25m wide neighborhood road, 18m wide road emerging from the neighborhood, 15m wide inter cluster road and 12m wide access roads. 2m footpath is to be provided for insuring the safety of pedestrian. Cross junctions to be minimized due to the maximum
Figure 30 T- Junction

number of conflicting points in them . T-junctions and staggered junctions have been preferred for the free flow of the traffic. Minimum junction-junction distance is 25m, All the blocks and plots to be provided access from sufficiently wide 12m road. No through traffic is allowed through this area
Figure 31 Junction To Juction Distance

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Long roads to be avoided as vehicles carry speed on a larger stretch of road which is not safe for a residential area.

E.4. Public/semi public Primary school to be provided in the cluster centre which is easily accessible to all the residents. Creche is to be placed adjoining to primary school. Main entrance to the primary school to be provided from access roads as it ensures safety for the children. Facilities to be easily approachable from all sides of the cluster. 40% of total area of the school is under covered area ,rest is under parking and playground. E.5. Parks & open spaces Hierarchy of parks to be followed i.E. The cluster park in the cluster and the tot lots to be provided. Tot lots to be provided adjacent to the flats and plots for small children so that they can play. The blocks to be placed after providing 3m green area from the road for ensuring safety. Incidental open spaces are there due to the irregular shape of the site. Buffer area to be provided along with the roads and helps in proper utilization of land. E.6.Landscaping Cluster park is to be landscaped with hard and soft elements. Trees are to be planted according to their foliage. Trees like alustronia and gulmohar trees are planted on the 18 m wide road so as to provide shade. Page | 45

E.7. Utilities Man holes to be provided at 30m distance. Loop pattern to be followed in case of water supply.
Figure 32 Distance Between The Two Sewer

The hierarchy of pipes to be followed in water supply 12inch,8inch and 4 inch. Dead end pattern are there in sewerage network.i.e.24 inch,18inch,8inch

E.8.ADOPTED FLAT DESIGNS For different income groups, the flats are proposed as per their requirements. A. HIG Flat Design

Figure 33 HIG FLAT ADOPTED

CONSIDERATIONS
1.Both of the bedroom are provide at backside for keeping the privacy of the two rooms. 2)Both of the rooms are provide with attach balcony with windows for light and ventilation purpose. Page | 46

3)Master bedroom has been provided with separate dressing area for dressing in front of toilet. 4)Dining room has been located in the center and next to kitchen so that food could be served fast. 5)Living area has been provided at the enterance so that guest could affect the privacy of the other components of the flats. 6)The servant room has been provided with separate enterance so that it does not affect the privacy of the whole flat. 7)The balcony has been attached with the servant room so that the servant is easily accessible to kitchen without disturbing the living room of the flat.

B.

MIG flat design

Figure 34 MIG FLAT ADOPTED

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CONSIDERATIONS
1)Both of the bedroom are provide at backside for keeping the privacy of the two rooms. 2)Both of the bedroom have been provided with attach toilet. 3)Whole flat has one long balcony so that it could be served for different purposes like drying up of clothes and for sitting purposes. 4)One toilet has been provided with two enterance so that it could serve from both side. 5)Dining room has been located in the center and next to kitchen so that food could be served fast and there is no delay. 6)Living area has been provided at the enterance so that guest could affect the privacy of the other components of the flats. 7)The flat has been provide with the study room for children and also so that it could serve as guest room in case the guest comes. 8)The kitchen is provided at the enterance so that it is convient to serve both areas living area and dining room but always kept near to dining area. 9) The whole flats has been provide with windows so to make the flat energy efficient.

C.

LIG flat design

Figure 35 LIG FLAT ADOPTED

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CONSIDERATION
1)The flat is designed in a way so that it does not affect the privacy of the bedroom. 2)The toilet has been kept at the west side of the flat and provide with the two enterance so that the toilet could be used from both sides. 3)The flat has been provided with the storeroom so that people could use this for storeage purpose and it located at the side of the flat so that room is left undistrubed. 4)Dining room and living room are attached so that the usability of both of the rooms could be improved. 5)Kitchen has been provided in u- shape so to increase the usability of the area. 6)Kitchen has not been provide with enterance wall for reducing the tightness and kitchen should becomes more spaces 7) One balcony has been provided near kitchen because the sun moves from east to west and goes from via south so that area has maximum time of sun so that why there balcony has been provided. 8) The whole flats has been provide with windows so to make the flat energy efficient.

. D EWS flat design

Figure 36 Ews Flat Adopted

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CONSIDERATION
1)The flat is designed in a way so that it does not affect the privacy of the bedroom. 2)The two bedroom have been provided from creating health living environment and good environment. 3)Living area and dining area are provide together so that more area the could be saved. 4)Kitchen has been provided in u- shape so to increase the usability of the area. 5)Kitchen has not been provide with enterance wall for reducing the tightness and kitchen should becomes more spaces. 6)Only one bathroom has been provide and in the center so that it is accessible for all rooms 7)No balcony has been provided because the balcony is not the main component of the flat to save the costof the project no balcony has been provided here. 8) The whole flats has been provide with windows so to make the flat energy efficient and proper ventilated

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SECTION-F FINAL PROPOSAL

F.1 PROPOSED LANDUSE
F.1.1 RESIDENTIAL About 34.24% of the total area is under residential use (refer map no. residential area consists of two types of dwelling units plots and flats. The flats for HIG,MIG,LIG and EWS have been given along the main neighbourhood road towards the east (Refer Map No. ). The flats have been provided in the form of blocks where each block consists of 18 flats. The area of one block is 368 sqm. The blocks are arranged around culs-de-sac to ensure privacy and prevent through traffic. The mass space relationship between the blocks has been maintained as the distance between them is kept equal to the height of the blocks. This ensures the provision of light and ventilation to the residents thus maintaining healthy living conditions. Area of the cluster is 17.59 hectare and developable area is 14.09 hectare. HIG flats are provided near the neighbourhood park so that neighbourhood park is easily accessible to them.. LIG flats are kept together with ews flats to the social balance between them HIG plots are provided near to cluster park Area of plot Income group HIG MIG LIG EWS Plot Size(sq m) 334 167 125 80 ). The

Golden mean ratio 1:1.6 has been followed in each case plot. . The plots have access from one side only. The plots along the Page | 51
Figure 37 Landuse Distribution

neighbourhood collector roads have not been given access from those roads to ensure safety of the residents from fast moving vehicles.

F.1.2 COMMERCIAL The commercial area consists of twenty convenience shops located in the cluster centre. These shops are of daily need items like fruits and vegetables etc. These shops cater to the basic, everyday needs of the residents therefore they have been located centrally so that they are easily accessible from all parts of the cluster. A pavement has also been provided along the shopping frontage for the convenience of the people.

F.1.3 PUBLIC AND SEMI PUBLIC The public/semi public component consists of a primary school and crche. The primary school has been located centrally so that it is easily accessible from all parts of the cluster. Only 40% of the schools are is built up. The rest of it consists of the parking and playground. Parking has been provided inside the schools boundary so that theres no traffic congestion when the school starts or gets over. The crche has been provided along the school. If the parents have to drop off their child at the crche before going to work, it is best to locate it centrally so that it is easily accessible from all parts of the cluster. Proper parking space has been provided for the people coming to leave their children at the crche.

F.1.4 CIRCULATION Proper hierarchy of roads has been followed in order to have an efficient circulation system (refer map no. ).

Proper access to the houses has been provided. Care has been taken to give the openings of houses on one side only. The blocks have been arranged around culs-de-sac to ensure the provision of light and ventilation and to prevent through traffic. This is done for the safety of the residents.

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F.2 PROPOSED CIRCULATION

The road network is laid out in the grid-iron pattern. In this pattern roads run parallel to one another and cut each other at right angles (refer map no. This pattern has a lot of advantages :
(a) If a series of continuous parallel streets is provided, it results into considerable increase in traffic capacity. (b) (c) It is very convenient due to its regular nature. It results in economic construction as the area between streets can be divided into

).

suitable rectangular plots. (d) The wastage of land is minimized as there are no irregular portions to be left out. This

pattern is especially suitable for a flat or level site without any predominant natural features. Proper hierarchy of the roads is followed according to their function and width.
Table 23 Width Of the Roads

Road Inter Cluster (V3) Intra cluster (V4) Access Roads (V5) Pathways (V6)

Width (in meters) 25 18 10 3

The provision of roads in a hierarchical order results in an efficient and smooth flow of traffic. Only two entries have been provided into the cluster from the neighbourhood roads in an effort to discourage through traffic and hence to ensure the safety of residents (refer map No. ). The blocks have been arranged around culs-de-sac. The advantages of culs-de-sac are : (a) (b) (c) land. (d) They reduce the nuisance of dust, noise and the danger of through traffic to a They afford a reasonable amount of privacy to homes. They provide quiet and healthy sites for homes. They facilitate the preparation of a layout consisting of irregularly shaped plots of

minimum Page | 53

F.3 PROPOSED UTILITY NETWORKS

The water supply network is laid out in the grid iron pattern along the road network (refer map no. ). Pipes are connected at intervals at streets intersections. Water is supplied from OHR present in neighbour hood park.
Table 24 For diaii meter of sewerage

Pipe Supply main Sub main Service Pipe

Dia (in) 24 18 8

The supply mains are the pipes which carry water from a pumping station or reservoir to another main. A supply main should not be used for supplying water to the consumers directly. Sub mains form the links between supply mains and service pipes which are used to supply water to the house or consumers meter. Supply mains should be laid with a cover to provide protection from the superimposed loads due to traffic. Water supply is provided from the underoverhead reservoir in Cluster A. The system of sewerage is provided. In this system one sewer is provided for the removal of sewage and sullage. A separate drainage system is laid down for rain water for rain water harvesting. The sewerage / drainage system is laid down according to the slope of the site which is towards south of the area. Manholes are provided at a distance of 150 m to provide access for inspection and cleaning. The electricity and telephone lines are laid underground to avoid mesh of wires which can result in a bad visual impression and unsafe conditions due to short circuiting etc. The streetlights are provided at a distance of 20 m and all the lights are solar lights. The streets should be properly illuminated by street lights to enable the vehicles and pedestrians to move safely on streets and to discourage illegal actions and anti-social activities.

Page | 54

Figure 38 Cross Section Of The Water And Sewage

F.4 PROPOSED LANDSCAPING

Trees like barna, bara campa have been planted along roads so that they get maximum shade (refer map no. ).

Trees like Gulmohur and Amaltas have been planted in parks and tot-lots due to their aesthetic value. Asoka trees are planted along the pathways in parks and tot-lots. Gulmohar A medium sized, fast growing tree with an umbrella like crown of finely cut, bright green foliage and beautiful red flowers (refer table no. ). Amaltas A moderate-sized tree with long brown fruits. It bears beautiful yellow coloured hanging flowers. This has given it the name of Golden Shower (refer table no. ). Ashoka A beautiful, evergreen shady tree. Usually planted to define pathways etc.Poplar trees have been planted in the buffer as they have big leaves and can absorb noise pollution.

Page | 55

Table 25 Foliage Of The Trees

NAME OF TREES ALSTONIA BARNA ASHOKA GULMOHAR AMALTAS BARA CAMPA

FOLLIAGE(FT) HEIGHT(FT) CHARACTERSTICS 15 25 SHADY SHADY 20 20 ORNAMENTAL 3 18 ORNAMENTAL 20 25 ORNAMENTAL 15-20 25-30 ORNAMENTAL 18 2 ORNAMENTAL

The parks and tot-lots have been provided with opportunities for both active and passive recreation. Benches have been given for sitting and pathways have been given for e walking. Swings, slides etc. have been provided for the children to play.

Page | 56

APPENDIX-I TERMINOLOGIES
Amenities: Means Roads, Streets, Open Spaces, Parks, Recreational Grounds, Playgrounds, Gardens, Water Supply, Electric Supply, Street Lighting, Drainage,

Sewerage, Public Works And Other Utilities, Communication Network, Surface And Convenience. (Arnold Whitik Encyclopedia Of Urp)

Apartments: Apartment/Flats shall means residential buildings constructed in a detached or semi-detached manner being designed as ground floor plus more upper floors and constructed as separated dwelling unit with common staircase. whitik Encyclopedia of urp) (Arnold

Building line :the line up to which the plinth of a building adjoining a street or an extension of street or on a future street may lawfully extend.

Block : A building containing several separate flats , each with an independent entry approached from a common interference, staircase, lift, or balcony, and sharing other services and services. (Encyclopedia Of Urp)

Built Up Area : An area occupied by buildings, where system of street light is required. (Arnold whitik Encyclopedia Of Urp)

Page | 57

Back To Back Housing :Kind of housing in which two row housing lines are joined from back and side walls are shared with surrounding structures (S.K. Kulshrestha)

Clusters : A group of generally up to maximum 20 plots or dwelling units arranged around a group open space. (S.K. Kulshrestha)

Corner Site- A site located at the junction of and fronting on two or more intersecting roads. (S. K. Kulshrestha)

Cul-de-sac cluster- A dead end street with appropriately designed area at the end for turn around. (S. K. Kulshrestha)

Convenient Shops : Shops selling convenience goods and located within walking distance. (By S K Kulshrestha,

Dictionary Of Urp)

Conceptual Plan : A preliminary plan/ design giving the schedule of requirements, general approach, and alternative concepts / solutions for the consideration of the client and his comments and suggestions. Urp) (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of

Circulation :It provides linkages between different land uses. The single most important element in the city affecting residential area of the cites is the pattern of street layout. Road hierarchy to be followed is sub arterial, collector road and access road.

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Covered Area: The Area of plot expressed as % of total plot area, that is permitted to be covered and built upon and includes the ground area covered by the buildings immediately above plinth level and does not include garden, pool, well or any portion open to sky. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)

Density : Density means in ordinary language in the number of objects, houses, rooms, persons etc. Per unit of space. Unit for density is person per unit area. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)

Detached Building :Detached Building means a building with walls and roofs independent of any other building and with open spaces on all sides.

Design : Conceptualization of a thought and its planning architectural and engineering details through plan s elevations, section and other graphic presentation as required for its implementation. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp).

Dwelling Density : It may be defined as dwellings/ unit area of net residential area. (Arnold whitik encyclopedia of urp)

Flat : A complete dwelling unit with independent entrance for one household within a group housing complex containing similar such units (S.K..Kulshrestha)

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) : The quotient obtained by dividing the total covered area (plinth area) on all floors by the area of the plot: FAR= Total covered area of the floors ( National Building Code Of India

2005 ) Plot area Facility : In urban planning, A premises where health care , educational , socioculture and recreational activities take place. (By S K kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)

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Group Housing Housing for more than one Dwelling unit, where land is owned jointly (as in the Case of co-operative societies or the public agencies, Such as local authorities or housing boards, etc) and The construction is underta$+n by one agency.

( National Building Code Of India 2005 )

Landscape : Comprises the visible features of an area of land, including the physical elements of landforms, water bodies such as rivers, lakes and the sea, living elements of land cover including vegetation, human elements including land uses, building and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)

Junction : A place serving as an interchange point where two or more roads meets. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp) Parking : A place open or covered owned by a local body , private agency or an individual , used for parking of vehicles with or without parking charges. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)

Residential Area : Residential area constitutes the basic issue of the urban system, occupying the major part of the town territory and forming the environment in which the urban population spends most of his life. (MC BRANCH )

Totlot : An outdoors or safe play facility for children of less than 10 years of age , located in a residential area serving a population of about 250 persons. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)

Utilities : The basic public services like water supply, sewerage, drainage and electricity supply in a settlement. Dictionary Of Urp) (ByS. Kulshrestha,

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Birdie G.S., Birdie J.S., (1992); Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering. Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi. CPHEEO, Manual on water supply and treatment, Ministry of works and housing, New Delhi. Davis Earnest(1952), Transport Planning Practice, E. Arnold and Co. London,. Kulshrestha. S.K. (2006) Dictionary of Urban And Regional Planning. Kalpaz Publishers, New Delhi. Kadyali, L.R. (2008). Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning, Khanna Publishers, Delhi. Puri, G.S. and Jain, S.K.. Road side plantation, urban and rural planning through, Vol-1(2) School of Town and country planning, New Delhi.

Richard utter man(1991) , Cluster planning and cluster housing, London Gallion. A.B. (1984) The Urban Pattern, C.B.S.Publishers, New Delhi

William h. Whyte (2005), Cluster planning, London http/:www. Wikipedia/drainage pattern/org. http/:www.eldoradocountyweather.com

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