Академический Документы
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Contents
Introduction
Forward Company Overview What is Torque? Recommended Values
4 - 10
2 4-5 6-8 9 - 10
Introduction
4-10
Torque Wrenches Torque Multipliers Measurement & Calibration
Torque Wrenches
TruTorque Wrenches Professional Torque Wrenches Slimline Torque Wrenches Industrial Torque Wrenches Accessories and Spares Electrode Torque Wrenches
11 - 31
12 - 15 16 - 23 24 - 25 26 - 27 28 - 30 31
11-31
32-63
Global Service
64-91
Index
92-101
Contact Details
102-104
105
Torque Multipliers
Handtorque multipliers Pneumatic multipliers Accessories Torque Reaction
32 - 63
32 - 39 40 - 57 58 - 61 62 - 63
64 - 91
64 65 - 73 74 - 81 82 83 84 - 85 86 - 89 90 - 91
Global Service
Norbar UK Norbar Australia Norbar USA Norbar China Norbar New Zealand Norbar Singapore
92 - 101
92 - 93 94 - 95 96 - 97 98 - 99 100 101
www.norbar.com
Global Service
Norbar is the only torque equipment manufacturer to be able to offer tool and instrument recalibration services to the original factory standard at five locations on four continents. The accredited laboratories in Australia, USA and Singapore use the same equipment and procedures as the factorys UKAS accredited laboratory in the UK. A further Norbar laboratory is now in operation in Shanghai, China with government accreditation expected in 2009. In addition to this, most of Norbars distributors offer repair and recalibration services and several have calibration accreditation by their local standards organisations. Please see the web site for further detail of Norbars global distributor network: www.norbar.com.
Introduction
The regional head office in the United States has a wealth of experience in the supply and service of Norbar products and has expertise in the customisation of products for particular applications. Willoughby is the location of our NVLAP accredited torque calibration laboratory. For full details, see pages 96 and 97.
Calibration Laboratory
www.norbar.com
What is Torque?
Torque is any force or system of forces that tends to cause rotation about an axis.
Measurement of Torque
Imagine someone tightening a bolt using a socket attached to a meter long bar. If they apply 10 kg of force (kgf) perpendicular to the bar they will produce a torque of 10 kgf.m at the axis (the centre of the bolt). However, under the S.I. system of measurement, force is expressed in Newtons (N) rather than kgf. The conversion between kgf and N is x 9.807 so the person is applying 98.07 N.m of torque.
2m 1m
100 N
100 N
Torque = Force x Distance Example 1: Distance = 1 m, Force = 100 N,Torque = 100 N.m. Example 2: Distance = 2 m, Force = 100 N,Torque = 200 N.m. Example 3: Distance = 1 ft, Force = 100 lbf,Torque = 100 lbf.ft (or 100 ft.lb)
Bolt Tension
When an assembly is clamped by tightening a nut and bolt, the induced tension causes the bolt to stretch. An equal force acts to compress the parts which are thus clamped. The proof load of a bolt, normally established by test, is the load which just starts to induce permanent set also known as the yield point. Typically bolts are tightened to between 75% and 90% of yield.
Torque
Force
Tension in bolt
Introduction
Friction under the bolt head Friction in the threads Useful work to tension bolt
Given that up to 90% of the applied torque will be lost to friction, it follows that any changes in the coefficient of friction resulting from differences in surface finish, surface condition and lubrication can have a dramatic effect on the torque versus tension relationship. Some general points can be made: Most torque tightened joints do not use washers because their use can result in relative motion between the nut and washer or the washer and joint surface during tightening.This has the effect of changing the friction radius and hence affects the torque-tension relationship. Where a larger bearing face is required then flange nuts or bolts can be used. If washers are to be used, hard washers with a good fit to the shank of the bolt give lower and more consistent friction and are generally to be preferred. Degreasing fasteners of the film of oil usually present on them as supplied will decrease the tension for a given torque and may result in shear of the fastener before the desired tension is achieved. Super lubricants formulated from graphite, molybdenum disulphide and waxes result in minimal friction. Unless allowance is made in the specified tightening torque, the induced tension may be excessive causing the bolt to yield and fail. However, used in a controlled manner, these lubricants serve a useful purpose in reducing the torque to produce the desired tension meaning that a lower capacity tightening tool can be used. For reasons of appearance or corrosion resistance, fasteners Surface condition of bolt may be plated. These treatments affect the coefficient of friction and therefore the torque versus tension Untreated Zinc Cadmium Phosphate relationship. Untreated 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.90 Friction is often deliberately introduced into the fastener to reduce the possibility of loosening due to vibration. Devices Zinc 1.15 1.20 1.35 1.15 such as lock-nuts must be taken into account when establishing the correct tightening torque.
Surface condition of nut
Cadmium 0.85 0.70 0.60 0.90 0.65 0.55 1.20 0.70 0.65 1.00 0.75 0.55 Phosphate and oil Zinc with wax
As a rough guide, the calculated tightening torque should be multiplied by the factor from the table opposite according to surface treatment and lubrication.
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Tightening to Yield
Bolts tightened to yield provide consistently higher preloads from smaller diameter bolts.The reduced fastener stiffness reduces the fatigue loading to which the bolt is subjected under repeated external load reversals, e.g. cylinder heads and connecting rods. In theory, a bolt tightened to its yield point will provide the strongest and most fatigue-resistant joint possible, within the physical limitations of the bolt material and manufacturing process. Down side of this method is the cost of the sophisticated equipment necessary to determine when the bolt goes into yield.
If lubrication is to be applied to the nut/bolt, multiply the recommended torque by the appropriate factor shown in the table on page 7. Alternatively, use the Torque/Tension Calculator on the Norbar website which enables fastener and friction conditions to be modified with ease.
4.6
0.07 0.14 0.29 0.51 0.95 2.28 3.92 9.48 19.1 32.6 52 79.9 110 156 211 270 398 540 734 944 1226 1518 1900 2288 2947 3650 4538 5466 6617
5.6
0.09 0.18 0.36 0.63 1.19 2.85 4.91 11.9 23.8 40.7 65 99.8 138 195 264 337 497 675 917 1180 1532 1898 2375 2860 3684 4562 5673 6833 8271
5.8
0.11 0.24 0.48 0.84 1.59 3.8 6.54 15.8 31.8 54.3 86.6 133 183 260 352 449 663 900 1223 1573 2043 2530 3167 3813 4912 6083 7564 9110 11029
6.8
Torque in N.m 0.14 0.28 0.58 1.01 1.91 4.56 7.85 19 38.1 65.1 104 160 220 312 422 539 795 1080 1467 1888 2452 3036 3800 4576 5895 7300 9076 10932 13234
8.8
0.18 0.38 0.78 1.35 2.54 6.09 10.5 25.3 50.8 86.9 139 213 293 416 563 719 1060 1440 1956 2517 3269 4049 5067 6101 7859 9733 12102 14576 17646
9.8
0.21 0.42 0.87 1.52 2.86 6.85 11.8 28.4 57.2 97.7 156 240 330 468 634 809 1193 1620 2201 2832 3678 4555 5701 6864 8842 10950 13614 16398 19851
10.9
0.26 0.53 1.09 1.9 3.57 8.56 14.7 35.5 71.5 122 195 299 413 585 792 1011 1491 2025 2751 3540 4597 5693 7126 8580 11052 13687 17018 20498 24814
12.9
mm 0.31 0.63 1.31 2.27 4.29 10.3 17.7 42.7 85.8 147 234 359 495 702 950 1213 1789 2430 3301 4248 5517 6832 8551 10296 13263 16425 20422 24597 29777 3.2 4 5 5.5 7 8 10 13 17 19 22 24 27 30 32 36 41 46 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
M 1.6 M2 M 2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M 10 M 12 M 14 M 16 M 18 M 20 M 22 M 24 M 27 M 30 M 33 M 36 M 39 M 42 M 45 M 48 M 52 M 56 M 60 M 64 M 68
0.05 0.11 0.22 0.38 0.71 1.71 2.94 7.11 14.3 24.4 39 59.9 82.5 117 158 202 298 405 550 708 919 1139 1425 1716 2210 2737 3404 4100 4963
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Force lbf x 4.45 = N N x 0.225 = lbf Pressure lbf/in2 x 0.069 = bar bar x 14.504 = lbf/in2
Flow l/s x 2.119 = cu.ft/min cu.ft/min x 0.472 = l/s Power hp x 0.746 =kW kW = N.m x rev/min 9546
Formulae
Accepted formulae relating torque and tension, based on many tests are:M = torque lbf.ft M=PxD P = bolt tension lbf 60 D = bolt dia.ins or for metric sizes:M = torque N.m M=PxD P = bolt tension Newtons 5000 D = bolt dia. mm These formulae may be used for bolts outside the range of the tables,
Example
L2 extended length L1 normal length
10
Torque Wrenches
Beams and Weights are traceable to International standards for length and mass
Photo courtesy of National Physical Laboratory
Certificate Key 1. Torque Wrench Model. 2. Torque Wrench individual serial number. 3. Torque settings to which the wrench is calibrated. 4. Upper and lower tolerance as defined by the standard stated below. 5. The actual torque readings achieved by the wrench. 6. The standard against which the wrench is being tested. 7. Details of the test equipment and calibration certificate number.This information provides the traceability to our UKAS laboratory and hence to National Standards.
Production Line calibration equipment itself calibrated in Norbars UKAS laboratory every four months.
4 6
11
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TruTorque Wrench Models 20 N.m and 50 N.m (180 lbf.in and 35 lbf.ft)
Norbar proudly celebrates 67 years of torque wrench manufacture with the launch of our new range TruTorque.
In engineering this new range, Norbar has paid close attention to accuracy, ease of setting and comfort in use. Durability has been a primary development goal both in terms of the lifetime of components and longevity of calibration accuracy. Cycle testing of wrenches at full torque was a key element of the development process and, in total, several million tightening cycles were accumulated. The result is a product that you can use with complete confidence that you have the best tool for the job. Accuracy: +/-3% of reading exceeds all international standards for torque wrenches. Each wrench is supplied with a traceable calibration certificate. Micrometer Scale for simple and error free setting. (On dual scale wrenches, the micrometer increment applies to the N.m scale.) Quick and Light Adjustment: adjustment over the entire scale can quickly be achieved and with minimal effort in approximately ten complete turns (exact number varies by model). Adjustment Lock: all models feature a lock to prevent accidental adjustment of the set torque. Versatile Ratchets: the tough ratchets are reversible and have narrow engagement angles of 5 to allow easy positioning of the tool in the tight confines of todays vehicles and machines. Comfortable, Durable Handle: the handle is constructed using two materials: a base material for strength overlaid with a soft feel grip for comfort and slip resistance. The handle material and lens resist chemicals in common usage in the automotive, aviation and industrial environments.
12
Torque Wrenches
Ratchet Diameter mm 30 30 30 30
Length mm
72 72 72 72
8 8 2
Ratchet Diameter mm 30 30 30 30
Length mm
4 8 8 2
72 72 72 72
Ratchet Diameter mm 30 30 30 30
Length mm
4 8 8 2
72 72 72 72
13
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TruTorque Wrench Models 100 N.m to 300 N.m (75 lbf.ft to 250 lbf.ft)
Norbar proudly celebrates 67 years of torque wrench manufacture with the launch of our new range TruTorque.
In engineering this new range, Norbar has paid close attention to accuracy, ease of setting and comfort in use. Durability has been a primary development goal both in terms of the lifetime of components and longevity of calibration accuracy. Cycle testing of wrenches at full torque was a key element of the development process and, in total, several million tightening cycles were accumulated. The result is a product that you can use with complete confidence that you have the best tool for the job. Accuracy: +/-3% of reading exceeds all international standards for torque wrenches. Each wrench is supplied with a traceable calibration certificate. Micrometer Scale for simple and error free setting. (On dual scale wrenches, the micrometer increment applies to the N.m scale.) Quick and Light Adjustment: adjustment over the entire scale can quickly be achieved and with minimal effort in approximately ten complete turns (exact number varies by model). Adjustment Lock: all models feature a lock to prevent accidental adjustment of the set torque. Versatile Ratchets: the tough ratchets are reversible and a narrow engagement angle of 6 to allow easy positioning of the tool in the tight confines of todays vehicles and machines. Bi-directional Torque: the ratchets are also push through meaning that these wrenches will provide torque control in both the clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Comfortable, Durable Handle: the handle is constructed using two materials: a base material for strength overlaid with a soft feel grip for comfort and slip resistance. The handle material and lens resist chemicals in common usage in the automotive, aviation and industrial environments.
TruTorque is available with either dual scale (N.m and lbf.ft) or single scale (N.m o r lbf.ft)
Adjustment is achieved by rotating the end knob. The centre ring provides the lock feature.
14
Torque Wrenches
Ratchet Diameter mm 38 38 38 46 46 46
Length mm
8 2 2 2 2 2
60 60 60 60 60 60
Ratchet Diameter mm 38 38 38 46 46 46
Length mm
8 2 2 2 2 2
60 60 60 60 60 60
Part No. N.m 13278 13279 13280 13281 13282 13283 13284 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ratchet Diameter mm 38 38 38 46 46 46 46
Length mm
8 2 2 2 2 2 2
60 60 60 60 60 60 60
15
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Production P Types
The P type version prevents unauthorised alteration of torque setting. No external calibration equipment is required to set the Model 5 P Type. Coloured end seals are provided to identify the wrench to a particular operator, torque setting or calibration period.
Model 5 P Type
Part No.
Range
Length mm
4 4 4
Part No.
Range
Length mm
1 1 1
4 4 4
16
Torque Wrenches
Torque Scale
Unique harmonic drive scale mechanism allows a long scale length and therefore accurate and error free setting.
Ratchets
The Professional torque wrench is available with a choice of ratchets and as a Torque Handle for interchangeable fittings.
Torque Mechanism
Norbars accurate mechanism has been developed and enhanced over a 40 year period and several million examples have been produced. Less parts to maintain than pivot block mechanisms. Simple calibration adjustments without disassembly.
Adjustment Lock
A robust lock prevents accidental adjustment of the wrench during use. Fingertip light adjustment comes from the best design and materials.
17
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Ratchet Diameter mm 31 31 31 31 41
Length mm
8 2 8 2 2
72 72 72 72 72
18
Torque Wrenches
Part No.
Range
Length
Weight
N.m 13042 13043 13044 13045 13046 13047 13049 13050 8 60 8 60 20 100 20 100 40 - 200 60 - 300 60 - 330 80 - 400
8 2 8 2 2 2 2 4
19
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400 TH
Available Fittings
See pages 28 & 29
20
Torque Wrenches
P Type wrenches have no scale. They must be set against a torque testing device such as Norbars Professional Torque Tester (see page 68).
Ratchet Diameter mm 31 31 31 31 41
Length mm
8 2 8 2 2
72 72 72 72 72
Part No. N.m 13051 13052 13053 13054 13055 13057 13056
Ratchet Diameter mm 35 40 35 40 42 49 49
Length mm
8 2 8 2 2 2 4
72 72 72 72 72 60 60
21
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Extension Handle Part No. 14142 - supplied as standard with Models 800 to 1500
Ratchet Adjustables
Model Square Drive in 550 800 800 1000 1000 1500 1500
3 3
Part No. N.m 14001 14015 14016 14002 14003 14004 14005
Range lbf.ft 80 400 150 600 150 600 220 750 220 750 370 1100 370 1100
Ratchet Diameter mm 61 75 75 75 75 75 75
Length mm
Length
inc ext handle
4 4 4 4
110 550 200 800 200 800 300 1000 300 1000 500 1500 500 1500
60 60 60 60 60 60 60
1
3
1
3
* Weight excluding extension handle. Extension handle, length 700 mm, weight 1.6 kg
22
Torque Wrenches
Available Fittings
See page 29
Part No. N.m 14006 14017 14018 14007 14008 14009 14010
Range lbf.ft 80 400 150 600 150 600 220 750 220 750 370 1100 370 1100
Ratchet Diameter mm 61 75 75 75 75 75 75
Length mm
Length
inc ext handle
4 4 4 4
110 550 200 800 200 800 300 1000 300 1000 500 1500 500 1500
60 60 60 60 60 60 60
1
3
1
3
* Weight excluding extension handle. Extension handle, length 700 mm, weight 1.6 kg
23
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Fixed Head
Part No. N.m 11037 11034 11035 11123 11087 11125 1-20 1-20 1-20 4-20 4-20 4-20
Ratchet Diameter mm 29 29 29 29 -
Length mm
4 8 8 4 8 8
72 72 72 72 -
24
Torque Wrenches
Available Fittings
See pages 28 & 29
16mm Spigot 9x12mm Female
Fixed Head
Ratchet Head
Ratchet Diameter mm 29 29 -
Length mm
4 8 8
72 72 -
25
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Adjusting Scale
Ratchet Adjustables
Model Square Drive in* 3AR 4R 4AR 5R 5AR
3 3 3 3 3
Range lbf.ft 70 350 100 500 150 600 200 750 500 1000
Ratchet Diameter mm 70 70 70 70 70
4 4 4 4 4
100 500 150 700 200 800 300 1000 700 1500
36 36 36 36 36
* 1 square drive versions are also available. Part No. becomes 12001.01 etc Length with adjusting nut set to minimum torque.
26
Torque Wrenches
Available Fittings
See page 29
Ratchet Diameter mm 70 70 70 70
4 4 4 4
36 36 36 36
* 1 square drive versions are also available. Part No. becomes 12023.01 etc Length with adjusting nut set to minimum torque.
27
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Ring Ends Part No. Max Torque* (N.m) 25 35 45 52 73 89 107 128 150 175 201 230 261 294 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 25 35 42 73 115 170 226 260 305 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 -
Flare Ends Part No. Max Torque* (N.m) 4 7 9 12 16 25 28 31 38 46 53 65 74 86 100 112 123 143 150 200 200 7 9 15 23 32 44 58 74 93 114 140 166 166 Where the distance between centres differs from 1.25 in (31.8mm) the torque applied will not be as set on the wrench (see page 10)
Part No.
Max Torque* (N.m) 9 13 19 25 32 41 51 63 77 92 107 128 149 172 198 225 255 287 322 330 330 330 330 7 13 21 32 48 67 90 118 150 187 230 281 330 330 330 330 330 330 330
29841 29842 29843 29844 29845 29846 29847 29848 29849 29850 29851 29876 29877 29852 29853 29854 29855 29856 29857 29858 29878 29861 29863 29701 29702 29703 29704 29705 29706 29707 29708 29709 29710 29711 29712 29713 29714 29715 29716 29717 29718 S1921
29881 29882 29883 29884 29885 29886 29887 29888 29889 29890 29891 29913 29914 29892 29893 29894 29895 29896 29897 29898 29915 29901 29903 29726 29727 29728 29729 29730 29731 29732 29733 29734 29735 29736 29737 29738 29739 29740 29741 29742 29743 -
29921 29922 29923 29924 29925 29926 29927 29928 29929 29930 29931 29953 29954 29932 29933 29934 29935 29936 29955 29941 29943 29752 29753 29754 29755 29756 29757 29758 29759 29760 29761 29762 29763 29764 -
4 8 2 8 16 4 16 8 16
16 16 16
3 7
1 9
5 11 3 13 7 15
1 1 116 1 18 1 16
3
1 14 1 516 1 38
* Max torque values listed are proof torques quoted in BS 192:1982 & BS 3555:1988 (tested on hardened hexagon test stud).
28
Torque Wrenches
Square Drive in
3 1
Part No.
A/F Size mm 22 24 27 30 32 36 41
Open End Part No. 29963.22 29963.24 29963.27 29963.30 29963.32 29963.36 29963.41 29963.46 29964.23 29964.24
Ring End Part No. 29960.22 29960.24 29960.27 29960.30 29960.32 29960.36 29960.41 29960.46 29962.18 29962.19 29962.20 29962.21 -
8 2
29828 29827
19 25
Ratchet Heads
Reversible Push Through
46 Imperial - in 118 1316 114 1516 1716 mm in 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.6 36 72 72 72 Push Through Reversible Push Through Reversible 29969 29972 85719 85720 Part No. 112
Square Drive in
3 3 1 1
- Part No.
Diameter
No.Teeth
Ratchet Type
8 8 2 2
34 30.5 40 40
Blank End Fitting for Open End Blank End Fitting for Ring End
Part No. 85719 Part No. 29832 Part No. 85242 Part No. 11343 Part No. 72000
29
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Description
No. of Teeth*
8 2 2 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 8 8 2 2
Reversible/Push Through Reversible/Push Through Reversible/Push Through Automotive Ratchet - Beta Reversible Industrial Ratchet Push Through Automotive Ratchet - Beta Reversible Industrial Ratchet Push Through Automotive Ratchet - Beta Reversible Automotive Ratchet - Beta Push Through Industrial Ratchet Push Through Industrial Ratchet Push Through Industrial Ratchet Push Through Push Through Push Through Push Through Push Through Reversible Reversible Push Through Narrow (13mm) Push Through Wide (19mm) Push Through Does not include square drive 12297
60 60 60 72 24 72 24 72 72 24 30 30 24 60 60 60 72 72 24 24 24 36
TruTorque 100 N.m, 75 lbf.ft TruTorque 100/150 N.m, 75/110 lbf.ft TruTorque 200 - 300 N.m, 150 - 250 lbf.ft Model 60 & 100 Model 60 & 100 Model 60 & 100 Model 60 & 100 Model 200 & 300 Model 200 & 300 Model 200 Model 300 & 330 (13047, 13049 & 13057) Model 400 (13050 & 13056) Model 330 Model 550 Model 800 - 1500 Model 800 - 1500 SL0 SL0 SL1 SL1 & SL2 SL3 Industrial
1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3
1
1 3 3 1 1
* Please count the teeth in the ratchet annulus. Please note: this does not always correspond with the number of clicks per revolution.
8 8 2 2 4 4
SL0 Fixed Head SL1 SL1 SL1 and SL2 SL3 Industrials and Professional Model 550 Industrials and Professional Model 550 Professionals Models 800 - 1500 Professionals Models 800 - 1500
2 to 38
1 1 3
1
3
30
Torque Wrenches
Electrode Wrenches
The correct tightening of carbon/graphite electrodes is known to increase the energy efficiency of electric arc furnaces and prevents electrode sections from being lost in the furnace. Norbar Electrode Wrenches are based on two well proven torque wrench designs: electrodes up to 8 inches use the Professional type, 9 inches and upwards are based on the Industrial wrench. Positive torque control increases energy efficiency. Self-clamping action speeds the tightening operation. Unmistakable signal when the set torque is reached. A wide range of electrode sizes, 8 to 24 inches, can be tightened.
31