Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Chapter 12
1 a NH3 b N2 + 3H2 c 450C 200 atm iron 2NH3 [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

Examiners tip
Question 1, part h ii, asks for a balanced equation for the reaction between ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide. Our answer includes state symbols, which were not asked for in the equation. There are two reasons for this. T  he state symbols give you a second chance of scoring marks. If you forgot to answer question 1, part h i, you would still get the mark for solid if your equation has the correct state symbols, e.g. NH4Cl(s) and Ca(OH)2(s). If you get the state symbols wrong they are very unlikely to cost you a mark they will just be ignored.

Examiners tip
Question 1, part c, asks you for the conditions used for the Haber process. The Haber process is operated around the world at different temperatures sometimes as low as 300C, sometimes as high as 500C. However, for exam purposes, you should learn a single temperature. We recommend 450C. The Haber process is operated around the world at different pressures sometimes as low as 25atm, sometimes as high as 300atm. However, for exam purposes, you should learn a single pressure. We recommend 200atm. In an exam do not quote a range of temperatures (e.g. 300500C) or pressures (e.g.25300atm) it will not help. Quote a single temperature, and a single pressure: for the Haber process this should be 450C and 200atm.

d Although a lower temperature would increase the yield of ammonia; [1] the higher temperature is used to give an acceptable rate of reaction. [1] e Fewer molecules/moles of gas on right-hand side; [1] so high pressure used to shift position of equilibrium to the right-hand side. [1] f manufacture of polyamides/nylon [1] fertilisers [1] nitric acid/explosives [1] g i NH4Cl [1] ii NH4NO3 [1] iii (NH4)2SO4 [1] h i solids [1] ii 2NH4Cl(s) + Ca(OH)2(s) CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g) [1] Total = 17

2 a i goes to the right [1] ii goes to the right [1] iii goes to the left [1] iv doesnt change [1] v goes to the left [1] b i 400600C [1] ii to cause the gases to flow through the pipework [1] iii any three from: fertilisers, detergents, paints, pigments, dyes and synthetic fibres, car batteries, tanning leather and cleaning metal surfaces (pickling) [3] iv it causes acid rain [1] v sulfur impurities in coal [1]  react with oxygen when coal burns / are oxidised [1] S + O2 SO2 [1] Total = 14

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 12