Chapter p 6 Applications of Newtons Newton s Laws

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Units of Chapter 6
Frictional Forces Strings and Springs Translational Equilibrium Connected Objects Circular Motion

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6-1 Frictional Forces

Friction has its basis in surfaces that are not completely smooth:

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6-1 Frictional Forces

Kinetic friction: the friction experienced by surfaces sliding against one another The static frictional force depends on the normal force: (6-1) The constant kinetic friction. is called the coefficient of

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6-1 Frictional Forces

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6-1 Frictional Forces

The kinetic frictional force is also independent of the relative speed of the surfaces, and of their area of contact.

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6-1 Frictional Forces

The static frictional force keeps an object from starting to move when a force is applied. The static frictional force has a maximum value, but may take on any value from zero to the maximum, depending on what i needed is d d to t keep k the sum of forces zero. zero

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6-1 Frictional Forces

(6-2) where (6 3) (6-3)

The static frictional force is also independent of the area of contact and the relative speed of th surfaces. the f

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6-2 Strings and Springs

When you pull on a string or rope, it becomes taut. We say that there is tension in the string.

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6-2 Strings and Springs

The tension in a real rope will vary along its length, due to the weight of the rope.

Here, we will assume that Here all ropes, strings, wires, etc. are massless unless otherwise stated.

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6-2 Strings and Springs

An ideal pulley is one that simply changes the direction of the tension:

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6-2 Strings and Springs

Hookes law for springs states that the force increases with the amount the spring i is i stretched t t h d or compressed: d

The constant k is called the spring constant.

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6-3 Translational Equilibrium

When an object is in translational equilibrium, the net force on it is zero:

(6-5)

This allows the calculation of unknown forces.

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6-3 Translational Equilibrium

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6-4 Connected Objects

When forces are exerted on connected objects, their accelerations are the same. If there are two objects connected by a string, and we know the force and the masses, we can find the acceleration and the tension:

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6-4 Connected Objects

We treat each box as a separate system:

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6-4 Connected Objects

If there is a pulley, it is easiest to have the coordinate system follow the string:

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6-5 Circular Motion

An object moving in a circle must have a force acting on it; otherwise it would move in a straight line. li The direction of the force is towards the center of the circle.

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6-5 Circular Motion

Some algebra gives us the magnitude of the acceleration and therefore the force acceleration, force, required to keep an object of mass m moving in a circle of radius r. The magnitude of the force is given by:

( (6-15) )

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6-5 Circular Motion

This force may be provided by the tension in a string, g, the normal force, , or friction, , among g others.

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6-5 Circular Motion

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6-5 Circular Motion

An object may be changing its speed as it moves in a circle; in that case, there is a t tangential ti l acceleration l ti as well: ll

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Summary of Chapter 6
Friction is due to microscopic roughness. Kinetic friction: Static friction: Tension: the force transmitted through a string. Force exerted by an ideal spring:

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Summary of Chapter 6
An object is in translational equilibrium if the net force acting g on it is zero. Connected objects have the same acceleration. The force required to move an object of mass m in a circle of radius r is:

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