SEMINAR REPORT ON ANDROID OS

MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY

Information Technology

Submitted by Er. Rahul Sharma M.Tech(I.T) Vsem 96337482315

Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Ludhiana

ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM :The first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices, all of the software to run a mobile phone but without the proprietary obstacles that have hindered mobile innovation. Android is a combination of three components: A free, open-source operating system for mobile devices An open-source development platform for creating mobile applications Devices, particularly mobile phones, that run the Android operating system and the applications created for it

ANDROID VERSIONS: Android Operating System began with release of version 1.0 in September 2008. It was developed by Google & Open Handset Alliance which is consortium of several companies.

The various versions of Android are:Android 1.0 :-Released 23 September 2008 The first Android device, the HTC Dream had following features: Android Market application download and updates through the Market application. Other Features are Google Contacts, Google Calendar, Google Maps, Google Sync, Google Search, Google Talk

1.1:- On 9 February 2009, Android 1.1 update for Android was released for T-Mobile G1 only. Included in the update were resolved issues, API changes and Maps, Dialer, Messaging, System 1.5 Cupcake:- Based on Linux kernel 2.6.27. On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released It had following Features: Widgets Virtual Keyboard Upload videos to YouTube Upload photos on Picasa

Android 1.6 Donut Search: Voice Search & text entry search enhanced to include bookmarks & history, contacts, the web, and more Search: Developers can now include their content in search results Text to speech: Features a multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a string of text Android Market: Allows easier searching, app screenshots, etc. Camera, camcorder, and Gallery: Updated integrated with faster camera access Gallery: Now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion System: Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a textto-speech engine Display: Support for WVGA screen resolutions Speed improvements in searching and camera applications Expanded Gesture framework and new GestureBuilder development tool Google free turn-by-turn navigation

2.x Eclair:2.0 Based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released. Changes included: Sync: Expanded Account sync. Multiple accounts can be added to a device for email and contact synchronization Email: Exchange support, Combined inbox to browse email from multiple accounts in one page. Bluetooth: 2.1 supportCalendar: Agenda view enhanced, Attending status for each invitee, Invite new guests to events. System: Optimized hardware speed, Revamped UI Display: Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, Better contrast ratio Maps: Improved Google Maps 3.1.2 MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events

Live Wallpapers: Home screen background images can be animated to show movement

2.0.1 The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009. Android 2.0.1 is a minor platform release deployable to Android-powered handsets starting in December 2009. This release includes minor API changes, bug fixes and framework behavioral changes.

2.1 The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010. Android 2.1 is a minor platform release deployable to Android-powered handsets starting in January 2010. This release includes new API changes and bug fixes.

2.2 Froyo Based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.[ On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was released. Changes included: System: Speed, memory, and performance optimizations Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality Added an option to disable data access over mobile network. Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords Support for file upload fields in the Browser application Support for installing applications to the expandable memory Adobe Flash support Display: Support for extra high DPI screens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720p

2.3.x Gingerbread Google Nexus S introduced Android 2.3 "Gingerbread"

2.3 2.3.3 Android 2.3.3 is a small feature release that adds several improvements and APIs to the Android 2.3 platform. Based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.On 6 December 2010, the 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released. Changes included Internet calling: Native support for SIP VoIP telephony Copy/Paste: Enhanced. Select a word by press-hold, copy, and paste Near Field Communication lets the user read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost New Download Manager giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers)

2.3.4 Added support for voice or video chat using Google Talk 2.3.5 Brought improved network performance for the Nexus S 4G, among other fixes and improvements. Fixed Bluetooth bug on Samsung Galaxy S Improved Gmail application

2.3.6 Voice search bug fixed. 2.3.7

Google Wallet support for Nexus S 4G

3.x Honeycomb
3.0 3.0.1 :- Based on Linux kernel 2.6.36. On 22 February 2011, the 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK was released, for tablet computers only. The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011 Changes include:

Optimized tablet support with a new virtual and holographic user interface System Bar: Quick access to notifications, status, and soft navigation buttons available at the bottom of the screen Action Bar: Access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content at the top of the screen Multitasking: Tap Recent Apps in the System Bar, to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one app to another Redesigned keyboard: To make entering text fast and accurate on larger screen sizes with greater accuracy and efficiency Copy/Paste: Simplified, more intuitive Browser: Multiple tabs replace browser windows, form auto-fill, and a new incognito mode allows anonymous browsing Camera: Quick access to exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, time-lapse, and more Gallery: View albums and other collections in full-screen mode, with easy access to thumbnails for other photos Contacts: New two-pane UI and Fast Scroll to let users easily organize and locate contacts Email: New two-pane UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient. The app lets users select one or more messages Support for video chat using Google Talk Hardware acceleration Support for multi-core processors

3.1 The 3.1 SDK was released on 10 May 2011. Changes included:

UI refinements Connectivity for USB accessories Expanded Recent Apps list Resizable Home screen widgets Support for external keyboards and pointing devices Support for joysticks and gamepads Media: Support for FLAC audio playback.[46][47] High-performance Wi-Fi lock maintains high-performance Wi-Fi connections when device screen is off Support for HTTP proxy for each connected Wi-Fi access point

3.2 The 3.2 SDK was released on 15 July 2011. Changes included:

Improved hardware support, including optimisations for a wider range of tablets Easier access for apps to files on the SD card, e.g. for synchronisation Compatibility display mode for apps that have not yet been optimized for tablet screen resolutions New display support functions that give developers more control over the look and feel on different Android devices.

4.x Ice Cream Sandwich As officially announced during the 2011 Google I/O, the upcoming version of Android is called Ice Cream Sandwich, a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole" It will be released in October or November 2011 Features include facial recognition and new APIsto reduce development fragmentation. To date, there is evidence of : 1. the unification of phone and tablet UIs and 2. several reports of devices claiming to be Android 4.0 devices popping up suggesting that Ice Cream Sandwich will be a major Android version increase.

STRUCTURE OF ANDROIDS
A hardware reference design that describes the capabilities required for a mobile device to support the software stack. A Linux operating system kernel that provides low-level interface with the hardware, memory management, and process control, all optimized for mobile devices. Open-source libraries for application development, including SQLite,WebKit, OpenGL, and a media manager. A run time used to execute and host Android applications, including the Dalvik virtual machine and the core libraries that provide Android-specific functionality. The run time is designed to be small and efficient for use on mobile devices. An application framework that exposes system services to the application layer, including the window manager and location manager, content providers, telephony, and sensors. A user interface framework used to host and launch applications. Preinstalled applications shipped as part of the stack. A software development kit used to create applications, including tools, plug-ins, and documentation.

WHAT MAKES ANDROID COMPELLING??

Its open philosophy, which ensures that you can fix any deficiencies in user interface or native application design by writing an extension or replacement. Android provides you, as a developer, with the opportunity to create mobile phone interfaces and applications designed to look, feel, and function exactly as you imagine them.

ANDROID ARCHITECTURE:The Android software stack is composed of the elements shown and described in further detail after it. Put simply, a Linux kernel and a collection of C/C++ libraries are exposed through an application framework that provides services for, and management of, the run time and applications.

Linux kernel Core services (including hardware drivers, process and memory management,security, network, and power management) are handled by a Linux 2.6 kernel. The kernel also provides an abstraction layer between the hardware and the remainder of the stack.

 Libraries Running on top of the kernel, Android includes various C/C++ core libraries suchas libc and SSL, as well as: A media library for playback of audio and video media A surface manager to provide display management Graphics libraries that include SGL and OpenGL for 2D and 3D graphics SQLite for native database support SSL andWebKit for integrated web browser and Internet security

Android run time What makes an Android phone an Android phone rather than a mobile Linux implementation is the Android run time. Including the core libraries and the Dalvik virtual machine, the Android run time is the engine that powers your applications and, along with the libraries, forms the basis for the application framework.

Core libraries While Android development is done in Java, Dalvik is not a Java VM. The core Android libraries provide most of the functionality available in thecore Java libraries as well as the Android-specific libraries. Dalvik virtual machine Dalvik is a register-based virtual machine thats been optimized to ensure that a device can run multiple instances efficiently. It relies on the Linux kernel for threading and low-level memory management. Application framework The application framework provides the classes used to create Android applications. It also provides a generic abstraction for hardware access and manages the user interface and application resources.

 Application layer All applications, both native and third-party, are built on the application layer by means of the same API libraries. The application layer runs within the Android runtime, using the classes and services made available from the application framework.

Android Application Architecture

Androids architecture encourages the concept of component reuse, enabling you to publish and share Activities, Services, and data with other applications, with access managed by the security restrictions you put in place. The same mechanism that lets you produce a replacement contact manager or phone dialer can let you expose your application components to let other developers create new UI front ends and functionality extensions, or otherwise build on them. The following application services are the architectural cornerstones of all Android applications, providing the framework youll be using for your own software: Activity Manager Controls the life cycle of your Activities, including management of the Activity stack. Views Used to construct the user interfaces for your Activities. NotificationManager Provides a consistent and nonintrusive mechanism for signaling your users Content Providers Let your applications share data. Resource Manager Supports non-code resources like strings and graphics to be externalized.

Developing Android Applications

For developing an android application we need to install eclipse for java developers and Android SDK. In our Project, we need to know how the applications are developed for android systems using eclipse and how we can run it Android SDK Download the Android SDK from the Android homepage under Android SDK download . The download contains a zip file which you can extract to any place in your file system, e.g. I placed it under "c:\android-sdk-windows". Eclipse Use the Eclipse update manager to install all available plugins for the Android Development Tools (ADT) from the URL https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/ .

Configuration In Eclipse open the Preferences dialog via Windows -> Preferences. Select Android and enter the installation path of the Android SDK.

Select Window -> Android SDK and AVD Manager from the menu.

Select "Available packages" and open the "Third Party Add-ons". Select the Google API 10 (Android 2.3.4) version of the SDK.

Press "Install selected" and confirm the license for all package. After the installation restart Eclipse. Android Source Code The following step is optional. During Android development it is very useful to have the Android source code available as Android uses a lot of defaults. Create an Android Emulator Device The Android tools include an emulator. This emulator behaves like a real Android device in most cases and allow you to test your application without having a real device. You can emulate one or several devices with different configurations. Each configuration is defined via an "Android Virtual Device" (AVD). To define an AVD press the device manager button, press "New" and enter the following.

We will select the box "Enabled" for Snapshots. This will make the second start of the virtual device much faster. At the end press the button "Create AVD".This will create the device and display it under the "Virtual devices". To test if your setup is correct, select your device and press "Start". After (a long time) your device should be started.

4. Error handling Things are not always working as they should be. Several users report that get the following errors: 1. Project ... is missing required source folder: 'gen' 2. The project could not be built until build path errors are resolved. 3. Unable to open class file R.java. To solve this error select from the menu Project -> Clean.