Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Chapter 10 Structural Steel

10

STRUCTURAL STEEL

10.1 SCOPE This chapter covers the design of steel components, splices and connections for beam and girder structures, frames, trusses and arches, cable-stayed and suspension systems, and metal deck systems, as applicable. Curved girder structures are not included. A worked example for the design of a steel girder bridge is presented in the appendix GB. Most of the provisions for proportioning main elements are grouped by structural action: Tension and combined tension and flexure. Compression and combined compression and flexure. Flexure and flexural shear: I-sections Box sections Miscellaneous sections This chapter also contains provisions for connections and splices, and provisions specific to particular assemblages or structural types, e.g., through-girder spans, trusses, orthotropic deck systems, and arches. 10.2 STRUCTURAL STEELS GENERAL Structural steel shall be conform to the requirements of the specifications as summarized in Table 10-1 below. If European steel is used, the European standard EN 10 025, EN 10 1132, EN 10 113-3 and EN 137-2 or later, shall apply. The modulus of elasticity shall assumed as 200 000 MPa. The thermal coefficient of expansion of all grades of structural steel shall be assumed as 11.7*10-6 mm / mm / C. Structural steel tubing shall be either cold-formed, welded or seamless tubing conforming to ASTM A500, Grade B; or the European standard EN 10 219-1; EN 10 219-2 or hot-formed, welded or seamless tubing conforming to ASTM A501 or the European standard EN 10 2101; EN 10 210-2. Steel for rollers, pins and expansion rockers shall conform to the requirements in Table 10-1 above. Expansion rollers shall not be less than 100 mm in diameter. For those parts of design not covered by these Specifications, the Ethiopian Building Code Standard EBCS 3 Design of Steel Structures shall be used (Ref. 1).

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Structural Steel
AASHTO Designation Equivalent ASTM Designation Thickness of Plates, mm Shapes Minimum Tensile Strength, Fu MPa Minimum Yield point or Minimum Yield Strength Fy Mpa Equiv. European steel (EN 10 025) Equiv. British steel (BS 4360) Equiv. German steel (DIN 17100) M270M Grade 250 A709M Grade 250 t 100 All Groups 400 250 S 275 BS43B St44-2

High-Strength LowAlloy Steel

M270M Grade 345 A709M Grade 345 t 100 All Groups 450 345 S 355 BS50C St52-3N M270M Grade 345W A709M Grade 345W t 100 All Groups 485 345 S 355 BS50D St52-3U

High Yield Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel M270M Grades 690/690W A709M Grades 690/690W t 65 65 t 100 N/A N/A 760 690 690 620 S460M/Q S460M/Q -

Table 10-1 Minimum Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel (Shape, Strength and Thickness) 10.3 STEEL DESIGN DETAILS 10.3.1 GENERAL Steel structures should be cambered during fabrication to compensate for dead load deflection and to reach the specified vertical alignment. Selective changes to component length, as appropriate, shall be used for truss systems to: adjust the dead load deflection to comply with the final geometric position, adjust the dead load moment diagram in indeterminate structures. 10.3.2 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF STEEL: Structural steel, including bracing, cross-frames and all types of gusset plates, except for parts below, shall be not less than 5 mm in thickness. The web thickness of rolled beams or channels and of closed ribs in orthotropic decks shall not be less than 6.0 mm. Where the metal is expected to be exposed to severe corrosive influences, it shall be specially protected against corrosion, or sacrificial metal thickness shall be specified (10 percent of the total thickness) Closed pipes and railings shall have a minimum thickness of 4 mm. Bridge decks for pedestrian bridges shall be at least 8 mm thick with stiffeners welded as per design, but with a minimum distance of 30 times the thickness of the plate and with a maximum distance of 50 times the thickness of the plate.

Inspection platforms shall have a minimum thickness of 3 mm. They shall be at least 0.8m wide and 1.6 m high with 1.0 m high railings on both sides. The deck shall be made of wood or steel grating. The platform shall be approachable from one of the abutments or a pier.

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Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Chapter 10 Structural Steel

Connections and splices for main members shall be designed at the strength limit state for not less than the larger of: the average of the flexural moment, shear or axial force due to the factored loadings at the point of splice or connection and the factored flexural, shear or axial resistance of the member at the same point, or 75% of the factored flexural, shear or axial resistance of the member. End connections for diaphragms, cross-frames, lateral bracing or floorbeams for straight flexural members shall be designed for the factored member loads. 10.3.3 LIMIT STATES The structural behavior of components made of either steel, or steel in combination with other materials shall be investigated for each stage that shall be critical during construction, handling, transportation and erection, as well as during the service life of the structure of which they are part. Structural components shall be proportioned to satisfy the requirements at strength, extreme event, service and fatigue limit states. Service Limit State: The provisions of subchapter 2: General Provisions: Deflection shall apply as applicable. Steel structures shall satisfy the load combination requirements for Service II Load Combination in Table 3-2. Fatigue and Fracture Limit State: Steel bridge components and details shall be investigated for fatigue. The force effect considered for the load induced fatigue design of a steel bridge shall be the live load stress range. Residual stresses shall not be considered in investigating fatigue. The fatigue load combination, specified in Table 3-2 and the fatigue live load specified in subchapter 3.10: Fatigue Load, shall apply. Distortion induced fatigue does not apply for small and medium concrete bridges, but shall be considered for large and/or slender special bridges. 10.3.4 STRENGTH LIMIT STATE Strength Limit State Strength and stability shall be considered using the applicable strength load combinations specified in Table 3-2. Webs of plate girders shall satisfy the Strength Limit State flexural Resistance. Resistance factors [] for the strength limit state shall be as shown in Table 10-2.

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for flexure for shear for axial compression, steel only for axial compression, composite for tension, fracture in net section for tension, yielding in gross section for bearing on pins, in reamed, drilled or bolted holes and milled surfaces for bolts bearing on material for shear connectors for A307, A325M and A490M bolts in tension for A307 bolts in shear for A325M and A490M bolts in shear for block shear for weld metal in complete penetration welds:shear on effective area tension or compression normal to effective area tension or compression parallel to axis of the weld for weld metal in partial penetration welds: shear parallel to axis of weld tension or compression parallel to axis of weld compression normal to the effective area tension normal to the effective area for weld metal in fillet welds: tension or compression parallel to the weld shear in throat of weld metal for resistance during pile driving

f = 1.00 v = 1.00 c = 0.90 c = 0.90 u = 0.80 u = 0.95 b = 1.00 bb= 0.80 sc= 0.85 t = 0.80 s = 0.65 s = 0.80 bs= 0.80 e1= 0.85 = base metal = base metal e2 = 0.80 = base metal = base metal e1 = 0.80 = base metal e2 = 0.80 p = 1.00

Table 10-2: Resistance factors [] for the strength limit state

REFERENCES 1. Ethiopian Building Code Standard EBCS 3 Design of Steel Structures.

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