Appendix CB

Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Appendix CB
Composite Bridge Design
APPENDIX CB - COMPOSITE BRIDGE, 24 M SPAN, 7.32 m Width

The following calculations is an example of a documentation for a composite bridge with a
span of 24m and a width of 7.32m. The principle dimensions of the bridge are shown in the
figures below.
Figure Longitudinal section
Figure Typical cross section

Four design conditions are checked:
Strength I
Service I
Fatigue
Construction stage
Ethiopian Roads Authority
Page CB-1
Appendix CB
CB.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The calculations are based on:
ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-2002

AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-1996
Resistance factors steel (Table 10-2)

Plate girders, transverse beams:
Shear connectors:
Bearing:
Axial compression:
f =c = 1.0
sc = 0.85
b = 1.0
c = 0.9
(both flexure and shear)
Resistance factors concrete (Table 9-7)

Flexure of reinforced concrete
= 0.9
Material - Steel
E- modulus:
Poisson ratio:
Density:
Thermal expansion:
200 000 Mpa

0.3
s = 7850 kg/m3
11.7E-6/deg C
Section 10.1
Table 3-4
Section 10.1
Yield strength
Rolled plates
AASHTO Designation:
M270 -Grade 345 Table 10-1
Equivalent to European steel S355
Fy = 345 MPa
Rolled profiles
AASHTO Designation:
M270 -Grade 250 Table 10-1
Equivalent to European steel S275
Fy = 250 MPa
Shear connectors
Shear connectors shall be made from cold-drawn bars, Grades 1015, 1018 or 1020, either
semi- or fully killed, conforming to AASHTO M169.
Fy = 345 MPa (minimum yield strength)
Fu = 400 MPa (minimum tensile strength)
Page CB-2
Appendix CB
Reinforcement bars
fy = 350 Mpa
Material - Concrete:
Poisson ratio: 0.2
Thermal expansion:
Grade:
Section 9.3
Section 9.3
10.8E-6/C
C25
fc' = 20 Mpa
Table 9-1
Density: c = 2400 kg/m3
Section 9.3
Ec = 0.043*c 1.5*SQR(fc')
Equation 9.3
Ec = 22600
Mpa
Concrete cross section area transferred to equivalent steel area.

The equivalent steel area can be calculated by a modular ratio factor for C25 concrete of:
(see AASHTO 6.10.5.1.b)
n=10
Short term loads
n=30
Long term loads
CB.2 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Following PC-programs have been used:
Main analysis:
Cross section program:
STAAD3, ver 22.0

SECTION, ver 3.0
SECTION is a general cross section program for calculation of section properties (see
section CB-8:Appendix A)
Page CB-3
Appendix CB
CB.3 STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTIONS

Steel cross section
The steel cross section has a shape as shown in the figure below.
Topflange 325x20
Web 1345x15
Bottom flange 400x35
Figure
Steel cross section
Concrete slab - Effective flange width

The gross section for one girder is shown in the figure below.
1410*)
2250
230**)
325
*) exclusive edge beam

**) exclusive cover at top surface (50 mm)
The effective flange width shall be taken as the minimum of:
(ref AASHTO ch. 4.6.2.6.1-interior beam)
1. *24=6m
2. 12*0.23+0.5*0.325=2.92
3. 1.41+2.25=3.66
This means that the effective width is 2.92m.
Page CB-4
Appendix CB
For this exampe, the effective width is reduced to 2.0 m for the strength loadcase. This gives
the plastic neutral axis in the web.
Cross section for Strength loadcase
The capacity for the section is based on the plastic moment capacity. This can be calculated
according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.1.3.The forces in the longitudinal reinforcement is
conservatively neglected.
Cross section for Service and Fatigue loadcase
For calculating deflection for the Service loadcase and fatigue stresses, the concrete width is
reduced with a factor of n according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.1.1.b. This represents the short
term composite section. With n=10 for concrete with fc'=20, this gives a concrete effective
width of:
W = 2910/10=291 mm
CB.4 BASIC LOADS

Dead load - DC
Steel
Dead load of steel is 79 kN/m3
Table 3-4
For one beam, the dead load is assumed to be

DCs = 4 kN/m.
Concrete
The following is calculated for one girder.
Overhang slab
The railing including posts is estimated to 2.75 kN/m.
Edge beam including slab to c/l of girder has a cross section of:
A = 1.81*0.258 + 0.4*(0.4-0.24)= 0.531 m2
Slab between girders.
The slab has a thickness of 0.28 m
Page CB-5
Appendix CB
A = 2.25*0.28 =0.63 m2
Total load from concrete:
DCc = 2.75 + 24*(0.531+0.632)= 30.7 kN/m
Wearing surface - DW
The wearing surface is estimated to have a thickness of 50 mm. With a density of 22.5
kN/m2, this gives a load of:
DW = 0.05*22.5= 1.125 kN/m2
Or for one girder
DW = 1.125*7.32/2 = 4.1 kN/m
Live load - LL
Strength and service load combinations
Number of lanes:
7.32/3=2
Section 3.8
Lane load: (Section 3.8)

LL = 9.3 kN/m (per lane; design lane=3.0m)
With the lever arm method, the load for one girder can be calculated to:
3000
3000
LL
1410
4500
Moment @ A
Rb = 2*LL*(4.5+1.41-3)/4.5 =LL*1.293
LL= 9.3*1.293 = 12.028 kN/m
Page CB-6
Appendix CB
Truck load (Section 3.8)

Reacton force on one girder is the total truckload multiplied with a lever arm factor of 1.293.
This means that following truck load is acting on one girder
P2
P1
4300
P1
a = 4300-9000
P1 =145*1.293 = 188 kN
P2 =35*1.293 = 45 kN
Tandem load (Section 3.8)
Reacton force on one girder is the total tandem load multiplied with a lever arm factor of
0.647. This load will not be governing for this bridge.
Fatigue load combination
Number of lanes:
(Section 3.8)
With the lever arm method, the load for one girder can be calculated to:
3000
Q
1410
A
4500
Moment @ A
Rb = Q*(4.5+1.41-1.5)/4.5 =Q*0.98
Truck load (Section 3.8)
Reaction force on one girder is the truckload multiplied with a lever arm factor of 0.98. This
means that following truck load is acting on one girder.
P2
4300
P1
P1
a = 9000
Page CB-7
Appendix CB
P1 =145*0.98=142 kN
P2 =35*0.98= 34 kN
Note: a is 9000 for fatigue load Section 3.8
Dynamic Load Allowance - IM
The dynamic load allowance is 33%, ref. Section 3.13, which means a load factor of 1.33.
This load factor is only valid for truck loads and tandem loads.
Wind on Vehicles -WL
Wind on vehicles results in an additional vertical load to be considered in the SERVICE I
loadcase. The wind pressure is 1.5 kN/m acting 1.8m above the road. This gives following
additional vertical load for one beam.
P=1.5 kN/m
1800
1000
B
A
4500
The reaction force at beam B is then

Rb=P*2.8/4.5= 1 kN/m
Temperature
Since the bridge can elongate freely and the thermal expansion coefficent is nearly the same
for concrete and steel, the temperature differnace has no influence on the bridge.
Fatigue load
The average daily number (ADT=average daily traffic) of vehicles is estimated to 300. This
results in an ADDT (number of trucks per day) in one direction of
ADDT = 0.4 * ADT= 120
Based on an rural highway (Section 3.8).
The ADDTSL (number of trucks per day in a single-lane averaged over the design life) can
then be calculated to:
Page CB-8
Appendix CB
ADDTSL = 0.85* ADDT = 102

corresponding to a P=0.85 (two lanes, Section 3.8).
Number of cycles can then be calculated to:
N = 365*75*n*ADDTSL = 365*75*1*102 = 2.8E6 according to AASHTO ch 6.6.1.2.4
Based on
n=1
(number of stress ranges per truck; l>12m)
life time = 75 year
Calculations are made with the computer program STAAD in section CB-9:Appendix B.
CB.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS
STRENGTH I - Construction stage

Loads
Steel
Concrete
Wearing surface
SECTION/Loadfactor
STEEL
1.25
1.25
1.25
STRENGTH I - Normal stage

Loads
Steel
Concrete
Wearing surface
Live load lane load
Live load truck load
SECTION/Loadfactor
STEEL
COMPOSIT
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.75
1.75*1.33
SERVICE I - Camber
Loads
Steel
Concrete
Wearing surface
SECTION/Loadfactor
STEEL
1.0
1.0
1.0
Page CB-9
Appendix CB
SERVICE I - Normal stage

Loads
Wearing surface
Wind load
Live load lane load
Load factors
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0*1.33
FATIGUE
Loads
Loadfactor
COMPOSIT
0.75*1.33=1.0
CB.6 STEEL
STRENGTH - I
Construction stage ref AASHTO ch 6.10.10
Prior to the concrete hardening, the member is a non-composite beam section, ref figure
below.
Topflange 325x20
Web 1345x15
Bottom flange 450x35
Figure.
Section during construction stage
Following cross section values have been calculated by the PC-program SECTION, ref
section CB-8: Appendix A.
Dc = 801 mm
Dcp = 923 mm
Ix = 1.207E10 mm4
Sx1 = 1.470E7 mm3
Sx2 = 2.084E7 mm3
J = 8.096E6 mm4
Page CB-10
(Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range)

(Depth of the web in compression in the plastic range)
(Moment of inertia)
(Section modulus for top flange)
(Section modulus for top flange)
(S.T Venant torsional constant)
Appendix CB
Moment:
The beam shall carry the dead load from the steel beam, the concrete slab and the wearing
surface. Even if the wearing surface not is applied, this load is also representing the deck
form load during the construction stage.
Total load on the beam is :
Q = 4.1 + 30.7 + 4 = 38.8 kN/m
The beam is a simply supported beam with a span of 24m.
Q=38.8 kN/m
A
24000
This gives a moment including a loadfactor of 1.25 of:

M = 1.25*ql2/8 = 1.25*38.8*242/8 = 3492 kNm
The stress in the top flange is then
Sigx= 3492E6/1.470E7= 238Mpa
The reaction force can be calculated to:
RA = 1.25*38.8*24/2=582 kN
Control if the section is a compact section according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.2.2.c
Requirement for a compact section is
2*Dcp/tw<=3.76*Sqr(E/Fyc)
Dcp <= 15/2*3.76*Sqr(2E5/345) = 679
Not fulfilled
Control if the section is a non-compact section according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.2.b
Page CB-11
Appendix CB
The web slenderness is checked

2*Dc/tw<=6.77*Sqr(E/fc)
with fc = 238 MPa, this gives
Dc<=1472 mm
With Dc= 801, this requirement is fulfilled.
Compression flange slenderness according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.3.c
Bf/(2*tf)<=1.38*Sqr(E/(fc*Sqr(2*Dc/tw))
This gives
Bf <= 2*20*1.38*Sqr(2E5/(238*Sqr(2*824/15)) = 494
With bf=325, this requirement is fulfilled
Compression flange bracing according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.3.d and 6.10.6.4
Lb<=1.76*rt*Sqr(E/Fyc)
rt = Sqr(1/12*(20*3253+801/3*153)/(20*325+15*801/3) = 73.85
Lb<= 1.76*73.85*Sqr(2E5/345) = 3129 mm

With Lb= 6000 mm, this requirement is not fulfilled.
Moment capacity is then calculated according to AASHTO ch 6.10.6.4
If 2*Dc/tw<=b*Sqr(E/Fyc)
then
Mn=3.14*E*Cb*Rh*(Iyc/Lb)*Sqr(0.772*(J/Iyc)+9.87*(d/Lb)2)
b = 4.64
Cb= 1.0
Rh=1.0
Iyc=1/12*20*3253=57.2E6
Lb=6000
J=8.811E6
d=1400
Page CB-12
according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.4.2.a
Appendix CB
Dc<=4.64*15/2*Sqr(2E5/345)= 838
With Dc=801, the moment capacity can be calculated to:
Mr=Mn= 4850 MNm
With the acual moment of 3492 kNm , the capacity of the beam is fulfilled.
Distance between braces = 6000 mm

Operating stage
After the concrete has hardened, the member has a composite cross section as shown in the
figure below.
2000
230
25 theor. clearance
325
First the section is controlled if its a compact according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.2 or noncompact section according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.
Requirement for a compact section is
2*Dcp/tw<=3.76*Sqr(E/Fyc)
Dcp <= 14/2*3.76*Sqr(E/Fyc) = 633
Dcp (assumed to be placed in the web) can be calculated as according to AASHTO ch
6.10.5.1.4.b:
Page CB-13
Appendix CB
Dcp =D/2*((Fyt*At-Fyc*Ac-0.85*fc*As-Fyr*Ar)/(Fyw*Aw) + 1)
With
Fyt=Fyc=Fyw=345
Ar = 0
At = 400*35=14000
Ac=325*20=6500
Aw=15*1345=20175
fc=20
As = 2000*230=460000
D = 1345
Dcp= 167
This means that the member fulfills the requirement for a compact section.
Since the concrete supports the compression flange, there is no other requirements to the
section.
The moment capacity can then be calculated to:
Mp=Pw/2/D*(Dcp2+(D-Dcp)2)+Ps*ds+Pc*dc+Pt*dt
according to AASHTO Appendix A6.1
(Note reinforcement forces are neglected according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.1.3)
with
Pc=325*20*345=2.245E6
Pt=400*35*345=4.83E6
Pw=1345*15*345=6.96E6
Ps=2000*230*0.85*20=7.82E6
ds=230/2+25+20+Dcp=327
dt=1400-20-Dcp-35/2=1195
dc=Dcp+20/2=177
Moment capacity is:

Mr=Mn=Mp=3662+2557+397+5772=12389 kNm
The shear capacity can be calculated as: (according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.2)
Page CB-14
Appendix CB
If D> tw*3.07*Sqr(E/Fyw)
Then
Vn=4.55*tw3*E/D
With
tw=15
E=2E5
Fyw=345
D=1345
D>1108
Vr=Vn=4.55*153*2E5/1345 = 2283 kN
Actual moment and shearforces are calculated based on following factored loads:
Uniform load
Q= 1.25*38.8=49 kN/m
Q=1.75*12=21 kN/m
(dead load)
(lane load)
Totally: Q = 70 kN/m
Point loads
P2
P1
4300
P1
a = 4300-9000
P1 =1.75*1.33*188=438 kN
P2 =1.75*1.33*45=105 kN
To get max moment and shear at support points, a shall be 4.3m, i.e. the pointloads shall be
as close as possible.
In Section CB-9: Appendix B, the simple beam model has been run to calculate max
moments and shear forces.
Page CB-15
Appendix CB
Two controls are done, one at the support and one in the midspan.
Support
Max reaction force is:
V=1697 kN <Vrd = 2282 kN
OK!
Midspan:
Max moment is:
M=9769 kN <Mr = 12389 kN
OK!
SERVICE - I
Camber
The steel-beams shall be fabricated with a camber so the beams in principle not have any
deflection without traffic load. The camber is calculated based on that the steel section
carries the deadload before the concrete has hardened. This means that the moment of inertia
for this section can be calculated to:
Ix = 1.207E10 mm4 (ref section CB-8)
Total load on the beam is:
Q = 4.1 + 30.7 + 4 = 38.8 kN/m
The beam is a simply supported beam with a span of 24m. This gives a deflection of
D=5ql4/(384EI)= 5*38.8*240004/(384*2E5*1.207E10) = 69 mm
Choose an overheigth of the beam of 80 mm

Deflection by traffic
This loadcase is covered by the SERVICE I loadcombination according to Section 3.3. The
deflection limit is l/500 (Section 2.5).
Page CB-16
Appendix CB
The member section in this case is a composite section according the figure below.
2910
230
25 theor. clearance
The concrete area can be transferred to an equivalent steel area by reducing the width with a
factor of 10 accounting for a short term composite section. This means that the moment of
inertia and shear area i vertical direction for this section can be calculated to:
Ix = 3.572E10 mm4
Ref also section CB-8 Appendix A for cross section calculations with the PC-program
SECTION.
Since STAAD takes into account shear deformations, also the shear area is required. This is
calculated only from the steel beam.
Ay = 1345*15= 20175 mm2
(ref CB-8: Appendix A)
Deflection of the composite section is based on following factored loads:

Uniform load
Q= 1.0 kN/m
Q=12 kN/m
(wind load)
(lane load)
Totally: Q = 13 kN/m
Point loads
P2
4300
P1
P1
a = 4300-9000
P1 =1.33*188 = 250 kN
P2 =1.33*45 = 60 kN
Page CB-17
Appendix CB
To get max deflection, a is chosen to 4.3m.

In Section CB-9: Appendix B, the simple beam model has been run to calculate max
deflection.
Max deflection is calculated to 29.2 mm. This means a deflection ration of 24000/29.2
l/822.
Max allowable is 1/500 according to Section 2.3.
OK
FATIGUE
Fatigue requirements for web
Flexure
Requirement to webs without longitudinal stiffeners shall satisfy according to AASHTO ch
6.10.4.3
Dcp <= 15/2*5.76*Sqr(2E5/345) = 1040
Calculated Dcp from the construction stage (prior ro composite section) is Dcp= 923 mm.
After the concrete has hardened the composite section results in a Dcp of much less than
923mm. This menas that the allowable elastic flexural stress in the compression flange fcf is:
fcf = Rh*Fyk= 345 MPa
no reduction to capacity
DETAIL DESIGN
Shear connectors
The pitch of shear connectors is calculated based on:
Pitch at fatigue loading

Pitch at fatigue loading
Minimum 6 times the stud diameter
Pitch at fatigue loading according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.4.1.b

The pitch for the shear connectors can be calcualted as:
P = n*Zr*I/(Vsr*Q)
Page CB-18
Appendix CB
Where
P = pitch in longitudinal direction in mm
n = number of shear connnectors transverse
I = moment of inertia of short-term composite
Q = first moment of the transformed area about the neutral axis of the short-term composite
Vsr = shear force range under LL+I determined for the fatigue limit state
Zr = shear fatigue resistance of an individual shear connector
Zr can be calculated as .
Zr = *d2>=38*d2
With
d = 20 (diameter of stud)
= 238 29.5*logN = 238-29.5*log(2.8E6)=47.8
Zr = 47.8*202 = 19.12 kN
I= 3.572E10 mm4
(ref Section CB-8: Appendix A)
Q = 291*230*(1425+230/2-1176.8.)=24.308E6
In Section CB-9: Appendix B, the shear forces are calculated for the beam with following
truckload:
P2
4300
P1
P1
a = 9000
P1 =142 kN
P2 = 34 kN
Max shear at support is 245 kN
Vsr = 245 kN
P = 229 mm
Pitch at strength loading according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.4.4.a
Qr = sc*Qn
sc = 0.85
Page CB-19
Appendix CB
Qn = 0.5*Asc*Sqr(fc*Ec)<=Asc*Fu
fc = 20 Mpa
Ec = 22600 Mpa
Asc = *202/4=314 mm2
Fu = 400 Mpa (minimum)
Qn = 0.5*314*Sqr(20*22600) = 105 kN <= 314*400 =125 kN
Qr = 0.85*105 = 89 kN
The nominal horizontal shear force Vh is then calculated as the minimum of:
Vhc = 0.85*fc*b*ts
Or
Vhs = Fyw*D*tw + Fyt*bt*tt + Fyc*bc*tc
fc=20 Mpa
b = 2000 mm
bc = 325 mm
bt = 400 mm
ts =230 mm
tt = 35 mm
tc = 20 mm
tw = 15 mm
D = 1345 mm
Fyw = Fyc = Fyt = 345 Mpa
Vhc = 0.85*20*2000*230 = 7820 k N
Vhs = 345*(1345*15 +325*20 + 400*35) = 14032 kN
Vh = 7820 kN
Minimum number of shear connectors (n) between mid point of beam to endsupport is then
n = 7820 / 89 = 87
With two shear connnectors in transverse direction, this gives a pitch of
p = 12000/(87/2) = 275 mm
Page CB-20
Appendix CB
Minimum required pitch according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.4.1.b

p >= 6*D= 6*20 =120 mm
The pitch distance is thus decided to be c/c 120 mm
Stud 20 c/c 120mm

Bearing stiffeners
The bearing stiffeners are controlled for the strength load combination. This menas that the
maximum reaction force is 1697 kN.
Its assumed that the bearing stiffners are connected to the bottom flange with a full contact,
thus all vertical force is tranferred by contact between the bottom flange and the bearing
stiffener.
The following calculations follws in principle the requirements from AASHTO ch 6.10.8.2.
Projecting width according to AASHTO ch 6.10.8.2.2
Each stiffener shall have a width limited to:
bf <= 0.48*tp*Sqr(E/Fys)
E = 2E5 Mpa
Fys = 345 Mpa
tp = 20 mm
bf <= 231 mm
Since the bottom flange is 400 mm, this requirement is fulfilled.
Bearing resistance according to AASHTO ch 6.10.8.2.3
Br = b*Apn*Fys
With
b = 1.0
Apn = 20*(400-3*15-2*10) =6700
Fys = 345 MPa
(compenstaed for web to flange weld)
Page CB-21
Appendix CB
Br = 1.0*6700*345=2311 kN
Br > V = 1697 kN
OK!
Axial resistance of bearing resistance
The cross section as shown in the figures below is checked for axial compression
130
Pl 20
178
h
400
d = 20+2*9*tw = 20+2*9*15 =290 mm

h= 2*178 + 15 = 371 mm
Page CB-22
Appendix CB
As = 290*15+20*(371-15) =11470 mm2

Is = 20*3713/12+(290-20)*153/12 = 85.18 E6 mm4
radius of gyration of the cross section is
rs = Sqr(Is/As)= 86 mm
buckling length is 0.75*D=0.75*1345=1009mm
= (1009/86/)2*Fy/E = 0.023
Pn = 0.66*Fy*As= 3975 kN
Pr = 0.9*Pn = 3578 kN
Pr >> Vr =1697 kN
OK
The stiffener and the web shall fit to the bottom flange so the vertical force can be
transferred by direct contact.
End beam at support
A transverse endbeam is located at each support. This beams can be if the bearings need to
be changed. Lift points are located 500mm from each main girder, see figure below.
HEB400
500
500
4500
Figure.
End beam at support for lifting the bridge
Reaction force for one beam is (ref Section 10.2) 582 kN including a loadfactor of 1.25.
Moment and sherforce for the beam is thus
Ms = 582*0.5=291 kNm
Page CB-23
Appendix CB
Vs = 582 kN
HEB 400 has following capacities:
Mrd = 250*2.884E6=721 kNm>Ms
(elastic)
Since D < 2.46*tw*Sqr(E/Fyk), then

Vrd = 0.58*250*D*tw=0.58*250*(400-2*24)*13.5=689kN > Vs
The profile is thus OK!
Construction stage
During the construction stage, lateral torsional buckling is prevented by transverse beams
every 6 m along the beams, as shown in the figure below.
+-Pu
+-Pu
Max
600
HEA 300
4500
Max flange force in the top flange is, (ref Section 10.1)
F =238*325*20=1547 kN
The horizontal force Pu is estimated to be 0.02*P, i.e.:
Pu = 0.02* 1547 = 31 kN
Additional moments from top flange to center of beam:
M = 31*0.6 = 18.6 kNm
The moment is transferred through the flange welds, see figure below.
Page CB-24
Appendix CB
120
300
F = 18.6/0.3 = 62 kN
Tau = 62E3/(2*120*5)=55 Mpa < (Fyk/Sqr3) OK
The axial stress in the HEA 300 member can be calculated to
Sig = 31E3/11250 = 3 MPa
no buckling problem
If the beam is used as support for the formwork during casting of the slab, the beam can be
checked for following load case:
q
4500
q = 0.3*24*6 + 6 (formwork)= 49.2 kN/m

M = q*4.52/8= 125 kNm
W(HEA300) =1.259E6 mm3
Siq = 125E6/1.259E6 = 99 Mpa > Fyk = 250 MPa
The beam can act as support for formwork during construction stage.
Page CB-25
Appendix CB
CB.7 CONCRETE
Overhang
400
cL girder
1810
Load and moments:

Dead load
Railing:
The railing including posts is estimated to 2.75 kN/m.
Concrete:
Edge beam including slab to c/l of girder has a cross section of:
A1= 1.81*0.258 = 0.467 m2
A2= 0.4*(0.4-0.24)= 0.064 m2
(slab)
(edge beam)
DCc1 = 24*0.467 = 11.208 kN/m

DCc2 = 24*0.064 = 1.536 kN/m
Wearing surface:
The wearing surface is estimated to have a thickness of 50 mm. With

a density of 22.5 kN/m2, this gives a load of:
D = 0.05*22.5= 1.125 kN/m2
DW = 1.125*1.81 = 2.036 kN/m
Total load:
DD = 2.75 + 11.208 + 1.536 + 2.036 = 17.5 kN/m
Moment:
MDL = 2.75*1.61 + 11.208*1.81/2 + 1.536*1.61 + 2.036*1.81/2 =

18.886 kNm
Rail load
P = 44.51 kN
Page CB-26
(Ref Art 2.7 AASHTO 1996)
Appendix CB
P
I
900+280/2=1140
1610
Mi = 44.51*1.14=50.741 kNm
Effective length for moment:
E = 1140 + 0.833X
according to AASHTO ch 4.6.2.1.3
X = 1610
E = 1140 + 0.833*1610= 2.481 m

MRL = 50.741/2.481=20.451 kNm/m
Truck load: (145kN axle)
300
1110
P = 145/2 = 72.5 kN
(one wheel)
M = 72.5*1.11=80.5 kNm
E = 1140 + 0.833X
X = 1.11
Page CB-27
Appendix CB
E = 1.14+0.833*1.11 = 2.065
MLT = 80.5/2.065 = 39 kNm/m
Lane load: (3.1 kN/m)
1410
MLL = 3.1*1.412/2= 3.08 kNm/m

Total moment:
Loadcase a) Deadload+railload:
M = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*MRL = 1.25*18.89 + 1.75*20.45 = 59.4 kNm/m
Loadcase b) Deadload+truck + lane load:
M = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*1.33*MLT + 1.75*MLL = 1.25*18.89 + 1.75*1.33*39 + 1.75*3.08 =
= 119.8 kNm/m
Design for flexure:
Top layer reinforcement
Assume reinforcement bars: = 20 mm
Cover top surface:
50 mm
Cover bottom surface:
25 mm
Slab gross thickness:
D = 280 mm
d = 280 - /2 top cover = 280 10-50 = 220 mm
c = As*Fy/(0.85*fc*b)
with
fc = 20 Mpa
Page CB-28
Appendix CB
b = 1000 mm
fy = 350 Mpa
As = 2000 mm2 (assumed)
c = 2000*350/(0.85*20*1000) = 41.17 mm
a = c*1 = 41.17*0.85= 35mm
As = M /(*Fy*(d-a/2)=119.8E6/(0.9*350*(220-35/2))= 1878 mm
according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.2
20 c/c 165 mm
or alternative
12 c/c 160 mm + 16 c/c 160 mm

Bottom layer reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.3.2
min > 0.03*fc/fy = 0.03*20/350=0.002
As = 0.002*280*1000=560mm2
12 c/c 200 mm
(bottom minimum reinforcement)
Slab between girders - transverse
400
cL bridge
1810
2250
Page CB-29
Appendix CB
Max positive moment:

Max positive moment is by placing one lane in the mid of the bridge.
Dead load moment from overhang
Moment has been calculated for the overhang as:
MDL = -18.9 kNm/m
Dead load moment from slab between girder

Concrete:
DCc = 24*0.28 = 6.72 kN/m
Wearing surface:
D = 0.05*22.5= 1.125 kN/m
Total dead load:
D = 6.72+1.125 = 7.845 kN/m
Moment:
M = 7.845*4.52/8 = +19.9 kNm/m

P
P
CL girder
1350
1800
4500
P = 145/2 = 72.5 kN
(one wheel)
M = 72.5*1.35=98 kNm
E = 660 + 0.55S
With S=4.5
E = 3.13
MLT = 98/3.13 = +31.3 kNm/m
Page CB-30
Appendix CB
Lane load: (3.1 kN/m)

Q = 3.1 kN/m
MLL = 3.1*3/2*(0.75+3/4) = +7 kNm/m
Total moment:
Deadload+truck + lane load:
M = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*1.33*MLT + 1.75*MLL = 1.25*(19.9-18.9) + 1.75*1.33*31.2 + 1.75*7
= 86.1 kNm/m
Max negative moment:
Max negative moment is by placing two lanes as far out as possible to the railings.
Dead load moment
From earlier calculations:
MDL = 19.9-18.9 = +1.0 kNm/m

600 *)
990
810
CL girder
4500
P = 145/2 = 72.5 kN
(one wheel)
M = 72.5*0.81 = -59 kNm
(exterior wheel)
M = 72.5*0.99 = +72 kNm
(interior wheel)
MLT = 72-59 = 13 kNm/m

E = 1220 + 0.25S
AASHTO ch 4.6.2.1.3
Page CB-31
Appendix CB
With S=4.5
E = 2345
MLT = 13/2.345 = +5.5 kNm/m
As can be seen from the dead load moment and the truck load moment, there will not be any
negative moment for this bridge.
Design for flexure positive moment:
Assume reinforcement bars: = 16 mm
Cover top surface:
50 mm
Cover bottom surface:
25 mm
Slab gross thickness:
D = 280 mm
d = 280 - /2 top cover = 280 8-50 = 222 mm
c = As*Fy/(0.85*fc*b)
with
fc = 20 Mpa
b = 1000 mm
Fy = 350 Mpa
As = 1500 mm2 (assumed)
according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.2
c = 1500*350/(0.85*20*1000) = 30.82 mm
a = c*1 = 30.82*0.85= 26.25mm
As = M /(*Fy*(d-a/2)=86.1E6/(0.9*350*(220-26/2))= 1321 mm
16 c/c 150 mm
(bottom reinforcement)

min > 0.03*fc/fy = 0.03*20/350=0.002
As = 0.002*280*1000=560 mm2
12 c/c 200 mm
Page CB-32
(top minimum reinforcement)
Appendix CB
Distribution reinforcement longitudinal direction

The amount of distribution reinforcement in the bottom of the slab shall be a percantage of
the primary reinforcement in transverse direction for positive moment according to
AASHTO ch 5.7.3.3.2:
As = 3840/Sqr(S) <= 67%
With S =4500
As = 3840/Sqr(4500) = 57%
Asreq = 0.57*1321 = 752 mm2
12 c/c 150 mm
(bottom longitudinal reinforcement)
12 c/c 200 mm
(top longitudinal minimum reinforcement)
Page CB-33
Appendix CB
CB.8
APPENDIX A CROSS SECTION CALCULATIONS
CB.8.1 Calculations with SECTION 3.0
Page CB-34
Appendix CB
Page CB-35
Appendix CB
CB.8.2 Formulas for manual calculations

In the following tables, formulas in bold are the outputs given by SECTION 3.0
CB.8.2.1 I-shaped Steel section characteristics
b1
flange 1
tf1
tw
y
Z
web
ezel
tf2
flange 2
z
b2
Flange 1
Thickness
Width
Area
Ordinate of
center of
gravity
Moment of
Inertia / Gi / y
axis 1
tf1
b1
A1 = tf1 b1
Zg1 = tf1/2
Flange 2
tf2
b2
A2 = tf2 b2
Zg2= h-tf2/2
Web
tw
hw = h-b1-b2
Aw = tw hw
Zgw=tf2 + hw/2
Igy1 = b1 tf13/12 Igy2 = b2 tf23/12 Igyw = tw hw3/12
Moment of In. Iy1=Igy1 +

/G/y axis
A1 (Zg1-ezel)2
Moment of
Iz1 = tf1 b13/12
Inertia / z axis
Sec. modulus / Wey1 = Iy _
y axis
h-ezel
Sec. modulus / Wez1 = 2Iz /b1
z axis
Torsional
Ix1= b1 x ft13/3
2
Constant
Ordinate of the neutral axis in
the plastic range.
Iy2=Igy2 +
A2 (Zg2-ezel)2
Iz2 = tf2 b23/12
Complete Section
A=A1+A2+Aw
ezel=
(Zg1A1+Zg2A2+ZgwAw)
A1+A2+Aw
Iyw=Igyw +
Iy=Iy1+Iy2+Iyw
2
Aw (Zgw-ezel)
Izw = hw tw3/12
Iz = Igz1 + Igz2 + Igzw
Wey2 =
Iy _
ezel
Wez1 = 2Iz /b2
Ix2= b2 x tf23/3
Ixw=hw tw3/3
Ix = Ix1 + Ix2 + Ixw

ezpl =A1-A2+h-tf1+tf2
2tw
2
In this formulas, Gi is the Center of Gravity of the considered component ( web or Flanges )
This formula is an approximation valid only for section made of thin plates ( like most of I shaped section). The
condition is that ai/bi < 10 for each of the component of the section ( web and flanges) where ai is the thickness and
bi the width of one component.
2
Page CB-36
Appendix CB
CB.8.2.2 Calculation of compostite sections characteristics
bc (Effective width, see paragraph CB3)

concrete
tc
flange 1
tw
y
G
web
ezel
Z
tf2
flange 2
b2
Characteristics
(Steel
equivalent)
Thickness
Width
Area
Ordinate of
center of gravity
Moment of
Inertia / Gi / y
axis 1
Moment of
Inertia / Center
of Gravity/yaxis
Moment of
Inertia / z axis
Section modulus
/ y axis
1
Concrete
Steel Section
( Calculated as per
previous table)
Composite Section
tc
bc /n
Ac=tcbc /n
Zgc = h+ tc/2
As
Zgs
Igyc = bc tc3/12n
Igys
Iyc=Igyc +
Ac (Zgc-ezel)2
Iys=Igys +
As (Zgs-ezel)2
Iy=Iyc+Iys
Izc = tfc bc3/12n
Izs
Iz =Igz1+Igz2 +Igzw
A=A1+A2+Aw
ezel=ZgcAc+ZgsAs
Ac+As
Weyc =Iy /(h+tc-ezel) Wey1 = Iy/ (h-ezel)

Wey2 = Iy/ ezel
In this formulas, Gi is the Center of Gravity of the considered component ( Concrete stab or steel
beam )
Page CB-37
Appendix CB
CB.9 APPENDIX B - Calculations by STAAD

STRENGTH
On the following page, moment and sheardiagram are shown. Therafter, the computer run is
attached.
Page CB-38
PAGE NO.
Appendix CB
Page CB-39
Appendix CB
**************************************************
*
*
*
S T A A D - III
*
*
Revision 22.3
*
*
Proprietary Program of
*
*
Research Engineers, Inc.
*
*
Date=
DEC 14, 1999
*
*
Time=
16:15:57
*
*
*
*
USER ID: Research Engineers
*
**************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE STRENGTH

2. INPUT WIDTH 72
3. UNIT MMS NEWTON
4. JOINT COORDINATES
5.
1
.000
6.
2
500.000
7.
3
1000.000
8.
4
1500.000
9.
5
2000.000
10.
6
2500.000
11.
7
3000.000
12.
8
3500.000
13.
9
4000.000
14.
10
4500.000
15.
11
5000.000
16.
12
5500.000
17.
13
6000.000
18.
14
6500.000
19.
15
7000.000
20.
16
7500.000
21.
17
8000.000
22.
18
8500.000
23.
19
9000.001
24.
20
9500.001
25.
21
10000.000
26.
22
10500.000
27.
23
11000.000
28.
24
11500.000
29.
25
12000.000
30.
26
12500.000
31.
27
13000.000
32.
28
13500.000
33.
29
14000.000
34.
30
14500.000
35.
31
15000.000
36.
32
15500.000
37.
33
16000.000
38.
34
16500.000
39.
35
17000.000
40.
36
17500.000
41.
37
18000.000
STRENGTH
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
Page CB-40
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
18500.000
19000.000
19500.000
20000.000
20500.000
21000.000
21500.000
22000.000
22500.000
23000.000
23500.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-- PAGE NO.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
Appendix CB

53.
49
24000.000
54. MEMBER INCIDENCES
55.
1
1
56.
2
2
57.
3
3
58.
4
4
59.
5
5
60.
6
6
61.
7
7
62.
8
8
63.
9
9
64.
10
10
65.
11
11
66.
12
12
67.
13
13
68.
14
14
69.
15
15
70.
16
16
71.
17
17
72.
18
18
73.
19
19
74.
20
20
75.
21
21
76.
22
22
77.
23
23
78.
24
24
79.
25
25
80.
26
26
81.
27
27
82.
28
28
83.
29
29
84.
30
30
85.
31
31
86.
32
32
87.
33
33
88.
34
34
89.
35
35
90.
36
36
91.
37
37
92.
38
38
93.
39
39
94.
40
40
95.
41
41
96.
42
42
97.
43
43
STRENGTH
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
.000
.000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
-- PAGE NO.
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 TO 48 PRI YD 500. ZD 100.
CONSTANT
E STEEL ALL
DENSITY STEEL ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
SUPPORT
1 PINNED
49 FIXED BUT FX MX MY MZ
UNITS KNS MET
DEF MOV LOAD
* TRUCK LOAD
TYPE 1 LOAD 105. 438. 438. DIS 4.3 4.3
*
LOAD 1 DEADLOAD
MEMBER LOAD
1 TO 48 UNI GY -70.
*
LOAD GENERATION 100 ADD LOAD 1
Page CB-41
Appendix CB
122. TYPE 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 XINC 0.2

123. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M
S T A T I S T I C S
----------------------------------NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS =
49/
48/
2
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH =
1/
1
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 101, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
289
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX =
3468 DOUBLE PREC. WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.61/ 989.6 MB, EXMEM = 1967.5 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix.

++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix.
++ Processing Triangular Factorization.
16:16: 0
16:16: 0
16:16: 0
***WARNING - IMPROPER LOAD WILL CAUSE INSTABILITY AT JOINT

49
DIRECTION = MX PROBABLE CAUSE MODELING PROBLEM
-.320E-09
++ Calculating Joint Displacements.
16:16: 0
++ Calculating Member Forces.
16:16: 1
124. PLOT BEND FILE

125. PRINT MAX FORCE ENV
STRENGTH
-- PAGE NO.
MEMBER FORCE ENVELOPE

--------------------ALL UNITS ARE KNS
MET
MAX AND MIN FORCE VALUES AMONGST ALL SECTION LOCATIONS

MEMB
FY/
FZ
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
Page CB-42
DIST
DIST
LD
LD
1585.62
.00
805.01
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
2
1
1
101
1526.01
.00
770.02
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1466.56
.00
735.03
.00
MZ/
MY
DIST
DIST
LD
LD
.02
.00
-771.76
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
57
1
5
101
5
1
1
101
-411.24
.00
-1509.69
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
7
101
.00
.00
.50
.50
8
1
1
101
-804.98
.00
-2203.33
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
9
101
1415.25
.00
700.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
10
1
1
101
-1181.26
.00
-2867.68
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
12
101
1355.40
.00
664.96
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
13
1
1
101
-1540.00
.00
-3489.43
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
14
101
1305.75
.00
630.13
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
2
1
1
101
-1881.19
.00
-4126.71
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
2
101
FX
DIST
LD
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
Appendix CB

7
MAX
1270.37
.00
595.07
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
2
1
1
101
-2204.99
.00
-4753.20
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
2
101
1235.59
.00
559.96
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
2
1
1
101
-2511.22
.00
-5362.27
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
2
101
1200.15
.00
STRENGTH
.00
.00
2
1
-2799.98
.00
.00
.00
1
1
524.99
.00
.50
.50
1
101
-5938.06
.00
.50
.50
3
101
1148.73
.00
489.39
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
4
1
1
101
-3071.35
.00
-6448.33
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
6
101
1098.41
.00
455.47
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
6
1
1
101
-3325.03
.00
-6940.66
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
8
101
1037.72
.00
420.33
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
9
1
1
101
-3561.32
.00
-7370.90
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
11
101
986.68
.00
385.19
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
11
1
1
101
-3779.88
.00
-7791.46
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
13
101
927.23
.00
350.19
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
14
1
1
101
-3981.17
.00
-8141.66
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
16
101
876.16
.00
314.94
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
16
1
1
101
-4164.99
.00
-8490.63
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
18
101
816.90
.00
280.13
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
19
1
1
101
-4331.37
.00
-8761.79
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
20
101
765.05
.00
245.36
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
21
1
1
101
-4479.89
.00
-9037.92
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
23
101
704.42
.00
-42.34
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
24
1
4
101
-4611.38
.00
-9236.94
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
25
101
653.75
.00
-92.57
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
26
1
6
101
-4725.09
.00
-9433.43
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
28
101
594.94
.00
.00
.00
29
1
-4821.22
.00
.00
.00
1
1
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
10
MAX
MIN
11
MAX
MIN
12
MAX
MIN
13
MAX
MIN
14
MAX
MIN
15
MAX
MIN
16
MAX
MIN
17
MAX
MIN
18
MAX
MIN
19
MAX
MIN
20
MAX
STRENGTH
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
-- PAGE NO.
1
5
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
-- PAGE NO.
1
6
Page CB-43
Appendix CB
MIN
21
MAX
MIN
22
MAX
MIN
23
MAX
MIN
24
MAX
MIN
25
MAX
MIN
26
MAX
MIN
27
MAX
MIN
28
MAX
MIN
29
MAX
MIN
30
MAX
MIN
31
-152.53
.00
.50
.50
9
101
-9561.12
.00
.50
.50
30
101
543.45
.00
-203.36
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
31
1
11
101
-4900.07
.00
-9677.43
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
33
101
484.28
.00
-263.73
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
34
1
14
101
-4961.20
.00
-9733.13
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
35
101
432.33
.00
-315.77
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
36
1
16
101
-5004.94
.00
-9769.53
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
38
101
372.71
.00
-375.64
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
39
1
19
101
-5031.41
.00
-9769.45
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
1
1
38
101
322.07
.00
-426.13
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
41
1
21
101
-5031.22
.00
-9753.16
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
40
101
262.12
.00
-486.01
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
44
1
24
101
-5005.02
.00
-9709.81
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
43
101
209.18
.00
-536.89
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
46
1
26
101
-4961.37
.00
-9621.68
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
45
101
150.90
.00
-595.62
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
49
1
29
101
-4900.00
.00
-9535.26
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
27
101
98.89
.00
-646.79
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
51
1
31
101
-4821.12
.00
-9461.49
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
29
101
40.98
.00
-707.08
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
54
1
34
101
-4724.82
.00
-9343.67
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
32
101
-10.59
.00
.00
.00
56
1
-4611.31
.00
.50
.00
1
1
-758.55
.00
.50
.50
36
101
-9198.19
.00
.00
.50
34
101
-70.23
.00
-818.59
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
59
1
39
101
-4479.99
.00
-9000.54
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
37
101
-121.71
.00
-868.15
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
61
1
41
101
-4331.35
.00
-8783.27
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
39
101
MAX
STRENGTH
MIN
32
MAX
MIN
33
MAX
MIN
Page CB-44
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
-- PAGE NO.
1
7
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
Appendix CB

34
MAX
-181.86
.00
-928.77
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
64
1
44
101
-4164.98
.00
-8505.69
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
42
101
-232.68
.00
-980.85
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
66
1
46
101
-3981.32
.00
-8216.54
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
44
101
-292.83
.00
-1040.12
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
69
1
49
101
-3780.12
.00
-7858.90
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
47
101
-343.37
.00
-1091.31
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
71
1
51
101
-3561.27
.00
-7498.15
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
49
101
-402.99
.00
-1150.63
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
74
1
54
101
-3324.91
.00
-7060.38
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
52
101
-454.51
.00
-1202.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
76
1
56
101
-3071.18
.00
-6627.85
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
54
101
-504.18
.00
-1261.57
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
59
101
-2799.82
.00
-6117.08
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
56
101
-558.00
.00
-1312.53
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
81
1
61
101
-2511.20
.00
-5605.56
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
59
101
-595.19
.00
STRENGTH
.00
.00
1
1
-2205.02
.00
.50
.00
1
1
-1372.31
.00
.50
.50
64
101
-5023.52
.00
.00
.50
61
101
-630.19
.00
-1423.17
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
66
101
-1881.19
.00
-4431.72
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
64
101
-664.91
.00
-1483.17
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
69
101
-1540.06
.00
-3777.78
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
66
101
-700.11
.00
-1534.73
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
71
101
-1181.22
.00
-3106.28
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
69
101
-735.11
.00
-1593.90
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
74
101
-804.99
.00
-2380.46
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
71
101
-769.94
.00
-1645.34
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
76
101
-411.27
.00
-1628.99
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
1
1
74
101
MIN
35
MAX
MIN
36
MAX
MIN
37
MAX
MIN
38
MAX
MIN
39
MAX
MIN
40
MAX
MIN
41
MAX
MIN
42
MAX
MIN
43
MAX
MIN
44
MAX
MIN
45
MAX
MIN
46
MAX
MIN
47
MAX
MIN
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
-- PAGE NO.
1
8
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
Page CB-45
Appendix CB
48
MAX
MIN
-804.97
.00
-1696.69
.00

.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
78
101
.03
.00
-831.43
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
28
1
76
101
.00
.00
.00
.50
101
********** END OF FORCE ENVELOPE FROM INTERNAL STORAGE **********
126. FINISH
*************** END OF STAAD-III ***************

**** DATE= DEC 14,1999
TIME= 16:16:19 ****
*********************************************************
*
For questions on STAAD-III,
contact:
*
*
Research Engineers, Inc at
*
* West Coast: Ph- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 *
* East Coast: Ph- (508) 688-3626 Fax- (508) 685-7230 *
*********************************************************
SERVICE - Deflection
On the next page, the max deflection is plotted. Therafter, the computer run is attached.
Page CB-46
Appendix CB
Page CB-47
Appendix CB
PAGE NO.
**************************************************
*
*
*
S T A A D - III
*
*
Revision 22.3
*
*
*
*
*
*
Date=
DEC 13, 1999
*
*
Time=
9:29:41
*
*
*
*
*
**************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE SERVICE

2. INPUT WIDTH 72
3. UNIT MMS NEWTON
5.
1
.000
6.
2
500.000
7.
3
1000.000
8.
4
1500.000
9.
5
2000.000
10.
6
2500.000
11.
7
3000.000
12.
8
3500.000
13.
9
4000.000
14.
10
4500.000
15.
11
5000.000
16.
12
5500.000
17.
13
6000.000
18.
14
6500.000
19.
15
7000.000
20.
16
7500.000
21.
17
8000.000
22.
18
8500.000
23.
19
9000.001
24.
20
9500.001
25.
21
10000.000
26.
22
10500.000
27.
23
11000.000
28.
24
11500.000
29.
25
12000.000
30.
26
12500.000
31.
27
13000.000
32.
28
13500.000
33.
29
14000.000
34.
30
14500.000
35.
31
15000.000
36.
32
15500.000
37.
33
16000.000
38.
34
16500.000
39.
35
17000.000
40.
36
17500.000
41.
37
18000.000
SERVICE
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Page CB-48
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
18500.000
19000.000
19500.000
20000.000
20500.000
21000.000
21500.000
22000.000
22500.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-- PAGE NO.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
Appendix CB

51.
47
23000.000
52.
48
23500.000
53.
49
24000.000
55.
1
1
56.
2
2
57.
3
3
58.
4
4
59.
5
5
60.
6
6
61.
7
7
62.
8
8
63.
9
9
64.
10
10
65.
11
11
66.
12
12
67.
13
13
68.
14
14
69.
15
15
70.
16
16
71.
17
17
72.
18
18
73.
19
19
74.
20
20
75.
21
21
76.
22
22
77.
23
23
78.
24
24
79.
25
25
80.
26
26
81.
27
27
82.
28
28
83.
29
29
84.
30
30
85.
31
31
86.
32
32
87.
33
33
88.
34
34
89.
35
35
90.
36
36
91.
37
37
92.
38
38
93.
39
39
94.
40
40
95.
41
41
96.
42
42
97.
43
43
SERVICE
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
-- PAGE NO.
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 TO 48 PRI AX 1E5 IX 1E8 IY 1E8 IZ 3.572E10 AY 1E5 AZ 20175
CONSTANT
E STEEL ALL
DENSITY STEEL ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
SUPPORT
1 PINNED
UNITS KNS MET
DEF MOV LOAD
* TRUCK LOAD - SERVICE
TYP 1 LOA 60 250 250 DIS 4.3 4.3
*
LOAD 1 DEADLOAD
MEMBER LOAD
1 TO 48 UNI GY -13.
Page CB-49
Appendix CB
120.
121.
122.
123.
*
LOAD GENERATION 20 ADD LOAD 1
TYPE 1 5.0 0.0 0.0 XINC 0.2
PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M
S T A T I S T I C S
49/
48/
2
1/
1
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES =
21, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
289

9:29:42
9:29:42
9:29:42

49
.000E+00
9:29:42
9:29:42
124. UNITS MMS NEWS

125. PLOT DISP FILE
126. PRINT JOINT DISPL LIST 20 TO 30
SERVICE
JOINT DISPLACEMENT (CM

-----------------JOINT
LOAD
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
21
Page CB-50
X-TRANS
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
RADIANS)
Y-TRANS
-.7573
-2.7578
-2.7621
-2.7645
-2.7653
-2.7648
-2.7628
-2.7594
-2.7547
-2.7485
-2.7411
-2.7323
-2.7221
-2.7108
-2.6980
-2.6841
-2.6690
-2.6525
-2.6350
-2.6161
-2.5962
-.7721
-2.8100
-2.8151
-2.8190
-2.8214
-2.8218
-2.8206
-2.8177
-2.8136
-- PAGE NO.
STRUCTURE TYPE = SPACE
Z-TRANS
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
X-ROTAN
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
Y-ROTAN
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
Z-ROTAN
-.0003
-.0012
-.0012
-.0012
-.0012
-.0012
-.0012
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0013
-.0003
-.0009
-.0009
-.0010
-.0010
-.0010
-.0010
-.0010
-.0010
Appendix CB

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
SERVICE
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
-2.8079
-2.8009
-2.7925
-2.7826
-2.7716
-2.7590
-2.7453
-2.7303
-2.7138
-2.6963
-2.6774
-2.6574
-.7836
-2.8498
-2.8557
-2.8603
-2.8636
-2.8649

-----------------JOINT
23
24
LOAD
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
X-TRANS
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
RADIANS)
Y-TRANS
-2.8653
-2.8638
-2.8604
-2.8553
-2.8489
-2.8410
-2.8315
-2.8209
-2.8086
-2.7952
-2.7804
-2.7641
-2.7468
-2.7279
-2.7080
-.7919
-2.8773
-2.8839
-2.8892
-2.8932
-2.8953
-2.8964
-2.8956
-2.8935
-2.8900
-2.8845
-2.8772
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-- PAGE NO.
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Page CB-51
Appendix CB
7
8
9
10
11
12
SERVICE
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-2.9149
-2.9148
-2.9134
-2.9107
-2.9060
-2.9004

-----------------JOINT
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SERVICE
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Page CB-52
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-- PAGE NO.
Z-TRANS
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-- PAGE NO.
Appendix CB

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SERVICE
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-----------------JOINT
LOAD
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X-TRANS
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-- PAGE NO.
Z-TRANS
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X-ROTAN
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Z-ROTAN
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.0010
.0010
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Page CB-53
Appendix CB
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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18
19
20
21
.0000
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-.7573
-2.7181
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-2.7402
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-2.7691
-2.7704
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.0010
************** END OF LATEST ANALYSIS RESULT **************
127. FINISH
*************** END OF STAAD-III ***************

**** DATE= DEC 13,1999
TIME=
9:29:43 ****
*********************************************************
*
contact:
*
*
*
* West Coast: Ph- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 *
* East Coast: Ph- (508) 688-3626 Fax- (508) 685-7230 *
*********************************************************
Page CB-54
Appendix CB
FATIGUE
On the following page, sheardiagram is shown. Therafter, the computer run is attached.
Page CB-55
Appendix CB
Page CB-56
Appendix CB

PAGE NO.
**************************************************
*
*
*
S T A A D - III
*
*
Revision 22.3
*
*
*
*
*
*
Date=
DEC 14, 1999
*
*
Time=
16:30:26
*
*
*
*
*
**************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE FATIGUE

2. INPUT WIDTH 72
3. UNIT MMS NEWTON
5.
1
.000
6.
2
500.000
7.
3
1000.000
8.
4
1500.000
9.
5
2000.000
10.
6
2500.000
11.
7
3000.000
12.
8
3500.000
13.
9
4000.000
14.
10
4500.000
15.
11
5000.000
16.
12
5500.000
17.
13
6000.000
18.
14
6500.000
19.
15
7000.000
20.
16
7500.000
21.
17
8000.000
22.
18
8500.000
23.
19
9000.001
24.
20
9500.001
25.
21
10000.000
26.
22
10500.000
27.
23
11000.000
28.
24
11500.000
29.
25
12000.000
30.
26
12500.000
31.
27
13000.000
32.
28
13500.000
33.
29
14000.000
34.
30
14500.000
35.
31
15000.000
36.
32
15500.000
37.
33
16000.000
38.
34
16500.000
39.
35
17000.000
40.
36
17500.000
41.
37
18000.000
FATIGUE
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
18500.000
19000.000
19500.000
20000.000
20500.000
21000.000
21500.000
22000.000
22500.000
23000.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-- PAGE NO.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
Page CB-57
Appendix CB
52.
48
23500.000
53.
49
24000.000
55.
1
1
56.
2
2
57.
3
3
58.
4
4
59.
5
5
60.
6
6
61.
7
7
62.
8
8
63.
9
9
64.
10
10
65.
11
11
66.
12
12
67.
13
13
68.
14
14
69.
15
15
70.
16
16
71.
17
17
72.
18
18
73.
19
19
74.
20
20
75.
21
21
76.
22
22
77.
23
23
78.
24
24
79.
25
25
80.
26
26
81.
27
27
82.
28
28
83.
29
29
84.
30
30
85.
31
31
86.
32
32
87.
33
33
88.
34
34
89.
35
35
90.
36
36
91.
37
37
92.
38
38
93.
39
39
94.
40
40
95.
41
41
96.
42
42
97.
43
43
FATIGUE
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.

.000
.000
.000
.000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
-- PAGE NO.
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 TO 48 PRI YD 500. ZD 100.
CONSTANT
E STEEL ALL
DENSITY STEEL ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
SUPPORT
1 PINNED
UNITS KNS MET
DEF MOV LOAD
* TRUCK LOAD
TYPE 1 LOAD 34 142 142 DIS 4.3 9.
*
LOAD GENERATION 100
TYPE 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 XINC 0.2
PERFORM ANALYSIS
Page CB-58
Appendix CB
P R O B L E M
S T A T I S T I C S
49/
48/
2
1/
1
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 100, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
289

16:30:28
16:30:28
16:30:28

49
-.320E-09
16:30:28
16:30:29
120. PLOT BEND FILE

121. PRINT MAX FORCE ENV
FATIGUE
-- PAGE NO.
MEMBER FORCE ENVELOPE

--------------------ALL UNITS ARE KNS
MET
MAX AND MIN FORCE VALUES AMONGST ALL SECTION LOCATIONS

MEMB
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
FY/
FZ
DIST
DIST
LD
LD
213.86
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
100
100
205.92
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
197.98
.00
5.95
.00
DIST
DIST
LD
LD
.00
.00
-102.96
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
15
1
4
100
4
1
100
100
-2.97
.00
-200.61
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
6
100
.00
.00
.50
.50
7
1
100
100
-5.95
.00
-289.57
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
8
100
192.67
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
9
1
100
100
-8.93
.00
-374.73
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
11
100
184.72
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
12
1
100
100
-11.90
.00
-451.77
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
13
100
179.84
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
100
100
-14.87
.00
-539.60
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
1
100
179.91
.00
.00
.00
1
1
-17.85
.00
.00
.00
100
1
MZ/
MY
FX
DIST
LD
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
Page CB-59
Appendix CB
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
5.95
.00
.50
.50
100
100
-629.54
.00
.50
.50
1
100
179.80
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
1
1
100
100
-20.83
.00
-719.46
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
1
100
179.86
.00
.00
.00
1
1
-23.80
.00
.00
.00
100
1
5.95
.00
.50
.50
100
100
-804.26
.00
.50
.50
2
100
174.52
.00
5.96
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
3
1
100
100
-26.77
.00
-873.52
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
5
100
169.28
.00
5.96
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
5
1
100
100
-29.75
.00
-942.63
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
7
100
161.25
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
8
1
100
100
-32.72
.00
-997.32
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
10
100
156.11
.00
5.95
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
10
1
100
100
-35.70
.00
-1054.44
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
12
100
148.10
.00
3.48
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
13
1
14
100
-38.68
.00
-1094.56
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
15
100
142.72
.00
-4.64
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
15
1
17
100
-41.65
.00
-1139.80
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
17
100
134.91
.00
-9.70
.00
.00
.00
.46
.50
18
1
19
100
-44.63
.00
-1166.40
.00
.00
.00
.42
.50
100
1
19
100
129.52
.00
-17.75
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
20
1
22
100
-47.60
.00
-1198.66
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
22
100
121.45
.00
-23.02
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
23
1
24
100
-50.57
.00
-1214.40
.00
.00
.00
.42
.50
100
1
24
100
116.20
.00
-31.08
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
25
1
27
100
-53.55
.00
-1230.98
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
27
100
108.29
.00
.00
.00
28
1
-56.52
.00
.00
.00
100
1
-36.37
.00
.50
.50
29
100
-1235.89
.00
.42
.50
29
100
FATIGUE
MIN
10
MAX
MIN
11
MAX
MIN
12
MAX
MIN
13
MAX
MIN
14
MAX
MIN
15
MAX
MIN
16
MAX
MIN
17
MAX
MIN
18
MAX
MIN
19
MAX
MIN
20
MAX
FATIGUE
MIN
Page CB-60
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.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
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-- PAGE NO.
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100
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.00
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.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
-- PAGE NO.
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6
.00
.50
100
Appendix CB

21
MAX
MIN
22
MAX
MIN
23
MAX
MIN
24
MAX
MIN
25
MAX
MIN
26
MAX
MIN
27
MAX
MIN
28
MAX
MIN
29
MAX
MIN
30
MAX
MIN
31
MAX
103.05
.00
-44.26
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
30
1
32
100
-59.50
.00
-1236.92
.00
.00
.00
.29
.50
100
1
31
100
95.06
.00
-49.52
.00
.00
.00
.46
.50
33
1
34
100
-62.47
.00
-1236.85
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
32
100
89.61
.00
-57.45
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
35
1
37
100
-65.45
.00
-1226.78
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
34
100
81.89
.00
-62.79
.00
.00
.00
.46
.50
38
1
39
100
-68.42
.00
-1216.17
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
37
100
76.34
.00
-70.85
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
40
1
42
100
-71.40
.00
-1194.19
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
39
100
68.60
.00
-75.99
.00
.00
.00
.46
.50
43
1
44
100
-74.38
.00
-1169.02
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
42
100
63.32
.00
-106.83
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
45
1
2
100
-77.35
.00
-1135.15
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
44
100
55.38
.00
-112.01
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
48
1
4
100
-80.32
.00
-1133.15
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
5
100
49.88
.00
-119.89
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
50
1
7
100
-83.30
.00
-1140.33
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
100
1
7
100
43.48
.00
-125.31
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
74
1
9
100
-86.28
.00
-1140.32
.00
.00
.00
.17
.50
100
1
8
100
39.10
.00
.00
.00
77
1
-89.25
.00
.00
.00
100
1
-133.39
.00
.50
.50
12
100
-1138.82
.00
.08
.50
10
100
36.18
.00
-138.67
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
79
1
14
100
-92.23
.00
-1132.90
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
12
100
31.75
.00
-146.42
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
82
1
17
100
-95.20
.00
-1115.71
.00
.00
.00
.08
.50
100
1
15
100
28.79
.00
-151.87
.00
.00
.50
84
1
19
-98.18
.00
-1099.00
.00
.00
.00
100
1
17
FATIGUE
MIN
32
MAX
MIN
33
MAX
MIN
34
MAX
MIN
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
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100
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-- PAGE NO.
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100
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100
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Page CB-61
Appendix CB
35
MAX
MIN
36
MAX
MIN
37
MAX
MIN
38
MAX
MIN
39
MAX
MIN
40
MAX
MIN
41
MAX
MIN
42
MAX
.00
.50
100
.00
.50
100
24.45
.00
-159.75
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
87
1
22
100
-101.15
.00
-1067.17
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
20
100
21.50
.00
-165.01
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
89
1
24
100
-104.12
.00
-1038.61
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
22
100
17.07
.00
-173.10
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
92
1
27
100
-107.10
.00
-992.21
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
25
100
14.16
.00
-178.30
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
94
1
29
100
-110.07
.00
-951.66
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
27
100
9.76
.00
-186.33
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
97
1
32
100
-113.05
.00
-891.66
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
1
29
100
6.82
.00
-191.58
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
99
1
34
100
-112.20
.00
-838.28
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
100
1
32
100
.69
.00
-199.51
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
80
1
37
100
-98.17
.00
-766.34
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
100
1
34
100
-3.74
.00
.00
.00
83
1
-84.15
.00
.50
.00
100
1
-204.86
.00
.50
.50
39
100
-698.36
.00
.00
.50
37
100
-6.62
.00
-212.74
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
85
1
42
100
-70.12
.00
-614.51
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
100
1
39
100
-11.04
.00
-218.11
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
88
1
44
100
-56.10
.00
-531.95
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
100
1
42
100
-13.98
.00
-226.04
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
90
1
47
100
-42.08
.00
-436.16
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
100
1
44
100
-18.37
.00
-231.36
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
93
1
49
100
-28.05
.00
-339.05
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
100
1
47
100
-21.30
.00
-239.29
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
95
1
52
100
-14.02
.00
-231.33
.00
.50
.00
.00
.50
100
1
49
100
-25.71
.00
.00
.00
98
1
.00
.00
.50
.00
29
1
FATIGUE
MIN
43
MAX
MIN
44
MAX
MIN
45
MAX
MIN
46
MAX
MIN
47
MAX
MIN
48
MAX
Page CB-62
.00
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100
.00
.00
.00
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100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
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100
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100
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.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
.00
.50
100
.00
.00
Appendix CB

MIN
-244.58
.00
.50
.50
54
100
-119.64
.00
.00
.50
52
100
.00
.50
100
********** END OF FORCE ENVELOPE FROM INTERNAL STORAGE **********
122. FINISH
*************** END OF STAAD-III ***************

**** DATE= DEC 14,1999
TIME= 16:30:45 ****
*********************************************************
*
contact:
*
*
*
* West Coast: Ph- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 *
* East Coast: Ph- (508) 688-3626 Fax- (508) 685-7230 *
*********************************************************
Page CB-63

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Appendix CB

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Bridge Design Manual - 2002

APPENDIX CB - COMPOSITE BRIDGE, 24 M SPAN, 7.32 m Width

Figure Longitudinal section

Figure Typical cross section

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

CB.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-2002

Resistance factors steel (Table 10-2)

(both flexure and shear)

Resistance factors concrete (Table 9-7)

200 000 Mpa

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Density: c = 2400 kg/m3

Concrete cross section area transferred to equivalent steel area.

CB.2 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

STAAD3, ver 22.0

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

CB.3 STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTIONS

Bottom flange 400x35

Steel cross section

Concrete slab - Effective flange width

*) exclusive edge beam

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

CB.4 BASIC LOADS

For one beam, the dead load is assumed to be

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Lane load: (Section 3.8)

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Truck load (Section 3.8)

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

The reaction force at beam B is then

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

ADDTSL = 0.85* ADDT = 102

CB.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS

STRENGTH I - Construction stage

STRENGTH I - Normal stage

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

SERVICE I - Normal stage

Bottom flange 450x35

Section during construction stage

(Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range)

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

This gives a moment including a loadfactor of 1.25 of:

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

The web slenderness is checked

Lb<= 1.76*73.85*Sqr(2E5/345) = 3129 mm

according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.4.2.a

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Distance between braces = 6000 mm

Ethiopian Roads Authority

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Moment capacity is:

Lb<= 1.7673.85Sqr(2E5/345) = 3129 mm

Qn = 0.5314Sqr(2022600) = 105 kN <= 314400 =125 kN

d = 20+29tw = 20+2915 =290 mm

As = 29015+20(371-15) =11470 mm2

Since D < 2.46twSqr(E/Fyk), then

q = 0.3246 + 6 (formwork)= 49.2 kN/m

MDL = 2.751.61 + 11.2081.81/2 + 1.5361.61 + 2.0361.81/2 =