Conditional Simple

Use
We use it for something that might happen. We use it in the main clause in type II of the Conditional sentences.

Form
would + infinitive

Example
I would fly to Sydney if I had the money.

Conditional Progressive
Use
We use it for something that might happen. We use it in the main clause in type II of the Conditional sentences.

Form
would + infinitive

Example
I would fly to Sydney if I had the money.

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Conditional Perfect
Use
We use it for something that might have happened in the past. We use it in the main clause in type III of the if clauses.

Form
would + have + past participle past participle -> (infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs)

Example
I would have phoned you if you hadn't switched your mobile off.

Conditional Perfect Progressive

Use
We use it for something that might have happened in the past. We use it in the main clause in type III of the if clauses.

Form
would + have + been + infinitive + ing

Example

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Maria would have been singing if there had been more people in the church.

Simple Present - Form

Simple Present

Form of the Simple Present

We use the infinitive of the verb. In the 3rd person Singular (he, she, it - or a name) we put an -s at the end of the infinitive. infinitive - 3rd person Singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

Affirmative sentences:
I/we/you/they play football. He/she/it plays football. NOTE: he, she, it - Do not forget the -s.

Negative sentences:
We use the auxiliary do. I/we/you/they do not play football. He/she/it does not play football. NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Present: I/we/you/they don't play football. He/she/it doesn't play football.

Questions:
Do I/we/you/they play football? Does he/she/it play football?

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Long forms and short forms in the Simple Present

We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Simple Present is formed with a full verb. Short forms are only used in negative phrases. affirmative long form I, we, you, they: I read he, she, it: he reads short form -

negative (do not) long form I, we, you, they: I do not read he, she, it: he does not read short form I, we, you, they: I don't read he, she, it: he doesn't read

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Simple Present - Signal words

These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Simple Present these are adverbs of frequency: always often usually sometimes seldom never Other phrases of time can occur, like: every day every week every year on Mondays after school

Special verbs in the Simple Present

1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence I, we, you, they: I have a book. he, she, it: He has a book. He does not have a book. Does he have a book? I do not have a book. Do I have a book? negative sentence question

2) be as a full verb affirmative sentence I am from Britain. he, she, it: He is from Britain. He is not from Britain. Is he from Britain? negative sentence I am not from Britain. question Am I from Britain?

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we, you, they: We are from Britain. We are not from Britain. Are we from Britain?

We often use the short forms with this verb. 3) do as a full verb affirmative sentence I, we, you, they: I do an exercise. he, she, it: He does an exercise. He does not do an exercise. Does he do an exercise? I do not do an exercise. Do I do an exercise? negative sentence question

4) modal auxiliaries can, could, may, must, need, will etc. affirmative sentence negative sentence question

every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I can play tennis. I cannot play tennis. Can I play tennis?

NOTE: We can subtitute don't (can't) for do not (cannot). Modals have the same form every time regardless the subject. We do not add an -s to the infinitive.

Simple Present - Spelling

Be careful with some words when using the 3rd person singular.

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1) verbs ending in a sibilant [s] [z] [] [] [] [] or verbs ending in -o preceded by a consonant We add -es to the infinitive. Examples: I watch - he watches I pass - he passes I go - he goes I do - he does 2) verbs ending in -y verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): Add -s. Example: I play - he plays verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant: Change 'y' to 'i' and add 'es'. Example: I hurry - he hurries

Simple Present -Use

1) repeated actions My friend often draws nice posters. 2) things in general The sun rises in the East.

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3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events The plane flies to London every Monday. 4) actions in the present - one follows after the other First I get up, then I have breakfast. 5) instructions Open your books at page 34. 6) with special verbs I understand English.

Signal words
every day, often, always, sometimes, never

Form
infinitive (3rd person singular he, she, it: infinitive + -s)

Examples
Affirmative sentences:
I read books. We sing pop songs. I play handball. My brother reads books. She sings pop songs. John plays handball.

Negative sentences: You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary do for negations.
I I don't like like computers. computers at all.

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My friend My mum doesn't

likes like

computers. computers at all.

Questions: Use the auxiliary do. Do you play football? Does he play football?

Simple Present - Use

The Simple Present is frequently used in English. It is also called Present Simple. Have a look at the following examples: 1) repeated actions (every day, always, often, sometimes or never) My friend often draws nice posters. I never drink milk. 2) things in general The sun rises in the East. 3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events (e.g. timetable) The plane flies to London every Monday. 4) actions in the present - one follows after the other (first - then, after that) First I get up, then I have breakfast.

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5) instructions Open your books at page 34. 6) after special verbs, which are normally not used with the Present Progressive (These verbs express states, possessions, feelings etc.) be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish I understand English. He doesn't like fish.

Noun
Countable nouns:
Most of the nouns are countable. You can combine them with numbers, e.g one, two or three. Here is an example: one pencil two pencils three pencils etc.

Uncountable nouns:
These nouns can't be combined with numbers. Here is an example: water If you want to express a quantity, you have to use a special phrase e.g. a glass of water. NOTE: Some nouns can be either countable or uncountable. We recommend to use a good dictionary. Here is an example, too. hair - hairs You've got some hairs on your T-shirt. (There might be 5 or 6 of them.) Your hair looks lovely. (Here you think of the hairstyle.)

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The Verb
Recognize a verb when you see one.
Verbs are a necessary component of all sentences. Verbs have two important functions: Some verbs put static objects into motion while other verbs help to clarify the objects in meaningful ways. Look at the examples below:

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My grumpy old English teacher smiled at the plate of cold meatloaf.

My grumpy old English teacher = static object; smiled = verb.

The daredevil cockroach splashed into Sara's soup.

The daredevil cockroach = static object; splashed = verb.

Theo's overworked computer exploded in a spray of sparks.

Theo's overworked computer = static object; exploded = verb.

The curious toddler popped a grasshopper into her mouth.

The curious toddler = static object; popped = verb.

Francisco's comic book collection is worth $20,000.00.

Francisco's comic book collection = static object; is = verb. The important thing to remember is that every subject in a sentence must have a verb. Otherwise, you will have written a fragment, a major writing error.

Remember to consider word function when you are looking for a verb.
Many words in English have more than one function. Sometimes a word is a subject, sometimes a verb, sometimes a modifier. As a result, you must often analyze the job a word is doing in the sentence. Look at these two examples:
Potato chips crunch too loudly to eat during an exam. The crunch of the potato chips drew the angry glance of Professor Orsini to our corner of the room.

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Crunch is something that we can do. We can crunch cockroaches under our shoes. We can crunch popcorn during a movie. We cancrunch numbers for a math class. In the first sentence, then, crunchis what the potato chips do, so we can call it a verb. Even though crunch is often a verb, it can also be a noun. Thecrunch of the potato chips, for example, is a thing, a sound that we can hear. You therefore need to analyze the function that a word provides in a sentence before you determine what grammatical name to give that word.

Know an action verb when you see one.

Dance! Sing! Paint! Giggle! Chew! What are these words doing? They are expressing action, something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do. As a result, words like these are called action verbs. Look at the examples below:
Clyde sneezes with the force of a tornado.

Sneezing is something that Clyde can do.

Because of the spoiled mayonnaise, Ricky vomited potato salad all day.

Vomiting is something that Ricky can doalthough he might not enjoy it.
Sylvia always winks at cute guys driving hot cars.

Winking is something that Sylvia can do.

The telephone rang with shrill, annoying cries.

Ringing is something that the telephone can do.

Thunder boomed in the distance, sending my poor dog scrambling under the bed.

Booming is something that thunder can do.

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If you are unsure whether a sentence contains an action verb or not, look at every word in the sentence and ask yourself, "Is this something that a person or thing can do?" Take this sentence, for example:
During the summer, my poodle constantly pants and drools.

Can you during? Is during something you can do? Can you the? Is there someone theing outside the window right now? Can yousummer? Do your obnoxious neighbors keep you up until 2 a.m. because they are summering? Can you my? What does a person do when she's mying? Can you poodle? Show me what poodling is. Can you pant? Bingo! Sure you can! Run five miles and you'll be panting. Can you and? Of course not! But can you drool? You betalthough we don't need a demonstration of this ability. In the sentence above, therefore, there are two action verbs: pant and drool.

Know a linking verb when you see one.

Linking verbs, on the other hand, do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of a verb to additional information about the subject. Look at the examples below:
Mario is a computer hacker.

Ising isn't something that Mario can do. Is connects the subject, Mario, to additional information about him, that he will soon have the FBI on his trail.
During bad storms, trailer parks are often magnets for tornadoes.

Areing isn't something that trailer parks can do. Are is simply connecting the subject, trailer parks, to something said about them, that they tend to attract tornadoes.
After receiving another failing grade in algebra, Jose became depressed.

Became connects the subject, Jose, to something said about him, that he wasn't happy.

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A three-mile run seems like a marathon during a hot, humid July afternoon.

Seems connects the subject, a three-mile run, with additional information, that it's more arduous depending on the day and time.
At restaurants, Rami always feels angry after waiting an hour for a poor meal.

Feels connects the subject, Rami, to his state of being, anger. The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be[am, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking verbs. Then you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel,grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, tast e, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs. Their function in a sentence decides what you should call them. How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs? If you can substitute am, is, or are for the verb and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands. If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb. Here are some examples:
Chris tasted the crunchy, honey-roasted grasshopper.

Chris is the grasshopper? I don't think so! In this sentence then, tasted is an action verb.
The crunchy, honey-roasted grasshopper tasted good.

The grasshopper is good? You bet. Roast your own!

I smell the delicious aroma of the grilled octopus.

I am the delicious aroma? Not the last time I checked. Smell, in this sentence, is an action verb.
The aroma of the grilled octopus smells appetizing.
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The aroma is appetizing? Definitely! Come take a whiff!

The students looked at the equation until their brains hurt.

The students are the equation? Of course not! Here, lookedis an action verb.
The equation looked hopelessly confusing.

The equation is confusing? Without a doubt! You try it. This substitution will not work for appear. With appear, you have to analyze the function of the verb.
Godzilla appeared in the doorway, spooking me badly.

Appear is something Godzilla can dowhether you want him to or not.

Godzilla appeared happy to see me.

Here, appeared is connecting the subject, Godzilla, to his state of mind, happiness.

Realize that a verb can have more than one part.

You must remember that verbs can have more than one part. In fact, a verb can have as many as four parts. A multi-part verb has a base ormain part as well as additional helping or auxiliary verbs with it. Check out the examples below:
Harvey spilled chocolate milkshake on Leslie's new dress. Because Harvey is a klutz, he is always spilling something. Harvey might have spilled the chocolate milkshake because the short dress distracted him. Harvey should have been spilling the chocolate milkshake down his throat.
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Parts of Speech Chapter 3 - Verbs A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. In the sentence The dog bit the man, bit is the verband the word which shows the action of the sentence. In the sentence The man is sitting on a chair, even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence. In the sentence She is a smart girl, there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is. The word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb. Unlike most of the other parts of speech, verbs change their form. Sometimes endings are added (learn - learned) and sometimes the word itself becomes different (teach-taught). The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such things as tense (past, present, future), person(first person, second person, third person), number (singular, plural) and voice (active, passive). Verbs are also often accompanied by verb-like words called modals (may, could, should, etc.) and auxiliaries(do, have, will, etc.) to give them different meanings.
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One of the most important things about verbs is their relationship to time. Verbs tell if something has already happened, if it will happen later, or if it is happening now. For things happening now, we use the present tense of a verb; for something that has already happened, we use the past tense; and for something that will happen later, we use the future tense. Some examples of verbs in each tense are in the chart below:
Present look move talk Past looked moved talked Future will look will move will talk

Verbs like those in the chart above that form the past tense by adding -d or ed are called regular verbs. Some of the most common verbs are not regular and the different forms of the verb must be learned. Some examples of such irregular verbs are in the chart below:
Present see hear speak Past saw heard spoke Future will see will hear will speak

The charts above show the simple tenses of the verbs. There are also progressive or continuous forms which show that the action takes place over a period of time, and perfect forms which show completion of the action. These forms will be discussed more in other lessons, but a few examples are given in the chart below:
Present Continuous is looking is speaking is talking Present Perfect has looked has spoken has talked

Simple present tense verbs have a special form for the third person singular. Singular means "one" and plural means "more than one." Person is used here to show who or what does the action and can have the following forms: 1st person or the self (I, we) 2nd person or the person spoken to (you) 3rd person or a person not present (he, she, it, they) The third person singular forms are represented by the pronouns he, she, it. The chart below shows how the third person singular verb form changes:

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Singular 1st Person (I) 2nd Person (you) 3rd Person (he, she, it) see hear come see hear come sees hears comes 1st Person (we) 2nd Person (you)

Plural see hear come see hear come see hear come

3rd Person (they)

A verb must "agree" with its subject. Subject-verb agreement generally means that the third person singular verb form must be used with a third person subject in the simple present tense. The word be - the most irregular and also most common verb in English - has different forms for each person and even for the simple past tense. The forms of the word be are given in the chart below:
Number Singular Person 1st (I) 2nd (you) 3rd (he, she, it) 1st (we) 2nd (you) 3rd (they) Present am are is are are are Past was were was were were were Future will be will be will be will be will be will be

Plural

Usually a subject comes before a verb and an object may come after it. The subject is what does the action of the verb and the object is what receives the action. In the sentence Bob ate a humburger, Bob is the subject or the one who did the eating and the hamburger is the object or what got eaten. A verb which has an object is called a transitive verb and some examples are throw, buy, hit, love. A verb which has no object is called an intransitive verb and some examples are go, come, walk, listen. As you can see in the charts above, verbs are often made up of more than one word. The future forms, for example, use the word will and the perfect forms use the word have. These words are called helping or auxiliary verbs. The word be can serve as an auxiliary and will and shall are alsoauxiliary forms. The chart below shows two other verbs which can also be used as auxiliaries:
Number 1st (I) Singular 2nd (you) 3rd (he, she, it)
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Person

Present have do have do has does

Past had did had did had did

1st (we) Plural 2nd (you) 3rd (they)

have do have do have do

had did had did had did

There is a type of auxiliary verb called a modal which changes the meaning of a verb in different ways. Words like can, should, would, may, might,and must are modals and are covered in other lessons.

Parts of Speech Chapter 4 - Adjectives An adjective is often defined as a word which describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun. Adjectives describe nouns in terms of such qualities as size, color, number, and kind. In the sentence The lazy dog sat on the rug, the word lazy is an adjective which gives more information about the noun dog. We can add more adjectives to describe the dog as well as in the sentence The lazy, old, brown dog sat on the rug. We can also add adjectives to describe the rug as in the sentence The lazy, old, brown dog sat on the beautiful, expensive, new rug. The adjectives do not change the basic meaning or structure of the sentence, but they do give a lot more information about the dog and the rug. As you can see in the example above, when more than one adjective is used, a comma (,) is used between the adjectives. Usually an adjective comes before the noun that it describes, as in tall man. It can also come after a form of the word beas in The man is tall. More than one adjective can be used in this position in the sentence The man is tall, dark and handsome. In later lessons, you will learn how to make comparisons with adjectives.
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Most adjectivesdo not change form whether the noun it describes is singular or plural. For example we say big tree and big trees, old house and oldhouses, good time and good times. There are, however, some adjectives that do have different singular andplural forms. The common words this andthat have the plural forms these and those. These words are called demonstrative adjectives because demonstrate or point out what is being referred to. Another common type of adjective is the possessive adjective which shows possession or ownership. The words my dog or my dogs indicate that thedog or dogs belong to me. I would use the plural form our if the dog or dogs belonged to me and other people. The chart below shows the forms ofpossessive adjectives.
Person* 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person Singular my your his/her/its Plural our your their

*Personis used here as a grammar word and has these meanings: 1st person or the self (I, me, we), 2nd person or the person spoken to (you) 3rd person or the person spoken about (he, she, him, her, they, them). Parts of Speech Chapter 5 - Adverbs We have seen that an adjective is a word that gives more information about a noun or pronoun. An adverb is usually defined as a word that gives more information about a verb, an adjective or another adverb . Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and adverbs in terms of such qualities as time, frequency and manner. In the sentence Sue runs fast, fast describes how or the manner in which Sue runs. In the sentence Sue runs very fast, verydescribes the adverb fast and gives information about how fast Sue runs. Most, but not all adverbs end in -ly as in But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs (ugly is an adjective, supply and reply can both be nouns orverbs). Many times an adjective can be made into an adverb by adding -ly as in nicely, quickly, completely, sincerely. Adverbs of time tell when something happens and adverbs of frequency tell how often something happens. Below are some common adverbs of timeand frequency which you should learn:
Adverbs of Time
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Adverbs of Frequency

Do it now. I will see you then. They will be here soon. I can't meet you today. Let's go tomorrow. They told me yesterday. Have you traveled recently?

I always do my homework We sometimes get confused. He usually gets good grades. I never went skiing. She rarely eats a big breakfast. He was once on TV. He saw the movie twice.

Parts of Speech Chapter 6 - Pronouns A pronoun is often defined as a word which can be used instead of a noun. For example, instead of saying John is a student, the pronoun he can be used in place of the noun John and the sentence becomes He is a student. We use pronouns very often, especially so that we do not have to keep on repeating a noun. This chapter is about the kind of pronoun called a personal pronoun because it often
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refers to a person. Like nouns, personal pronouns sometimes have singular and plural forms (I-we, he-they). Unlike nouns, personal pronouns sometimes have different forms for masculine/male, feminine/female and neuter (he-she-it). Also unlike nouns,personal pronouns have different forms depending on if they act as subjects or objects (he-him, she-her). A subject is a word which does an action and usually comes before the verb, and an object is a word that receives an action and usually comes after the verb. For example, in the sentenceYesterday Susan called her mother, Susan is the subject and mother is the object. The pronoun she can be used instead of Susan and the pronounher can be used instead of mother. The form of a personal pronoun also changes according to what person is referred to. Person is used here as a grammar word and means: 1st person or the self (I, me, we), 2nd person or the person spoken to (you), 3rd person or the person spoken about (he, she, him, her, they, them). There is also a possessive form of the pronoun. Just as we can make a noun possessive as in the sentence That is my father's book to mean That is the book of my father, we can make the pronoun possessive and say That book is his. There are possessive adjective forms (such as my, your, his, her etc.) that are discussed with other adjectives in chapter 4. Possessive pronouns can stand by themselves without nouns, but possessive adjectives, like other adjectives, are used together with nouns. There is also an intensive form of the pronoun which intensifies or emphasizes the noun that it comes after as in the sentence I myself saw him. Thereflexive form of the pronoun looks exactly like the intensive form but is used when the subject and object of a verb refers to the same person as in the sentence I saw myself in the mirror. All of this may sound confusing, but if you study the chart below, it will be clearer: Singular
Person 1st 2nd 3rd Person 1st 2nd 3rd Subject I you he/she/it Subject we you they Object me you him/her/it Object us you them Possessive mine yours his/hers Intensive Reflexive myself yourself himself/herself/itself Intensive Reflexive ourselves yourselves themselves

Plural
Possessive ours yours theirs

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Notice that the form you is the same for subject and object, singular and plural and that there is no neuter singular possessive form. There are also interrogative pronouns (who, which, what) used for asking questions and relative pronouns (who, which, what, that) used in complex sentences which will be discussed in another place. Some grammar books also talk about demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) andindefinite pronouns (some, all, both, each, etc.) which are very similar to adjectives and do not need to be discussed here.

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Parts of Speech Chapter 7 - Prepositions A preposition is a word which shows relationships among other words in the sentence. The relationships include direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount. In the sentence She went to the store, to is a preposition which shows direction. In the sentence He came by bus, by is a preposition which shows manner. In the sentence They will be here at three o'clock, at is a preposition which shows time and in the sentence It is under the table, under is a preposition which shows place. A preposition always goes with a noun or pronoun which is called the object of the preposition. The preposition is almost always before the noun or pronoun and that is why it is called a preposition. The preposition and the object of the preposition together are called a prepositional phrase. The following chart shows the prepositions, objects of the preposition, and prepositional phrases of the sentences above.
Preposition to by at under Object of the Preposition the store bus three o'clock the table Prepositional Phrase to the store by bus at three o'clock under the table

Prepositional phrases are like idioms and are best learned through listening to and reading as much as possible. Below are some commonprepositions of time and place and examples of their use. Prepositions of time: at two o'clock on Wednesday
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in an hour, in January; in 1992 for a day Prepositions of place: at my house in New York, in my hand on the table near the library across the street under the bed between the books

Parts of Speech Chapter 8 - Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. In the sentence Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the sentence He will drive or fly, the conjunction or connects two verbs. In the sentence It is early but we can go, the conjunction butconnects two groups of words. Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways: and is used to join or add words together in the sentence They ate and drank. or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday. but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong. so is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep. Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class. For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as: after although as because before if since than unless until when while

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Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and arecorrelative conjunctions. The most common correlative conjunctions are: both . . .and either . . . or neither . . . nor not only . . . but also

Parts of Speech Chapter 9 - Articles An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two articles a and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately. The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. The meaning of the article a is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis. It is possible to say I have a book or I have one book, but the second sententence emphasizes that I do not have two or three or some other number of books. The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing. The difference between the sentences I sat on a chair and I sat on thechair is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair, not just any chair. Many nouns, especially singular forms of countable nouns which you will learn about later, must have an article. In English, it is not possible to say I sat on
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chair without an article, but a demonstrative or possessive adjective can be used instead of an article as in the sentences I sat on that chairand I sat on his chair. Whenever you see an article, you will find a noun with it. The noun may be the next word as inthe man or there may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs between the article and the noun as in the very angry, young man.

tense

Affirmative/Negative/Question

Use

Signal Words

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Simple Present

A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?

action in the present taking placeonce, never or several times facts actions taking place one after another action set by a timetable or schedule action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place only for a limited period of time action arranged for the future

always, every , never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If Italk, ) at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now

Present A: He is speaking. Progressive N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?

Simple Past A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?

yesterday, 2 action in the past taking placeonce, never minutes ago, in or several times 1990, the other day, last Friday actions taking place one after another if sentence type II action taking place in the middle of another (If Italked, ) action action going on at a certain time in the past actions taking place at the same time action in the past that is interrupted by another action putting emphasis on the result action that is still going on action that stopped recently finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) action that recently stopped or is still going on finished action that influenced the present already, just, action taking place before a certain time in never, not yet, the past once, until that day if sentence type III sometimes interchangeable with past (If Ihad talked, ) perfect progressive putting emphasis only on the fact(not the duration) all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now when, while, as long as

Past A: He was speaking. Progressive N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?

Present Perfect Simple

A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?

Present A: He has been speaking. Perfect N: He has not been speaking. Progressive Q: Has he been speaking?

Past Perfect A: He had spoken. Simple N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?

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Past Perfect A: He had been speaking. Progressive N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?

for, since, the action taking place before a certain time in whole day, all day the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action action in the future that cannot be influenced spontaneous decision assumption with regard to the future in a year, next , tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps in one year, next week, tomorrow

Future I Simple

A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?

Future I Simple (going to)

A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak?

decision made for the future conclusion with regard to the future

Future I A: He will be speaking. Progressive N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?

in one year, next action that is going on at a certain time in week, tomorrow the future action that is sure to happen in the near future action that will be finished at a certain time in the future by Monday, in a week

Future II Simple

A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?

Future II A: He will have been speaking. Progressive N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking?

for , the last action taking place before a certain time in couple of hours, all the future day long putting emphasis on the course of an action action that might take place if sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.)

Conditional I Simple

A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak?

Conditional A: He would be speaking. I N: He would not be speaking. Progressive Q: Would he be speaking?

action that might take place putting emphasis on the course /duration of the action if sentences type action that might have taken place in the III past (If I had seen that, Iwould have helped.) action that might have taken place in the past puts emphasis on the course /duration of the action

Conditional II Simple

A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?

Conditional A: He would have been speaking. II N: He would not have been Progressive speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking?

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Problems with the English tenses? Have a look at the time line, it might help you understand when to use which tense. As there is a similarity between past, present and future tenses, there are just a few rules to keep in mind. If you know how to use the present progressive correctly to express present actions, you will as well be able to use the past progressive correctly to express past actions. Legend

Legend

action that takes place once, never or several times actions that happen one after another actions that suddenly take place action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that moment actions taking place at the same time action taking place before a certain moment in time

moment in time

period of time

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Result

puts emphasis on the result action taking place before a certain moment in time puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action

Course / Duration

explanation

Simple Past

Simple Present

Future I Simple

action that takes place once, He played football every never or several times Tuesday. actions that happen one after another state

He plays football every Tuesday.

He will / is going to play football every Tuesday.

He played football and then he He plays football and then He will play football and went home. he goes home. then he will go home. He loved football. Past Progressive He loves football. Present Progressive He is playing football. He will love football. Future I Progressive He will be playing football.

action going on at that moment actions taking place at the same time

He was playing football.

He was playing football and she He is playing football and He will be playing was watching. she is watching. football and she will be watching. Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple Future II Simple

action taking place before a He had won five matches until certain moment in time; that day. emphasises the result Past Perfect Progressive

He has won five matches He will have won five so far. matches by then.

Present Perfect Progressive

Future II Progressive

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action taking place before a He had been playing football for He has been playing certain moment in time (and ten years. football for ten years. beyond), emphasises the duration

He will have been playing football for ten years.

Have - Present and Past Tense

Present Tense I have We have You have You have He has She has They have It has Examples:
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Past Tense I had We had You had You had He had She had They had It had

I have a garden in my backyard. (present tense) I had a garden in my backyard last year, too.(past tense) You have some schoolwork to do. You also had some work to do yesterday. He has a beehive full of bees. He had a beehive when he was a child. Do you have any interest in bees? She has a fear of spiders. Do you have a fear of anything? They have fun playing in the water. They had a good time in this pool last week, too.

Questions Present Tense

Do I have... Do we
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Past Tense
Did I have... Did we

Do you have... Does he have... Does she have... Does it have...

have... Do you have...

Do they have...

Did you have... Did he have... Did she have... Did it have...

have... Did you have...

Did they have...

Negatives Present Tense - Negative do / does + not + main verb

I don't have You don't have He doesn't have She doesn't have It doesn't We don't have You don't have

Past Tense - Negative did + not + main verb

I didn't have We didn't have You didn't have

They don't have

You didn't have He didn't have She didn't They didn't have have It didn't have

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It's important to understand in the examples above that the main verb is in the simple form. You can make any verb negative in the present and past tense with this method--but not the verb "be." Below are examples of how to make the present and past tense negative with verbs other than "have."

simple
have eat see be

past
had ate saw was / were

Today I don't have any work to do. (present tense) Yesterday I didn't have any work to do. (past tense) I usually don't eat a big breakfast. (present tense) Yesterday I didn't eat a big breakfast. (past tense) I don't see movies very often. (present tense) I didn't see that movie yet. (past tense)
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The verb "have" is also used as an auxiliary verb (or you can call it a "helping verb") when making the present perfect tense. To make the present perfect: has or have + the past participle

He has finished his beer. There isn't any beer left in the glass.

Study and learn these verbs:

To Eat Prese nt (Toda y) I eat you eat he eats she eats it eats we eat you eat they eat Past Tense: (Yesterd ay) I ate you ate he ate she ate it ate we ate you ate they ate

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To Go Prese nt (Toda y) I go you go he goes she goes it goes we go you go they go Past Tense: (Yesterd ay) I went you went he went she went it went we went you went they went

To Be Prese nt (Toda y) I am you are he is she is it is we are you are they are Past Tense: (Yesterd ay) I was you were he was she was it was we were you were they were

To Have Presen t (Today) I have you have he has Norainimohamad/ipgkrm/PPG/unitsains2 Past Tense: (Yesterd ay) I had you had he had

she has it has we have you have they have

she had it had we had you had they had

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