: also called molecular weights, formula weights, or atomic masses (however normally the units for atomic masses

are in Daltons (Da) or amu) Calculating molecular weights of compounds and formula weights of ionic compounds: Using the number of atoms present in the compound and the molecular weight of the individual atoms or ions, we can calculate an overall molecular weight for the entire compound. Molecular weight of the compound = sum of the atomic mass of the elements present in the compound. Example: Molecular weight of C2H6 2C atoms = 2 * 12.01g/mole = 24.02g/mole 6H atoms = 6* 1.008g/mole = 6.048g/mole Then the individual atomic masses are summed 24.02+6.048 = 30.07g/mole Example: Molecular weight of Al(NO3)3 1 Al = 1* 26.98g/mole = 26.98g/mole 3N = 3* 14.01g/mole = 42.03g/mole 9O (remember 3 sets of NO3 means 9 oxygens total!!) = 9*15.99g/mole = 143.91g/mole Then take the sum: 26.98+42.03+143.91 = 212.92g/mole Molar Mass: the mass of a substance per 1 mole of its entities (atoms, molecules, ions, or formula units). Units for molar mass are grams/mole. Once again, the periodic table is used to calculate the molar mass (previously we called this molecular mass its the same thing!!) 1.) to find the molar mass of an element, simply look at the atomic mass of an element on the periodic table. a.) monatomic elements: Cu, Fe, Mg etc . . . Their molar mass value is the same as their amu value thus the molar mass of Cu is 63.55 grams /mole ; for Fe its 55.85 grams/mole ; and for Mg its 24.31 grams/mole. b.) diatomic elements: X2: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2: have to take into account that there are 2 things present! So the molar mass of O 2 is 2xmolar mass of 1 oxygen: O2 molar mass 2 x 15.9994 = 31.9988 grams/mole c.) the same applies to sulfur, whose major form exists as S8 S8 molar mass 8 x 32.066 = 256.528 grams/mole

2.) to find the molar mass/molecular mass of a compound, we perform the same calculation . . . a.) for ionic compounds we call this the formula weight: Cr2(SO4)3 this species results from Cr+3 + SO4-2 it would be named: chromium (III) sulfate The formula weight would be determined by taking the sum of all the atoms present in the compound: Cr2(SO4)3 Cr = 2 x 51.9961 = 103.9922 S = 3 x 32.066 = 96.198 O = 12 x 15.9994 = 191.9928 Adding the masses of the atoms together we get: 103.9922 + 96.198 + 191.9928 = 392.183 grams/mole The KEY point is that the subscript in the formula refers to the number of atoms/ions present in the compound and the parentheses indicate multiplication remember (SO4)3 indicates 3 SO4-2 groups: so we have SO4-2 + SO4-2 + SO4-2 adding up the atoms present we see the 3 sulfurs and the 4+4+4 = 12 oxygens. The subscripts also indicate the number of moles of atoms or ions present.

The mole is useful as it allows one to calculate the mass (g, kg, g) of a substance in a particular sample if you know the moles of the substance (well use this when we talk about solutions!!!). If you know the mass of a substance you can inversely calculate the number of moles: moles grams OR grams moles USE molecular weight!

Remember the units for molecular weight are grams/mole So it can be used as the conversion factor between the two species!! Given: 2.50 moles of Fe want to know ? grams 2.50 moles Fe x
55.847 grams Fe = 1.40 x 102 grams Fe 1 mole Fe

Given: 45.789 grams of Fe want to know ? moles

45.789 grams of Fe x 55.847 grams Fe = 8.1990 x 10-1 moles Given: 25.12 moles of Al2(SO4)3 want to know ? grams Step 1: calculate molecular weight of Al2(SO4)3 Step 2: convert moles to grams following steps above: Al2(SO4)3 Al: 2 x 26.9815 = 53.9630 S: 3 x 32.066 = 96.198 O: 12 x 15.9994= 191.9928 Sum = 53.9630+96.198+191.9928 = 342.154 grams/mole 25.12 moles Al2(SO4)3 x Al2(SO4)3 Given: 500.23 grams of Al2(SO4)3 want to know ? moles 500.23 grams Al2(SO4)3 x Al2(SO4)3 But what exactly IS this mole thing??
1 mole Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 = 1.4620 grams 342.154 grams Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 342.154 grams Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 = 8.595 x 103 grams 1 mole Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3

1 mole Fe

: the central concept of chemistry. Typically, we perform a chemical reaction, and we take grams of substance A and react it with grams of substance B. But if we examine what is really going on, we are talking about this chemical reaction as each atom or molecule reacts with other atoms or molecules. HOW then can we talk about quantities of things that are just soooooo small. We are not asked to go into the balance room and weigh out 5 molecules of A . . . but we can, using this concept of the mole, determine how many molecules/atoms are involved in chemical reactions. The mole (n): a unit derived by chemists to count up the chemical entities involved in chemical reactions which can be determined by weighing the substance. -defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C. - the mole specifies the number of objects in a fixed mass, therefore 1 mole of a substance represents a fixed number of chemical entities 1 mole of substance = 6.022 x 1023 entities 3

Think about the size of this number. 10 9 is a billion. 1018 is a billion billion. 1023 is one hundred thousand billion billion. If you had 6.022 x 10 23 dollars you could spend a billion dollars a second for your entire lifetime and still have used less than 0.001% of your money. If C atoms were the size of peas, 6.022 x 10 23 of them would cover the entire surface of our planet to a depth of over 100m!! those entities could be atoms, molecules, formula units, ions 1 mole 12C = 6.022 x 1023 carbon atoms 1 mole H2O = 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules 1 mole NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 formula units 1 mole of electrons = 6.022 x 1023 electrons 1 mole of Na+1 ions = 6.022 x 1023 Na+1 ions 1 mole of electrons = 6.022 x 1023 electrons There are several relationships to be familiar with: the first is: 1Da = 1u = 1 amu = 1.6606 x 10-24 grams example: Calculate the number of grams in one 1H atom
1

H = 1.0078 amu x

1.6606 x10 24 g = 1.67x 10-24 grams 1amu

Calculating the grams of a molecule is treated the same way except you must sum the amu values for each element present (just like we will do for calculating molecular masses) Example: calculate the number of grams in one molecule of H2O 1 H = 1.0078 amu x 2H atoms = 2.0156 amu 16 O = 15.9994 amu x 1O atom = 15.9994 amu total amu = 15.9994 + 2.0156 = 18.0150 amu H2O = 18.0150 amu x
1.6606 x10 24 g = 2.9916 x 10-23 grams 1amu

The central relationship between the mass of 1 atom and the mass of 1 mole of those atoms comes from the periodic table. The atomic mass is expressed in amu (u, or Da) which is numerically equivalent to the mass of one mole of atoms of the element expressed in g/mole. - Thus, 1 Na atom has a mass of 22.99 amu = 1 mole of Na atoms with a mass of 22.99 g - 1 Si atom has a mass of 28.09 amu = 1 mole of Si atoms with a mass of 28.09 g - Therefore, our units can be g/mole. This means that we can say that 1.0078 amu = 1.0078 grams/mole.

the monkey wrench Another relationship exists that you should be aware of. It is DIFFERENT than the relationship between grams and moles and the two should NOT be confused. Avogadros Number (NA) is used to calculate the number of entities e.g. atoms, molecules, formula units, ions, etc in 1 mole of substance. NOTICE it is not used for grams!! Grams to moles and moles to grams only uses the molecular weight!! Avogadros Number is used to convert: Moles to atoms Moles to ions Moles to molecules Moles to formula units Avogadros Number = 6.022 x 1023
entities X moles X

Given: 4 moles of carbon want to know ? atoms 4 moles Carbon x carbon Given: 16 grams of carbon want to know ? atoms Step 1: convert grams to moles (using MW) Step 2: convert moles to atoms (using NA) 16 grams x 12.00 grams C = 1.33 moles of Carbon 1.33 moles C x carbon Given: ethylene which consists of C2H4 molecules. How many atoms of C are in 2.50 moles of C2H4 and how many atoms of H are in 2.50 moles of C2H4? Note: 1 mole of C2H4 contains 2 moles of C and 4 moles of H 2.50 moles C2H4 x atoms
2 mole C 6.022x10 23 atoms of carbon x = 3.01 x 1024 C 1 mole C 2 H 4 1 mole of carbon 6.022x10 23 atoms of carbon = 8.00 x 1023 atoms of 1 mole of carbon
1 mole C

6.022x10 23 atoms of carbon = 2.409 x 1024 atoms of 1 mole of carbon

2.50 moles C2H4 x atoms

4 moles H 6.022x10 23 atoms of H x = 6.02 x 1024 H 1 mole C 2 H 4 1 mole of Hydrogen

Given: How many Ca ions are there in 4.56 grams of calcium chloride? How many chloride ions are there in 4.56 grams of calcium chloride? Step Step Step Step 1: 2: 3: 4: write molecular formula for calcium chloride calculate FW (formula weight) for calcium chloride convert grams to moles using answer from Step 2 convert moles to atoms using NA

Calcium chloride = Ca+2 + Cl-1 = CaCl2 CaCl2 = Ca: 1 x 40.078 = 40.078 Cl: 2 x 35.453 = 70.906 FW = 40.078 + 70.906 = 110.984
4.56 grams CaCl2 x
Ca+2 ions

grams

/mole

1 mole CaCl 2 1 mole Ca 6.022x10 23 Ca +2 ions x x = 2.47 x 1022 1 mole CaCl 2 110.984 grams CaCl 2 1 mole of Ca 1 mole CaCl 2 2 mole Cl 6.022x10 23 Cl -1 ions x x = 4.95 x 1022 1 mole CaCl 2 110.984 grams CaCl 2 1 mole of Cl

4.56 grams CaCl2 x

Cl-1 ions

Given: 4.56 g of calcium chloride ? formula units do you have 4.56 grams CaCl2 x formula units of CaCl2
1 mole CaCl 2 6.022x10 23 formula units of CaCl 2 x = 2.47 x1022 110.984 grams CaCl 2 1 mole of CaCl 2

Each element in a compound makes up its own percentage of that compound. A certain % of the mass of CaCl 2 is attributed to the calcium and a certain % of the mass of CaCl2 is attributed to the chlorine (chloride). As with any % - the sum of the parts should add up to 100! The mass % of a particular element in the compound can be calculated by the following equation: moles X in formula x molar mass of X (grams mole) Mass % of element X = mass (grams) of 1 mole of compound 6

Given: A compound with the molecular formula C 3H4O is known as acrolein. ? mass percent of each element in acrolein. ? grams of oxygen in 144.5 mg of acrolein There are 3 moles of C for every 4 moles of H for every 1 mole of O in acrolein. Knowing the moles of each element, calculate grams 3 moles C x 4 moles H x 1 mole O x
12.000 g C = 36.000 grams C in 1 mole 1 moles C 1.0078 g H = 4.0312 grams H in 1 mole 1 moles H 15.999 g O = 15.999 grams O in 1 mole 1 moles O
grams

Total mass of acrolein = 36.000+4.0312+15.999 = 56.030

36.000 g C

/1mole

Mass % of carbon = 56.030g acrolein x100 = 64.251% C Mass % of hydrogen = 56.030g acrolein x 100 = 7.195% H Mass % of oxygen = 56.030g acrolein x 100 = 28.554% O Math check: 64.251%+7.195%+28.554% = 100.000% Sample of acrolein 144.5 mg ? grams of O: Convert 144.5mg to grams: 144.5 mg x 1000 mg = 0.1445 grams Acrolein is composed of 28.554% O, so 28.554% of 0.1445 grams is oxygen 0.1445 grams x 0.28554 = 0.04126 or 4.126 x 10-2 grams of oxygen in 144.5 mg of acrolein
1 grams 15.999 g O 4.0312 g H

When given the chemical formula for a compound, you can see how easy it is to determine mass percent of each element present in the compound. What if only the mass percents were given? Could you use that information in reverse to predict the molecular formula? We are going to determine the subscripts (the number of moles) of each atom present in the compound. Chemists will take a sample compound, break it down into its components, calculate the number of grams, convert that to moles, and then convert the number of moles into a whole number ratio. This is a valid representation of the formula, however, this is the empirical formula. The problem with the empirical formula is that it is the smallest whole number ratio of the elements present in the compound, and therefore it may not be an accurate representation of the compound itself. (C 2H2 is NOT C6H6 even though they have the same empirical formula!!) But nonetheless, they are useful and can be used to help determine the molecular formula. Calculating the Empirical Formula: 1. If given grams, convert grams to moles 2. Divide through by the lowest number of moles 3. These numbers are the subscripts, but remember they must be whole numbers (no partial atoms exist!!) you therefore MAY have to multiply through by the smallest integer that will turn all numbers into whole numbers. What you do to one number you must must must must must do to all the others. For example: if you calculated that you have 2 moles of A, 2.5 moles of B, and 1 mole of C, you will notice that 2.5 is not a whole number. We need to make it so, therefore we multiply by the SMALLEST number that will make it a whole number. Multiplying by 1 gets us nowhere. What about 2? Yes, that works. BUT we must multiply everything by 2! Therefore we will have 4 moles of A, 5 moles of B, and 2 moles of C. 1. 2. 3. 4. If given % of atoms, assume 100% and just turn the % into grams Covert the grams to moles Divide through by the lowest number of moles These numbers are the subscripts, but remember they must be whole numbers (no partial atoms exist!!) you therefore MAY have to multiply through by the smallest integer that will turn all numbers into whole numbers. What you do to one number you must must must must must do to all the others. 8

How do empirical formulas tie into molecular formulas?? They each contain the same atoms (e.g. if we have an empirical formula of CH, the molecular formula will also have CH in it and nothing else!!) but the difference is, molecular formulas are some whole number multiple of the empirical formula: CH could mean C 2H2 or C4H4 or C6H6. Thus, if we know (are given) the molar mass of the compound, we can compare our empirical formula mass to the given molar mass. If they are the same, then we have an empirical formula that is the molecular formula. If they are different, then we must find the whole number multiple! Determining the Whole Number Multiple:
grams (given) mole whole-number multiple = grams empirical formula mass in mole molar mass in

Remember that the whole number multiple applies to ALL the elements in the compound! Another type of chemical reaction to be aware of is the combustion reaction. Combustion is used to measure the amount of hydrogen and carbon in an organic substance as it burns in the presence of oxygen. All of the hydrogen is converted or H2O, while all of the carbon is converted to CO 2. If the organic compound contains a halogen, nitrogen, or oxygen, simple math (!!) can be used to determine its mass. We will know the mass of the components at the end of the combustion reaction and we know the mass of the starting compounds. Conservation of mass tells us that the mass must be conserved. Using addition/subtraction, the mass of the missing component can be found. _____________________________________________________________________________________