SQL

* SQL

is a standard computer language for accessing and manipulating databases.

What is SQL?
SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL stands for Structured Query Language allows you to access a database is an ANSI standard computer language can execute queries against a database can retrieve data from a database can insert new records in a database can delete records from a database can update records in a database is easy to learn

SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML):

SELECT - extracts data from a database table UPDATE - updates data in a database table DELETE - deletes data from a database table INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table

SQL Data Definition Language (DDL):

CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table DROP TABLE - deletes a database table CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key) DROP INDEX - deletes an index

SQL Data Control Language (DCL): Grant Revoke Rollback Commit

Way of procedure to create database and table (database name is vel and table name is murugan): First we have to create database Ex; Create database vel; Then use that database

Ex; Use vel; And then we have to create table Ex; Create table murugan (id int, name varchar (20), city varchar (20)); After create table we have to insert values Ex; Insert into murugan values (1,velmurugan,cuddalore); If we want see that tables then we have to use following queries Ex; Select * from murugan;

Id 1

Name Velmurugan

City cuddalore

If you want to add more than two tables then We should using like following queries Ex; Insert into murugan values (2,balaji,cuddalore), (3,suresh,cuddalore), (4,selvi,chennai), (5,sam, pondy); Then you want see that table Ex; Select*from murugan;

Id 1 2 3 4 5

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai pondy

Select statement: If you want see id no: 2 only means then we have to use Ex; Select id from murugan;

Id 1 2 3 4 5

If you want to see more than two fields, for example consider in name, city field. Then Ex; Select name, city from murugan;

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai pondy

In city field cuddalore comes three times if we want to see the city without difference then we have to use Distinct statement; Ex; Select distinct city from murugan;

City Cuddalore Chennai pondy

Where clause : If we want to find out particularly city=cuddalore then Ex;

Select * from murugan where city=cuddalore;

Id 1 2 3

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore

Condition cause (<,>, <=,>=, <> (not equal)): If you want to find out less than and more than from numeric field i.e. id then Ex; Select * from murugan where id<3;

Id 1 2

Name Velmurugan Balaji

City Cuddalore Cuddalore

Ex; Select * from murugan where id>3;

Id 4 5

Name Selvi Sam

City Chennai pondy

Ex; Select * from murugan where id <=3;

Id 1 2 3

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore

Ex; Select * from murugan where id >=3;

Id 3 4 5

Name Suresh Selvi Sam

City Cuddalore Chennai pondy

If we want find out without city=cuddalore then Ex; Select * from murugan where city<>cuddalore;

Id 4 5

Name Selvi Sam

City Chennai pondy

Like conditions: If we want to find out the city with first letter then Ex; Select * from murugan where city like c%;

Id 1 2 3 4

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai

If we want to find out the name with last letter then

Ex; Select * from murugan where name like %i;

Id 2 4

Name Balaji Selvi

City Cuddalore Chennai

If we want to find out the city with first two letters then Ex; Select * from murugan where city like %cu%;

Id 1 2 3

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore

Insert into statements: If we want insert the datas only for specified columns then Ex; Insert into murugan (id, city) values (7,vadalur); Then Select * from murugan;

Id 1 2 3 4 5 7

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam NILL

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai Pondy vadalur

Update statment : If we want to update the datas for empty columns then Ex; Update murugan set name=barani where id=7;

Id 1 2 3 4 5 7

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam barani

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai Pondy vadalur

If we want update more than one column then Ex; Update murugan set id=6, city=Salem where name=barani;

Id 1 2 3 4 5 6

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam barani

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai Pondy Salem

Delete statment : If we want to delete that particular column from table then Ex; Delete from murugan where id=6;

Id 1 2 3 4 5

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai pondy

If we want to delete overall table then Ex; Delete from murugan; Or Delete * from murugan; Order by clause: If we want to see the name and city in alphabetical order then Ex; Select name, city from murugan order by name, city;

Name Balaji Sam Selvi Suresh Velmurugan

City Cuddalore Pondy Chennai Cuddalore Cuddalore

The above format we can use another model like (asc (ascending order), desc (descending order)) Ex; Select name, city from murugan order by name asc, city desc; And or clause: The AND operator displays a row if ALL conditions listed are true. Ex; Select * from murugan where id=3 and city=cuddalore;

Id 3

Name Suresh

City Cuddalore

The OR operator displays a row if ANY of the conditions listed are true. Ex;

Select * from murugan where id=3 or city=cuddalore;

Id 1 2 3

Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh

City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore

You can also combine AND and OR (use parentheses to form complex expressions): Ex; Select * from murugan where (id=3 and city=cuddalore) and id=3;
Id 3 Name Suresh City Cuddalore

In clause: If we want to see that selected datas it can be two or three then Ex; Select * from murugan where name in (balaji,selvi);

Id 2 4

Name Balaji Selvi

City Cuddalore Chennai

Between .And clause: The BETWEEN ... AND operator selects a range of data between two values. These values can be numbers, text, or dates. Ex; Select * from murugan where id between 2 and 5;
Id Name City

2 3 4 5

Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam

Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai pondy

Ex; Select * from murugan where id not between 2 and 5;

Id 1 Name Velmurugan City cuddalore

Aliases clause: If we want to change the table name and column name then we have to use alias clause If you want change column name then Ex; Select id as userid, name as employeename from murugan;
Userid 1 2 3 4 5 employeename Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam

If you want change the table name of particular column of table then Ex; Select name, city from murugan as balaji;
Name Velmurugan Balaji Suresh Selvi Sam City Cuddalore Cuddalore Cuddalore Chennai pondy

The above table name is balaji.