Chapter 24; The Origin of Species

What is Speciation?
Process by which one species splits into two or more species.

What is the difference between Microevolution and Macroevolution?

Microevolution; changes over time in allele frequencies in a population. Macroevolution; broad pattern of evolution above the species level.

Concept 24.1; the biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation

Biological Species Concept (What role does gene flow play in this process?) Definition?
A species is a group of populations whose members have the potential

to interbreed in nature & produce viable, fertile offspring - but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups. What role does gene flow play in this process?
It occurs between the different populations of species

Reproductive Barriers and types

Prezygotic barriers; block fertilization from occurring. Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation

 Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Postzygotes barriers; contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is

formed.
Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown

Other definitions of Species

Morphological species concept; characterizes a species by body shape &

other structural features.

Ecological species concept; views a species in terms of its ecological niche,

the sum of how members of the species interact with the no living & living parts of their environment.
Phylogenetic species concept; defines a species as the smallest group of

individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.

Concept 24.2; speciation can take place with or without geographic separation Does speciation require geographic separation? (what are the two kinds?)
Allopatric ("other country") speciation; gene flow is interrupted when a population

is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations.

Ex. Water level in a lake may subside, resulting in two or more smaller

lakes that are now home to separated populations.

Sympatric ("same country") speciation; occurs in populations that live in the same

geographic area.

 Polyploidy; species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in

extra sets of chromosomes.

Autopolyploid; an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all

derived from a single species.

Allopolyploid; in subsequent generations, various mechanisms can change a sterile

hybrid into a fertile polyploid.

Concept 24.3; hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation What is a hybrid zone and how can it influence evolution? Definition?
A region in which members of different species meet & mate, producing

at least some offspring of mixed ancestry.