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However, when weak acids and weak bases dissolve, they only partially ionize, resulting in an equilibrium between ionic and molecular forms. The following equation shows the equilibrium process that occurs when hydrogen uoride, a weak acid, dissolves in water. HF( g) H2O(l ) N H3O(aq) F(aq)
does not go 100% to the right; IS an equilibrium process
Most weak acids react in this way, that is, by donating a proton to a water molecule to form a H3O ion. The weak base ammonia establishes the following equilibrium in water. NH3( g) H2O(l ) N NH 4 (aq) OH (aq) Most weak bases react in this way, that is, by accepting a proton from a water molecule to leave an OH ion. In Chapter 20, you learned to write an equilibrium expression to solve for K, the equilibrium constant of a reaction. As with the equilibrium reactions in Chapter 20, equilibrium constants can be calculated for the ionization and dissociation processes shown above. The equilibrium constants indicate how far the equilibrium goes toward the ionic products. Recall that the concentration of each reaction component is raised to the power of its coefcient in the balanced equation. These concentration terms are arranged in a fraction with products in the numerator and reactants in the denominator. The equilibrium constants calculated for acid ionization reactions are called acid ionization constants and have the symbol Ka . The equilibrium constants calculated for base dissociation reactions are called base dissociation constants and have the symbol Kb . From the diagram on the next page and the problems in this chapter, you will see how these constants are calculated and how they relate to concentrations of the reactants and products and to pH.
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1a
pH pH log[H3O]
1b
pH pOH 14
pOH
pOH log[OH]
2a
2b
Molar concentration of OH
3a
Balanced chemical equation HA H2O N H3O A Set up the equilibrium expression and substitute values.
3b
4a
Ka
[H3O][A]
[HA]
4b
Kb
[OH][BH] [B]
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 The hydronium ion concentration of a 0.500 M solution of HF at 25C is found to be 0.0185 M. Calculate the ionization constant for HF at this temperature. SOLUTION 1. ANALYZE What is given in the problem? What are you asked to nd? the molarity of the acid solution, the equilibrium concentration of hydronium ions, and the temperature the acid ionization constant, Ka
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2. PLAN What steps are needed to calculate the acid ionization constant for HF?
Write the equation for the ionization reaction. Set up the equilibrium expression for the ionization of HF in water. Determine the concentrations of all components at equilbrium, and calculate Ka .
2a
[H3O]
calculate the remaining concentrations
3a
HF H2O N H3O F Ka
4a
[H O][F] 3
[HF]
use the balanced equation to relate the unknown quantities to known quantities, and substitute these values into the Ka expression
Ka
Write the balanced chemical equation for the ionization of HF in aqueous solution. HF(aq) H2O(l ) N H3O(aq) F(aq) Write the acid ionization expression for Ka . Remember that pure substances are not included in equilibrium expressions. For this reason, [H2O] does not appear in the expression for Ka . Ka [H3O][F] [HF]
From the balanced chemical equation, you can see that one HF molecule ionizes to give one uoride ion and one hydronium ion. Therefore,
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Ka
given
calculated above
3. COMPUTE Ka [0.0185] [0.0185] 7.11 104 [0.500] [0.0185] Yes; the acid ionization constant has no units. Yes; the number of signicant gures is correct because data values have as few as three signicant gures. Yes; the calculation can be approximated as (0.02 0.02)/0.5 0.0008, which is of the same magnitude as the calculated result.
4. EVALUATE Are the units correct? Is the number of signicant gures correct?
PRACTICE 1. At 25C, a 0.025 M solution of formic acid, HCOOH, is found to have a hydronium ion concentration of 2.03 103 M. Calculate the ionization constant of formic acid. SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 At 25C, the pH of a 0.315 M solution of nitrous acid, HNO2 , is 1.93. Calculate the Ka of nitrous acid at this temperature.
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the pH of the acid solution and the original concentration of HNO2 the acid ionization constant, Ka
Data 1.93 ?M ?M 0.315 M ?M ? at equilibrium
Initial molar concentration of HNO2 Molar concentration of HNO2 at equilibrium Acid ionization constant, Ka , of HNO2
2. PLAN What steps are needed to calculate the acid ionization constant for HNO2?
Determine the H3O concentration from the pH. Write the equation for the ionization reaction. Set up the equilibrium expression. Determine all equilibrium concentrations and calculate Ka .
1a
pH log[H3O]
rearrange to solve for [H3O]
2a
[H3O] 10pH
3a
HNO2 H2O N H3O NO 2
4a
[H O][NO 2] Ka 3 [HNO2]
use the balanced equation to relate the unknown quantities to known quantities, and substitute these values into the Ka expression
Ka
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[H3O] 10pH
given
Write the balanced chemical equation for the ionization of HNO2 in aqueous solution. HNO2(aq) H2O(l) N H3O(aq) NO 2 (aq) Write the mathematical equation to compute Ka . Ka
[NO 2 ][H3O ] [HNO2]
Because each HNO2 molecule dissociates into one hydronium ion and one nitrite ion,
[NO 2 ] [H3O ]
the HNO2 concentration at equilibrium will be its initial concentration minus any HNO2 that has ionized. The amount ionized will equal the concentration of H3O or NO 2. [HNO2]equilibrium [HNO2]initial [H3O] Substitute known values into the Ka expression.
calculated calculated above above
Ka
3. COMPUTE [H3O] 101.93 1.2 102 Ka [1.2 102][1.2 102] 4.4 104 [0.315] [1.2 102] Yes; the acid ionization constant has no units. Yes; the number of signicant gures is correct because the pH was given to two decimal places. Yes; the calculation can be approximated as (0.01 0.01)/0.3 3 104, which is of the same order of magnitude as the calculated result.
4. EVALUATE Are the units correct? Is the number of signicant gures correct? Is the answer reasonable?
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ans: Ka 0.167
Items pH of solution Molar concentration of H3O at equilibrium Molar concentration of OH at equilibrium Molar concentration of NH 4 at equilibrium Initial molar concentration of NH3 Molar concentration of NH3 at equilibrium Base dissociation constant, Kb , of NH3
?M ?M ?M 0.450 M ?M ?
2. PLAN What steps are needed to calculate the base dissociation constant for NH3?
Determine the H3O concentration from the pH. Calculate the OH concentration. Write the balanced chemical equation for the dissociation reaction. Write the mathematical equation for Kb , substitute values, and calculate.
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2a
2b
convert using the relationship Kw [OH][H3O]
[H3O] 10pH
[OH]
Kw H [ 3O]
3b
NH3 H2O N NH 4 OH
4b
[NH 4][OH ] Kb [NH3]
use the balanced equation to relate the unknown quantities to known quantities, and substitute these values into the Kb expression
[NH 4][OH ] [NH3]initial [OH]
Kb
[OH]
Kw [H3O]
calculated above
Kb
[OH][NH 4] [NH3]
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Kb
calculated above
3. COMPUTE [H3O] 1011.45 3.5 1012 M 1014 [OH] 2.9 103 M 3.5 1012 [2.9 103][2.9 103] 1.9 105 Kb [0.450] [2.9 103] 4. EVALUATE Are the units correct? Is the number of signicant gures correct? Is the answer reasonable? Yes; the equilibrium constant has no units. Yes; the number of signicant gures is correct because the pH was given to two decimal places. Yes. The calculation can be approximated as (0.003 0.003)/0.5 0.00009/5 1.8 105.
PRACTICE 1. The compound propylamine, CH3CH2CH2NH2 , is a weak base. At equilibrium, a 0.039 M solution of propylamine has an OH concentration of 3.74 103 M. Calculate the pH of this solution and Kb for propylamine.
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2. PLAN What steps are needed to calculate the acid ionization constant for HIO3?
Write the balanced chemical equation for the ionization reaction. Write the equation for Ka . Substitute x for the unknown values. Rearrange the Ka expression so that a quadratic equation remains. Substitute known values, and solve for x.
Write the equilibrium equation for the ionization reaction. HIO3(aq) H2O(l ) N H3O(aq) IO 3 (aq) Use the chemical equation to write an expression for Ka . Ka [H3O][IO 3] [HIO3]
Since 1 mol of HIO3 reacts with 1 mol of H2O to produce 1 mol of H3O and 1 mol of IO 3: [H3O] [IO 3] The equilibrium concentration of HIO3 will be the initial concentration minus any HIO3 that has reacted. The amount reacted will equal the concentration of H3O or IO 3. [HIO3]equilibrium [HIO3]initial [H3O]
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Ka
x2 [HIO3]initial x
given
3. COMPUTE x2 1.00 x 0.169(1.00 x) x2 0.169 0.169x x2 0.169 Rearrange the above equation. x2 0.169x 0.169 0 Notice that this equation ts the form for a general quadratic equation. ax2 bx c 0 where a 1, b 0.169, c 0.169 Use the formula for solving quadratic equations. x b b2 4ac 2a
Substitute the values given above into the quadratic equation, and solve for x. x 0.169 (0.169)2 4(1)(0.169) 2(1) x 0.335 M
4. EVALUATE Are the units correct? Is the number of signicant gures correct? Is the answer reasonable?
Yes; the value has units of mol/L, or M. Yes; the number of signicant gures is correct because the data values had three signicant gures. Yes; substituting the calculated [H3O] back into the equation for Ka yields the given value.
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ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS 1. Hydrazoic acid, HN3 , is a weak acid. The [H3O] of a 0.102 M solution of hydrazoic acid is 1.39 103 M. Determine the pH of this solution, and calculate Ka at 25C for HN3 . 2. Bromoacetic acid, BrCH2COOH, is a moderately weak acid. A 0.200 M solution of bromoacetic acid has a H3O concentration of 0.0192 M. Determine the pH of this solution and the Ka of bromoacetic acid at 25C. 3. A base, B, dissociates in water according to the following equation: B H2O N BH OH Complete the following table for base solutions with the characteristics given.
Initial [B] a. 0.400 M b. 0.005 50 M c. 0.0350 M d. ? M [B] at equilibrium [OH] NA ?M ?M 0.006 28 M 2.70 10 8.45 10 ?M 0.000 92 M
4 4
Kb M M ? ? ? ?
[H3O] ?M NA ?M NA
pH ? ? 11.29 ?
4. The solubility of benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, in water at 25C is 2.9 g/L. The pH of this saturated solution is 2.92. Determine Ka at 25C for benzoic acid. (Hint: rst calculate the initial concentration of benzoic acid.) 5. A 0.006 50 M solution of ethanolamine, H2NCH2CH2OH, has a pH of 10.64 at 25C. Calculate the Kb of ethanolamine. What concentration of undissociated ethanolamine remains at equilibrium? 6. The weak acid hydrogen selenide, H2Se, has two hydrogen atoms that can form hydronium ions. The second ionization is so small that the concentration of the resulting H3O is insignicant. If the [H3O] of a 0.060 M solution of H2Se is 2.72 103 M at 25C, what is the Ka of the rst ionization?
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