PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROUND SUPPORT, 2830 SEPTEMBER 2004, PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction

Edited by

Ernesto Villaescusa
Western Australian School of Mines, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

Yves Potvin
Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, Western Australia

A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS LEIDEN / LONDON / NEW YORK / PHILADELPHIA / SINGAPORE

Copyright 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK

Cover: Ground support in development heading following multiple rockbursts (Provided by Professor E. Villaescusa)

Copyright 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Published by: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, a member of Taylor & Francis Group plc www.balkema.nl, http://balkema.tandf.co.uk and www.tandf.co.uk ISBN 90 5809 640 8 Printed in The Netherlands

Copyright 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK

Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction Villaescusa & Potvin (eds.) 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 90 5809 640 8

Table of Contents

Foreword Organization

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Keynote lectures
The dynamic environment of ground support and reinforcement E.T. Brown A review of long, high capacity reinforcing systems used in rock engineering C.R. Windsor 3 17

1 Case studies
The evolution of ground support practices at Mount Isa Mines L.B. Neindorf A case study of ground support improvement at Perseverance Mine D.B. Tyler & M. Werner A fall of ground case study an improved understanding of the behaviour of a major fault and its interaction with ground support I.G.T. Thin, B.J. Andrew & M.J. Beswick Field experiments on cable bolting for pre-reinforcement of rock masses first application to an underground powerhouse in Japan M. Kashiwayanagi, N. Shimizu, T. Hoshino & F . Ito Seismic and support behaviour, a case study: the April 22nd, 2003 Rockburst, Reservas Norte sector, El Teniente Mine, Codelco Chile E. Rojas, R. Dunlop, A. Bonani, E. Santander, S. Celis & A. Belmonte Integrated ground support design in very weak ground at Cayeli Mine M. Yumlu & W.F . Bawden 45 53 65

77

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2 Rock mass characterisation

Three-dimensional rock mass characterisation for the design of excavations and estimation of ground support requirements P .M. Cepuritis Geotechnical block modelling at BHP Billiton Cannington Mine D.A. Luke & A. Edwards The application of a rock mass rating system at Tau Lekoa Mine M.J. Dunn & G. Hungwe 115

129 139

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Determination of rock mass behaviour as an integral part in rock mass characterisation using probabilistic methods M. Ptsch, W. Schubert, A. Goricki & A. Steidl

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3 Modelling
Rock mass characterization for numerical modelling of ground stability control in mining C. Wang Axial force distribution of friction-anchored rockbolts T. Aoki, I. Otsuka, K. Shibata, Y. Adachi, S. Ogawa & T. Tanaka A case study on stochastic fracture geometry modeling in 3-D including validations for a tunneling site in USA P .H.S.W. Kulatilake, J. Um, M. Wang, R.F . Escandon & J. Narvaiz Modelling of rockbolt behavior around tunnels with emphasis on stress distribution on the rockbolt shank A. Fahimifar & H. Soroush 163 173 185

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4 In situ and laboratory testing

Changing to the Posimix4 resin bolt for Jumbo and Quick-Chem at Mt Charlotte mine P .A. Mikula Bolt surface profiles an important parameter in load transfer capacity appraisal N. Aziz Extent and mechanisms of gloving and unmixed resin in fully encapsulated roof bolts and a review of recent developments R.J. Mould, R.N. Campbell & S.A. MacGregor The effect of rock strength on shear behaviour of fully grouted bolts N. Aziz, J. Hossein & M.S.N. Hadi Research on new anchoring method by physical modelling and field testing W. Zhu, Q. Liu & P . Wang 211 221 231

243 253

5 Open pit
Highly flexible catch fences and high performance drape mesh systems for rockfall protection in open pit operations R. Coates, G. Bull, F .J. Glisson & A. Roth Artificial rehabilitation and control of open pit slope crests and batters A.G. Thompson, P .R. OBryan & C.M. Orr 263

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6 Dynamic testing
Dynamic capable ground support development and application T. Li, E.T. Brown, J. Coxon & U. Singh Field performance of cone bolts at Big Bell Mine J.R. Player 281 289

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Performance assessment of tendon support systems submitted to dynamic loading D. Gaudreau, M. Aubertin & R. Simon Performance of rockburst support systems in Canadian mines V . Falmagne & B.P . Simser Assessing the in-situ performance of ground support systems subjected to dynamic loading D. Heal, M. Hudyma & Y. Potvin Dynamic testing of rock reinforcement using the momentum transfer concept J.R. Player, E. Villaescusa & A.G. Thompson Simulation and analysis of dynamically loaded reinforcement systems A.G. Thompson, J.R. Player & E. Villaescusa

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7 Rockfalls and failure mechanisms

Controlling rockfall risks in Australian underground metal mines Y. Potvin & P . Nedin Failure modes and support of coal roofs R.W. Seedsman Rockfalls in Western Australian underground metalliferous mines A.M. Lang & C.D. Stubley Back analysis of block falls in underground excavations: The experience in panel caving at El Teniente Mine-Codelco Chile A. Bonani, E. Rojas, F . Brunner M. & F . Fernndez L. Quality in ground support management T. Szwedzicki Support evaluation and quality assurance for AngloGold Ashanti Limiteds SA region M.J. Dunn Ground support practices at Brunswick Mine, NB, Canada D. Gaudreau 359

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8 Civil engineering and tunnelling

100-year design life of rock bolts and shotcrete R. Bertuzzi Design and construction of water dams against 1000 m hydraulic pressure H.-J. Benning, K.H. Hlsmann & H. Schorn Thermo-chemo-mechanical assessment of support effectiveness during tunneling in squeezing conditions D. Boldini, R. Lackner & H.A. Mang Risk-based design using numerical modelling T.R. Silverton, A.H. Thomas & D.B. Powell 425

431

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Application of nondestructive stress measurement technique for safety assessment of underground structures S. Akutagawa, K. Ohi, T. Shimura, M. Ota, K. Yasuhara & K. Matsuoka Support performance control in large underground caverns using instrumentation and field monitoring M. Moosavi, A. Jafari & M. Pasha Nejati Rock mass classification and complementary analyses of use in tunnel design C. Laughton

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465

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9 Design
Rock reinforcement design for overstressed rock using three dimensional numerical modeling T. Wiles, E. Villaescusa & C.R. Windsor Issues in selection and design of ore pass support J. Hadjigeorgiou, J.F . Lessard & F . Mercier-Langevin Ground support predicting when to change the pattern P .M. Dight 483

491

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10 Corrosion
Premature bolt failures in Australian coal mines due to stress corrosion cracking B.K. Hebblewhite, M. Fabjanczyk, P . Gray & A. Crosky The corrosion of rock bolts and cable bolts I. Satola & J. Aromaa Corrosion assessment of ground support systems R. Hassell, E. Villaescusa, A.G. Thompson & B. Kinsella 509

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11 Surface support
Hydro scaling and in-cycle shotcrete at Waroonga mine, Western Australia P .A. Jenkins, J. Mitchell & B. Upton Strength and stiffness of shotcrete-rock interface a laboratory study D. Saiang, L. Malmgren & E. Nordlund Investigations into mechanisms of rock support provided by sprayed liners T.R. Stacey & X. Yu Large scale static laboratory tests of different support systems M.L. Van Sint Jan & P . Cavieres The use of cementitious linings to protect ore passes in the mining industry D. Van Heerden Performance assessment of high-tensile steel wire mesh for ground support under seismic conditions A. Roth, C.R. Windsor, J. Coxon & R. deVries 545

555

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12 Other support
Pillar replacement using pre-stressed timber props A. Czerw & P .R. OBryan A probabilistic approach to determining stable inter-pillar spans on Tau Lekoa Mine M.J. Dunn Backfill at Sons of Gwalia Mine R. Varden & A. Henderson Measurement and prediction of internal stresses in an underground opening during its filling with cemented fill T. Belem, A. Harvey, R. Simon & M. Aubertin Mining and support of tunnels in minefill at BHP Billiton Cannington Mine D.A. Luke An overview of the use of paste backfill technology as a ground support method in cut-and-fill mines T. Belem & M. Benzaazoua Raise climber supporting method for stability of raise development in Pongkor Gold Mine, Indonesia A. Taufik & H. Sudarman 597 603 613 619

631 637

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Copyright 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK

Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction Villaescusa & Potvin (eds.) 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 90 5809 640 8

Foreword

The Fifth International Symposium on Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction was held by the Australian Centre for Geomechanics and the Western Australian School of Mines, at Perth, Australia from September 28 to 30, 2004. The Symposium follows on from international symposia held at Lulea, Sweden, 1983, Sudbury Canada, 1992, Lillehamer, Norway, 1997 and Kalgoorlie, Australia, 1999. The objective of the Symposium was to exchange experiences, knowledge and lessons learnt in ground support with special attention being given to mining applications and underground construction. The Symposium dealt with twelve main themes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Case studies; Rock mass characterization; Modelling; In situ and laboratory testing; Open pit; Dynamic testing; Rockfalls and failure and mechanisms; Civil engineering and tunnelling; Design; Corrosion; Surface support; Other support.

A total of sixty one papers have been published in these proceedings. In addition, two Keynote Addresses were also published. Keynote Lectures E.T. Brown, Australia: The dynamic environment of ground support and reinforcement; C.R. Windsor, Australia: A review of long, high capacity reinforcing elements in rock engineering practice. The organizing committee wishes to thank all the supporting organizations and the authors for their valuable contributions. Ground support remains essential to sustain and progress prosperous mining and civil engineering industries. E. Villaescusa Y. Potvin

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Copyright 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK

Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction Villaescusa & Potvin (eds.) 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 90 5809 640 8

Organization

Supporting Organizations
WMC Resources Ltd BHP Billiton Ltd SRK Consulting Mount Isa Mines (Xstrata Copper & Xstrata Zinc) Newmont Australia Ltd Atlas Copco Australia Pty Ltd BFP Consultants Pty Ltd Coffey Geosciences Pty Ltd Dywidag Systems International Minova Australia Pty Ltd Rock Engineering (Aust) Pty Ltd Australias Mining Monthly

Organizing Committee
Ernesto Villaescusa, Western Australian School of Mines, Australia Yves Potvin, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Australia Alan Thompson, Western Australian School of Mines, Australia John Hadjigeorgiou, Laval University, Canada Eduardo Rojas, Codelco, Chile Weishen Zhu, Sandong University, China Pekka Srkk, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland Norikazu Shimizu, Yamaguchi University, Japan Dick Stacey, The University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Pedro Ramirez Oyanguren, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain Karl Zipf, NIOSH, U.S.A

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