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Contrast
a contrast. After although anduse although and. even thoughto introduce and a verb' even thoughwe use a clause, with a subject
AIthoughshed.oesn,tenjoylrcrjob,sheworkshard. She passed. the exam, although she hadn't studied for
Ev en though they w er e late, theg didn' t hurry'
it'
We
hurry
at the end of a sentence' We also use though,to mean 'however' (see 5 below) The room is very small' It's quite comfortable though'
After in spite of ldespite we we can use in spite of or d.espiteto talk about confrast. can use a noun, or an -ing form. In spite of tlrc bad weather, we went out for a walk' D esp ite being late, theY dn' t hurrY' We also say in spite of ldespite the t'act (that) ' ' " waTk' In spite of the fact that the weather was bad', we w-ent out for a I' late' were fney atan t hurry d.espite the fact that they
Compare in spte of ld'esprte and'although:
rainirug' we startedto
while and' whereas' We can introd.uce a contrast between two id'eas using lively and talkative' He is quiet and' shy, whilelwhereas his sister is howeverwith two sentences' We can also express a contrast by using the adverb job. However, she may change lur mind' she said. sL.Le didn,t want to change her
E)GRCISE 161A Rephrase the sentences beginning with ihe words in brachets. Example:
She has plenty of money, but she is very mean'
a
it'
(though)
(although)
J
oJ
but he never visits them. (even though) but she 4 She never takes any kind of exercise, though) (even healthy' is quite fii and
nearby'
245
118
We
can
'
We can also use although: Atthough the caf was crowded, wefound a table' althorrth Sadii has passed her test, slte neuer driues ' main clause: The clause with although can also come after the
We
'
tlough
and even
though
weating a coat
'
Though is informal. It means the same as although: Tough/Atthougb I tiked the su)eater) I didn't buy it' Thoigh/Attltougtx it was extremely cold ' Debbie wasn't
-We can use
at the end of a sentence: liked the sweatet. I didn't buy it, thouglt' (=
though
Even though is stronger, more emphatic than although: he'd just run a marathon' lef,tookld qutefresi, eaen thoug,h -ren to be nice to him ' try shall I though I hate Gary,
Tomfett perfectly calm in sptite of the danger ' W,inatiy surceeded in sTtite of all the dfficulties I canied in working in sqtite of not feeling well '
'
.WeusedespiteinexactlythesamewayaSinspiteofandwiththesamemeaning: I worked desTtite notfeeling well' He was calru despite th'e danger.
But compare in spite of and although:
in spite of
I'm no better in sptite of
the
PiIk
sor@
Nor@
(on ir
in ryite oJ
(ov-in
spte of working
way as although: W'e can use in spite of the fact (that) in the same pills ' the I'm no better in spite of thefact that I'ue taken that it was extremely cold. Debbie utasn,t wearinf a coit ilesTite theJact
282
r&
778 Exercises
118.1
but (A)
,i
i'' |il";;:;;''""'na IHe uses them' ru never 'v I ",. ;laugneo' No one laughed' i;;"";;f;' dish, but it didn' t break'
t
,ll
i
f
" I it didn'tbreak. uI
2
J
4
118.2
although (A)
RewritethesentencesinExercise118.1.usinga1though. it t a"pp'a
,qttt
ousL'
thiiil'
dan'tu"'p'
2
J 4
-C)
soite of' Put in although or in bad weather' The match * "" ^'.j.."-totgt"+the
caught the train'
years
.ld
4 s 6
118.4
nromlle-we
had'
as
normal'
you Put Be carefui where Ioin each pair of sentences' t i" g"ta health' (although) it Dave smoke'' H"t"'t"*" f ,qt,ousl''o"' t was dred' (desPite) foffi-','t"tP n 'l"rlutfn'lt ! strE despte btns tLred' -- - ---- ---ww nght notice the sign' lt was '',trtt,t
(A-C) in spite of and despite though' even although, the words in brackets'
'
'*li)"ii ";'-inbt'"soodh'olth'
sp"nrs!'irtt rt* t"
---- -rro.,gr-r)
t in't
2
3
4
millionai"Ef'spending