CBRNe World Summer 2008 PDF

Electric Sheep
Sending a robot to do
a mans job
Brother Bear
Developments in Russian
CBRN defence
Romanian Legion
Romanian military and
civilian CBRNE
CBRNe
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Leader
1 Summer 2008 CBRNe WORLD www.cbrneworld.com
The more things change, the more they remain the same
(plus a change, plus c'est la mme chose Jean-Baptiste
Alphonse Karr). Who would have thought within the term of
office of the US President who brought us photos of the
mobile bio labs in Iraq that we would be asked to believe the
photos of the Al Kibar nuclear reactor were real, and
part of a Syrian nuclear weapons programme?
The similarities between the two circumstances are
staggering. We have evidence of a state sponsored
programme for weapons of mass destruction evidence in
the form of uncorroborated photos. Experts are undecided
whether this is prima facie evidence of the development of a
Syrian nuclear weapon, yet the US government tells us this
is the case. But this is where the two cases then diverge; in
Iraq the mobile bio lab and Curveball brought
destruction to Saddam and a legacy of suffering for Iraqi
civilians and Coalition servicemen and women. The Syrian
photos were post-destruction not of the state but of the
facility and Israel seems content to leave it at that. The
first stories of a North Korean link to the Al Kibar attack
came out within the first month after the attack, and were
attributed in the press to sources from the US
administration. Yet most observers saw this as wishful
thinking, a great opportunity to lay the blame on another
state in the Axis of Evil. Then, lo and behold, more photos
were released by the CIA that show the reactor, but also
more pertinently the Head of the Pyongyang nuclear plant
and the Syrian Head of the Atomic Energy Commission.
If nothing else, this is fertile ground for conjecture.
Other analysts, such as ISIS, had suggested Al Kibar might
be a nuclear reactor before the US announcement (early
reports had it the Israelis had targeted an arms cache) and
subsequent Syrian claims that the
Israeli planes had targeted
wasteland were clearly a lie (one
that has since been replaced by a
variety of others, such as empty
military facility). Syrias parsimony
with the truth has complicated the
whole story. For example, there
appears to be some confusion over air
defence. The official statements out of
Syria in September talked about the
battle between their air defence units
and Israeli aircraft with the Israeli
planes dumping their munitions and
flying off. Yet the Syrian ambassador
to the US, Imad Moustapha,
suggested recently (25 April) that it
couldnt be a sensitive facility as there
were no air defence units to guard
it Clearly something was there,
otherwise the IAEA inspectors would
have been allowed in (and the IAEA
certainly seems to be one of the victims of this fait accompli
either ineffective or a catspaw), and in this confusion the
given story is generally accepted as the right one.
Yet Syria has not been the target of any real opprobrium.
Israel seems quietly happy with the result (intelligence coup,
reactor destroyed, powerful northern neighbour blackened
internationally) and has not followed up with any further
rhetoric, and the US has missed them out and gone to the
source. North Korea has clearly had a bit of a diplomatic
dressing down; the US State Departments rhetoric has not
been strident, but it has been clear. For example, Sean
McCormack, State Department Spokesman said, Everybody
understands the history of agreements with North Korea,
and that is why we are taking the approach that we are. And
that is, that good faith actions on the part of North Korea
will be met in turn by good faith. Sept. 14 2007 (note the
date eight days after the strike).
As to whether this was the start of a nuclear weapons
programme, that would still seem to be a matter for debate.
David Albright and Paul Brannan of the Institute of Science
and International Security have made themselves the piata
of the US far right with their suggestions that the reactor
alone might not be evidence of a nuclear weapon
programme that the Syrians lacked the ability to fuel the
reactor and are short of a plutonium separation plant and
weaponisation facilities (all pointing to the fact that the
reactor might not have been as close to operation as was
claimed). The other side of the coin is pretty much summed
up by the phrase that we know.
Behind all this is the story of whoever took the photos. If
we assume that they are real, then some of them are going
to have compromised the photographer in a major way. The
fact that the photos were made public
would suggest the individual and
hopefully family, friends and anyone
who has ever met them will have
been spirited out of the country, as his
cover will be well and truly
compromised.
So what, at the end of the day,
have we learned?The IAEA can still be
flouted by countries that dont have
inspections and hide facilities. North
Korea will still play the part of
proliferator if some form of agreement
is not reached. Syria has an active
nuclear programme only usage
seems to be in any real doubt. Israel
has maintained its position as the
worlds leading destroyer of nuclear
facilities and sometimes
possessing weapons of mass
destruction does not mean that you
have to go to war with that country.
Are we any closer to knowing what happened on 6 September?
Book Now! CBRNe Convergence, 22-24 September, JW Marriott, Bucharest - More Information on www.cbrneworld.com
Israeli airforce recruiting poster
Hes hit his target, will you? IAF
Contents
1-5
Leader
Contents
News
Romania
extravaganza!
Conference preview
and military and
civilian interviews
Birthday boys.
American and Russian
90th Anniversaries
7-19
Civil leader. Singapores
MHA and SCDF
20-30
42-49
Afghanistan and China.
ISAF operations and
Beijing Olympics
Size matters.
Alexander Grabowski on
German decontamination
Do androids dream of
electric TICs?
CBRN UGV developments
50-55
Swedish made.
Peace keeping and the man
64-67
56-63
68-73
Breathe easy.
SCBA and Colpro.
Bomb on board.
Lessons from VBIEDs
76-79
Published by Falcon
Communications
Limited
Business Development
Director
David Levitt
Editor
Gwyn Winfield
Art Director
Tony Denton
Sub Editor
Patrick Bateman
Contact Details
For Sales
Tel: +44 (0) 208 744 0860
Cell: +44 (0) 7769 554 051
For Editorial
Tel: +44 (0) 7974 537 016
Fax
+44 (0) 208 744 0860
Email
gwyn.winfield@cbrneworld.com
david.levitt@cbrneworld.com
CBRNe World
36 Tennyson Avenue
Twickenham
London
TW1 4QY
Web
www.cbrneworld.com
2 CBRNe WORLD Summer 2008 www.cbrneworld.com
31-39
Safety First.
Colonel Rick Whitman on
securing civil radiation
Model behaviour.
The future of the urban
dispersal model
Capability Profiles
84-85
86-99
Crystal Ball
UGV Roundup
and Prairie Dog
102-104
80-83
Legal Niceties
Reproduction in whole, or part, of any content of CBRNe World, without prior permission, is strictly prohibited.
Any correspondence should be addressed to The Editor, CBRNe World. We acknowledge the assistance and hard
work of many individuals, associations and organisations who have contributed to this magazine. The information
published in this magazine has been published in good faith and the opinions contained in the article are those of the
author and not Falcon Communication Ltd. Photos are credited individually, non attributed articles are from the
CBRNe World archive. Falcon Communication Ltd 2008
Front cover photo CBRNe World
AAI Services Inc 19
Ahura Scientific 11
Airsense Analytics 32
Allen Vanguard 39
Argon Electronics 40,41
Air Techniques ATI 77
Avon Protection 11
Bertin Technologies 63
Bluecher 39
Bruker Daltonics 79
Cristanini 55
Decon Symposium 26
Draeger 29
Dycor 6
Enigma Diagnostics 33
EnviroFoam Technologies 75
Environics 65
Foster Miller 57
General Dynamics Canada 13
Genencor IFC, 45,47,49
ICX Technologies 43
Idaho 23
Intelagard 51, OBC
Karcher Futuretech IBC
Meridian Medical 25
MSA 69
NBC Sys 33
OWR 53
Paul Boye 15
Proengin 17
Remotec NGC 59
Remploy Frontline 67
Scott Health & Safety 71
Siemens Power Generation 81
Smiths Detection 21
TSI Inc 37
Utilis USA 75
Vidisco 77
Advertiser Index
100-101
PRODUCT WATCH
ACADA, JCAD and Hazmat ID contracts
Smiths Detection has increased its
market share of the US military
chemical detection market with two
contracts. One is a $23.8 million
contract for the supply of the M4
JCAD the LRIP portion of the
contract, with an expectation for
follow on contracts for version one
JCAD. This was small beer compared
to the $75 million contract for further
Acada units for the DoD. Acada,
based on the GID3, has been a nice
contract for Smiths with frequent
follow on contracts. With the JCAD
version two competition coming up,
both contracts should stand them in
good stead.
At the other end of the scale was
a $7.2 million contract from the
USAF for Smiths Hazmat detectors,
Hazmat ID and APD2000. This was
for the Civil Engineer Support Agency
of the USAF, and was an expansion
on the original $4.5 million contract
placed last year. As well as the two
detectors, Smiths is also delivering
24-7-365 reachback support for
Hazmat ID.
Contracts such as these
undoubtedly helped Smiths Detection
in their selection for the first phase of
the US Navys Improved Point
Detection System (IPDS). While only
four systems have been procured for
evaluation it would be difficult to see
anyone seriously challenging Smiths
chances in US military CWA
detection.
Avon seeks better protection for UK police
Those with long memories will
remember that Avon won the
contract to supply all UK police with
escape hoods in 2005. This plum
contract shrivelled when what had
been a country-wide contract turned
into a free choice from individual
police forces. The EH20 Hood, which
had been developed in conjunction
with the Police CBRN Centre, has
now only been rolled out to Scottish
police and response paramedics of
the National Health and Ambulance
Service. British politicians are now
taking up the banner to ensure that
Chief Constables have the correct
PPE for terrorist attacks so far
Michael Ancram MP, Andrew
Murrison MP and Security Minister
Tony McNulty MP are in the
schwerpunkt. While the political
battle over the failure of the
government to honour its contract for
at least 170,000 hoods to equip
emergency service personnel will
rumble on, our main priority is to
make sure Chief Constables are
aware they have the responsibility to
buy this life-saving piece of
equipment for their officers, said
Avons Jim Naylor.
Wise old owl?
Owlstone have been quietly
developing an improvement on the
trusty IMS system their FAIMS
(Field Asymmetric IMS) which they
believe offers advantages far in
advance of traditional IMS. They
currently have a $3.7 million contract
from the DoD and would like
interested parties to go to
www.owlstonenanotech.com.
Testing times
Drager, famous for their tubes and
masks, announced their Bio-Agent
Test a fast, immunological test
for anthrax, SEBB, ricin, Y.Pestis and
Bot Tox. Using a swab, the substance
can be entered into the test and
provides an answer in anything from
three to 15 minutes. The test lasts
two years in room temperature and,
in addition to the simultaneous tests,
individual tests will soon be available.
What connects the US Navy, EOD and isotope
identifiers?
Thermo Fisher announced a
$6.5million contract from the US
Navy for 215 of
their identifFinder
EOD Isotope
Identifier Kits. This
is the second order
from the Navy and
they have an option
to purchase another
880 of their EOD
kits over the next
five years. The kits are supplied with
two gamma/neutron detection
systems that use digital gamma
spectrometers to identify radiological
material.
Lord Guthrie jumps onto bandwagon
BioDefense Corp, who produce the
MailDefender neutralisation system,
have signed up General Lord Guthrie,
the former UK Chief of the Staff, to
wake up the United Kingdom. The
Editor, who often suffers from
difficulties in this region, was
disappointed to find out that this was
only to be in regard to the threat of
bioterrorism, which is far more
serious than defence experts realise.
Lord Guthrie then raised the spectre
of Spanish Flu and the fact that a
biological attack would be likely to
be far more devastating than the
9/11 attacks. I hope that the
defence experts are listening with
pen and cheque book poised
Feeling Demronic
Radiation Shield Technologies (who
keep a notoriously low profile),
manufacturers of Demron radiation
blocking suits, announced a Nato-
funded purchase of their suits to be
deployed to the Emergency Situation
Ministry of Belarus. Details of the
purchase are said to be classified,
but Jonathan Elkoubi, General
Manager of the reseller Safer
America, said, We cannot provide
more details about Natos purchase,
[but] we can say the sheer volume of
suits purchased suggests the
deployment and leadership
positioning of the Demron
technology will continue to expand.
While good news for RST, it is rather
worrying that Nato has seen fit to
buy these suits for Belarus it would
tend to point to a rather serious
problem, Nato does not routinely do
this sort of thing. Demron is a lead,
toxin and PVC-free nanotechnology
that blocks radiation the only suit
the Editor knows of to have
verification of such a claim. They
deserve more study and recognition,
so check them out at
www.radshield.com.
CBRNews
Going to the shows? See CBRNe World at Avignon, the EDA Bio DIM Conference, IABTI Stand 20,
Eurosatory Stand N125C, Joint CBRN Conference (Fort Leonard Wood) Stand 625
A green and pleasant decon
Parteq Innovations, the technology
transfer office from Queens
University in Ontario, feels that it
has a solution for the destruction of
OPs. Their solution managed a 99
per cent effective destruction of
soman, tabun and VX within 30
seconds on liquid agent; when used
on contaminated surfaces it
managed decon within ten minutes.
The reaction products are non-toxic,
allowing a greener decon than
conventional solutions, and it is
safely stored and used under all
temperatures. Funding was received
from DTRA (among others) and
appears to be endorsed by ECBC.
Im all in
Alexeter Technologies have
announced their new Collection
Swab for use with their BioDetect
field tests. It includes a polyester
fiber-tipped swab, a collection tube,
a buffer reservoir and sample
dropper tip. The system is
designed to make the whole field
collection process more reliable
and cost effective than other
systems available, and a built-in
filter stops sample overloading,
which in turn reduces failed tests.
Eurosatory watch
Avon protection will have their
ST53 exhibited for the first time,
allowing visitors to see the benefits
of their system which allows users
to seamlessly swap between SCBA
and negative pressure.
HMS will have their always-
interesting Triton research and
analysis portfolio around (and their
back catalogue is always worth
browsing) and will also be
discussing their counter-IED
training.
Allen Vanguard will now be able
to show the whole range of their
products, now that the merger with
Med Eng is complete. So, as well
as the EOD9 suit and dual tank
trike, there will also be a chance to
see the Digital Vanguard and
BombTec Defender.
Cristanini, the Italian
decontamination company, will be
involved in the dynamic outdoor
display. This is always a big draw,
despite the lack of seats and
(usually) chronic heat, and
Cristanini will be hosing down a
wide range of vehicles. As well as
this, they will have their external
booth E150, Lane D and their
Internal Booth (C255). These will
house their truck-borne decon
system, DDMAS.
THREAT WATCH
How inconsiderate!
The publication of the Spring edition
of CBRNe World was almost held up
by the non appearance of the Las
Vegas Police. When the Editor
enquired what had happened to
them, it was suggested that he turn
on the news where he found they
were dealing with a ricin attack a
fair excuse! Quite what exactly
happened is still unknown with the
main protagonist still in hospital
but at the moment it seems to be
worthy of its own film. Roger Von
Bergendorff had debts, clothes and
a vial of ricin to his name; it
appears that the former (which
included the IRS, hospitals, his
motel and two former girlfriends
none of which are the sort of people
to forget) drove him to use the latter.
He called 911 with respiratory
problems, was admitted to hospital
(and at this point went into a coma
and exited stage right possibly
pursued by bear). The police who
attended found guns and an
anarchist-type book in his room. A
fortnight later his cousin, Thomas
Tholen, was clearing out his room
when he came across a bag. He took
it down to the motels front desk
where an argument ensued about
who should open it. The ensuing
fracas brought in a massive police
response which saw seven
individuals Tholen, three police and
three motel employees checked
into hospital, although all were later
cleared of any ricin poisoning. Ricin,
castor beans and a recipe for ricin
were all found in Von Bergendorffs
room, yet the Las Vegas
Metropolitan Police have downplayed
rumours that it might have not been
a ricin inhalation (and the hospital
are not confirming anything). Off
screen, Von Bergendorff has now
emerged from his coma and is
helping police and the FBI with their
enquiries, but he is still said to be in
a critical condition. In what can be a
surprise to no-one, Bergendorff was
indicted by Federal court. As well as
the vial of ricin (which, US media
screamed could have killed 522
people!), they also found a .22
Browning with silencer, and another
silencer with no serial number. He is
facing up to 30 years in prison and a
possible $750,000 fine. So far he is
pleading not guilty to possession of
a biological toxin
CBRNe World is very grateful to
the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police
who, despite all this excitement,
were still able to make deadline!
Extreme caving
The Russian cave siege, which has
been going on since November
2007, has resulted in two deaths at
time of writing. The Doomsday cult
entered the cave on the advice of
their Prophet, Pyotr Kuznetsov, who
would have joined them if it had not
been for prior commitments. Of the
original 35 that entered the cave
about 11 remain, the others have left
after the cave walls started to
collapse due to heavy rain. Currently
security forces are besieging the
cave, but are unable to enter due to
the threat of detonating poison gas
canisters though the nature of the
gas is not known.
Food poisoning
Two Palestinians were picked up by
Shin Bet after they were tipped off
that they were going to attack a
restaurant in Ramat Gan, Israel.
The pair had been due to pick up a
white, flavourless, odourless poison
from Al Aqsa Matyrs Brigade to
poison the diners at the Grill
Express restaurant where they
worked. This is not the first time
similar organisations have tried to
co-opt chefs into murdering civilians
a similar attempt in 2002 was
also disrupted.
Misery loves company
Just to show it is not just the US
where miserable teenagers seek to
extend their misery to their
friends, there is a new trend in
Japan to finish yourself and others
off with hydrogen sulphide. About
a 100 people in Konan City fled their
homes after smelling the toxic
chemical after a 14-year-old mixed
two common chemicals together.
Nobody else was seriously affected,
barring sore throats, but the girl
achieved her objective. Japan has
one of the worlds highest suicide
rates and officials are trying to block
websites that offer suicide tips.
Romania, as well as the US and
Russia had a major anniversary this
year their 85th! CBRNe World
C
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Confirmed Speakers on 22-23 September include:
Mr Corneliu Dobritoiu, State Secretary for Defence, Romania
Dr Lorin Stirbu, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Commissioner James Tan, Head of Singapore Civil Defence Force
Superint Alan King, Metropolitan Police, London. UK
Gwyn Winfield, Editor CBRNe World
Dr Jeffrey Stiefel, Early Detection Director Department of
Homeland Security, USA
Smgt Vitor Ribeiro, Intel Division Portuguese MoD
Major Havel Ondrej, Deputy CO CBRN Battalion, Czech Army
Col Bodo Bock, Head CBRN Procurement, German Army
Chris Case, Threat Response Group Merseyside Fire Service. UK
Brigadier General Norbert Furstenhofer, Commanding Officer,
NBC School, Austria
Capt Pavel Spulak, Senior Commissioner FRS Czech Republic
Ion Grigore, Counterterrorist Intelligence Unit, Romania
Marius Moldovan, Anti-terrorist Brigade, Romania
Duncan McClure, Radiation Protection Division,
Health Protection Agency. UK
DetectiveChief Inspector Dorin Grosu, Chief of Strategic
Materials and NBC Unit, Bucharest Police
Major Luc Moerman, Belgian Army
Ton Theeuwen, Netherlands Forensic Institute
Dr Levent Kenar, Medical CBRN Taskforce, Gulhan Military
Medical Academy. Turkey
Dr Amir Krivoy, Head of Chemical Section, IDF
Dr Col (Ret) Constantinin Stan
Dr Lt Col Cornel Deliu
Day Three Wednesday 24th September:
Cradled deep in the Carpathian mountains is the
Romanian City of Campulung. As well as being
the site of a major Roman military base, and the
old capital of Wallachia, Campulung is the home
of the Romanian NBC School. Further up into
the mountains lies the Campulung Training
Area, the venue for the third days exercise.
Once at the training area the delegates will
see the new Romanian Surveillance and Early
Warning system and various scenarios both
CBRN and EOD being run through by
Romanian Military Special Forces, bomb squad,
Military Police and the recce and decon troops
of the NBC Battalions. This will be the first
chance to see the new CBRN Surveillance and
Early Warning System of the Romanian MoD.
Previously this project was classified and it will
be announced at the conference and delegates
will get a unique opportunity to see it in action.
After lunch delegates will rejoin the buses for
transport to Bran Castle. Bran Castle, more
popularly known as Castle Dracula, was first
built in the Thirteenth Century by the Knights
of the Teutonic Order, and was also the
residence of Vlad Tepes, also known as Vlad the
Impaler - part of the inspiration for Bran
Stokers Dracula!
22nd to 24th September will see Europes largest CBRNE
event with speakers from fourteen countries
Book Now! CBRNe Convergence, 22-24 September, JW Marriott, Bucharest
- More Information on www.cbrneworld.com
The third day will be held at the NBC training area in Campulung CBRNe World
Romanian
conference
preview
xhibiters
SCOTT HEALTH AND SAFETY
Scott are leaders in the design and
manufacture of Respiratory Protection
Equipment (RPE). Their range includes
military and civil defence masks and
filters, powered breathing systems, self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
and escape sets.
Scott have been supplying RPE to military
markets for over 30 years. They have
supplied the in service filter to the UK
MoD for the last 20 years and their M95
respirator ensemble has been in service
with the Finnish MoD for over 10 years.
From this base M95 has been supplied to
meet the requirements of military and Civil
Defence customers all over the world
including geographic markets as diverse
as the USA and Japan, Australia and Chile
and the Czech Republic and Malaysia.
Their expertise, at the cutting edge of RPE
technology, is indicated by contracts they
are currently working on. These include
the General Service Respirator (GSR)
contract for the British MoD, the M 2005
for the Finnish MoD and the End of
Service Life Indicator Technical
Demonstrator Programme for the UK
MoD.
GOLD SPONSOR
BRONZE SPONSORS
SILVER SPONSORS
DeveIopment of Enzyme Systems to
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GENENCOR, A Danisco Division, has
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INTELAGARD is a leading designer and
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Intelagard equipment is designed for
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From the Macaw backpack to the large-
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For over 20 years Bruker
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leading in CBRNE detection
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cases for the detection of various
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reconnaissance vehicles,
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State-of-the-art technology,
ruggedized design and modular
accessories allow flexible and
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OptiMetrics, Inc. has over 15
years of support to the US and
NATO CBRNe community with
a focus on Modeling,
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Military applications. Our
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the nucleus for the US
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in use by several NATO
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dealing with accidents or
incidences involving chemical,
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Remotec, a subsidiary of
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provide unmanned ground
vehicles and equipment
specifically configured for
explosive ordnance disposal
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surveillance sensing and
HazMat . Wheelbarrow , is
regarded by EOD specialists as
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Remotec have also been
appointed as prime contractor
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anti-terrorism operations
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Dycor TechnoIogies and TSI are leading
partners in solutions for Biological
Defense. The TSI 3317 FLAPS and its
predecessors have been successfully
deployed in fixed and mobile applications
worldwide. Dycor provides the rugged
and flexible CFLAPS platform as well as
XMX biological sampling systems. In
addition, Dycor has a line of fielded,
flexible Test and Evaluation products.
TSI's M41 PortaCount mask fit tester
and variants are in use by many of the
world's Armed Forces as a primary
respirator mask testing system. The
Mask Integrity Test Accessory provides
the ability to test the complete mask for
leaks or defects.
BLCHER's revolutionary
SARATOGA CBRN
protective systems are used by
military, law enforcement,
emergency response, and
other personnel in more than
35 different countries around
the world. The market-leading
SARATOGA protective
materials and garments are
widely recognized as the most
advanced chemical and
biological warfare agent
protective technologies in the
world, with a proven record of
technological and operational
superiority. The most
sophisticated and demanding
customers in the world rely on
SARATOGA to protect their
personnel.
TRADEWAYS, Ltd., founded in 1974, is the principal exporter of US
MILITARY SPECIFICATION CBRNE defense equipment. Our
complete range of products include: detection, protection,
decontamination, and medical equipment and systems.
MIRATELECOMis actively operating as an integrator in
communication networks and security projects displaying a complete
product and service portfolio to successfully undertake turn-key
projects: equipment portfolio: professional security systems
(Communication networks, Electronic alarming, Counter terrorism);
security equipment & technologies (Detection equipment for drugs,
explosives, chemical and biological warfare agent, radio-active
substances and dangerous gases, X-ray equipment). Client portfolio
ranges from: Presidency, schools and other state institutions to large
private companies.
AIRBOSS-DEFENSE is world
renowned for the manufacture
and supply of CBRN Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE).
AirBoss-Defense also
manufactures Fire Fighting
and Extreme Cold Weather
(ECW) footwear, multi-
purpose safety boots and a
wide range of industrial
extruded and moulded rubber
engineered products for the
defense market.
AVON Protection Systems, part of
Avon Rubber p.l.c., is the world
leader in advanced CBRN
respiratory protection solutions. It
supplies the world's military, law
enforcement, first responder,
emergency services and industrial
markets. Avon Protection has a
unique capability in CBRN
protection based on a range of
advanced CBRN technologies in
respirator design, filtration and
compressed air breathing
apparatus."
BERTIN TECHNOLOGIES is a
French company specialised in
Chemical and Biological
Warfare agents detection
equipment. Bertin products
offer an appropriate answer to
the complex threats of warfare
allowing CBRN teams to
undertake their mission safety.
Second Sight
: Infrared gas
cloud detection
Coriolis
: Cyclonic air samplers

for bioaerosols collection
KIM: BWA identification
equipment.
ENIGMA DIAGNOSTICS' focus is the
supply of real time polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) instruments to the
Defence and Homeland Security
markets.
Enigma's range of innovative products
combine speed and sensitivity, in
portable and totally automated detection
systems that provide rapid and
decisive on-site results allowing
immediate action.
NBC-SYS are a leading provider of
decontamination, protection and
detection systems. Providing air
treatment systems for vehicles and
shelters, decon systems for sensitive
material, vehicles aircraft and personnel-
both military and civil, Individual
protection with their respirators and filter
and detection with
individual nerve
agent detectors using
both paper and
chemical detector
kits.
OWR is the worldwide leading
manufacturer of CBRN decontamination
systems and sole source provider of
CBRN systems. OWR creates unique
CBRN system packages, which includes
not only Decontamination equipment, but
also a complementary range of state of
the art Detection and Protection
equipment to fulfil the need of our
customers
PORTSMOUTH AVIATION LIMITED (PA)
is a major equipment supplier for the
design & manufacture of CBRN systems.
We can supply systems for defence
applications including Naval, vehicle and
fixed or modular shelters. PA also has
significant experience in providing
systems for building and mail handling for
the Homeland Security sector.
Chemical Warfare agents and biological
Warfare agents detection systems of
PROENGIN are based on flame
spectrometry . Proengin is the only
company using this technology to
manufacture field usable chemical and
biological detectors.This unique
technology allows detecting the widest
range of toxic products with the following
features: Simultaneity, Rapidity,
Reliability and MTBF 4500 hours
VAISALA offers comprehensive
tailored systems and instruments for
environmental measurement. The focus of
the Vaisala offering is on meteorological
and environmental applications, where
accurate and real-time environmental
information is critical for success and/or for
warnings. Vaisala's field- proven airborne
and ground- based instruments and
observation systems can help safeguard
troops and civilians by delivering weather-
specific situational awareness information to
all levels of the command chain.
CRISTANINI SPA of Italy are a world
leaders in CBRN detoxification and
decontamination systems. They have
delivered portable radiological nuclear
decontaminations systems, rapidly
deployable trailers for detox and
decontamination, a CBRN decon
systems for sensitive equipment, mobile
autonomous stations and a shelterised
self contained biological field laboratory.
ENVIRONICS OY provides high
technology solutions to improve and
ensure security and safety of people,
environment and property. Our product
range consists of CBRN reconnaissance
vehicles, CBRN laboratories, portable
and fixed detectors, complete turnkey
security systems, biological detection and
CBRN protection.
FOSTER-MILLER has extensive
experience in all aspects of mobile and
fixed robotics engineering and
technology. Their TALON military robots
are powerful, durable, lightweight tracked
vehicles that are widely used for
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD),
reconnaissance, communications,
hazmat, security, defense and rescue.
They have all-weather, day/night and
amphibious capabilities and can navigate
virtually any terrain.
GLOBAL GROUND SUPPORT is a
leading manufacturer of quality and cost-
effective military, airline and airport ground
support equipment. Global also offers a
Family of Deontamination Systems to
cover all your decontamination needs.
Global systems are equipped with aerial
devices allowing the ability to work up and
over the decontaminated surfaces.
EXHIBITORS
SIEMENS Power Generation - Radiation
Monitoring, design, develop and supply high
quality radiation detection and monitoring
systems. Built to UK MoD standards the
products are EMC, EMP, Shock and
Vibration proof, NATO stock coded and in
service. The equipment is designed for use
on Warships, Armoured and Soft-Skinned
vehicles as well as area and perimeter
monitoring. The Business is accredited to BS
EN ISO 9001:2000 and EN ISO 14001 and
based in Poole, Dorset, UK.
LANYARD SPONSOR
MARKES INTERNATIONAL
(www.markes.com) is a leading
supplier of thermal desorption
equipment for monitoring trace toxic
chemicals in air, gas and materials;
particularly CW agent monitoring.
A range of products are available which
can either be laboratory based or
readily mounted in mobile laboratory
systems, typically deployed to an
incident site. Results are produced in
near real-time and equipment can also
be used for personal exposure
assessment of site workers to comply
with mandatory workplace monitoring
legislation.
Markes TD systems have become the
standard equipment of choice for
civilian and defense organizations
throughout the world for CW
monitoring. Military/police
organizations and
government/regulatory agencies
throughout the US, Europe and Asia
have installed Markes equipment for
this critical application.
MARCTEL S.I.T. is a Romanian medium-
size private company, established in 1998,
providing integrated telecommunications
services in the field of military and civil
telecommunications and IT networks.
Main capabilities:
Telecommunications and IT Network
design and complex network modeling and
simulation;
NBC awareness and monitoring systems
design, installation, integration and
commissioning;
Telecommunications and IT site design;
System engineering services;
Installation, integration and commissioning;
Help Desk;
Turn-key solutions;
Integrated Logistic Support, including
repairs at module level under licence;
Research and Development for software
programs and equipment, including
dedicated interfaces for NBC data
acquisition systems and sensors;
Technical consultancy;
Laboratory for simulation and testing of
complex telecommunications and IT
solutions.
As the world leader in the development
and manufacture of auto-injector drug
delivery systems for the emergency
treatment of individuals, MERIDIAN has
served as a critical supplier to more than
30 countries and the US Department of
Defense. Today, we are building on
nearly 50 years of experience to
produce the highest quality auto-injector
products that deliver antidotes for
chemical nerve agents.
The Nato summit saw a major increase in CBRN surveillance Romanian MoD
GW: Romania is involved in a number of
NATO and coalition operations, such as
Iraq. How great/important do you see
(perceive) the threat to Romanian
defence forces from asymmetric weapons
to be? Do you see IEDs as being the
threat and a priority for effort?
CD: In terms of the risks and challenges
that we assessed prior to launching our
strategy, we decided that, for the next 10-
to-15 years, there is not a major
conventional threat to our security. So,
what we are focusing on are the
asymmetric threats. We struggle, and
cope, with this challenge in theatres of
operations and believe that proliferation of
WMD and their means of delivery,
including IEDs and so on will attract the
energy and focus of the security analyst
for the next 10-to-15 years. Proliferation is
far more dangerous, especially in volatile
security situations, and across the Black
Sea. Romania is facing an arc of instability
from Transdniestria, down to the
Caucasus, the Middle East and
the Balkans, where the security
situation is not settled yet.
Consequently, proliferation will be the
main area of interest for us, and in respect
to the overseas operational challenges
IEDs are the main threat. We have soldiers
being killed and wounded by those
devices, and in the future they could be
adapted with biological or chemical
payloads which would mean the impact on
forces and civilians will be much higher.
The risk is that tactical-level terrorists
could gain strategic objectives.
GW: In terms of counter proliferation,
how do you see your MoD assets being
involved? Is this done as part of Nato or
activity within Romanian territory?
CD: Since 1994, when Romania joined the
Partnership for Peace (PfP), our views on
this issue were quickly expanded. Since
2005 we have assumed all CBRN force
goals within the Nato framework, and
our national priorities mirror the
interests and priorities of Nato. In
terms of coping with these challenges, we
have reassessed the procurement needs of
our forces to put more emphasis on
increasing the security of our forces on
operational commitments. Next to
preparing against the IED devices, we have
focused on replacing the old armoured
personnel carriers (APC) fleet, which only
offers low protection as they were
designed 40 years ago. Another area of
interest is having more unmanned aerial
vehicles UAVs to give the commanders
more real-time information on their ops
and routes of communication. Last but
not least, we are putting more emphasis
on developing our surveillance and early
warning system that is operating around
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Romanian State Secretary for Defence Policy&Planning,
Mr. Corneliu Dobritoiu, tells Gwyn Winfield about important
developments in Romanian CBRN defence
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t he clock and cover ing t he ent ir e
Romanian geogr aphic ar ea. We ar e also
looking at impr oving communicat ions t o
assess and monit or t he secur it y and
envir onment of t heat r es of oper at ions.
GW: In terms of your surveillance and
early warning system, is this for
conventional attacks? Could it be adapted
to include radiation portal monitors, for
example?
CD: Well our syst em will be pr esent ed
and discussed dur ing t he CBRNe Wor ld
Confer ence, so I dont want t o give out t oo
many det ails and spoil t he sur pr ise! What
we can say is t hat t his syst em oper at es
ar ound t he clock and can monit or t he
ent ir e count r y. We have nuclear and
chemical sensor s t hat ar e oper at ing all t he
t ime and we also monit or CBRN sit uat ions.
Wit hin our ear ly war ning syst em we will
ver y quickly put emphasis on developing
t he biological det ect ion sensor s t o monit or
t he ent ir e Romanian t er r it or y.
GW: Will this be a BioShield-type system,
pulling samples for lab analysis, or will
there be an attempt to automate the
whole system?
CD: It will be an aut omat ed syst em,
providing impulse dat a in t he fusion cent re.
GW: I would have thought that you will
be the only country to do this within
Europe in the next five years
CD: I could t ell you a lot , but I want t o
keep quiet on t his aspect unt il it is
pr esent ed at t he confer ence! It will be
among t he most moder n syst ems in t he
NATO fr amewor k.
GW: What are your priorities in terms of
CBR defence and IED protection? While
IED defence is obviously important, how
about other legacy protective clothing,
masks, etc? Where are your priorities?
CD: We need t o over come t he legacy of
t he past . We inher it ed Soviet -t ype
equipment , as a for mer member of t he
War saw pact , but we have disbanded all
t he Soviet equipment and changed all t he
oper at ing pr ocedur es, t r aining and
educat ional st andar ds t o confor m t o
Nat ost andar ds. So, we will r eplace t he old
fleet of ar mour ed per sonnel car r ier s
(APCs) t o pr ovide an incr eased pr ot ect ion
level. We will also pr ocur e ar mour ed and
un-ar mour ed vehicles wit h incr eased
pr ot ect ion levels and impr ove t he
individual equipment for our soldier s.
Wit hin our CBR Resear ch Cent r e we ar e
developing pr ogr ammes t o develop new
capabilit ies in t his r espect ; so we have set
up a CBRN and EOD t r aining cent r e as a
vehicle t o impr ove t r aining, and all t he
t r oops ar e t r ained in t hose ar eas pr ior t o
going on oper at ions.
GW: The Czech and Slovak forces took a
good NBC legacy and momentum into
NATO, which benefited from their well
trained and equipped NBC officers. What
was the Romanian stocktake from the
Warsaw Pact, and what could be transferred
and what had to be thrown away?
CD: Dur ing t he War saw pact some
count r ies specialised in CBRN defence,
but we had t o look again at concept s: what
kind of CBRN policies should we develop
t o pr ot ect our for ces? Ear ly in our
par t icipat ion in t he Nat o Response For ce
(NRF) commit ment s we st ar t ed t o pr ovide
decon capabilit y, but in t he fut ur e we ar e
going t o develop t hr ee NBC bat t alions
cur r ent ly we ar e in differ ent st ages of
oper at ional r eadiness wit h t hese
bat t alions. The good t hing is t hat we ar e
not as specialised as t he Czechs, which
gave us a chance t o r ebuild ever yt hing on
a differ ent scale.
GW: In terms of the NRF, what are the
plans for those three battalions. Will this
be an attempt to take lead nation
Romania is going to develop three CBRN battalions Romanian MoD
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CBRN Praetor
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status including things like HQ, etc?
Will they be specialised or broad-skilled
battalions?
CD: For t he t ime being, and in t he shor t
t o mid-t er m, we ar e going t o pr ovide
niche exper t ise in cer t ain ar eas. Once we
have incr eased t he oper at ional r eadiness
of t hese bat t alions we may consider being
able t o deliver mor e. These bat t alions will
have r ecce and decon capabilit y and will
be able t o implement all t he funct ions of a
CBRN defence bat t alion.
GW: In CBRN defence generally, but also
C-IED, there are a number of growth
areas such as bio detection, CBR EOD,
forensics, narcotics and explosives
detection. Are you planning to specialise
in any of these areas?
CD: For t hese ar eas we ar e enhancing our
co-oper at ion wit h Minist r y of t he Int er ior,
t he Healt h Minist r y and ot her gover nment
agencies which play a leading r ole in t hese
ar eas. In addit ion, we ar e developing a
ver y act ive wor king pr ogr amme so t hat we
can become mor e useful cover ing all t hese
cr it ical ar eas.
GW: Much of the growth and
understanding in these areas comes from
Iraq. How easy do you feel the lessons
pull through is in terms of developing
new areas fairly fluidly or sluggishly?
CD: We ar e pr et t y effect ive in ident ifying
lessons fr om oper at ional commit ment s,
including Ir aq. All oper at ional lessons ar e
par t of a lar ger dat abase so we dont face
any challenges in incor por at ing t hem int o
doct r ine, manuals and t r aining. What will
r equir e t ime and r esour ces is t he need t o
incr ease t he pace of pr ocur ement of
specialised equipment t o cope wit h t he
mult i-facet ed lessons we have ident ified.
The good par t is t hat t he lessons ar e
disseminat ed and r esult in impr oved
doct r ine and t r aining manuals.
GW: The trouble with these lessons is
that the fields are so specialised that you
end up with specific requirements
unique to Romanian needs. Are these
being catered for by local research and
industry, or do you have to go out and
buy commercial off the shelf (COTS)?
CD: We have exper ience in pr ocur ing
differ ent devices fr om our domest ic
mar ket , and we ar e t r ying t o encour age
t hem t o be mor e compet ent . At t he end of
t he day t he ar my needs compet ent
equipment for for ce pr ot ect ion
compet ent solut ions and if t hey cannot
compet e in t his mar ket we will look
acr oss t he bor der s t o find t he best kit t hat
we need t hat t he domest ic mar ket cannot
pr ovide. We have a lar ge domest ic
chemical indust r y t hat could be useful;
we have all t he infr ast r uct ur e and
r esear ch inst it ut es. What we need t o have
is cost -effect ive and compet it ive kit t hat
we could pr ocur e.
GW: Where would you say you are in
terms of the growth of your competence
at dealing with these specialised
threats? Somewhere at the start, middle
or end?
CD: I don t wan t t o pr edict in t er ms of
year s as t o wh en we wou ld be fu lly
oper at ion al in t h is h igh ly cr it ical an d
essen t ial ar ea, sin ce all major
developmen t s ar e r elat ed t o r esou r ces.
In t er ms of major r esou r ces we ar e
r eplacin g ou r fast jet s, wh ich h as a
major impact on r esou r ces. We ar e
r eplacin g an d pr ocu r in g n ew sh ips for
t h e n avy an d t h ey will h ave CBRN
in clu ded as a package. An y ot h er major
r esou r ce dedicat ion t o CBRN defen ce,
ot h er t h an t h e pr ocu r emen t of
equ ipmen t t o in cr ease oper at ion al
effect iven ess, is u n for eseeable for t h e
n ext t en year s. So if we look at ver y
expen sive kit in t h e fu t u r e we n eed t o
r ecogn ise t h at we h ave t o balan ce
pr ior it ies car efu lly t o become mor e
oper at ion ally effect ive. We h ope t h at , at
t h e polit ical level, in con cer t wit h
NATO n at ion s an d t h e EU, we will
in cr ease t h e pu blic awar en ess r elat ed
asymmet r ic r isks wit h CBRN devices. In
t h e n ext eigh t year s, h owever, we ar e
likely t o be lookin g at pr ogr ammes
specifically dedicat ed t o impr ovin g
CBRN defen ce, beyon d t h e defen ce
CBRN capabilit y t h at we ar e cu r r en t ly
in t h e pr ocess of pr ocu r in g.
Romania is going to have a new national CBRN surveillance and early warning system Romanian MoD
S
omeone is doing somet hing r ight
in Romania. This is a count r y
which has t he wor lds lar gest
secular Muslim st at e on it s bor der s; it
is, by t he admission of it s own Defence
St at e Secr et ar y (see P.10), facing an ar c
of inst abilit y acr oss t he Black Sea, and
it has t he ever-t r oublesome Balkans on
it s left flank. Yet t her e ar e no home-
gr own fundament alist Muslim gr oups
t r ying t o br ing down t his Nat o count r y
t hat has soldier s in Ir aq, and non-
r eligious t er r or ist gr oups ar e also r ar e
(t hough t her e ar e suspicions some PKK
cells ar e oper at ing in t he t er r it or y).
Romania also handled t he Nat o
Summit in Apr il, including t he ar r ival
of Russian Pr esident Put in; t her e wer e
no at t acks and neit her wer e t her e t he
lar ge-scale demonst r at ions t hat ar e a
feat ur e of ot her Summit s and G8s
which is even mor e sur pr ising when
you consider it is bot h easy and cheap
t o r each Buchar est . Clear ly someone is
doing somet hing r ight .
The right stuff
Neit her Chief Super int endent Dr agot a
nor Chief Inspect or Gr osu can t ell me
what t he magic for mula is, however,
t hough t hey can elabor at e on t heir
st r ong CBRN capabilit y. Dir ect or
Dr agot a explained. In a CBRN incident ,
t he police for ce has t he r ole of t he fir st
r esponder, especially wher e t her e is
infor mat ion about t he pr esence, or
suspicions of, CBRN agent s, or ot her
pr ecur sor s for WMD, he said.
Following a dir ect aler t or a r equest
fr om Special For ces t he Ant i-t er r or ist
Br igade, Police Bomb Squad,
Inspect or at e of Emer gency Sit uat ions,
et c t he special Hazmat unit fr om t he
Dir ect or at e for Combat ing Or ganised
Cr ime r esponds t o t he cr ime scene and
per for ms monit or ing, det ect ion,
ident ificat ion, sampling and cr ime scene
invest igat ion.
The unit is called t he St r at egic
Mat er ials and NBC Ser vice, and is
composed of specialist invest igat ive
officer s who ar e also t r ained t o use PPE,
det ect or s and monit or s and t o sample
cont aminat ed ar eas. Impr ovised devices
ar e dealt wit h by ot her element s of t he
police for ces (t he Bomb Squad) or t he
Ant i-t er r or ist Br igade fr om Romanian
Int elligence Ser vice. In t er ms of IEDs
wit h CBRN agent s, t he St r at egic
Mat er ials and NBC Ser vice, along wit h
t he bomb squad, per for m t heir act ions
following a st andar d oper at ing
pr ocedur e (SOP) appr oved by t he Chief
of Police.
Yet just having a unit is no
guar ant ee of success; r esponse t ime, size
of unit , capabilit y and t r aining all have a
major influence on how compet ent t he
unit might be. Ther e is a gr eat deal of
t alk in West er n Eur ope and t he US
about being able t o oper at e in t he
Golden Hour t he fir st st age of t he
incident befor e it balloons out of all
pr opor t ion. How do t he Romanians feel
t hat t hey fit int o t his t imefr ame? In
Buchar est , our immediat e incident
r esponse t ime is 60 minut es, said Chief
Inspect or Gr osu. I have t he equipment
and car s r eady at Police HQ and t her e is
a syst em ensur ing t he per manence of
command over t he despat ch. I also have
t hr ee or four exper t s per manent ly in
Buchar est who cannot leave t he cit y
while t hey ar e in t his kind of ser vice. So
I have exper t s 24-7 t o answer an
incident and t he capabilit y t o put t hose
exper t s at t he cr ime scene wit hin 60
minut es. For incident r esponse,
ever yt hing, such as monit or s and
sampling, has been or ganised as a fir st
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Reaching the
summit
Reaching the
summit
Chief Superintendent Catalin Dragota, Director of the Directorate for Combating
Organised Crime, and Detective Chief Inspector Dorin Grosu, Chief of Strategic Materials
and NBC Unit within the Romanian Police, tell Gwyn Winfield about their CBRN capability
Reaching the summit
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r esponder would. Ther e ar e one or t wo
car s wit h det ect or s and t he minimum
PPE included, and t hey will answer a
call and assess t he cr ime scene. Then, if
t her e is somet hing on-sit e, t he second
level r esponse including decon, a cor don
t he whole shoot ing mat ch would
t ake up t o an addit ional 3-4 hour s,
depending on wher e t he officer s ar e.
These people ar e invest igat or s wor king
at t he Dir ect or at e for Combat ing
Or ganised Cr ime and on nor mal t imes
we ar e wor king wit h pr osecut or s and
per for ming cr ime scene invest igat ion in
t hese spor t s of cr imes.
Chief Inspect or Gr osu explained t he
hist or y of t he unit . In t he 1990s, aft er
t he Communist r egime, t her e was a lack
of invest igat or s in t his field fir st it was
wit h t he bomb squad, t hen our
equivalent of t he ATF, t hen it bounced
bet ween t he t wo. Then t her e wer e some
incident s you can find out about t hem
in t he IAEA dat abase wit h cr iminals
t r afficking Ur anium pellet s, r adiological
cont aminat ion, or phaned sour ces, et c,
so t her e was a need for a specialised unit
t o under t ake cr iminal invest igat ion
r elat ed t o NBC t r affic. Then t her e was a
pr oject bet ween t he Romanian Police
and FBI which pr ovided help,
equipment and exper t ise and t hey
wonder ed how we could do it .
They moved t he capabilit y int o t he
Dir ect or at e for Combat ing Or ganised
Cr ime in 2001, because all t he
punishment for t r afficking in st r at egic
mat er ials, or using CBRN agent s against
t he populat ion, ar e cr imes t hat ar e
dir ect ly under t he Pr osecut or s
r esponsibilit y, and t he Or ganised Cr ime
Unit wor ks dir ect ly wit h t he Pr osecut or s
fr om t he Gener al Pr osecut or s Office
like t he FBI do. Fr om 2001 it developed
int o a fully gr own unit t hat can do
int er vent ion, monit or ing and det ect ion,
bot h in Buchar est and at st r at egic point s.
We ident ified pr ot ocols and act ion plans
wit h fr iends in Special For ces unit s and
developed a nat ional plan.
Getting around
The one t hing about Bucharest t hat
becomes apparent as soon as you leave
t he airport is t hat it t akes at least an hour
t o get anywhere t he t raffic is t errible.
Even assuming t he sirens and light s have
t he desired effect on t he near-parked
t raffic as t hey should, it is not t oo cynical
t o see any response t aking well over t he
hour (much like t he t rip from t he
airport ). Chief Inspect or Grosu laughed:
You should have said I could have
given you a lift ! We go fast and st rong. As
well as our normal response cars we also
have our special vehicles a special
det ect ion car designed t hrough a
research project . Since t he unit is inside
t he Police, and t hat is inside t he Minist ry
of t he Int erior and Administ rat ion
Reform, which is composed of t he
Inspect orat e of Emergency Sit uat ions,
(Civil Prot ect ion), t he Inspect orat e of
Gendarmerie, Border Police and Aviat ion
so I can have access t o asset s t hat are
not Romanian police asset s, such as boat s
and helicopt ers, and I can also have
access t o t he MoDs asset s, wit h whom we
have direct co-operat ion. So, as well as
MoD helicopt ers, t he Minist ry of Int erior
Administ rat ion Reform have t heir
emergency helicopt er t hat is available
24/7, but t he fast est answer in Bucharest
would be by marked police car.
The special vehicle is a r elat ively new
pr oduct , and is designed and built in
Romania albeit wit h int er nat ional
det ect or s. Chief Inspect or Gr osu
explained. Inside each nat ional inst it ut e
we have t he oppor t unit y t o r eceive some
funds for r esear ch, he said. We had t he
oppor t unit y t o pr opose a r esear ch
pr oject t o design a vehicle for t his r ole
we put on paper what we would like t o
have fr om an int er vent ion vehicle, not
only for police invest igat or s but also as a
CBRN int er vent ion t eam. So t he paper
went t o t he Minist r y of Resear ch which
pr ovided t he money and exper t ise, and
t he Nat ional Inst it ut e made it . It has a
cont ainer for r adioact ive subst ances, a
glovebox for ot her hazar dous subst ances
and our equipment on special shelves
emer gency light s and comms, et c. It is
alr eady oper at ional we t ook it t o t he
Nat o exer cise in Cr oat ia in 2007, wher e
we had mor e t han t hr ee mission a day
wit h it . Some of t hem wer e decon, some
r escue, some wer e sampling, and we did
ok. We got a posit ive mar k!
As ment ioned ear lier, t he Summit
was as a quiet affair no at t acks, foiled
at t acks or even angr y massed cr owds of
placar d waver s. It wasnt planned t hat
way, unsur pr isingly; because so many of
t he Romanian agencies ar e plugged int o
each ot her t her e was a mass of exer cises
and pr epar at ion dur ing t he r un-up t o
t he Summit . Equally, once t he Summit
st ar t ed, t her e wer e r egular CBRN sweeps
wit h mobile monit or ing unit s cr uising
t he r out e fr om t he air por t t o t he Palace
and ot her sensit ive ar eas. So what wer e
t he lessons lear ned and t he examples of
good agency int er act ion? It is so har d
t o say t hat you had r eal lessons when
you didnt have a CBRN incident , said
Chief Inspect or Gr osu. We wor ked har d
pr event ively t o monit or ar eas, r egar dless
of t he t hr eat . For r adiological det ect ion
we did buildings r oads and people all
needed t o be scanned and monit or ed.
We wor ked closely wit h t he MoD,
Emer gency Sit uat ion Depar t ment , and
we did it for r eal all t he inst r ument s
wor ked, t he bot t les wer e filled, ever yone
was aler t and we wer e r eady.
We had a ver y successful exper ience,
wor ked t oget her and closed a nice
chapt er in co-or dinat ion of t he agencies.
Any lessons wer e t he same as ever yone
suffer s communicat ion glit ches, not
having exact ly t he same pr ocedur es, not
having t he same kit , or equipment
r eadings in differ ent languages or
measur ement unit s. So we had some
differ ent issues in t he command cent r e
as t o how t o r epor t an int egr at ed pict ur e
but not hing big or insur mount able.
In t er ms of t he confer ence in
Sept ember (www.cbr newor ld.com) is
t her e anyt hing t hat t he Buchar est Police
ar e looking for war d t o seeing? Chief
Super int endent Dr agot a admit t ed t her e
was. We ar e int er est ed in r adiological
disper sal device (RDD) r eact ion t he
int er vent ion pr ocedur es and
equipment , he said. Also, any new
impr ovement s in on-sit e biological
pr ocedur es t hings such as advanced
inst r ument s, r apid t est s, air sampling
and also for ensic sampling. Finally,
anyt hing t hat could offer mor e compact
decont aminat ion capabilit ies would be
welcome. Wit h speaker s on
decont aminat ion, biological det ect ion
and t he Lit vienenko mur der, CBRNe
Conver gence will offer t he Police a
r ange of exper ience, but clear ly wit h a
new Scene Sur vey vehicle and a summit
under t he belt (as well as being able t o
keep t he genie of home-gr own t er r or ist s
bot t led up), t he Romanian Police will be
able t o r epay in kind.
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HIS 28 Ju n e mar ks t h e 90t h
An n iver sar y of t h e US Ar my
Ch emical Cor ps. On 28 Ju n e
1918, Pr esiden t Wilson or der ed t h e
est ablish men t of t h e US Ar my
Ch emical War far e Ser vice (CWS) as a
separ at e br an ch of t h e Nat ion al Ar my.
Th e ear ly days of t h e CWS wer e n ot
au spiciou s. Despit e t h e advan t age of
h avin g wat ch ed Wor ld War I an d
ch emical war far e u n fold in Eu r ope for
year s, t h e Un it ed St at es was sin gu lar ly
u n pr epar ed for ch emical war far e in
1917. Th e US Ar my was for ced t o r ely
on it s allies su ch as Br it ain an d
Fr an ce for pr ot ect ive equ ipmen t an d
t r ain in g an d t h ey gr eat ly assist ed ou r
effor t s. On ce t h e Ch emical War far e
Ser vice (lat er kn own as t h e Ch emical
Cor ps) was est ablish ed, ou r
capabilit ies slowly began t o gr ow an d
become in st it u t ion alised.
In 1942 t he CWS under t ook t he
r esponsibilit y for managing
development s in biological as well as
chemical war far e. Following t he end of
Wor ld War II and t he advent of nuclear
war far e, t he Chemical Cor ps was again
expanded t o cover t he missions of
nuclear and r adiological defence of t he
Ar my, giving t he Cor ps what we call
t oday t he full CBRN r esponsibilit y.
Dur ing t he Kor ean War, t he Cor ps
mechanised t he pr oduct ion of napalm,
developed t he M30 mor t ar and
cont inued t o pr ovide smoke scr eening
oper at ions. Wit h t he post -Viet nam
demobilisat ion, t he Chemical Cor ps
found it self in danger of abolishment
but , in light of t he ever-incr easing
global chemical t hr eat , t he move never
came t o fr uit ion.
In t he 1970s t he US r ealised many of
it s pot ent ial adver sar ies wer e much
bet t er pr epar ed t o oper at e in a CBRN
envir onment . In an effor t t o br idge t his
gap t he Chemical Cor ps began a
r evit alisat ion dur ing t he ear ly 1980s
which included t he cr eat ion of an
ext ensive Chemical infr ast r uct ur e
t hr oughout t he Ar my, act ivat ion of
numer ous Chemical t r oop unit s, and
Birthday Boys and Girls
Brigadier General Thomas Spoehr celebrates 90 years of the US Chemical Corps
The US Chemical Corps is celebrating its 90th anniversary DoD
Birthday Boys and Girls
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t he quest for development of new and
innovat ive equipment in or der t o
incr ease our chemical, biological,
r adiological and nuclear defence
post ur e. Thr ough t he effor t s of many,
t he Chemical Cor ps was successful in
t his endeavour.
Th e t er r or ist at t acks on Amer ica on
11 Sept ember 2001 cr yst allised t h e
u n der st an din g t h at t h e h omelan d was
n ot a san ct u ar y, an d t h e Ch emical
Cor ps r ole in t h e pr ot ect ion an d
defen ce of t h e h omelan d again st CBRN
t h r eat s vast ly expan ded.
Th e Ch emical Cor ps for ces of t oday
en compass a wide var iet y of
capabilit ies an d con figu r at ion s. Un it s
r an ge in size fr om t h e Ch emical
Recon n aissan ce Det ach men t in t h e
Special For ces Gr ou p t o t h e n ewly
act ivat ed 48t h Ch emical Br igade.
Ch emical t eams pr ovide essen t ial
capabilit y t o t h e Nat ion al Gu ar ds
Weapon of Mass Dest r u ct ion Civil
Su ppor t Teams, pr esen t in ever y st at e
an d t er r it or y in t h e Un it ed St at es.
Ch emical Soldier s su ch as t h e
Tech n ical Escor t Bat t alion s, St r yker
NBC Recon n aissan ce Plat oon s or t h e
Biological In t egr at ed Det ect ion Syst em
(BIDS) Compan ies ar e t r ain ed an d
equ ipped wit h some of t h e most
soph ist icat ed CBRN-sen sin g
equ ipmen t in t h e wor ld.
Not cont ent t o r est on our laur els,
t he Chemical Cor ps cont inues t o st r ive
t owar ds incr eased capabilit y and added
value for our Nat ion. We ar e seeking t o
equip our soldier s and unit s wit h t he
lat est advancement s in CBRN sensor s.
Chemical Soldier s ar e beginning t o
int egr at e t he lat est aut omat ed hazar d
pr edict ion applicat ions. And t he
Chemical Cor ps is becoming deeply
involved in ot her impor t ant ar eas of
count er ing WMD such as consequence
management and WMD-eliminat ion.
Ou r t h eme for t h is an n iver sar y
year is From Gas Attack to CBRN
Response 90 Years of the Dragon
Soldier, an d t h at capt u r es t h e key
t h ou gh t t h at , n o mat t er h ow fan cy
ou r equ ipmen t , in t h e en d it is a well
t r ain ed CBRN soldier t h at makes t h e
differ en ce an d we r emain dedicat ed t o
t h e idea t h at it all st ar t s an d en ds
wit h t h e soldier.
Vietnam, both Gulf wars and the terrorist challenge kept the
Chemical Corps challenged DoD
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R
USSIAS CBRN ser vices ar e soon
t o under go a complet e
moder nisat ion pr ogr amme. Ther e
ar e sever al r easons for t his, including
t he significant r educt ion of CBRN
t r oops in Russias MoD connect ed t o t he
new milit ar y concept in which it does
not expect lar ge-scale nuclear war, as
well as t he signing of t he convent ion on
t he pr ohibit ion of chemical weapon. At
t he same t ime, t her e wer e also new calls
because of what t her e was a
r edist r ibut ion of r esponsibilit y for t his
ser vice bet ween ot her depar t ment s.
Russias moder n CBRN ser vices ar e
t he successor s of t he CBRN syst em
which was cr eat ed in t he Soviet Union,
which was a power ful syst em based
fir mly on milit ar y and civil educat ional
r esear ch and indust r ial or ganisat ions. It
is necessar y t o not e t hat t he cr isis
wit hin t his syst em is not necessar ily
connect ed wit h t he end of Soviet Union.
In fact , it dat es back a lit t le ear lier t o
t he r esponse t o t he Cher nobyl at omic
power st at ion (APS) disast er. In light of
t his failur e, checks of t he ser vice wer e
car r ied out . The MoD CBRN t r oops bor e
t he br unt of t he consequences for t he
failur e. Out of 600,000 par t icipant s of
t he Cher nobyl r esponse, near ly 200,000
wer e MoD t r oops, including r eser vist s.
As an officer, I par t icipat ed in such
wor ks in t he summer of 1986.
Despit e of selflessn ess of t h e
par t icipan t s in t h e r espon se, it was
obviou s t h at t h e CBRN ser vice did n ot
meet moder n r equ ir emen t s. Th er e was
n o r obot ics for wor kin g in con dit ion s
of ext r eme r adioact ivit y, an d t h er e wer e
pr oblems det ect in g r adiat ion an d
con t r ollin g r adioact ive emission s.
Mu ch dan ger ou s wor k was car r ied ou t
wit h gr eat r isk t o life an d h ealt h , an d
t h er e wer e plen t y wh o became ill an d
died aft er t h is wor k. It became obviou s
t h at moder n isat ion of t h e CBRN t r oops
was r equ ir ed.
The new st age in t he modernisat ion
of t he CBRN service was begun aft er t he
end of t he Soviet Union. The milit ary
concept of Russia was commit t ed t o not
escalat ing nuclear arms, and t o t heir
reduct ion on principles of nuclear parit y.
The convent ion on t he prohibit ion of
chemical weapons was also signed in
1997. It became obvious t hat t o have
such a CBRN syst em as we had in t he
Soviet Union was not meaningful.
Therefore t he number of milit ary
facult ies in t his area at civil high schools
was reduced, and t he profile at milit ary
high schools was also decreased. In effect ,
t he overall number of CBRN t roops in t he
MoD was reduced. It became clear t hat
t he CBRN service should consist of
compact , highly organised and mobile
groups of professionals equipped wit h
modern equipment .
At t he same t ime, new moder n
r equir ement s for t he CBRN ser vice wer e
being defined. Insur gent s in t he
Nor t her n Caucasus somet imes used t oxic
subst ances such as chlor ine in act s of
t er r or ism, wher e cylinder s wer e bur ied
wit h t he usual land mines which led t o a
gr eat deal of suffer ing for innocent
people. Ther e wer e also t hr eat s on t he
par t of insur gent s t o use r adioact ive
bombs and even compact nuclear land
mines in act s of dir t y t er r or ism, and
Waking the CBRN bear
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V G Petrov, Head of Laboratory at the Institute of Applied
Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Science, explains how
Russias CBRN services are marching into the modern world
Chernoybl has been a lasting legacy and touchstone IAEA
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September 30 September 30 - - October October 2, 2008 2, 2008
in Munster, Germany in Munster, Germany
5
5
th th
International
International
CBRN
CBRN
-
-
Decontamination
Decontamination
Symposium
Symposium
Bundeswehr Scientific Institute for Protection Technologies NBC-Protection
-Present your research results, your
technical solutions to the
community;
-Demonstrate your systems to the
user;
-Enhance your business
opportunities by extending your
network.
Details on exhibition space,
registration:
WISDecon@bwb.org
Today, the warfighter as well as the 1
st
responder are confronted with a whole new
spectrum of challenges. Toxic Industrial Materials present a clear and present
danger in addition to the classic NBC-threat, as recent events have demonstrated.
To manage this threat, the warfighter must be enabled to continue his mission and
the population to return to normal living conditions. Hence, decontamination gains
an ever increasing importance in todays strategic CBRN theater.
We invite you to take advantage of the unique opportunity this prestigious
conference is offering to academia, industry and the user.
-Gather information on available and
emerging technologies;
-Get first hand knowledge of the
capabilities needed by the user
community;
-Keep up with conceptual
developments on the user side;
-Have a look at the interface between
the military and the first responder.
Waking the CBRN bear
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also t her e was t he t hr eat of an at t ack on
nuclear power st at ions or manufact ur er s
of danger ous chemical.
Ot her moder n pr oblems for t he
CBRN ser vice included t he t hr eat of
biologically act ive mat er ials t he
biological weapon. Because of t he
r educt ion in t hr eat s fr om t he applicat ion
of nuclear and chemical weapons, on a
new level t he t hr eat s connect ed t o t he
biological weapon gr ew. Ther efor e t he
CBRN ser vices under t ook t he t ask of
cont r olling t he act ivat or s of danger ous
epidemiological diseases, such as t he
bir d flu, ant hr ax and so for t h, and t he
eliminat ion of epidemics.
In connect ion wit h t he new t asks of
t he CBRN ser vice t her e was a r edist r ib-
ut ion of r esponsibilit y bet ween var ious
depar t ment s t he MoD, FSB and t he
Minist r y of Emer gency Measur es. It is
t he oDs r esponsibilit y t o use t he
CBRN t r oops in sit uat ions of milit ar y
act ion or in t he event of lar ge-scale
t echnical failur es such as Cher nobyl.
Also, t he MoDs CBRN t r oops ar e now
involved in t he dest r uct ion of chemical
weapon, danger ous component s of
r ocket fuel and ot her wor k on r ecycling
t oxic and r adioact ive component s of old
milit ar y engineer ing. The FSB uses
CBRN ser vices for ant i-t er r or ist
pur poses. One example of such use was
dur ing t he capt ur e of host ages in
Moscow in 2002.
The Minist r y of Emer gency Measur es
is engaged in mat t er s of public
pr ot ect ion, such as fr om chemical
t hr eat s caused by t echnical failur es and
emissions of danger ous subst ances, as
well as pr ot ect ion against t he influence
of biologically act ive mat er ials. This was
demonst r at ed r ecent ly in t he dr awing up
of a plan for t he pr ot ect ion of t he
populat ion fr om epidemics such as bir d
flu. The r esponsibilit y of t hese gr oups
also includes t he neut r alisat ion of
danger ous indust r ial wast e, such as
PCBs, and also old poisonous chemicals
such as pest icides.
The t asks of var ious depar t ment s
fr equent ly over lap, and co-or dinat ion
bet ween t hese ser vices is r equir ed
dur ing major incident s. For t his
pur pose, t r ainings for t he ser vices is
r egular ly car r ied out . Co-or dinat ion of
t he act ions of differ ent gr oups is car r ied
out , as a r ule, by one st aff. As an
example, it is possible t o see t he r esult s
of count er-t er r or ist t r aining in
Kambar ka (Udmur t iya), which
happened in 1997 and 2002.
Because of t he dispar at e t asks CBRN
ser vices under t ake, it is necessar y t o
not e t he var ious degr ees of t echnical
equipment for such ser vices by var ious
depar t ment s, and also t he var ious
degr ees of pr ofessionals t r aining. For
t he MoD, pr ofessional t r aining will be
car r ied out in milit ar y high schools
wher eas, for t he t asks of t he Minist r y of
Emer gency Measur es, t r aining is car r ied
out in t he specialised facult ies of civil
high schools.
The t echnical maint enance of t he
MoDs CBRN services is easy, due t o t he
fact t hat domest ically manufact ured
product s are most ly used. The t echnical
maint enance of services of ot her
depart ment s oft en falls wit hin t he
framework of int er-st at e part ner project s,
as t hey can include foreign product s. It is
supposed t o equip t he CBRN services
wit h det ect ors and devices of high
sensit ivit y and accuracy, which also work
in a real and near-real t ime modes,
comput er aided as much as possible. The
modernisat ion of t he means of
decont aminat ion, deact ivat ion,
disinfect ion and ot her special
requirement s will be carried out
according t o a modern level of scient ific
and t echnical development in t his sphere.
As an example, it is possible t o see
t he r esult s of t he dist r ibut ion of
r esponsibilit y for such CBRN ser vices
among t he var ious depar t ment s in
Udmur t ia. In Udmur t ia t her e ar e t wo
sit es for t he dest r uct ion of chemical
weapons in t he cit y of Kambar ka and
in t he set t lement of Kizner, locat ed
accor ding t o t he chemical weapons
convent ion. The r esponsibilit y for t he
safe dest r uct ion of chemical weapons in
Udmur t ia lies wit h t wo bat t alions of
MoD CBRN t r oops locat ed dir ect ly on
t hese sit es. The t ask of t he CBRN
ser vices of t he Minist r y of Emer gency
Measur es includes t he pr ot ect ion of t he
populat ion living near t o dest r uct ion
sit es, t he cont r ol of danger ous
indust r ial pr oduct ion in t he r egion and
t he neut r alisat ion of danger ous
indust r ial wast e and sub-st andar d
poisonous chemicals. Toget her wit h
public healt h ser vices, effor t s t o cont r ol
t he spr ead of epidemics will also be
car r ied out . As was alr eady explained,
co-or dinat ion of t hese ser vices bet ween
var ious depar t ment s will be pr act iced in
joint t r aining.
Thus it is necessar y t o not e t hat t he
moder nisat ion of t he CBRN ser vices in
Russia will now be car r ied out . In
moder n condit ions t he highest pr ior it y
is given t o quest ions of pr ot ect ion
against act s of t er r or ism involving t he
use of t he weapons of mass dest r uct ion,
and also pr ot ect ion against biological
weapons. The t echnical r e-equip of t he
CBRN ser vices will be car r ied out
accor ding t o lat est scient ific and
t echnical achievement s in t his ar ea.
Department
The Ministry of
Defence
Federal security
service (FSB)
The Ministry of
Emergency Measures
Application of the CBRN services
Used in conditions of military actions, resolving the
consequences of large technical failures; destruction of
chemical weapon and toxic components of rocket fuel;
neutralisation of toxic and radioactive substances during
the destruction and recycling of old military engineering;
resolving consequences of large epidemics
Action against threatened acts of terrorismusing
dangerous chemical, radioactive and biological materials
Protection of the population in conditions of technical
failures and dangerous industrial emissions; the control
and the prevention of dangerous epidemics;
neutralisation of dangerous industrial waste, old
pesticides and poisonous chemicals
www.cbrneworld.com
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HIS year r epr esen t s 90 year s
sin ce t h e for mat ion of Ru ssias
ch emical, biological, r adiological
an d n u clear (RKHB) t r oops. Officially,
t h e CBRN pr ot ect ion u n it was for med
on 13 November 1918, bu t milit ar y
specialist ch emist s appear ed in t h e
Ru ssian ar my du r in g t h e Fir st Wor ld
War. Fr om t h e su mmer of 1916,
officer s wer e placed in division s
kn own as gas sh ields, wh ile t h e
r egimen t s wer e complet ed by
ch emical an d met eor ological
obser vat ion for t h e comman d elemen t ,
wh ich defen ded again st Ger man gas
at t acks an d t r ain ed per son n el in t h e
u se of t h e simplest mean s of
pr ot ect ion an t i-gas r ag ban dages an d
car bon ic an t i-gas Zelin skiy.
Views on t he scale and t he
applicat ion of safeguar d measur es
changed over t ime, which was r eflect ed
in t he name. In 1921 gas shield
became chemical defense; in 1941 it
became chemical pr ot ect ion, and at
t he beginning of t he Cold War, when
t he USA and USSR began const r uct ing
nuclear weapons, it became pr ot ect ion
fr om weapons of mass dest r uct ion.
Now t his is RKHB pr ot ect ion.
Chemical t r oops found a var iet y of
pr act ical uses and under went
development dur ing Wor ld War II.
Specifically, dur ing August 1944,
chemical unit s wer e r enamed t o r eflect
t heir dest inat ion. The special
mult ipur pose chemical pr ot ect ion
bat t alions wer e expanded, wit h a ver y
similar or ganisat ional st r uct ur e t o t hat
28 CBRNe WORLD Summer 2008
From Russia
with love
A senior Russian Military Officer gives his opinions on the future of
their CBRN defence forces as they reach their 90th birthday
The Russian military continues to give great emphasis to CBRN DoD
www.draeger.com
Biological warfare substances can be easily produced. Due to this growing threat, it is important to
react as fast as possible. Drger Bio-Agent Test is an easy to use detection system. There is no need for
additional evaluation equipment. 5 different substances such as Anthrax, Yersinia pestis, Botulinum toxin,
Ricin and SEB can be detected by a single and a simultaneous test. Thus a quick identification and
warning are possible.
Solutions to make your mission safer.
From Russia with love
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used t oday. They under t ook t he basic
t asks of chemical t r oops of t hat t ime:
chemical r econnaissance, set t ing t he
aer osol cur t ains ar ound fr iendly t r oops
and object s at t he r ear, and t he
defusing of live weapons.
Chemical t r oops accomplished lar ge
t asks in Afghanist an, wher e incendiar y
and aer osol or dnance wer e most
effect ively used. The exper ience in
Afghanist an led t o significant changes
in t he t act ics of chemical t r oops and t he
impr ovement of t heir or ganisat ional
st r uct ur e. Many lar ge-scale cat ast r ophes
and emer gencies in t he chemical
indust r y and at at omic power plant s
gave impet us t o t he r econst r uct ion of
chemical t r oops. An enor mous amount
of har d wor k was car r ied out by t he
chemical t r oops dur ing t he oper at ions
sur r ounding t he emer gency at
Cher nobyl at omic power st at ion (APS).
It suffices t o say t hat , of t he 30,000
people who wor ked on t he emer gency
oper at ion, 44 per cent was made up of
soldier s fr om t he chemical t r oop. They
had basic t asks: t o evaluat e t he
r adiological sit uat ion; t o monit or t he
r adiat ion; deact ivat ion and dust -
suppr ession in t he populat ed r egions
and on sect ions of r oad sur r ounding t he
APS; and also t o pr ovide t r oops wit h t he
inst r ument s for r adiat ion
r econnaissance and monit or ing, such as
means of pr ot ect ion and
decont aminat ion solut ions.
On t he basis of t he exper ience
obt ained dur ing t his oper at ion and
ot her emer gencies, and in accor dance
wit h t he gover nment policy concer ning
r adiological incident s, mobile
subdivisions wer e added t o t he t r oops,
equipped wit h t ools for dealing wit h t he
most danger ous r adiological incident s.
Dur ing August 1992, t he chemical
t r oops wer e r enamed t he RKHB
pr ot ect ion t r oops t o r eflect t he
expanding t asks t hey car r y out . RKHB
t r oops ar e int ended t o pr ovide
pr ot ect ion not only t o t r oops but also
t o t he populat ion in cases of
r adiological, chemical and biological
t hr eat s in peacet ime. At pr esent t he
RKHB syst em of pr ot ect ion can be
subdivided int o sever al int er connect ed
subsyst ems. The fir st is t he
development and t he evaluat ion of t he
RKHB sit uat ion; t he second is t he
guar ant ee t o pr ot ect t r oops and vit al
command-and-cont r ol element s fr om
damaging agent s; t he t hir d is t he
obscur ant r ole t he r educt ion of t he
dist inct ness of t r oops and object s fr om
means of r econnaissance and guided
weapons. The t r oops ar e r eady t o solve
any of t hese pr oblems. The scient ific
sect ions wit hin t he RKHB pr ot ect ion
t r oops ar e on const ant aler t , r eady t o
over come t he consequences of
emer gencies and cat ast r ophes.
As a whole, t he RKHB pr ot ect ion
t r oop is a mixt ur e of milit ar y unit s,
higher educat ional inst it ut ions,
scient ific r esear ch est ablishment s and
bases for t he pr oduct ion, r epair and
st or age of ar mament s. RKHB t ask ar e
under t aken by per sonnel who ar e highly
qualified in t he fields of t echnology and
ar mament s, which makes it possible for
t hem t o accomplish t he t asks ent r ust ed
on t hem. The RKHB br igades ar e
locat ed near APS, nuclear engineer ing
facilit ies and indust r ial pr oduct ion sit es.
These br igades include subdivisions for
RKHB obser vat ion in ext r aor dinar y
sit uat ions, especially in cases of
indust r ial emer gencies and nat ur al
cat ast r ophes. The br igades also have
subdivisions which ar e specialised in
r escue oper at ions and special t r eat ment ,
as well as engineer ing subdivisions.
They ar e consider ed mobile, and can be
moved by air t o any place at any t ime as
t hey ar e locat ed near air por t s which can
t ake heavy air cr aft .
The exper ience of cont empor ar y
ar med conflict s gives gr ounds t o
assume t he dest r uct ion (bot h
accident al and int ent ional) by
convent ional ar mament s of indust r ial,
ener gy, t r anspor t and ot her object s
wit h differ ent danger ous component s is
inevit able, wit h similar r esult s t o t he
r elease of a weapon of mass
dest r uct ion. Ther efor e int ensive combat
t r aining, goal-dir ect ed wor k on t he
expansion of milit ar y cr aft smanship
and t he st r engt hening of mor ale-
psychological st at e will guar ant ee t he
Russian Feder at ions RKHB t r oops will
be able t o deal wit h any pr oblem which
might occur.
Storm clouds lifting: Russias military is coming out of the shadow of Soviet times DoD
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GW: What will the Ministry of Home
Affairs (MHA) Science and Technology
(S&T) labs offer in the CBRE arena
that DSO and DSTAlabs currently
dont?
LK: MHAs S&T labor at or ies, under
t hepur view of t he Office of t he Chief
Science and Technology Officer (OCSTO),
ar e focused on const ant ly looking out
for and validat ing new CBRE det ect ion
and mit igat ion t echnologies t o ser ve t he
needs of t he Minist r y of Home Affair s
and our depar t ment s, including t he
Immigr at ion and Checkpoint s Aut hor it y,
Singapor e Civil Defence For ce,
Singapor e Police For ce, Singapor e
Pr isons Ser vice and Cent r al Nar cot ics
Bur eau. It is also focused on t r aining
fr ont line officer s in t he ear ly det ect ion
of secur it y sensit ive mat er ials t hat can
be chemical, biological, r adiological and
explosive in nat ur e; ensur ing officer s ar e
able t o under t ake effect ive individual
pr ot ect ion measur es against hazar ds
posed by such mat er ials in t heir effor t s
t o r espond t o t hem; and ensur ing t hat
our officer s ar e able t o under t ake
effect ive mit igat ion post ur es and
measur es against such t hr eat s.
Our focus is on put t ing people as
our cor e st r at egy in fight ing t er r or ism.
We do not just look at exot ic S&T
syst ems and solut ions. We put a lot of
emphasis on pr oviding our gr ound
officer s wit h t he basic t ools and
capabilit ies t o spot and det ect pot ent ial
CBRE t hr eat s. Fur t her down t he r oad,
we will also under t ake on-sit e analysis
of suspicious mat er ials t o confir m t he
pr esence of CBRE element s t hat can
pose as secur it y t hr eat s, so t hat t imely
and effect ive mit igat ive measur es can be
deployed against t hem. These ar e ar eas
and capabilit ies t hat r esear ch inst it ut es
and labor at or ies out side our Minist r y
cannot pr ovide or addr ess.
GW: Why was it necessary to create a
new organisation for this, rather than
making it the mission of one of the
existing facilities?
LK: Among ot her fact or s, t he set t ing up
of t he OCSTO is a t est ament t o t he
MHAs gr owing commit ment t o infuse
science and t echnology int o our
oper at ional domains such as civil
defence, police, immigr at ion and
checkpoint s, et c at all levels, so t hat
S&T ser ves not only as an impor t ant
lever age but also as a st r ong for ce
mult iplier for t he home t eam in t odays
challenging secur it y t er r ain. Wit h t he
OCSTO, we hope t o enhance not only
MHAs st r at egic and oper at ional
capabilit ies in t he CBRE ar ena, but also
t o develop game-changing solut ions in
ot her S&T ar eas t hat would lead not
only t o impr ovement s but also
advancement s in t he way we oper at e.
GW: What are the major priorities? Are
you focusing mainly on EOD/IED and
CBR, or are they behind other such as
network security and physical protection?
LK: The OCSTO of MHA adopt s an all-
hazar ds appr oach in our science and
t echnology effor t s; we do not just focus
on CBRE t hr eat s, which in our view not
only affect t he individual but also t he
infr ast r uct ur e. In t he case of t he lat t er,
we do keep an act ive look-out for
t echnologies t hat ar e able t o pr ovide
effect ive physical pr ot ect ion of buildings
and har dening of infr ast r uct ur e against
such t hr eat s. In par t icular, we also r oll
out out r each pr ogr ammes for
st akeholder s like t he building
aut hor it ies and infr ast r uct ur al
developer s t o communicat e t he
impor t ance of incor por at ion such
t echnologies int o t heir building design.
GW: Are there any major priorities, and
where does CBRN/IED defeat sit in
that list?
Dr. Lee Fook Kay, Chief Science and Technology Officer
in Singapore's Ministry of Home Affairs,
talks to Gwyn Winfield about their CBRNE research
Mind the gap: Singapore is still leading the world in devising innovative ways of
combatting CBRNE terrorism MHA
Home town
boy
www.cbrneworld.com
Home town boy
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LK: While we adopt an all-hazar ds appr oach, our major
pr ior it ies wit hin t he CBRE domain ar e det ect ion, defeat and
mit igat ion. To achieve t his, we have been wor king closely
wit h our local and for eign par t ner s as well as indust r y t o
develop and br ing in new and mor e effect ive CBRE det ect ion,
defeat and mit igat ion t echnologies and solut ions. Wit hin t he
minist r y, we
have also been developing new and impor t ant CBRE facilit ies,
such as labor at or ies t o enhance our oper at ional capabilit ies in
t his domain.
GW: What are the priorities with EOD/IED? Some
experimentation is being conducted into possible terrorist
explosive substances does this then result in improved
understanding of what EOD protection suits need to be, or
detection devices? Is this theoretical research or applied?
Can you see some of the technology being turned into
products and designed under licence?
LK: Dr awing upon t he example of t he July 2006 London
bomb plot , t er r or ism is shift ing t owar ds t he use of home-
made explosives and employing alt er nat ive met hods of
det onat ion. This ser ves as an impor t ant call for knowledge in
our officer s, and t he deployment of st at e-of-t he-ar t
t echnologies t o pick up t he new t hr eat s quickly. Our
labor at or ies ident ify t he r isks associat ed wit h differ ent home
made explosives and possible det onat ion met hods so we can
sensit ise our officer s t o wat ch out for such devices. We also
ensur e t hat t he t echnologies used by our officer s ar e able t o
det ect and ident ify explosive mat er ials of concer n ear ly.
GW: What are the priorities for CBR? Aconsiderable body of
work has already been done in DSTAon CBR; but bearing in
mind that Singapore is a city state, there is unlikely to be
the same divide between homeland and operations that many
military have. How do your priorities differ?
LK: Tr adit ionally, t he milit ar y side is mor e concer ned wit h
weaponisable chemical and biological agent s. On t he home
fr ont side, we ar e mor e concer ned wit h t he day-t o-day
occur r ences wit h incident s t hat could be chemical, biological
and r adiological in nat ur e. Our officer s can encount er a br oad
r ange of secur it y sensit ive mat er ials which can come in t he
for m of indust r ial hazar ds, highly t oxic subst ances and
biological wast e. Hence, t heir r eadiness capabilit ies need t o be
pegged against a wide spect r um of challenges in t he CBRE
ar ena which can also be highly fluid in nat ur e. This t her efor e
r equir es our office t o cont inually r aise t he level of science and
t echnology appr eciat ion and t he confidence of home t eam
fr ont -liner s t hr ough t r aining, evaluat ion and validat ion t o
addr ess t his br oad spect r um of challenges.
To achieve t his, our office has been pr oact ive in advancing
our local and int er nat ional S&T collabor at ions in or der t o
pr omot e t he t r ansfer of t echnology and exchanges t o addr ess
t he dynamic nat ur e of t he secur it y landscape and it s ever
changing t hr eat s. Our office has also been lever aging on t he
academia, indust r y and int er nat ional par t ner s t o deliver st at e-
of-t he-ar t solut ions for home t eam missions and fost er ing
gr eat er oper at ional and t echnical int egr at ion t o ensur e t he
best choice of t echnologies ar e used.
GW: What is the budget for the division and how is it
allocated?
LK: We cannot pr ovide t he figur e for t he budget as t his is
confident ial infor mat ion. Our budget allows us t o addr ess t he
main t enet s of our scient ific and t echnological effor t s which
st r addle over Out r each and Collabor at ions, Tr anslat ional
Development , Technology Impact ful Solut ions (TIS) and
Test ing, Evaluat ion and Tr aining. Let me elabor at e on each of
t hese ar eas and give examples of our wor k in t hese ar eas.
Outreach and Collaborations
MHA maint ains a height ened t echnology wat ch on pr omising
scient ific and t echnological solut ions t hr ough out r each and
collabor at ions wit h key indust r y player s, academia and
count er par t s. Some examples of r esear ch development s t hat
caught MHAs int er est include r eal-t ime dynamic t r acking of
t r affic t o enhance fast r esponse and diagnost ics br eak-
t hr oughs for fast det ect ion and analysis of avian influenza and
bio-agent s of concer n (e.g. ant hr ax and r icin). These ar e ar eas
which we have wor ked on wit h var ious par t ner s.
Translational Development
This ar ea focuses on t r anslat ing pr omising commer cial off-
t he-shelf (COTS) solut ions int o oper at ional solut ions. Some
good examples of t hese effor t s ar e t he Enhanced Immigr at ion
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Multi oetector (PID, IMS, EC, SC) ir ore urit
Datalogger, offlirearalysis is possiIle
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Wioely useo Iy civil aro iroustrial first
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Tel: 0385 3993 280 . Fax: 0385 3993 28T
www.airserse.com . irfoairserse.com
32 CBRNe WORLD Summer 2008
Home town boy
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Aut omat ed Clear ance Syst em (e-IACS)
which employs COTS biomet r ics
solut ions t o pr ovide fast immigr at ion
t hr oughput s at our bor der s wit hout
compr omising secur it y. The Hazmat
Vehicle Tr acking Syst em is anot her fine
example of t r anslat ional deployment
which t aps int o t he Global Posit ioning
Syst em t echnology t o t r ack t he
movement of local and for eign Hazmat
Vehicles and immobilise t hem should
t hey deviat e fr om t heir appr oved r out es
in Singapor e.
Technology Impactful Solutions (TIS)
Ot her wise known as TIS, t hese focus on
high-r isk, high-impact solut ions t hat , if
successful, can pr ovide quant um leap
impr ovement s t o our oper at ional
capabilit ies. One fine example is t he
AMFIS syst em (which uses bluet oot h
t echnology) t o allow our secur it y for ces
t o car r y out wir eless and r emot e
ver ificat ion of individuals biomet r ics,
bot h in land and sea envir onment s, t o
enhance oper at ional checks on illegal
immigr ant s and over st ayer s.
Testing, Evaluation and Training
This t enet of OCSTO looks closely int o
developing an or ganisat ion of smar t
user s of t echnology by inculcat ing
t echnology appr eciat ion and t hr eat
awar eness t owar ds pr evailing and fut ur e
t hr eat s. Much of our wor k her e is
conduct ed at our var ious labor at or ies.
GW: What do you expect your early
successes to be?
LK: Our ear ly successes will r evolve
ar ound significant awar eness in science
and t echnology for our oper at ions. We
have been pr ogr essive in our t r aining of
fir st r esponder s in t his aspect . Anot her
impor t ant mar ker will be t he
deployment of t he best COTS and
available t echnologies t o meet t he
challenges of our home t eam missions.
GW: If you had to pick one project that
is going to make an impact in the next
12-18 months what would it be?
LK: It would be t he field-deployable lab-
on-chip t hat is able t o pr ovide fast
det ect ion of Yer sinia Pest is (Plague),
Fr ancisella Tular ensis (Tular emia),
Var iola Smallpox (Smallpox), Bacillus
Ant hr acis (Ant hr ax) and Ricin, which
we have been wor king closely wit h our
local indust r y on. The bio-diagnost ic
lab-on-chip will be a game-changing
br eakt hr ough given t odays bio-
diagnost ic det ect ion capabilit y which is
limit ed t o lab-based analysis.
GW: How do you engage with other
government research labs and private
industry?
LK: MHA maint ains a height ened
t echnology wat ch on pr omising
scient ific and t echnological solut ions
t hr ough out r each and collabor at ions
wit h key indust r y player s, academia and
count er par t s. Whenever necessar y, we
have been pr oact ively engaging t hese
par t ies in t he joint development of
scient ific and t echnological capabilit ies.
GW: Are you trying to bring synergies
from other departments, such as
biometrics and human factors, into
CBR and IED-defeat, or do they stay in
pure workflows?
LK: Yes, we do t ap st rongly int o
biomet rics and human fact ors in our CBR
and IED-defeat effort s. We view
biomet rics and human fact ors as
import ant complement s t o our CBRE
effort s, part icularly as we adopt an all-
hazards out look in our science and
t echnology effort s. Biomet rics is an
import ant force t o harness for enhanced
border securit y and building securit y. For
example, biomet rics can ensure t hat ent ry
t o all chemical, biological and radiological
facilit ies are secured against pot ent ial
perpet rat ors of CBRE t hreat s. Human
fact ors play a key role in providing t he
man-machine int erface t o ensure t he
opt imal and safe use of CBRE det ect ion,
prot ect ion and mit igat ion equipment .
Teamwork across all agencies enforces CBRN response MHA
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CBRNe: What does the dirty bomb
response consist of in Singapores
context?
THH: Response t o dir t y bombs will r equir e
t he element s of speed and co-or dinat ion t o
det ect , ident ify, mit igat e and cont ain t he
sour ce, t o pr event it s fur t her spr ead and
ill-effect s on people. Speed is cr it ical in
incident s involving r adiological
subst ances, as it affect s t ime one of t he
t hr ee key st r at egies for pr ot ect ing people
fr om over-exposur e, which ar e t ime,
dist ance and shielding. Besides
management of t he r adiological sour ce,
quick r escue, evacuat ion and
decont aminat ion of casualt ies ar e
par amount . Alt hough t he effect s of low-
level r adiat ion may not be immediat ely
appar ent , t her e is a need t o ensur e
affect ed casualt ies do not car r y t he
r adiological par t icles out of t he
cont aminat ed zones and cause cr oss-
cont aminat ion. Minimising cr oss-
cont aminat ion is impor t ant consider ing
t he high populat ion densit y of Singapor e.
By conduct ing per sonnel decont aminat ion
at sit e, affect ed per sons will also be
pr ot ect ed fr om ingest ing or inhaling
par t icles t r apped on t heir clot hes or body,
which may cause int er nal cont aminat ion
t hat would r esult in gr eat er t issue
damage. Management of casualt ies wit h
t r auma injur y or int er nal r adiological
cont aminat ion would t hen be followed up
at hospit als. Once r escue and mit igat ion of
t he sour ce is complet ed, t her e is t he
mammot h t ask of t er r ain decont aminat ion
t o make t he sit e habit able.
CBRNe: What agencies are involved and
how would response effort be co-
ordinated?
THH: Such civil emer gencies call for t he
involvement of var ious gover nment
agencies dealing wit h var ious mat t er s,
including secur it y, healt h, envir onment al
and social issues. In Singapor e, t he
Gover nment has assigned t he SCDF t o
assume t he r ole of Cr isis Manager for all
civil emer gencies, and t he SCDF has
developed a nat ional cont ingency plan t o
addr ess any civil emer gency sit uat ion
including CBRNE scenar ios. This plan
defines clear ly t he r esponsibilit ies of all
t he agencies t hat ar e involved in
managing t he incident . The plan gives t he
SCDF t he mandat e t o co-or dinat e and
spear head t he over all mit igat ion and
Lieutenant Colonel Teong How Hwa, Director of the Hazardous
Materials Department of the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF),
shares Singapores response to dirty bomb incidents with CBRNe World
To enhance the decontamination capabilities of SCDF, fire engines have been retrofitted with the necessary accessories like shower heads and
canopy to enable decontamination of casualties in a CBRN incident SCDF
DiRDDy job,
but somebodys
got to do it
DiRDDy job
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int er vent ion effor t s. The plan is r egular ly
updat ed and t est ed t hr ough annual
exer cises so we can cont inually validat e
oper at ional pr inciples and t act ics, and
hone co-or dinat ion acr oss agencies.
CBRNe: How long does it take for
response to be mounted?
THH: To achieve an expedient r esponse,
t he SCDF has t r ained and equipped all
fr ont line r esponder s t o manage
r adiological incident s. This means t her e
would be a r esponse for ce ar r iving at any
incident sit e wit hin five-t o-eight minut es
of not ificat ion, which is t he r esponse t ime
fr om t he near est fir e st at ion t o almost
ever y cor ner in Singapor e. Each r esponder
is equipped wit h an individually issued
dosimet er and r adiological det ect or s t o
locat e and ident ify t he r adionuclide
r eleased. Lead bins ar e also available for
cont aining t he sour ce t o pr event it fr om
spr eading. Besides t he fr ont line
fir efight er s and r escuer s who ar e t r ained
t o oper at e in CBRNe condit ions, t her e is
also a t eam of specialist s who ar e on dut y
r ound-t he-clock t o pr ovide on-sit e advice
and sit uat ion analysis t o gr ound
commander s. The specialist s will conduct
pr edict ive analysis t hr ough modelling
t ools t o pr ovide a quick assessment of t he
hazar d zone. At t he same t ime, t hey would
r espond t o a sit e in t he Hazmat Cont r ol
Vehicles which ar e equipped wit h
advanced det ect ion and monit or ing
devices t o pr ovide accur at e sit uat ional
pict ur e. One such vehicle which became
oper at ional last year cat er s specially for
r adiological incident s like a dir t y bomb
incident . Equipped wit h r adiological
det ect or s int egr at ed t hr ough monit or ing
soft war e, t he vehicle can cover lar ge ar eas
quickly t o ident ify t he hot spot s t hat
needs at t ent ion. Ger manium det ect or s on
boar d also allows for high r esolut ion
ident ificat ion of t he r adiological sour ce.
Being t he Incident Manager, t he SCDF
can deploy it s fleet of five For war d
Command Vehicles (FCVs) close t o t he
sit e of any major incident t o suppor t on-
scene command. To ensur e a high st at e of
r eadiness, t he FCVs ar e placed on 24/7
st andby wit hin a not ice-t o-move t ime of
t en minut es. At t he sit e, t he FCV can be
deployed and fully set up for oper at ions
wit hin 15 minut es. Meanwhile, officer s
fr om ot her r elat ed agencies would be
act ivat ed t hr ough an aut omat ed r ecall
syst em and would r epor t t o t he FCV
wit hin one hour.
CBRNe: Things such as containment
devices are heavy and not particularly
mobile. Does this impose a logistic delay
on the team?
THH: As an emer gency r esponse for ce, t he
SCDF needs t o be r eady t o deploy it s
for ces quickly. As such, all oper at ional
t ur nout appliances ar e designed wit h
mobilit y in mind. This includes t he Tot al
Cont ainment Vessel (TCV) which is
fabr icat ed wit h lead cladding t o shield
gamma r adiat ion emit t ing fr om
r adioact ive mat er ial pr esent in a dir t y
bomb. The TCV, which weighs six t ons, is
pr e-loaded ont o a long-bed t r ailer r eady
for t ur nout at all t imes. Once act ivat ed, a
r esponse vehicle will hook up t he t r ailer
and t he syst em will be r eady t o r oll out
wit hin t en minut es. Deployment of t he
TCV at an incident sit e is also made
simple, as t he oper at or is able t o cont r ol
and manoeuvr e t he TCV wir elessly int o
t he hazar d zone t o car r y out cont ainment
oper at ions. The TCV can be oper at ed by
just one officer. Our officer s also conduct
r egular dr ills t o ensur e r eadiness t o
r espond t o emer gencies when it st r ikes.
CBRNe: Since personnel decontamination
is conducted at the site, how is this
carried out effectively, considering the
high population density in Singapore,
which would likely result in hundreds or
thousands requiring decontamination?
THH: Given our high populat ion densit y,
an at t ack if it occur s at an ur ban cent r e
would r esult in a mass-casualt y
scenar io. Decont aminat ion pr ocedur e
needs t o be quick and effect ive so
casualt ies can be r eleased fr om a
cont aminat ed sit e as quickly as possible.
To achieve t his, we maximised t he use of
our most available r esour ce, which is our
fir e engines, especially since t hey ar e able
t o ar r ive quickly at scene wit hin five-t o-
eight minut es. We have r et r ofit t ed our fir e
engines since 2002 wit h pur pose-built
decont aminat ion facilit ies, using an
int egr at ed shower syst em. The
decont aminat ion facilit ies can be deployed
wit hin t hr ee minut es, and can clear up t o
36 ambulant or six non-ambulant
casualt ies per hour. In addit ion t o t he fir e
engines, we also designed a fleet of
specialised vehicles known as t he
Per sonnel Decont aminat ion Vehicle
(PDV). This is a t hr ee-in-one appliance
t hat can oper at e eit her as a mass-casualt y
decont aminat ion facilit y and a mass-
casualt y ambulance, as well as a t r oop and
equipment car r ier. The PDV can be set -up
in just seven minut es. The speed of
deployment is a key advant age, as t he PDV
is able t o r ender suppor t swift ly. The PDVs
ar e equipped wit h r adiat ion walk-t hr ough
por t als which ar e useful for sift ing out
people who ar e cont aminat ed who would
r equir e decont aminat ion. This ensur es
t her e is no unnecessar y wait ing for t hose
who ar e not affect ed. Besides t he
casualt ies who ar e st ill at sit e upon t he
SCDFs ar r ival, we ar e also mindful t hat
some of t hose affect ed would have self-
evacuat ed. To manage t his gr oup,
inst r uct ions would be issued t hr ough t he
media for t hem t o t ake appr opr iat e act ion
t o wash and bag t heir clot hes as soon as
possible. Hospit als ar e also equipped wit h
decont aminat ion facilit ies and will be
TCV is fabricated with lead cladding to shield gamma radiation emitting from radioactive
material present in a dirty bomb SCDF
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aler t ed t o monit or walk-in casualt ies t o
check t he need for conduct ing
decont aminat ion so as not t o r isk
cont aminat ing t he hospit als.
CBRNe: Unlike conventional incidents
like fire and industrial accidents, dirty
bomb incidents are not encountered on a
frequent basis. How does the SCDF
ensure readiness of her forces to respond
in the event of such an incident?
THH: Response t o r adiological incident s,
like chemical or biological incident s,
would ent ail t he donning of per sonal
pr ot ect ive clot hing which is essent ial for
pr ot ect ing r esponder s as t hey wor k in a
hazar dous envir onment . To ensur e our
r esponder s ar e well t r ained t o wor k in
t heir pr ot ect ive gear, dr ills ar e conduct ed
daily at all fir e st at ions. They will don t he
full suit s, masks and r espir at or s and car r y
out physical act ivit ies, which include t he
car r ying of hoses, st r et cher dr ill wit h
casualt ies, buddy r escue and aer obic
exer cise like jogging. This acclimat isat ion
dr ill ser ves t o ensur e t hat our r esponder s
ar e well accust omed t o don and oper at e in
t heir pr ot ect ive suit s while per for ming
st r enuous act ivit ies in our hot and humid
equat or ial climat e.
Besides t he acclimat isat ion dr ills,
r esponder s also at t end cer t ificat ion t est s
t wice annually. The cer t ificat ion t est
includes bot h t heor y and pr act ical
component s t o ensur e r esponder s skills
and knowledge ar e kept cur r ent . In
addit ion, exer cises based on a dir t y bomb
scenar io ar e also conduct ed t o validat e
var ious aspect s of our cont ingency plans.
CBRNe: Is dirty bomb shorthand for
just radiological dispersal devices (RDD),
or is this for all explosive dissemination
devices?
THH: Our use of t he phr ase dir t y bomb
focuses on r adiological mat er ials being
disper sed t hr ough impr ovised explosive
devices t hat ar e likely t o cause mass
casualt ies and panic due t o it s visibilit y
and immediat e effect s fr om t he bomb
blast . It would be appr opr iat e t o classify a
dir t y bomb as a subset of RDDs, as t he
lat t er employ cover t means of disper sion
such t hat it may go undet ect ed unt il
det er minist ic effect s of r adiat ion st ar t s
exhibit ing in vict ims, as in t he Lit vinenko
case.
CBRNe: Is this the start of a capability or
a complete package? What are the next
growth steps?
THH: We st ar t ed building our capabilit y t o
handle TIC incident s in 1992. At t hat t ime
t he exper t ise was confined t o only t he fir e
st at ions t hat ar e near t o indust r ial sit es.
Then came t he Sar in at t ack in t he Tokyo
subway in 1995, which ser ved as a cat alyst
for us t o r eshape our oper at ional focus
and pr ior it ies because we r ecognised such
incident s could also happen in Singapor e.
In 1996, we st ar t ed t o expand our
capabilit y t o handle chemical agent
incident s. That was followed by biological
agent r esponse capabilit y development ,
wher e det ect or s wer e acquir ed t o det ect ,
ident ify and mit igat e t he sour ce. Basic
levels of r adiological capabilit y wer e also
available in t he for m of r adiological
det ect or s and dosimet er s, but t hat was
confined t o only a few fir e st at ions. Dir t y
bomb capabilit y development t ook a
quant um leap when t he gover nment
appoint ed t he SCDF as lead in building up
t he nat ional capabilit y for dir t y bomb
r esponse in 2005. The pr oject involves t he
development of a r esponse doct r ine,
definit ion of differ ent agencies r oles and
r esponsibilit ies, and t he t r aining and
pr ocur ement of specialised equipment and
vehicles for t he effect ive management of a
dir t y bomb incident . The doct r ine and
pr ocur ement has since been complet ed
and r elevant r esponse agencies ar e now
equipped and t r ained t o car r y out t he full
r ange of consequence management
act ivit ies including det ect ion and
monit or ing; casualt y management ;
r adioact ive sour ce and wast e management
and t er r ain decont aminat ion.
Alt hough skilled per sonnel and
adequat e equipping ar e impor t ant fact or s
t o ensur e efficient r esponse, t her e is a
need t o maint ain an accur at e over all
sit uat ional pict ur e in or der t o ensur e
effect ive incident management , especially
in t he event of a major incident . To
enhance consequence management , t he
SCDF has employed advanced t echnology
t o develop t he Hazmat Incident
Management Syst em, or HIMS. HIMS
pr ovides an int elligent knowledge fusion
and visualisat ion int er face for on-scene
commander s and r esponder s t o access
r eal-t ime sit uat ional infor mat ion.
Specially designed sensor int er face boxes
can be at t ached t o det ect or s, like
r adiological det ect or s, chemical det ect or s
and weat her monit or s for wir eless
t r ansmission of r eal-t ime r eadings fr om
t he incident sit e. The r eadings would be
used in pr edict ive simulat ion models t o
pr ovide a compr ehensive sit uat ional
pict ur e t o commander s t o indicat e how
lar ge an ar ea might be affect ed by t he
hazar d. HIMS gr eat ly assist s commander s
dur ing major emer gencies in making
infor med decisions t o ensur e t he most
appr opr iat e act ions ar e t aken t o pr ot ect
t he public.
Going for war d, t he SCDF will
cont inue t o enhance her capabilit ies in
consequence management t hr ough t he
development of bot h har dwar e and
hear t war e. Har dwar e development
would be achieved t hr ough t he
cont inuous explor at ion of t he lat est
t echnologies and also t hr ough innovat ive
ways of doing t hings. Hear t war e will
involve t he upgr ading of r esponder s skill
and knowledge. Tr aining must cont inue t o
evolve as new t echniques ar e developed
and new challenges emer ge.
The HCV is equipped with a computer-aided zone modeling software
mounted within the vehicle SCDF
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CBRN weapons, or t oxic indust r ial
mat er ials (TIMs), have not been
employed in t he ar ea of oper at ions (AOO)
of t he Int er nat ional Secur it y Assist ance
For ce (ISAF) so far. At pr esent , t her e ar e
no indicat ions at all of insur gent s
int ending t o use CBRN weapons in t he
near fut ur e eit her. Never t heless, let t er s of
unknown or igin t hr eat ening suicide
at t acks involving t he use of suffocat ing
gases have occasionally been r eceived,
and t her e have been indicat ions t hat
unknown ar ms dealer s smuggled
r adioact ive mat er ial t o Afghanist an.
Fr om t ime t o t ime, ISAF per sonnel or
member s of t he Afghan Nat ional Secur it y
For ces (ANSF) have seized ammonium
nit r at e or hydr ogen per oxide
subst ances which could have been used
for t he manufact ur e of convent ional
explosives or t he pr oduct ion of dr ugs. In
summar y, t he CBRN t hr eat level has
been assessed as being ver y low. Nat ur al
or man-made envir onment al damage as
well as endemic plagues have been
consider ed t o be a mor e ser ious t hr eat .
Alt hough r at her unlikely at t he moment ,
an at t ack on ISAF or ANSF per sonnel
wit h TIMs as an asymmet r ic weapon
cannot be r uled out .
CBRN defen ce is a comman d
r espon sibilit y. Th u s it is pr imar ily t h e
Comman der of ISAF (COMISAF) wh o
is r espon sible for t h is fu n ct ion al ar ea.
He may delegat e t h is r espon sibilit y t o
su bor din at e comman der s, h owever.
Th e comman der s at t h eir r espect ive
level will t h en be r espon sible for
CBRN defen ce in t h eir ar eas of
r espon sibilit y, an d for plan s
implemen t in g t h e in t en t of t h e h igh er
comman d. HQ ISAF h as est ablish ed a
Th eat r e For ce Pr ot ect ion (TFP) an d
CBRN Defen ce Gr ou p wh ich , as par t of
t h e CJ3 Division , r epor t s t o t h e
Depu t y Ch ief of St aff for Oper at ion s
(DCOS OPS). Th is gr ou p advises
COMISAF on all mat t er s r elat ed t o
t h eat r e for ce pr ot ect ion an d CBRN
defen ce. Th e cor e t asks of t h is gr ou p
in clu de t h e per man en t est imat e of t h e
CBRN defen ce sit u at ion an d t h e
for mu lat ion of appr opr iat e measu r es,
as well as t h e mon it or in g an d
adju st men t of CBRN defen ce measu r es
in t h e ISAF ar ea of oper at ion s.
Dance to the
Music of TIM
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Lieutenant Colonel Bernd Allert,former Deputy Chief Theatre Force Protection
& Senior Officer CBRN Defence,assesses the International Security
Assistance Forces (ISAFs) ability to deal with TIC and TIM incidents
...or Ill fire! The Italians ran decontamination exercises in Afghanistan Allert
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lCx 1echnologies develops advanced producLs LhaL
deLecL LhreaLs in all of Lhe criLical C8RN segmenLs -
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and
explosive. Our C8RN deLecLion devices are
compacL, porLable and simple Lo use compared Lo
laboraLory insLrumenLs LhaL perform similar
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false alarm raLes of our deLecLors are among Lhe
besL available. lCx producLs are designed for
use in Lhe field and inLegraLed sysLems.
www.icxt.com/detection
Dance to the Music of TIM
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On or der, t he gr oup will est ablish
and oper at e a CBRN Ar ea Cont r ol
Cent r e (CBRN ACC) so as t o evaluat e
t he effect s of CBRN/TIM at t acks on
cur r ent oper at ions and t o oper at e t he
CBRN r epor t ing and war ning ser vice.
Fr om July 2007 t o Januar y 2008 t he
gr oup compr ised a leader (GBR wing
commander ), his deput y (also act ing as
senior CBRN defence officer ), a senior
for ce pr ot ect ion officer (NOR
major /commander ), and a senior NCO
(USA ser geant fir st class) ser ving as a
st aff assist ant . Despit e t he gr eat
impor t ance of CBRN defence, however,
act ivit ies of t his t ask ar ea did not
dominat e t he daily r out ine.
What was t he sit uat ion like at t he
subor dinat e commands? The
commander s of t he Regional
Commands (RCs) had t o designat e a
CBRN advisor wit hin t heir st affs who
was t o act as a point of cont act for all
CBRN defence-r elat ed mat t er s bot h at
HQ ISAF and at t he r espect ive
subor dinat e level. On or der, t he RCs
wer e t o est ablish and oper at e a CBRN
Sub-Collect ion Cent r e (CBRN SCC) and
t o follow t he CBRN r epor t ing and
war ning pr ocedur es (in accor dance wit h
Allied Tact ical Publicat ion ATP-45(C),
Reporting NBC Attacks, and Predicting
and Warning of Associated Hazards and
Hazard Areas).
The following full-t ime CBRN
defence unit s wer e st at ioned and
oper at ional in t he ISAF ar ea of
oper at ions: one Czech CBRN defence
plat oon (OPCON COMISAF); one It alian
CBRN defence plat oon (OPCON COM
RC (S)); one Ger man CBRN defence
plat oon (OPCON DEU Combat Ser vice
Suppor t Cont ingent ); one USA CBRN
r econnaissance t eam (OPCON COM RC
(E)); one envir onment al
pr ot ect ion/biological labor at or y
(OPCON COM RC (E) as well).
The capabilit ies wer e most var ied,
given t he per sonnel and mat er iel
available. Especially not ewor t hy in t his
cont ext ar e t he CBRN r econnaissance
capabilit ies, wit h ar mour ed CBRN
r econnaissance vehicles of t he It alian
and Ger man plat oons and t he Czech
and It alian sampling and ident ificat ion
of biological, chemical, r adiological
agent s (SIBCRA) capabilit y, as well as
t he BC labor at or ies of bot h plat oons. All
unit s had decont aminat ion capabilit ies,
alt hough most ly for self-
decont aminat ion. The Ger man CBRN
defence plat oon was also able t o t r eat
and pur ify wat er.
An essent ial mission of ISAFs CBRN
defence for ces is t he r econnaissance of
suspect ed TIM ar eas. Joint For ces
Command Headquar t er s Br unssum
(JFC HQ BS) had t asked COMISAF t o
est ablish a dat abase of all suspect ed TIM
ar eas in t he ISAF AOO in or der t o
minimise t he r isks for t he milit ar y
per sonnel employed, but also for t he
local civilian populat ion. The int ended
focus in t his cont ext was on t he
ident ificat ion of t oxic indust r ial
chemicals (TICs) so as t o neut r alise
t hem wit h appr opr iat e means if
necessar y. I will not go int o det ail her e
for under st andable r easons. As you can
imagine, consider able damage might be
caused by t he spont aneous r elease of
appr oximat ely four t ons of ammonia
employed in a slaught er house for
cooling pur poses. This TIM
r econnaissance is a success st or y in t wo
r espect s. Fir st , t he r econnaissance was
conduct ed on a combined and joint
basis. One mission, for example, was
car r ied out by t he It alian and Czech
CBRN r econnaissance for ces which wer e
pr ot ect ed by a BGR for ce pr ot ect ion
plat oon and led by a Ger man lieut enant
colonel. Second, t her e wer e 50
pot ent ially suspect ed ar eas in t he r egion
of RC (C) at t he beginning of t he
deployment of HQ ISAF X/2. By t he end
of t he deployment only five wer e left .
For t he fut ur e it will be impor t ant t o
gr adually ext end TIM r econnaissance t o
t he ot her Regional Commands. The TIM
dat abase is accessible by all ISAF
per sonnel on t he ISAF SECRET websit e
at all t imes.
A second CBRN defence pr ior it y was
set by (st ar t ing) t he est ablishment of a
CBRN r epor t ing and war ning syst em.
Apar t fr om t he fact t hat STANAG 2150
NCB (7t h Edit ion), Nato Standards of
Proficiency for NBC Defence, r equir es
Nat o commands t o have CBRN
r epor t ing and war ning capabilit ies, t he
headquar t er s of t he Regional
Commands wer e t o be able as alr eady
ment ioned t o est ablish and oper at e a
CBRN sub-collect ion cent r e on or der.
Against t his backgr ound, HQ ISAF had
been t asked t o conduct appr opr iat e
CBRN r epor t ing and war ning exer cises.
For t his pur pose, t he TFP and CBRN
Defence Gr oup developed t he mont hly
exer cise KINETIC COMET. HQ ISAF
act ed in t wo ways. In it s capacit y as
sour ce level, it t r ansmit t ed an NBC 1
ROTA r epor t (obser ver r epor t ) at an
unspecified point in t ime. The RCs t hen
had t o pr epar e an NBC 2 ROTA r epor t
(obser vat ion r epor t ) and t r ansmit it t o
HQ ISAF now act ing as CBRN ACC
and t o war n t he sour ce level ie HQ
ISAF wit h an NBC 3 ROTA r epor t
(war ning r epor t ). Thus cer t ain t r aining
r equir ement s wer e ident ified which
have gr adually been and ar e st ill being
sat isfied by HQ ISAF.
Allied Joint Publicat ion AJP-3.14,
Allied Joint Doctrine for Force
Protection, defines t he t er m for ce
pr ot ect ion as measur es and means t o
minimise t he vulner abilit y of per sonnel,
facilit ies, mat er iel, oper at ions and
act ivit ies fr om t hr eat s and hazar ds in
or der t o pr eser ve t he fr eedom of act ion
and t he oper at ional effect iveness.
CBRN defence, as an element of for ce
pr ot ect ion, has t hus cont r ibut ed t o t he
success of t he Int er nat ional Secur it y
Assist ance For ce in Afghanist an and will
cont inue t o do so.
Major Gener al Champoux, Chief of
St aff/HQ ISAF, r ecognised t he
out st anding per for mance of t he Czechs
as well as of t he It alian CBRN Defence
Plat oon wit h a let t er of appr eciat ion
t o t he Commander s of t he 31st (Czech)
CBRN Defence Br igade and t o 7t h
(It alian) NBC Defence Regiment .
Last , but not least , ment ion should
also be made of an essent ial achievement
of t he CBRN defence for ces employed in
Afghanist an t he soldier s of t he It alian
CBRN defence plat oon make t he best
pizza in t he ent ir e Middle East !
Lieutenant Colonel Bernd Allert was
deployed with HQ ISAF X/2 as Deputy
Chief Theatre Force Protection &
Senior Officer CBRN Defence from July
2007 to January 2008
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Dr David Humair, Research Programme Director for
Armasuisse S&T, and Consultant Shawn Nelson look
at one of the bio-side issues of the Beijing Olympics
When
you only
have
seconds
to respond
to a
decon
situation...
T
HE densit y of populat ion, living
habit s, close proximit y of humans
wit h animals like chickens, ducks,
and pigs, and rural infra-st ruct ure
condit ions are fact ors t hat can spawn or
t rigger disease epidemics; t his is
underst ood. Long hours in air-
condit ioned planes, wit h exposure t o
jet lag, dehydrat ion, unfamiliar foods and
t heir microbes, fat igue and st ress, when
combined, can suppress immune
funct ion. When coupled wit h exposure t o
unusual condit ions of personal hygiene,
t hese are well-known fact ors in leaving
t he t ourist vulnerable and more
recept ive t o foreign diseases while
t ravelling; t his is underst ood.
The gat hering of different people
coming from various horizons, all at a
given place and a given t ime, for several
weeks t oget her in t he same place, is
anot her very good fact or t o spawn or
t rigger t he disseminat ion of a disease;
t his t oo is underst ood.
The 2008 Olympics in China may
make hist ory. Not in t he sense of at hlet ic
Chinese
stew
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Chinese stew
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CBRNe WORLD Summer 2008 www.cbrneworld.com
achievement s, but due t o t he fact t hat
China has been, bot h in t he past and
recent ly, unst able or poorly prepared in
regards t o t heir bio-safet y. We may see,
for t he first t ime since t he Middle Ages,
t he emergence of a neo-plague or some
ot her variet y of biological epidemic
emerge as a hist orical event from Chinas
Olympics. Chinas bio-safet y may be t he
singular fact or t hat makes t he news and
hist ory in 2008, as opposed t o t he at hlet ic
event s t hemselves.
How could anyone dare t o propose
somet hing as prepost erous as t his
sounds? This is t he Olympics, not some
t hird world black market where any
manner of precursors, home-made
assemblies or shoddy WMDs are being
sought by folks wit h bad int ent ions and
bags of varied currencies. Well, t his is t he
Olympics; you are right about t hat . Given
t he host count ry, however, and t heir
t rack record and performance in t his
area, perhaps someone should have done
a background check on China t o
det ermine if t hey could even qualify for
t he Olympics regarding t heir bio-safet y.
The environment in which t he Olympics
occurs is cert ainly a fact or here, and
t here are many variables of which only a
few will be discussed here.
If we look back four years t o 2003 and
2004, even t he general public can
remember t he nast y Severe Acut e
Respirat ory Syndrome-Corona Virus
(SARS-CoV) scare t hat occurred in China
and was finally cont ained. As lat e as 2004,
even aft er a successful cont ainment of
t his virus, t he World Healt h Organisat ion
(WHO) st ill has a rat ionale for cont inued
vigilance for SARS post ed on t heir
websit e, as of 1 May 2008. Having not ed
Chinas shaky past wit h t his part icular
recent bio-safet y incident , we must also
consider what ot her major global bio-
safet y incident s have t heir origins in
China. The H5N1 Avian Influenza virus,
for inst ance, which, according t o WHO
informat ion, was originally isolat ed from
a farmed goose in Guangdong province,
China. Of not e here is t hat t his occurred
What will happen when heavyweight Western microbes meet their equally powerful Asian counterparts? DoD
Why
wouldnt you
want a
solution as
safe
as it is
powerful
in 1996 t he same year as t he Olympics
in At lant a, Georgia, USA. Hmmm? Abit
of foreshadowing for Chinas fut ure
Olympics? Easy t racking of t he H5N1
Avian flu virus can be found on t he WHO
websit e, which also hist orically reveals
t hat , as of 30 April 2008, t here have been
report ed in t he Sout h East Asia region
t he following: Avian (primarily chickens
and ducks) out breaks occurring in
Viet nam, Bangladesh, Republic of Korea,
Indonesia (Bali, Java, Sumat ra), Laos,
Thailand, Myanmar and even Japan. Not e
t hat t hese are Avian cases, and t hough
t he following is not in Sout heast Asia, a
case has been report ed as far west as
Luzern Cant on, Swit zerland (31 March
2008 and June 2006). If we look at
human cases of t he H5N1 Avian flu virus
and since we are t alking about t he
Olympics and t he poor bio-safet y relat ed
t o China, which would seem rat her
import ant t o public healt h aut horit ies
globally it looks like t he t op t hree
medallist s for H5N1 are: Gold medal
Indonesia, wit h 133 human cases and
108 fat alit ies; Silver medal Viet nam,
wit h 106 human cases; and t he Bronze
medal Egypt , wit h 50 human cases.
China does receive honourable ment ion
in t heir lack of bio-safet y wit h a meagre
30 human cases of H5N1. They are
making a first class effort wit h
improving t heir bio-safet y aft er all!
www.cbrneworld.com
Chinese stew
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It appears, t hough, t hat China is st ill
in t he running for t he t op five spot s wit h
H5N1 cases. The predict ion is t hat China
will surge int o t he lead at t he last
moment in t he Poor Bio-safet y
Olympics not just in t he H5N1
cat egory eit her, but also sweeping all
before it in t he Lack of Bio-Safet y
event s overall. How so? one may ask.
As China finishes preparat ions for t he
Olympics, while peering t hrough t he
brown smoggy pollut ion haze of Beijing,
a last -minut e emergence was t his bit of
bio-safet y news provided, again, court esy
of t he WHO. As of 5 May, 2008, 4,496
cases including 22 deat hs of hand, foot
and mout h disease (HFMD) due t o
ent erovirus 71 (EV71) have been report ed
among infant s and young children in
Anhui Province, China (WHO websit e,
17 May 2008). While any professional in
t he field of public healt h in any count ry
will quickly point out t hat t his part icular
pat hogen is unique in t hat it primarily
affect s children, most of us have had
HFMD at some point in childhood. What
t hey may miss t hough, is t he fact t hat
Chinese people, especially children, have
inherent ly robust immune syst ems, due
t o t he challenging bio-safet y
environment t hey evolve in. Much more
so t han your average modern t ourist ,
who will most likely be West ern and
sedent ary nat ured, wit h a poor diet and a
weaker immune syst em, exacerbat ed and
weakened even more by t ravelling half
way round t he world. How will EV71
affect t hat person? What about all t he
ot her t ourist s at t he Olympics? Perhaps
all t he champions in Chinas
underground and unofficial Bio-safet y
Olympics have not yet emerged ont o t he
field This lat est incident wit h EV71
should surely bring a bit more global
awareness t o t he t rue st at e of bio-safet y
in China, right on t he verge of an
int ernat ional Olympics. Consider t his:
what happens when t ourist s from all over
t he world converge in China for t he
Olympics? They are t ired due t o t he
t ravel, weakened because of jet lag,
dehydrat ed, a bit st ressed, bat hed by
plane air-condit ioning and t he ot her
fact ors ment ioned in t he out set of t his
piece. Now consider t he forces t hat will
converge as t he Olympics get underway,
such as: massive surges in food demand;
a massive surge in populat ion densit y;
t ravel surges and t he inevit able mixing of
global pat hogens t hat all t he t ourist s will
bring from t heir nat ive lands, like flu,
herpes, HIV/AIDS, hepat it is A/B/C,
measles (an epidemic is running right
now in Swit zerland), all t he list of
sexually t ransmit t ed diseases, but also
dengue fever and chikungunya or yellow
fever. All of which will homogenise in
Chinas lacklust er bio-safet y environment
and produce who knows what ? Aneo-
plague? Aglobal epidemic?
To make sure we have our Chinese
Olympic St ew recipe correct , let s swirl
t his all up in t he brown smoggy haze of
Beijing, and add in several heaps of
bust ling food vendor kiosks, mix in long
night s of et hanol inebriat ion and
incubat e at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit in
t he masses of human bodies for a few
weeks and t hen pat ient ly wait t o see what
single or combinat ion of pat hogens
replicat e. I t hink we have it a good
Chinese st ew!
The scenario is very easy t o envision.
At hlet es and t ourist s come from different
count ries around t he world; t hey gat her
in Beijing and have fun running or
wat ching t he Olympics. At t he same t ime
people from remot e areas in China come
t o Beijing, for example t o deliver food or
t o t ry t o have t heir part of t his
mult ibillion-dollar cake. All of t hem meet
on t he st reet s, in st adiums, in public
t ransport s, in market places, at food
kiosks in hot el lobbies or even in beds.
They t alk t oget her, hit t he same elevat or
but t ons, shake hands, eat t oget her, t urn
t he same door knobs, drink t oget her,
cough t oget her, shake hands again, t alk
more, eat more, flush t he same t oilet
levers, and drink again. Acert ain number
of t hem will even have sex t oget her. Once
all of t hat is done, everybody goes back
home, happy from t he fabulous Olympics.
They t ake t he plane, have a new jet lag,
more t ime in an air-condit ioned
environment , t hey are dehydrat ed and
st ressed again (perhaps even have sex
again), but finally t hey are back home.
Home sweet home. But t hen, who
knows? H5N1 + EV71 + herpes +
HIV/AIDS + hepat it is +? =? The equat ion
can be very simple or very complicat ed,
and t he result s can be uncert ain at best .
One t hing is cert ain: who would
worry about WMDs during t he Olympics
when compared t o t his pat hogen-rich
biological Chinese St ew? Maybe we
underest imat e t he bio-safet y pot ent ial of
t his major event . Even more concerning
is t he recent large eart hquake t hat China
has suffered. Surely t his nat ural
cat ast rophe is current ly t axing every bio-
safet y resource in Chinas vast supply
syst em t o t he maximum. While
expressing concern and condolences t o
China and her people during t his t ime of
t ragedy and recovery, we must remain
sober t o t he fact t hat t his will add yet
anot her bio-safet y fact or int o t he Olympic
environment . Will China rise t o t he
challenge or will t his be one st ep furt her
down t he t reacherously slippery bio-
safet y slope? Time will t ell and ult imat ely
we should remain opt imist ic, but we will
cert ainly see what happens in t he weeks
and mont hs following t he Olympics.
Please dont bring back any pat hogenic
souvenirs! Ill forego any Chinese
St ewfor now. May t he Olympics in
China be bot h a global at hlet ic and bio-
safet y success. Ot herwise, t he lat t er may
affect all of us.
Asian viruses will stretch the public
health system DoD
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or its affiliates in the United States and/or other countries.
T
HE decont aminat ion of sensit ive
equipment in t he wake of a CBRN-
incident has gained consider able
moment um over t he last few year s.
Gone ar e t he t imes wher e cont aminat ed
it ems wer e eit her able t o wit hst and ver y
r ugged decon pr ocedur es or, if not , wer e
just r eplaced.
Todays t act ical envir onment leaves
t he war fight er wit h less mat er ial
r esour ces and less logist ic capacit ies
t han ever befor e; hence numer ous
pieces of mission-cr it ical equipment ,
which wer e for mer ly consider ed
expendable, ar e now in absolut e need of
being decont aminat ed. If not , t he
mission is over ; it is as simple as t hat .
Not convinced? Take away
cont aminat ed night -vision goggles
fr om a r econ plat oon; r ender unusable
a r ecce Tor nados aer ial r econnaissance
pod; put out of act ion a mobile
communicat ion facilit y. Then what ?
You cant see, you dont know wher e
t he enemy is, you cant communicat e
your e out of business.
To count er t hat t hr eat , sever al
syst ems have been developed. Her e, we
will deal wit h t wo of t he t hr ee Ger man
syst ems, which ar e: t he Decon Module
Sensit ive Equipment of t he Main Decon
St at ion (DSSM); t he Joint Ser vices
Decont aminat ion Syst em (JSDS, TEP90
in Ger man) and; t he Air bor ne/Special
For ces Decon Syst em.
These t hr ee syst ems each can be
seen in act ion in differ ent scenar ios. In
lar ge-scale milit ar y conflict , bor n fr om
t he concept s of t he Cold War er a,
syst ems have been developed wher e
capacit y t akes pr ior it y over mobilit y.
Typically, for ces which have under gone
a CBRN at t ack would have been
ext r act ed fr om t he bat t le field, r eplaced
by fr esh for ces, and moved t o t he r ear of
t he t heat r e of oper at ions. The mission
envir onment t ypically is in an ar ea t hat
is bot h r eadily accessible and not under
imminent enemy t hr eat . The Decon
Syst em for Sensit ive Mat er iel (DSSM)
was const r uct ed wit h t his lar ge-scale
war scenar io st ill in mind, and was built
t o decont aminat e t he sensit ive
equipment of 54 per sonnel per hour,
oper at ed by t wo individuals. This
scenar ios impor t ance has diminished
over t he last couple of year s; hence, we
will not deal wit h it in t his ar t icle.
For low-t o-medium-scale milit ar y
oper at ions, such as t ypically
encount er ed in peace enfor cing and
peace keeping missions, as well as in
oper at ions due t o t he war against
t er r or ism, we ar e looking at t he
sit uat ions our for ces ar e encount er ing
on a daily basis. Ther e ar e no lar ge
backup for ces, so decont aminat ion has
t o be quick and t he syst em pr oviding it
has t o be highly mobile and ver sat ile.
Fur t her mor e, capacit y gives way t o
t act ical mobilit y and mission flexibilit y.
Oper at ions of highly mobile for ces,
including Special For ces, oper at ing
wit hout ext er nal suppor t or logist ic
t r ain, face a sit uat ion wit h no backup
for ces at all. While t he spect r um of
equipment might be nar r owed, and it s
number limit ed, near ly ever y single
it em is mission cr it ical because t her e is
no r esupply available. St r at egic mobilit y
and deployabilit y, as well as t he need t o
be t ot ally self-cont ained, t ake
pr ecedence over capacit y and capabilit y.
Let s have a look at t he syst ems.
Joint Services Decon Station 90,
JSDS90 (TEP90)
The over all capacit y of t he JSDS90
syst em allows for t he decont aminat ion
of four t anks or six wheeled vehicles,
plus 20 per sonnel and t heir sensit ive
equipment per hour. In addit ion, t he
int er ior sur faces of vehicles and air cr aft
may be decont aminat ed by t he syst em.
The complet e syst em is mount ed on an
8x8 t r uck and is composed of four
modules for t he decont aminat ion of
lar ge equipment (B), clot hing and
sensit ive equipment (C), per sonnel (D),
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When size
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Dr Alexander Grabowski, give his opinions on the
decontamination of sensitive equipment
When size matters
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and int er ior sur faces (E). Modules C and
E, r espect ively, ar e dedicat ed t o t he
decont aminat ion of sensit ive mat er ials
and sur faces. Wit h r espect t o t he
sensit ivit y of t he mat er iel t o be
decont aminat ed, only physical met hods
or t he use of mild decont aminat ion
media ar e applicable.
The fir st pr ocedur e based on
physical met hods uses t he combined
applicat ion of heat and vacuum. The
mat er iel (eg elect r onics/avionics, small
ar ms equipped wit h scopes) is put int o
t he decon chamber. The chamber t hen
is evacuat ed t o a r esidual pr essur e of
1Pa and t he mat er iel inside t he
chamber is heat ed by means of infr ar ed
r adiat ion t o a t emper at ur e of 70
degr ees Celsius; a t emper at ur e, which
is by no means beyond t he limit
specified by applicable specificat ions.
The low pr essur e in combinat ion wit h
t he war mt h of t he mat er iel causes t he
evapor at ion of chemical war far e agent s
(CWA), even t hose wit h a ver y low
volat ilit y such as VX or t hickened
agent s. The decon cycle last s for 30
minut es. The second physical decon
met hod is applied t o t he
decont aminat ion of pr ot ect ive clot hing
and r ugged equipment . Such
equipment is placed in a chamber
wher e it is submit t ed t o a mixt ur e of
super heat ed st eam and hot air at
t emper at ur es bet ween 130 and 170
degr ees Celsius, t hus dr amat ically
acceler at ing t he degr adat ion pr ocess of
chemical and biological agent s and
per for ming t hor ough decont aminat ion
wit hin 30 minut es.
The use of t he decon-chamber is,
evident ly, limit ed t o BC-
decont aminat ion; when it comes t o
R/N-decon, classic t echnologies have t o
be used, albeit t aking advant age of new
for mulat ions. The for mulat ion used for
RN-decont aminat ion is called RDS2000,
an ext r emely effect ive chelat ing agent
combined wit h a complet ely
biodegr adable car r ier. The R/N decon
pr ocedur e is per for med using t he decon
t ub, wher e t he it ems in quest ion ar e
spr ayed wit h RDS2000 and r insed wit h
wat er. This t ub may also be used t o
per for m B/C decont aminat ion on it ems
t oo big t o fit int o t he vacuum chamber.
The decont aminant s used ar e BDS2000
(for BioDecon) and GDS2000 (for
chemical decon), r espect ively.
The complet e JSDS90-syst em is
designed t o decont aminat e four t r acked
vehicles, six wheeled vehicles or one
small air cr aft wit hin one hour. In
addit ion, t he t hor ough decont aminat ion
of 20 soldier s plus t heir clot hing and
sensit ive equipment have t o be t r eat ed.
Finally, t he syst em has t o also
decont aminat e t he int er ior compar t -
ment s of four t r acked or six wheeled
vehicles, or of one air cr aft . The syst em
is t o be oper at ional for six hour s per day
t he fir st hour of each mission
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When size matters
C
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aut onomously. As for t he fielding of t he
act ual syst em, it can be st at ed t hat t he
Federal Office for Defense Technology and
Procurement recent ly signed a cont ract
for t he procurement of 73 syst ems.
Lightweight Decon System for
Sensitive Materiel
While t he JSDS90 is highly mobile on
any t er r ain, it r equir es mor e t han one
car go air cr aft fielded wit h t he Ger man
for ces t o be deployed by air. For t heat er s
or missions t hat do not allow t he use of
lar ge car go air cr aft anot her, smaller and
even mor e mobile set of syst ems has
been developed. While t his degr ee of
mobilit y per fect ly fit s t he t act ical and
st r at egic r equir ement s r elat ed t o
peacekeeping and peace-enfor cing
missions, t her e ar e oper at ions t hat
r equir e even higher mobilit y. When on
your own in Indian count r y you cant
just call in for decon capacit y if t he need
ar ises, so you bet t er t ake along
ever yt hing you need. Special For ces, for
inst ance, r equir e light weight equipment
which must be deployable by not hing
lar ger t han a helicopt er in or der t o be
deployed wit h t he same speed and at t he
same t ime as t he t r oops.
Ger manys answer t o t his need is t he
Decon Syst em, Light weight , which
consist s of t hr ee modules one for t he
decont aminat ion of per sonnel, r ugged
equipment and clot hing, one for t he
t r anspor t of wat er and one for t he
decont aminat ion of sensit ive equipment
(t he Decon Syst em for Sensit ive
Mat er iel, light weight (DSSM-L). While
t he fir st and t he second unit have alr eady
been deliver ed and ar e under going
accept ance t est ing at t his t ime, t he
module for sensit ive equipment is under
const r uct ion r ight now.
This syst em is designed t o be
deployable by helicopt er or small
vehicles. The t echnologies used ar e
basically t he same as in t he JSDS; t hey
include, among ot her s, vacuum, spr ay-
ext r act ion and aer osol-disinfect ion. The
r eal engineer ing challenge her e,
however, was downsizing t echnologies
or iginally fielded in a 20-foot cont ainer
t o a size manageable by helicopt er s and
small vehicles. By applying t hese
t echnologies, t he DSSM-L is able t o:
decont aminat e all known CBRN-agent s;
decont aminat e t oxic indust r ial mat er ials
(TIMs), t o include t oxic indust r ial
chemicals, biologicals and
r adiologicals); t o r each compliance wit h
feder al r egulat ions gover ning
disinfect ion of and pr ophylaxis against
infect ious mat er ials; t o obt ain r esidual
cont aminant levels t hat allow for t he
unr est r ict ed handling and r epat r iat ion
of t r eat ed mat er iel and; t o oper at e
aut onomously for t hr ee hour s
The capacit y of t he DSSM-L allows it
t o decont aminat e, wit hin t hr ee hour s,
t he sensit ive equipment of 100
per sonnel, plus wit hin one hour, t he
int er ior compar t ment s of t hr ee vehicles
or in t he space of six hour s, a complet e
air cr aft including t he int er ior.
Looking at t he t hr ee syst ems
pr esent ed, it is evident t hat t her e is a
pr ice t o be paid for mobilit y and
miniat ur isat ion in t er ms of t he specific
capacit y ie, t he amount of it ems
pr ocessed per oper at or and per hour,
decr eases. This is not sur pr ising, and it
t akes quit e a consider able amount of
engineer ing skills t o compensat e for
t his pr ocess. The Ger man for ces and
Ger man indust r y, however, seem t o
have been quit e able t o develop t wo
syst ems on t he cut t ing edge of
t echnology while st ill keeping t he
per for mance advant age of pr oven
t echnologies.
Dr Alexander Grabowski is the Head of
Decontamination Directorate at WIS,
Germany, and has been a chemist for
over 20 years.
DSSM-L will allow extremely mobile forces, such as Special Forces, with an
expeditionary sensitive decon facility Bundeswehr
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MONG t hose t hat t ake account of
t hese sor t s of t hings, t her e is a
pecking or der of CBRN machismo.
At t he bot t om ar e t he r ecce soldier s,
t hose fine individuals who sit in
comfor t able, air condit ioned vehicles,
dr inking coffee and r eading sensor s. At
t he ot her end ar e t hose Her culean
individuals who sweat t heir gut s out
decont aminat ing vehicles if you cant
t ake t he heat get out of t he suit .
What ever t he (dubious) t r ut h of t he
mat t er, t hat image may change in t he
US. For t he past few year s, t he USs
Maneuver Suppor t Cent er (Manscen) has
been wor king on a r obot ic plat for m t hat
is able t o t ake up t he mant le of decon
soldier eagle eyed r eader s might have
seen it at t he 2006 Joint CBRN
Confer ence in For t Leonar d Wood.
Ther e ar e a lot of good r easons why a
r obot ic plat for m is well suit ed t o decon:
it is a r ole t hat imposes a massive
physiological bur den, r equir es
painst aking at t ent ion t o det ail and a high
t oler ance of t edium. Equally, t her e ar e
good r easons why r obot s and decon
shouldnt mix: cont aminat ion is not a
simple pr ocedur e, it r equir es common
sense and a t echnical under st anding, and
vehicles ar e becoming mor e complex,
wit h a r ange of sensor s on t he hull,
which makes it difficult t o have a one-
size-fit s-all appr oach.
The US Ar my, Tank Aut omot ive
Resear ch, Development and Engineer ing
Cent er (Tar dec), under a Joint Gr ound
Robot ics Ent er pr ise (JGRE) r esear ch
pr ogr am, will assess whet her t he pr os
dont out weigh t he cons, while t he user
communit y, Manscen, assesses whet her
and how a r obot ic vehicular
decont aminat ion syst em should be
employed. To per for m t hese assessment s,
t hey ar e developing a vehicular
decont aminat ion payload and modifying
t he Tags-CX r obot ic vehicle t o per for m
t he decont aminat ion mission. Tags-CX
has been developed by Tar dec, under
cont r act , t o ser ve as a lar ge r esear ch
r obot ics plat for m. Bob Wat t s, fr om
Tar dec, explained t he hist or y of t he
pr ogr amme. The r eason Tar dec has been
involved in t he development of t his
vehicle is t hat we want ed a vehicle t hat
was about t he size of t he lar ge r esear ch
r obot ics plat for m, he said. We
developed t his as a t echnology
demonst r at or plat for m, so t hat we can
essent ially cr eat e and show t hat you can
t ake a lar ge r esear ch r obot ics plat for m
and r econfigur e it for mult iple missions.
In pr ior year s, we wor ked wit h ARDEC
and int egr at ed t he Picat inny Light weight
Remot e Weapons Syst em as a separ at e
payload. Tags-CX has been developed so
it can quickly have differ ent missions
payloads int egr at ed and r emot ely
oper at ed t hr ough t he vehicle cont r ol
syst em. We have wor ked wit h t he
Telemedicine and Advanced Technology
Resear ch Cent er TATRC for t he
development of medical payloads. Wit h
Manscen, we ar e t r ying t o develop and
int egr at e a payload syst em t hat can be
used not only for r obot ic decon, but also
t o demonst r at e a combat ser vice suppor t
capabilit y. In July we will be
demonst r at ing t hat combat ser vice
suppor t capabilit y using t he small
ear t hmoving t ools.
Decon was not an arbit rary choice for
Tags-CX; it came as a request from
Manscen. Major Scot t Werkmeist er,
Science and Technology Officer at
Manscen, explained t heir input . What we
are doing right now is defining whet her a
robot can do t horough decon, he said.
That said, some of t he t hings we are also
looking at is a st and-off sensor for decon;
it is only one-t o-t hree met res st and-off, so
it is st ill close t o t he vehicle, and t he
scanning area is st ill relat ively small. So
t o do a t horough 100 percent sweep of
everywhere on t he vehicle is unlikely. But
if you look at t he current process wit h
an ICAM and a human operat or sweeping
it around I dont know how accurat e
t hat is, and I t hink t he robot could be as
accurat e, if not more so, wit h t he new
det ect ion capabilit y.
The det ect or, a Tar get ed Ult r aviolet
Chemical/Biological/ Explosive (TUCBE)
sensor will be linked t o t he
decont aminat ion applicat or t hr ough a
wor ld model int er face, so a posit ive
r eading will t r igger t he r elease of decon
solut ion, aft er t he vehicle has been
scr ubbed. If you can do vehicular
cleaning t hr ough a r obot , t her e ar e not
t oo many t hings you cant do, said Bob
Wat t s. It is not a t r ivial t ask some of
t he t echnical r equir ement s ar e quit e
ar duous. For t he vehicle scr ubbing, t hey
Gwyn Winfield talks to the team behind the USs
robotic decon programme
TagsCX is the platform for the robotic decon vehicle Foster Miller
Never send a man
to do a robots job
Never send a man to do a robots job
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have t o maint ain t he br ush sur face
pr essur e at +/- 5psi of t he desir ed
pr essur e because we do not want t o
damage t he vehicle dur ing t he cleaning
pr ocess. Ther e ar e a number of
r equir ement s, and one of t hem is t o
develop an effect ive scr ubbing
mechanism. At t he end of t he back hoe
manipulat or, we will be int egr at ing a
spr ayer and t he decon syst em and we
hope t o use t he one (i.e., decon syst em)
t hat ECBC will r ecommend for fut ur e
Ar my use.
Current ly t he robot ic decon
programme is ahead of t he schedules of
complement ary programs. ECBC has
been researching t he best ways t o do
vehicle decon not limit ing t he approach
t o a robot ic solut ion. Working in concert
wit h t he ot her decon research effort s has
impact ed a number of element s on t he
robot ic decont aminat ion program; but ,
since some of t he required component s
were long-lead it ems, like t he det ect or,
t he t eam has had t o make decisions and
backfill lat er. Though, as t he t eam
admit t ed, t his was not a major problem;
as t he programme is designed t o show
t hat a robot ic plat form can be used as a
decon asset and t hat is regardless of t he
t ype of solut ion/det ect or used; it is a
more proof of principal. Of great er
challenge is how t he syst em will be
operat ed a t eam of men wit h st irrup
pumps and brushes might be manpower
int ensive, but it is low-cost . How would
t he UGVbe used? Would it be one UGV
per vehicle, one for each side and t hen a
smaller one for underneat h t he vehicle?
These are all problems t hat will be looked
at by Manscen at Fort Leonard Wood
over t he next few mont hs. Major
Werkmeist er explained. The purpose of
t his programme is t o bring what is
available right now a prot ot ype or
somet hing t hat is fielded and t o build a
plat form t hat can help Manscen furt her
define concept s and develop
requirement s, he said. So we are
working wit h ECBC and t he Aut omat ed
Decon project t o get recommendat ions,
and we are bringing a plat form t o FLW t o
help define what t he requirement s might
be. We dont know if one robot can
complet ely drive around t he syst em, or if
it needs t wo; t hat is what we hope t o find
out by bringing it here, running it
t hrough experiment s and kicking t he
t yres, t o help us visualise how it could
best be employed.
Lieut enant Colonel Pat Ter r ell, Chief
of Oper at ional Maneuver Suppor t Br anch
wit hin t he Concept Development
Division, explained t he bigger pict ur e.
What t his will t ie in wit h is a separ at e
exper iment looking at t he fut ur e of
decon fr om a concept ual view, not in
bending met al but in t he four levels of
decon and what we want in t he fut ur e,
he said. How do we bet t er int egr at e
det ect ion and decon for wher e we want
t o go? So, fr om t hat seminar-based
document at ion pr ocess, I would have
expect ed t hat wit hin nine-12 mont hs we
will be able t o go for war d wit h a joint
r equir ement for what we want t he next
decon syst ems t o look like.
Yet cer t ain assumpt ions must be
made befor e an ACTD can be cr eat ed, so
is t her e a plan t o keep a man in t he loop,
or is it going t o be an ent ir ely aut omat ed
pr ocess? For t his pr ogr amme we ar e
only doing semi-aut omat ion; t her e will
be a man at t he oper at or s t er minal
wat ching what is going on, using t he
manipulat or, human int er vent ion in
ar eas wher e it needs assist ance, said
Bob Wat t s. We ar e also looking at t he
over all decon mission, for pr epar at ion of
decont aminat ion t hat is why we ar e
pr oviding some of t he t ools. We will be
pr oviding a t r ench digger some of t he
people fr om t he CBRN School st at ed
t hey oft en had t o call in engineer
suppor t t o pr ep t he sit e; but , wit h t he
r obot having a t r encher, t hey could
effect ively dig t heir r unoff ar eas and
we ar e also pr oviding a for k lift as t hey
have t o unload t he t r ucks t hemselves. In
t er ms of being able t o decont aminat e t he
under car r iage, we ar e int er est ed in a
t elescopic device t hat could be at t he end
of t he manipulat or and could ext end
under neat h t he vehicle. We ar e building
t owar ds defining what we can and
cannot accomplish.
Lieut enant Colonel Ter r ell suggest ed
t he idea was not t o er adicat e specialist
t r aining and under st anding, but mor e t o
t ake some of t he donkey wor k out of
t he pr ocess. Can we, t hr ough
aut omat ion, get t he soldier out of t he
loop? he asked. Concept ually, what we
r eally want t o do is get t he soldier as far
out of t he loop as possible. The har dest
par t of t he decon wit h t he man in t he
loop at t he moment is t he fat igue fact or ;
t hat he becomes so fat igued t hat he is no
longer able t o make decisions and see
t he bigger pict ur e of t he pr ocess he is in.
Even semi-aut onomous wit h det ect ion
and spr aying ideally t he r obot will be
able t o do ever yt hing, but t he soldier can
st and back and say, Wait a minut e, I
know t his because I have communicat ed
wit h t he unit , and I know t he
cir cumst ances in which it got at t acked
IED, mine, sur face cont aminat ion, et c.
So our soldier s, as we make t hem mor e
t echnically pr oficient t hr ough t r aining,
can make t he r ight decisions and
lever age t he gr eat er capabilit y t hey have
wit h t he r obot ics t o make t he pr ocess go
fast er and be mor e t hor ough as t hey can
apply common sense and a gr eat er
t echnical knowledge.
Cur r ent ly t he syst em is being
designed t o addr ess exist ing Ar my decon
asset s; soldier s would use t heir cur r ent
decon syst ems as par t of a decon module
for t he lar ge r esear ch r obot ics plat for m,
but t he concept gener ally is Ar my
focussed. The Joint Gr ound Robot ics
Ent er pr ise is a joint or ganisat ion, but for
our pur poses we ar e limit ing t he scope
for Ar my syst ems. We ar e keeping t he
joint communit y in wit h t his, and if
somet hing applies we would be looking
t o a joint r equir ement s document t hat
could apply acr oss all ser vices, said
Major Wer kmeist er. It would seem t hat ,
while t he most obvious user of t his
syst em would be t he Ar my, exper iment s
wit h Naval decon (such as descr ibed by
Major Kuhar in CBRNe Wor ld Summer
2007) suggest t hat it is t he psychological
bur den of such a lar ge vessel t hat poses
t he gr eat est challenge a pr oblem t he
r obot would not have.
Th er e ar e a n u mber of qu est ion
mar ks over t h e gen er al u se of UGVs;
man y u ser s in Ir aq h ave n ot embr aced
t h em as war mly as t h ey h ave UAVs, bu t
it wou ld seem as if decon wou ld be a
good fit . For a st ar t it is n ot a bespoke
ch assis mer ely a modu le t h at fit s on
t op of a u t ilit y plat for m, an d t h e
t ech n ically difficu lt par t of decon (t h e
u n der st an din g of in t er act ion bet ween
agen t an d su r face) is r et ain ed an d on ly
t h e du ll bit t h e scr u bbin g is lost .
Qu it e wh at t h is will do t o t h e CBRN
mach o peckin g or der is an ot h er
mat t er h owever
At Northrop Grumman, we are commi tted to keepi ng danger at a
di stance. For the past 10 years, our bomb di sposal robots have
reduced the chances of l ost l i ves and i nj ury i n the UK. And now the
CUTLASS programme wi l l provi de the next generati on of unmanned
ground vehi cl es provi di ng the Mi ni stry of Defence wi th another
tool i n thei r fi ght agai nst terrori sm and keepi ng everyone safe.
We're proud to support
a secure United Kingdom.
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NUMBER of nat ions ar e flir t ing
wit h t he idea of sending a r obot ,
or unmanned gr ound vehicle
(UGV), t o do a mans job Canada has
t heir MATS pr ogr amme, Ger many is
examining it and many ot her nat ions
ar e behind t hese on t he same cur ve.
CUGR (chemical, biological, r adiological
and nuclear unmanned gr ound
r econnaissance) is per haps t he most
advanced, t hough t his is st ill only an
advanced concept t echnology
demonst r at or (ACTD). CUGR is act ually
a t wo-par t pr ogr amme; as well as t he
CBRN Unmanned Gr ound Vehicle
(CUGV), t her e is also t he Joint
Cont aminat ed Sur face Det ect or (JCSD),
a r aman det ect or t hat is designed t o be
fit t ed t o cur r ent r econnaissance
vehicles. Mor e infor mat ion can be found
at www.cugr act d.r decom.ar my.mil.
Of t he t wo it is t he UGV t hat get s
t he most at t ent ion; r obot s have t he
same place in t he user s mindset t hat
t anks did in 1917. Pet e Annuziat o
explained wher e t hey wer e in t he
pr ocess. One of t he major object ives
for an ACTD is t r ansit ioning t he
concept s and t echnology t o a
Pr ogr amme of Recor d for acquisit ion
pr ocur ement and fielding, he said.
ECBC t r ansit ioned t he CUGR' s CBRN
Unmanned Gr ound Vehicle (CUGV) t o
t he Joint Pr oject Manager Nuclear
Biological Chemical Cont aminat ion
Avoidance (JPM NBC CA) as a
pr oduct ion syst em in Oct ober 2007.
JPM NBC CA is planning for fielding of
t he CUGV as a Component of End It em
wit h it s Monit or ing and Sur vey Set Kit
and Out fit pr ocur ement . Anot her
object ive is t o fost er t he user ' s concept s
of oper at ion and his t act ics, t echniques
and pr ocedur es (TTPs). ECBC left t wo
r esidual CUGV syst ems wit h t he 95t h
Chemical Company, US Ar my Alaska;
one syst em wit h t he US Ar my Pacific
and one wit h t he CBRN School for
ext ended user evaluat ions, doct r ine and
r equir ement s gener at ion.
Roughing it up
The development of TTPs is oft en what
makes a pr ogr amme fly or cr ash; once
t he soldier s get s t heir hands on it t hey
st ar t using it in ways t hat wer e never
conceived of, which can oft en seal t he
fat e of an ACTD whet her it is t aken up
wit h alacr it y, or put on a shelf as a
cur ious ar t efact . Annuziat o explained
t hat t hey had not got up t o what could
be called full TTP development yet . We
had some feedback fr om t he 95t h t hey
wer e like our user, but it wasnt t aken
int o t he field, or anyt hing like t hat , he
said. These ar e people who ar e
r esponsible for Civil Suppor t Teams
(CST) and base pr ot ect ion in places like
For t Richar dson Alaska, et c. They do a
lot of t r aining missions and t ake par t in
an exer cise in Alaskan boundar ies, so
while we didnt get a lot of r eal-wor ld
feedback fr om t hem, t hey did have some
issues wit h t he syst em, r elat ed t o
cont inual oper at ion of t he camer a on
t he r obot or some of t he det ect or s. So,
while t hey wer e not quit e as det ailed as
you ar e hoping, one of t he biggest shift s
we have seen is t hat when we or iginally
launched CUGV it was going t o be one
component aboar d a lar ger manned
r ecce vehicle and t he CUGV could be
deployed as needed. When t he user saw
t he capabilit y of CUGV t hey want ed t o
use it in an unmanned r ole, r at her t han
at t ached t o some r econ vehicle; it
augment ed t heir unmanned r econ
capabilit y gr eat ly, and on t op of t hat
t hey saw domest ic use as well, for
feder al fir e depar t ment s, et c.
It is not just t he CBRN element s of
t he US milit ar y t hat have shown an
int er est and pr ovided input ; t he EOD
communit y is also int er est ed in Packbot
(t he plat for m of CUGV) specifically t he
US Navy. Mr Annuziat o explained. Since
t he US Navy' s Explosive Or dinance
Division also has a CB mission and uses
it s PackBot s for t heir EOD mission,
ECBC also t r ansit ioned it s CUGV
t echnical dat a t o t hem, he said. ECBC
has also ent er ed int o a Co-oper at ive
Resear ch and Development Agr eement
(CRADA) wit h t he PackBot
manufact ur er, iRobot Cor p, and t hey will
be pr oducing a commer cial ver sion.
It has been a shar e-and-shar e-alike
r elat ionship wit h t he Navy, since t he
t wo pr oject s have focused on differ ent
ends of t he scale. Most of what we have
got fr om t hem has been in t er ms of t he
act ual r obot plat for m, said Annuziat o.
They cont inue t o make r efinement s
and impr ovement s t o t he plat for ms
beyond what we wer e r esponsible for.
They havent got t o t he point yet wher e
t hey evaluat ed det ect or s, so t hey ar e
happy t o t ake what we have done as a
jump st ar t t o int egr at e det ect or s in
accor dance wit h t heir own budget
availabilit y. We ar e st ill pur suing ot her
avenues of expanding t he r obot ics
pr ogr amme: we have been t alking t o
OSD and t hey have missions t o look at
ot her r obot ic uses somet hing t o do
wit h semi-aut onomous oper at ion of
det ect or s or r obot s, aut o-navigat ion and
mapping as well as explosive det ect ion.
They ar e on t he t able but have not been
execut ed yet .
As t he name would suggest
chemical, biological, r adiological,
nuclear CUGR was designed t o have
t he full r ange of sensor s on it , yet bio has
not been included. While t her e have been
impr ovement s in bio det ect ion sine
CUGR st ar t ed, Annuziat o suggest ed t hey
wer e st ill not mat ur e enough for an
unmanned plat for m. Biological
det ect ion and ident ificat ion in r eal t ime
fr om a r obot ic plat for m has been a goal
for t he ACTD, but we have not had any
luck finding a commer cial syst em
sufficient ly mat ur e t o evaluat ed, he said.
Yet t her e ar e element s of biological
det ect ion t hat could st ill fit in CUGRs
r emit : sampling eit her via a r oller
wheel or t he ar m would be of value,
especially in ar eas of pot ent ial gr oss
cont aminat ion, as would some par t icle
count er s, for example. Anyt hing could
Hello kitty
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be done; t he quest ions is what needs t o
be done, said Annuziat o. This has
gone t o t he user for t hem t o define
what t heir r equir ement s ar e, but t o
dat e a specific r equir ement s document
for r obot s t o do r ecce has not
mat er ialised. Cur r ent ly t he emphasis is
on looking at t hings on a br oader
scope, so what r econnaissance syst ems
might mean and t he t ype of capabilit y
for t he subset s hasnt been fleshed out
pr oper ly, and t his would fall int o t hat
subset . A lot of what we have put on t he
r obot has dir ect applicat ion; t he
war fight er always want s mor e and we
will have t o seek guidance fr om t he
Joint Requir ement s Office (JRO) and
t he ser vices about what is needed.
Once t he r equir ement is defined, it
might well be t hat some for m of
biological det ect ion could be included.
If CUGV had a for ce-pr ot ect ion r ole,
making r out ine sweeps ar ound a base,
t hen t hings like par t icle count er s,
which r equir e car eful, painst aking
backgr ound r eadings, would have a use.
If it r emains a sit e exploit at ion t ool
while it would have gr eat er
applicabilit y for chem
and r ad unt il a cheap, r obust , effect ive
bio det ect or came on t he mar ket it s r ole
would be ext r emely limit ed. This is
wher e we ar e r ight now deciding
exact ly how t o appr oach t his, said
Annuziat o. At For t Leonar d Wood,
which is r esponsible for r equir ement s
and how it is going t o be used, t hey
have not decided on usage; r ight now
t hey have one r obot and t heir doct r ine
and r equir ement s people ar e doing
some exper iment s wit h it t o decide what
t hey need. The shor t answer is t o find
out what r ole it is going t o play if
fielded wit h milit ar y chemical unit s.
In t er ms of t he sensor package,
CUGV uses a Mult ir ae plus, an LCD
3.2E, a sor bent t ube sampler and an
AN/UDR14. Det ect or s oft en have a
complement ar y t echnology t o balance
out t he vagar ies of t heir syst em, such
as flame phot met r y wit h IMS or FTIR
wit h r aman. Was t her e a chance t hat
t he same sor t of sensor
package would be
adopt ed in CUGV, so
t hat t her e could be
some sor t of sensor fusion t o balance
out t he differ ences in false alar m r at es?
We dont get involved in balancing
det ect or s; we demonst r at e t hat t he
t echnology wor ks and t hat t her e is
milit ar y ut ilit y of put t ing sensor s on a
r obot and sending it for war d t o get a
r esponse back, said Annuziat o. At
ECBC we ar e wait ing t o see whet her
t hey want us t o go fur t her ; t he ACTD
under DTRA and t he Secr et ar y of St at e
for Defense for Syst ems and Concept s
had a t ime limit t o do cer t ain t hings
and t hat is up in Sept ember, when we
will close down t he shop unless I get
new mar ching or der s! I cant just pick
somet hing up and do it t hat is
somet hing t hat JPM NBC CA and t he
CBRN School ar e looking int o, t hough
t hey can come back and ask us t o do
t he sensor fusion if t hey feel it has
some mer it .
Mature attitude
The Ir aq exper ience has been a boon t o
all UGV manufact ur er s, and t he user
has lear ned t o use t hese devices in new
and r adical ways. One of t he ways t hat
Packbot has been used
in Ir aq is for it t o be
hur led t hr ough
windows, et c,
which would
not be
Pete Annuziato, CUGR Team Leader at Edgewood Chemical
Biological Center (ECBC), tells Gwyn Winfield about taking
CUGR out into the wild
Has survey and UGVs found the right partnership in CUGR? iRobot
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one of t he most sensible t hings t o do
wit h CUGV as det ect or s t end t o get a bit
cr anky when used in such a way. So has
t her e been some at t empt t o r uggedise
t he package t o ensur e it can st ill
funct ion in t his less t han pr ist ine
envir onment ? We have not seen many
pr oblems wit h det ect or or r obot
r eliabilit y or dur abilit y t hr oughout our
engineer ing, t echnical and oper at ional
demonst r at ions, said Annuziat o.
Dur ing our r esidual per iod, which
began in Oct ober 2006, most of t he
pr oblems exper ienced by t he 95t h
Chemical Company wit h t he r obot wer e
minor ; we shar ed t his infor mat ion wit h
iRobot Cor p who honour ed much of t he
r epair s under war r ant y.
When we int egr at ed t he sensor s
int o t he r obot , one t hing we looked for
was sensor s t hat wer e mat ur e. One of
t he benefit s of t hat is t hat t hese
det ect or s ar e fair ly well packaged. The
JCAD candidat e or r at her t he
commer cial ver sion, t he 3.2E is
wat er pr oof wit h t he r ain cap closed; we
modified t he UDR14 so t hat was
wat er pr oof when you had a connect or
plugged int o it , so you didnt have t o
r ely on t he IR emit t er t hat it usually
uses t o t r ansmit dat a. Because t he
Mult iRae is not submer sible we had t o
mount t hat on t he ar m of t he r obot so
t he chassis could st ill go t hr ough
st r eams wit hout affect ing t he det ect or.
We looked at t he limit at ions of t he
det ect or s and addr essed t hem as best we
could wit hout compr omising t heir
per for mance; one example of t hat is t hat
t her e is a box on t he chassis t hat can be
r emot ely opened or closed, so if t her e is
a need, for st r eam cr ossing, you can
close t he box which seals t he det ect or s
in t he box unt il it is safe t o open it again
and r esume your sampling mission.
Sept ember will see t he end of t he
funding for t he ACTD, but what of t he
fut ur e for CUGV? Will t her e be a chance
for it t o live in some br ave new wor ld,
or will it be for ced t o dr eam of elect r ic
sheep? We at ECBC will move ont o
ot her pr oject s, possibly wit h t he r obot
t o see whet her we can t r ansfer ot her
capabilit ies, said Annuziat o. The ot her
t hing about t he r obot being t r ansit ioned
t o JPM NBC CA is t hey will be t he ones
picking it up and giving it t o soldier s in
t he field. I t hink t he pr ocur ement plan
is t o put 15 of t hem on an out fit such as
t he 95t h a specific unit t hat has some
det ect or s, SCBA gear and t he r obot , and
t hat would be deployed t o handle sit e-
exploit at ion r oles. What or iginally
happened was t hat t he r obot , because of
it s cost , was not viewed as an essent ial
it em mor e a nice t o have but once
Major Gener al Reeves saw it he said, I
want t hese int egr at ed int o t he set s, so
t hey will be phased in.
The CUGV pr ogr amme is a good
example of what is happening in CBRN
UGVs: t he t echnology is t her e t o be
used, t her e ar e commer cial var iant s
available now (see t he Roundup at t he
back of t his edit ion), t hat shows t his is
way past pr oof of pr incipal, yet it is t he
doct r ine of usage t hat holds it back. UGV
use in ar eas of gr oss cont aminat ion is
one easy fit yet , wit h t he except ion of
TICs at t acks, t his becomes an expensive
t ool. Also, much of CBR det ect ion is
based on common sense; t her e ar e
numer ous st or ies of high r eadings on
chemical det ect or s while bir ds wer e st ill
flying ar ound, or bio det ect or s going
nut s when a her d of camels walked
passed common sense is st ill one of
t he best det ect or s and t his cannot be
planned int o a UGV. That said, t her e is
always t he golf bag appr oach, t hat you
ar e a mor e ver sat ile r esponder if you
have t he asset s t han if you dont .
Clear ly, in much t he same way t hat t his
is happening acr oss CBRN gener ally,
UGVs will become mult idisciplinar y,
eit her br ist ling wit h explosive, nar cot ics
or CBR det ect or s, or wit h a sensor suit e
t o suit t he package.
Once users get their hands on UGVs they find new roles for them iRobot
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BoS: What level of capability is the
Swedish military trying to build in
CBRN? Are you looking to improve on
your current level?
MR: Dur ing t he last few year s we have
changed t he focus of our CBRN-defence.
Ear lier we had a mor e r eact ive
appr oach, which focused mainly on
decont aminat ion and r ecover y aft er an
incident had occur r ed. Today, we use
our unit wit h t eams and st aff officer s
pr imar ily in an int elligence and
r econnaissance cont ext t o sur vey and
map pot ent ial t hr eat s befor e t hey can
affect us. This way we t r y t o avoid or
minimise t hr eat s by adapt ing our
behaviour t o t he cur r ent sit uat ion.
On t he field we use our Light Role
CBRN t eams for r econnaissance, sur vey
wit h sampling, et c, t oget her wit h our
mobile field analysis labor at or ies and
exper t s t o make fact -based est imat ions.
We also st ill keep a sufficient
decont aminat ion capacit y.
BoS: Sweden being apart from Nato,
but heavily involved in peacekeeping,
has a different range of challenges to
other expeditionary nations. Do you
consider the major challenges are toxic
industrial chemicals (TICs) rather than
CWAor BWA?
MR: Yes. In our peacekeeping missions
t he common r ealit y is oft en poor or
damaged indust r ial infr ast r uct ur e r at her
t han at t ack. This may cause pr oblems
r elat ed t o t oxic indust r ial mat er ials
(TIMs) and/or envir onment al and
indust r ial healt h hazar ds (EIHH) which
we have t o be awar e of and pr epar ed t o
deal wit h. In t he last few year s we have
focused much of t he t r aining of our
CBRN t eams t owar ds t hese kinds of
challenges, especially TICs and t oxic
indist r ial r adiological (TIR) mat er ials.
We st ill, however, also have t o maint ain
and cont inue t o develop our capabilit y
t owar ds t he t r adit ional CBRN-t hr eat s
wit h CWA and BWA.
BoS: Sweden has always tried hard to
remain neutral in major conflicts; now
that the Cold War is long behind us,
could we see a lowering in the
protection factor for Swedish PPE to
allow them to operate both faster and
quicker in the hot zone?
MR: The Nor dic Bat t le Gr oup 2008, wit h
Sweden as fr amewor k nat ion, is a st ep
in t he dir ect ion t o oper at e fast er in
conflict zones. Finland has t he
r esponsibilit y for t he CBRN unit in NBG
2008, and Sweden cont r ibut e t o t his
wit h a Light Role CBRN t eam. The next
Swedish-led bat t le gr oup will be
oper at ional in 2011, and t he plan is t hat
Sweden will be r esponsible for t he main
body of t he CBRN-unit . The pr ot ect ion
fact or for our soldier s is pr obably higher
t han ever befor e due t o bet t er
equipment and t r aining.
BoS: Many nations are looking at some
of the challenges that CBRNe is
bringing such as forensics, CBR-
IEDs, rapid biological detection,
explosive and narcotic detection. Is the
Swedish MoD looking to try and deliver
a serious capability in any of these?
MR Yes, we have a co-oper at ion t hat
involves t he Swedish Defence Resear ch
Agency (FOI) and sever al act or s fr om
t he ar med for ces on t hese mat t er s. For
t he fut ur e we ar e also looking int o a
closer co-oper at ion wit h t he civilian
police and cust oms, and we ar e
planning t o conduct field exer cises
Swedish
made
Major Martin Risberg, Chief of Operations of the Swedish CBRN Defence Unit,
tells Brian OShea about improving their CBRN defence capability
Swedish operations have meant a greater understanding of TICs threats Swedish MoD
Swedish made
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t oget her dur ing aut umn 2008. Our
mobile field analysis labor at or y is one of
t he key fact or s in t his.
BoS: What advantages do FOI and the
live agent training area at Ume bring
to the Swedish military? Do you need
to supplement your cold weather
agent training with some warm
weather live agent training, or is
enough confidence engendered that
the climate doesn't matter?
MR: The locat ion of t he Swedish
Nat ional CBRN Defence Cent r e in Ume
t oget her wit h FOI gives us gr eat
advant ages and we wor k closely
t oget her on a daily basis. We have an
exchange of per sonnel in bot h
dir ect ions, and ar e cont inuously
developing our co-oper at ion. The
per sonnel in our field analysis
labor at or ies come fr om FOI. We use
exper t s fr om FOI in our unit s, as
suppor t for t r aining and as r each-back
on oper at ions. We believe it t o be an
absolut e necessit y t o wor k t his way t o
be able t o maint ain and develop a high
pr ofessional level for our unit , and bot h
par t ies gain much fr om t his symbiosis.
Our exchange wit h Gr eat Br it ain and
t heir light r ole CBRN t eam has also
been ver y fr uit ful and valuable.
We ar e planning t o build an indoor live
agent t r aining facilit y at t he CBRN
Defence Cent r e her e in Ume. Ther e it
will be possible t o simulat e differ ent
kinds of climat e, including a t r opical
climat e. This will dr amat ically incr ease
our live agent t r aining capabilit ies all
year r ound. It will give us t he possibilit y
t o t r ain wit h live CW agent s such as
Sar in, VX and HD but also TICs, LLRs
and some B-simulant s.
BoS: Do you still see the army taking
the lead position on CBRN, much in
advance of the air force and navy?
While many of the combat arms are
becoming capability focused, is CBRN
still an army activity?
MR: The Swedish Nat ional CBRN
Defence Cent r e is or ganised in t he
ar mys chain of command, but our
r esponsibilit y cover s t he ent ir e ar med
for ces. The cent r e has t wo main t asks.
The fir st is t o pr oduce and t r ain
Swedens specialised CBRN unit s. In
t his r ole, we have so far t r ained and
wor ked most ly wit h ar my unit s. The
ot her t ask is t o be a compet ence cent r e
r egar ding CBRN mat t er s. This includes
t he development of new CBRN
equipment and war ning/r epor t ing
syst ems, t o conduct CBRN exer cises and
cour ses and t o give guidance and
suppor t in CBRN mat t er s. In t his r ole
we wor k wit h all br anches and ser vices
in t he ar med for ces. At t he cent r e we
have officer s fr om all t hr ee ser vices
r epr esent ed, even t hough most have an
ar my backgr ound.
BoS: There was a desire at one stage to
try and deliver a Scandinavian CBRN
capability in much the same way that
has been achieved for helicopters, etc.
What happened to this plan?
MR: Ther e ar e discussions about t his on
a polit ical level, but so far no decisions
have been made. Ther e is also a
suggest ion t o develop a Eur opean
CBRNe secur it y cent r e her e in Ume
based on t he t r init y of FOI, Ume
Univer sit y and t he Swedish nat ional
CBRN Defence Cent r e.
BoS: SWEDEC is a well-respected
institution internationally. What are
the links between the two organis-
ations like and are you trying to move
closer together?
MR: SWEDEC, locat ed in Eksj in
sout her n Sweden, is r esponsible for
pr oviding a CBRN-EOD t eam t o our
unit , and unt il now we have t r ained
t oget her on a r egular basis. This has
wor ked well and we have found t his
solut ion sufficient . In 2008 changes in
t he peacet ime pr oduct ion, or ganisat ion
and deployment of t he ent ir e Swedish
ar med for ces will be analysed in or der
t o r educe cost s. It is t oo ear ly t o t ell
what will come out of t his, but so far
t her e no plans have been ment ioned t o
move t he t wo cent r es closer t oget her.
BoS: Colonel Ohrstrand, from Norway,
mentioned he was concerned that, as
CBRN became more complicated, it
would create the same level of haves
and have-nots that other military
areas suffer from that you are
operationally constrained by budget.
(CBRNeWorld, Winter 2007.) Is this a
view to which you subscribe?
MR: Thus far our CBRN unit has been
pr ior it ised and we have a high st andar d
of CBRN equipment . Due t o financial
cut backs in t he ar med for ces budget ,
t he development of our CBRN capabilit y
in t he near fut ur e is uncer t ain.
BoS: What are the main targets and
goals for the Centre in the next five-
ten years?
MR To cont inue t he development of t he
cent r e t o become bot h nat ionally and
int er nat ionally appr eciat ed and sought
aft er for our compet ence, t r aining and
CBRN-unit s. To make sur e t he Swedish
ar med for ces ar e t ot ally int er oper able
concer ning our CBRN defence capacit y
in t er ms of connect ion t o STANAG 2150.
To have our indoor t r aining facilit y fully
r unning in 2012, and t o oper at e wit h
our CBRN unit s on a r egular basis in
int er nat ional oper at ions.
Swedens mobile lab gives them greater analytical capability Swedish MoD
62'228568,76
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Skvl vAL EvOL1l ON

&OREXPERTANDINFORMEDDISCUSSIONON
HOWTOFACEYOUR#"2.THREATCONTACT
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%MAIL fronLline@renploy.co.uk
53! 4EL +1 703 47 7404
%MAIL fronLline@renploy.con
www.renployfronLline.con
35(3$5(')25$1<7+,1*
I
T is difficult t o look at any
development of SCBA wit hout t aking
int o account Level A pr ot ect ive suit s.
Ther e is no par t icular r eason why t his
might be t he case; self-cont ained
br eat hing appar at us (SCBA) can be
used in low-oxygen envir onment as
much as a highly t oxic one, but t his
coupling is par t and par cel of SCBAs
hist or y. The major wor ldwide user of
SCBA ar e fir e ser vices, and if t hey ar e
going int o a low-oxygen envir onment
or a highly t oxic one t her e is also a
st r ong likelihood of fir e, which means
t hey need t he t hick, fir e r et ar dant suit
t o go wit h t heir br eat hing appar at us. It
has also meant SCBA is t est ed and
st andar dised t o suit t he main user,
which doesnt always suit t he new
gener at ion of CBRN r esponder who
might also need t o ent er a highly t oxic,
or low-oxygen, envir onment and need
similar pr ot ect ion and air supply. Does
t his mean t her e is a r evolut ion in
design of SCBA, or ar e t he milit ar y and
t act ical police user s having t o cut t he
foot t o fit t he shoe?
In t er ms of t he SWAT t eams in t he
US, t her e is definit ely foot cut t ing going
on, as Jim Naylor, Business Development
Manager of Avon Pr ot ect ion, point ed out .
Ot her cust omer s havent r eally managed
t o change design concept s, and it is a
significant issue, he said. Typically, t he
law enfor cement communit y looks for a
Niosh appr oval cer t ificat e as oft en t he
Feder al gr ant syst em needs t hat so t o
get t he funds for t he SCBAit needs t o be
appr oved. Appr oved SCBAmeans
Nat ional Fir e Pr ot ect ion Associat ion
(NFPA) appr oved all t he fir e
r equir ement s and t her e is a r aft of
issues wher e t hat is a pr oblem. You
might have t wo alar ms, light s and a bell
t hen your per sonal aler t safet y syst em
(PASS) device, or man-down alar m, and
t he man-down alar m has t o be hear d a
good dist ance away. You also have high
heat r equir ement , which imposes cer t ain
mat er ials on t he kit , like Kevlar
har nesses, which t he police dont
necessar ily want as t hey ar e not going t o
be fight ing fir es; t hey want somet hing
light er, mor e cover t and cheaper, et c.
Anot her issue is t hat t he mask is
designed t o maximise your field of vision;
it is a bulky mask, which is gr eat for fir e
but is no good if you have t o use a r ifle
or micr oscope wher e you need t o get t he
device up t o t he mask.
It is a gr eat er pr oblem in t he US,
and SWAT t eams ar e having t o buy
t hings t hat ar e not Niosh (Nat ional
Inst it ut e for Occupat ional Safet y and
Healt h) appr oved at t he moment . The
Nat ional Inst it ut e of Just ice (NIJ) wer e
looking at t his issue, and I hear d
r umour s t hey wer e going t o br ing in
st andar ds of t heir own, but I dont t hink
it made much pr ogr ess. What we ar e
seeing is t hat people ar e buying M53-
t ype masks, and SCBA as well basically
st uff t hat has been t hr ough ECBC live
agent t est ing and milit ar y t est ing but
not civil t est ing.
Scot t Healt h and Safet ys Tony
Picket t agr eed t he US had a pr oblem
wit h t he st andar ds pr ocedur e.
Compar ed t o t he US, Eur ope has it a
lit t le easier, in t hat our st andar ds ar e not
quit e as design r est r ict ive. So wher eas in
t he US it is Niosh and NFPA, in t he UK
we use t he Eur opean st andar ds EN137.
Wher e t he US st andar ds ar e ver y
dict at or ial in t hat you must have specific
t hings, Eur opean st andar ds have mor e
flexibilit y Eur opean st andar ds r equir e
you must meet per for mance
r equir ement s, but you dont have t o
have mandat or y feat ur es. US st andar ds
ar e int er est ing, as you have Niosh as t he
Feder al st andar d and NFPA is an
insur ance st andar d. It is not for mally
mandat ed, but if your cit y doesnt chose
an NFPA BA set t hen you find it ver y
difficult t o get insur ance for t he cit y and
t he per sonal liabilit y for t he fir efight er s.
So it is not mandat or y, but you have t o
t ake it ! Ther e is beginning t o be a
backlash against it as t hey ar e st icking
all t hese bells and whist les on t hese set s
and get t ing so advanced, and fir e
br igades ar e saying, Sor r y, we cant
affor d t o spend $10,000 on a set of BA
it is get t ing out of hand. That is being
said behind t he scenes. A lot of t hat is
down t o NFPA; because t hey have a lot
of volunt eer fir efight er s in t he US and
t hey have less t r aining t ime t han you
would in a pr ofessional fir e br igade in
Eur ope, so t hey balance it wit h mor e
sophist icat ed kit .
Yet par t of t he pr oblem wit h t he
development of SCBA for t he non-
fir efight er is wor king out what t hey
want t o do wit h it . Level A suit s impose
a massive heat st r ess on t he oper at or,
meaning he can st and about 40 minut es
in t he suit and har dly by coincidence
t he life of an SCBA canist er is 45
minut es. So what does t he oper at or
want t o do in a CBRN incident in 45
minut es? Oft en t his is eit her t oo shor t
or t oo long (if you need t o go int o a
scene in Level A t her e ar e not likely t o
be many people t o r escue). Jim Naylor
agr eed t her e needs t o be a ser ious
consider at ion of r equir ement s. The
civilian, or non-fir e, use of SCBA for fir st
r esponder s is in it s infancy, and I dont
t hink police for ces have necessar ily
t hought t hr ough what t hey want , he
said. We ar e wor king wit h t hem t o
define t he r equir ement and t o look at
t he st andar d as a separ at e issue and
Does SCBA have to be wedded
to level A? CBRNe World
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Gwyn Winfield looks at the changes
that new user requirements for CBRN
are having on the development of SCBA
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focusing on t he per for mance of kit .
Ther e is an int er est in shor t -dur at ion,
dynamic ent r y BA t hat might only have
t en minut es of air somet imes less
but can swit ch t o a filt er. If t hey ar e
going int o a hazar dous envir onment
t hey ar e int er est ed in long-dur at ion BA
t hat might have 30-40 minut es of air,
but t he full doct r ine and t act ics have not
been complet ely wor ked out .
Tony Picket t agr eed it was st ill ver y
ear ly for non-Fir e SCBA r equir ement s.
In t er ms of t act ical squads in t he UK
we havent had much call for t hem t o be
wear ing full BA. That is t he pr eser ve of
t he US SWAT t eams, wher e t hey ar e
going for shor t -t er m BA. We havent had
t he Eur opean police coming t o us t hey
ar e st ill get t ing t hemselves ar ound
escape hoods and r espir at or s. Ther e is
st ill quit e a big gap bet ween US SWAT
t eams and Eur opean t eams who t end t o
be a bit mor e discr et e.
Bot h agr eed t hat one of t he lat est
innovat ions was t he abilit y t o have a
negat ive-pr essur e r espir at or wit h a
posit ive-pr essur e valve, which t he user
could t hen swap bet ween, allowing t hem
an independent air supply when needed.
Avon manufact ur e t he ST53, which
allows t his funct ion, but how is it t o be
used? One opt ion would be for t he user
t o go down-r ange on his r espir at or, and
t hen when appr oaching t he expect ed air
of high concent r at ion under gr ound or
in buildings is able t o swap t o BA. The
ot her opt ion would be t o wat ch t he
concent r at ion bar s for example on a
CAM and swap in and out of negat ive
and posit ive pr essur e as t he concen-
t r at ion changes. The fir st opt ion is only
an ext ension of t ime down-r ange (and
much t he same r esult can be made by
mobilit y impr ovement s (Segways et c);
t he second opt ion r equir es a higher
degr ee of t r aining t o know what is a
t hr eat and what isnt . This is wher e t he
t act ics and doct r ine have not been fully
wor ked out , agr eed Jim Naylor. You
ar e advancing t o your object ive on a
filt er t hough it could be a power ed
r espir at or which gives you mor e
pr ot ect ion. A long-dur at ion flow of air
could be guided by your alar m an O2
alar m and t oxic gas alar m so if one
goes off at X level t hen you swit ch t o BA.
You will also need your t act ics wor ked
out as well, so if you have a t en minut e
BA set t hen what is t he scenar io? You
ar e going t o be in an unknown
envir onment for a ver y shor t t ime, so
what ar e you doing? If you have a long-
dur at ion BA on, t he pot ent ial is t her e t o
ent er t he highly t oxic envir onment and
keep monit or ing. Pot ent ially t her e is a
decision point has t he concent r at ion
r educed t o a point wher e you can swit ch
t o filt er and r emain, which is t he idea,
or has it r emained highly t oxic so you
should t hink about exit ing?
Since SCBA is linked t o t he Level A
suit , which doesnt seem t o show any
par t icular abilit y t o shed it s high
physiological bur den, how does it
impr ove and move t o t he next level or
has it r eached a plat eau unt il t he suit s
have changed? Tony Picket t agr eed t hat
t he development has st illed. We have
just launched a new r ange of BA set s; we
looked at people who make r ucksacks
and used some of t heir t echniques in
our manufact ur e, so we dont have a
r igid composit e backplat e as we did
pr eviously, he said. That has enabled
us t o make it light er t han befor e and
t her mofor med element s of it - t o sculpt
it t o a per sons back. We ar e get t ing t o
t he place wher e t her e is nowher e much
t o go; on t he light est set we have t he
backplat e weighs a kilo and t he
pneumat ics weight a kilo, so a BA set
wit hout a cylinder weighs t wo kilos. So
if you save t en per cent of t hat weight , it
is only 200 gr ams it is not a big deal,
so fr om now on get t ing t hem light er is
t he law of diminishing r et ur ns.
Ther e ar e var ious t hings t hat we
can look at , such as t he elect r onics and
t elemet r y which ar e huge issues; it is
not t he BA set but
r at her t he t hings t hat
int er face wit h t hat
BA set , such as t he
dist r ess signal unit s
which int er face
wit h t he set and
t ell people out side
how fast you ar e
br eat hing, et c.
Pneumat ics got
as good as t hey
can get five or
six year s ago;
you would have
t o be super-
human t o
out br eat h t hese
t hings; 1,000 lit r es
per minut e is just
number s you dont need
t o put development int o t hose.
Jim Naylor suggest ed t he most
t echnological opt ion was not always t he
best . A milit ar y r espir at or has been
designed t o be used in highly t oxic
envir onment s, so if you ar e in a t act ical
envir onment and have a pr oper ly
int egr at ed suit and mask and it is not
oxygen deficient t hen t her e is a st r ong
ar gument t o say you can use a filt er in
quit e highly t oxic envir onment s, he
said. SCBA does gives you t hat opt ions,
and t he shor t -dur at ion BA can wor k off
t he quick fir st br eat h syst em so you
put your hand over t he filt er, br eat he in
quickly and t hat set s t he air off if you
need it . You can t her efor e be cover t if
you need t o.
It is fair t o say t hat unt il t he
milit ar y become a significant user of
SCBA and t her e ar e appr oximat ely a
million fir efight er s in Ger many who
need SCBA t hey will have t o find a
way of wor king wit h civilian SCBA.
Special For ces ar e differ ent , in t hat t hey
will waive healt h and safet y for
oper at ional success and adapt t heir
SCBA, as will some of t he Naval EOD
unit s who also use SCBA. Police
for ces, on t he ot her hand, will have t o
make do, especially in t he US. Ther e is
supposed t o be a new st andar d coming
in, based on t he ISO levels, but t hat
would mean finding agr eement bet ween
Eur opean, Amer ican and Japanese
st andar ds, which will be a
difficult t r ick t o pull off,
but since fir e ser vices ar e
t he main r ecipient s of
any st andar ds t hey ar e
likely t o look like t he
NFPA. While t hose
st andar ds set t he bar for
SCBA, t hey will be bot h a
development pat h and a
ser ious cur t ailment t o
r evolut ionar y
development t hough
development s in
doct r ine t hat will
allow an effect ive use of
devices like Avons
ST53, Dr aeger s
PAPR-G, Scot t s
Pr opak CBRN or
Wilcoxs Pat r iot
will pay t he
gr eat est
dividends in t he
shor t t er m.
SCBA seems to have reached its lightest extent CBRNe World
S o l u t i o ns f o r Mi l i t ar y Appl i c at i o ns
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1695 711711
Email: scott.sales.uk@tycoint.com
Finland
Tel: +358 (0)6 3244 543 and -544
Email: scott.sales.fin@tycoint.com
WHE N C AL L I NG, P L E AS E QUOT E R E F : CBRNE WORL D_ MAR_ 2 0 0 7
www.scottsafety.com
RES PI RATORY
PROTECTI ON
Scott are specialists in the design and manufacture of respiratory protection equipment. They supply military customers with self-
contained breathing apparatus, escape sets, airline breathing equipment and air purifying filters and masks across the globe.
A comprehensive range of powered air purifying respirators for Civil Defence applications is also part of the Scott portfolio. Scott
are at the cutting edge of respiratory protection technology, developing new products, providing the highest levels of protection,
meeting latest operational requirements and standards. Visit www.scottsafety.com for details.
CBRNE WORLD_JUNE_2008
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OLLECTIVE pr ot ect ion
somet imes seems like t he black
sheep of t he CBRN defence family.
Ever ybody get s a gas mask. Sensor s get
t hemselves hear d. People list en t o
war ning and r epor t ing. Decon has it s
own solut ions (bad pun). Medical
count er measur es ar e like a shot in t he
ar m. Then t her e is Colpr o. It s like t he
weat her ever ybody t alks about it but
nobody does anyt hing about it .
Colpr o is oft en consider ed simply t o
be a t ent pr essur ised wit h clean air. This
definit ion falls shor t of cover ing all
t ypes of Colpr o but does hint at a mor e
ser ious definit ion: pr ot ect ion pr ovided
t o gr oup of individuals in a CBRN
envir onment , which per mit s r elaxat ion
of individual CBRN pr ot ect ion.
Doct r inally, Colpr o is on a par wit h
ot her component s of CBRN defence
ignor e Colpr o and you leave a
vulner abilit y t o be exploit ed, bypassing
all t hose ot her CBRN defensive
measur es you fielded. It even has it s
own sub-cat egor y in Nat o doct r ine
under physical pr ot ect ion. It s
t echnology is r elat ively simple; it s use is
as st r aight for war d as pit ching a t ent and
pumping up a beach ball. Why t hen is
Colpr o t he over looked child of t he
CBRN family?
Just a few year s ago, Colpr o was
t hought t o be expensive t o oper at e
t her e wer e r umour s of up t o 150,000
eur os per day for consumables. It was
also manpower-int ensive t o er ect and
oper at e. Big and bulky, and demanding
in st or age, t r anspor t at ion and oper at ing
space, not t o ment ion power, it seemed
t o be t he fir st candidat e t o be shoved
aside when nat ions and for ces wer e
deciding how best t o use scar ce funds t o
est ablish defences against CBRN.
Today, Colpr o is in t he ascendancy as
supplier s jump on t he bandwagon, pr ices
become mor e r easonable and it s logist ic
bur den is r educed. Incr easingly, secur it y
for ces ar e viewing it as a vit al component
in t heir CBRN defensive pr epar at ions.
The case for Colpro
What has never been in quest ion is t hat
Colpr o ser ves secur it y for ces in sever al
dist inct and impor t ant ways. At t he t op
of t he list ar e command post s and
medical-sur gical inst allat ions, followed
by r est and r ecuper at ion and
maint enance and r epair.
Per sonnel in key command and cont r ol
unit s cannot be expect ed t o execut e
t heir dut ies efficient ly while wear ing
individual pr ot ect ive equipment (IPE)
over ext ended dur at ions, nor can t hey
affor d t o disr upt t heir act ivit ies t o
evacuat e a cont aminat ed or t hr eat ened
ar ea. Their wor k is cr it ical t o t he success
of t heir mission and must cont inue
unint er r upt ed. Imagine t he alt er nat ive:
Patrol Zero-Eight, this is Command
Post. We have reports of hostile
elements in your area. Standby for
details, over. Oops, Patrol Zero-Eight,
Command Post, we have to evacuate for
a while Um keep your eyes and
ears open and we will get back to you
when we are operational again. Oh
yeah, you might wish to don your gas
mask and other IPE.
Medical and sur gical pat ient s ar e oft en
incapable of donning pr ot ect ive gear or
being moved easily, par t icular ly t hr ough
CBRN cont aminat ion. In addit ion,
medical pr act it ioner s can suffer
danger ous losses of efficiency and
effect iveness when encumber ed in IPE.
It is easy t o under st and t he difficult ies
t his can cause.
Rest and r ecuper at ion r epr esent
anot her impor t ant use for Colpr o.
Anybody who has wor n IPE can at t est t o
it s effect s on fat igue and oper at ional
efficiency. At t emper at ur es above 15
degr ees Celsius, t ime on t ask is sever ely
limit ed by t he bur den of wear ing
pr ot ect ive clot hing. Heat buildup,
physical exer t ion, br eat hing r esist ance,
r educed mobilit y and flexibilit y, t hir st
and hunger cont r ibut e t o over all fat igue,
causing per sonnel t o, sooner or lat er,
seek r efuge in a clean envir onment ,
eit her some dist ance fr om t he
cont aminat ion or mor e locally in Colpr o.
Bodily funct ions ar e anot her vict im
of t he limit at ions of CBRN pr ot ect ive
clot hing. While moder n IPE pr ovides for
hydr at ion via dr inking t ubes and
int egr al wat er supplies, quant it ies ar e
limit ed. Ot her essent ial funct ions
eat ing, sleeping, ur inat ing and
defecat ing ar e quit e impr act ical for
wear er s of IPE. Ther e might come a
point at which t he user would be
t empt ed t o weigh t he r isks of subject ing
himself t o CBRN cont aminat ion t o
at t end t o t hese mat t er s, but sur ely we
have an obligat ion t o pr ovide a mor e
accept able solut ion?
Afour t h major applicat ion of Colpr o
is t o pr ovide a haven for delicat e wor k
such as maint enance and r epair s of high-
t echnology equipment . If t his delicat e
wor k cannot be done by per sonnel
wear ing IPE, and if it is mission-cr it ical
and cannot be moved t o a clean ar ea,
t hen Colpr o offer s a viable alt er nat ive.
This br ings up one of t he ar gument s
against Colpr o t hat it is a milit ar y
left over fr om t he Cold War when
planner s ant icipat ed ext ensive ar eas of
An in-tents
experience
Lieutenant-Colonel Rick Barker, Canadian Forces Director of
CBRN Defence, assesses the need for collective protection (Colpro)
and asks what elements are required for effective protection
Eur ope would be cont aminat ed but t hat
oper at ions would have t o cont inue. Now
we envisage CBRN at t acks t o cause
cont aminat ion over much smaller ar eas,
allowing affect ed for ces t o move easily
away fr om t he hazar ds. While t hese ar e
logical conclusions, t hey do not account
for t he necessit y t o enable t he
cont inuit y of oper at ions amid
cont aminat ion or under t hr eat of it .
Somet imes, you just cannot r un away!
Types of Colpro
Colpr o is nor mally divided int o t hr ee
classes: fixed sit e Colpr o, mobile Colpr o
and t r anspor t able Colpr o. The pr inciples
ar e t he same but t he applicat ions ar e, of
cour se, differ ent .
Fixed sit e Colpr o consist s of
pr oviding pr ot ect ion t o all or par t of a
fixed inst allat ion. Thus it can be
consider ed t he moder n-day equivalent
of t he Cold War bomb shelt er a
specialised sanct uar y wit hin an exist ing,
solid st r uct ur e. Some nat ions r equir e
all public buildings t o have Colpr o ar eas
t o ser ve as havens for occupant s and
local r esident s in t ime of need.
Mobile Colpr o offer s a similar sor t of
pr ot ect ion for moving plat for ms.
Ar mour ed vehicles, par t icular ly t heir
CBRN r econnaissance var iant s, oft en
feat ur e t his capabilit y. The cit adel ar eas
on naval ships ar e also good examples
t hey do an effect ive job of allowing
oper at ions t o cont inue apace despit e
cont aminat ion or t he t hr eat t her eof.
Air planes have t he luxur y of oper at ing
wher e even cont aminat ion cannot go, at
least unt il t hey r un out of fuel.
Tr anspor t able Colpr o (somet imes
called deployable Colpr o) is what most
oft en spr ings t o mind when people
t hink of collect ive pr ot ect ion. We have
all seen phot os of t he r ows and r ows of
t ent s at coalit ion encampment s in t he
Middle East . While not all ar e
Colpr oequipped, t hey ar e all
candidat es. As t he name suggest s, t his
var iet y can be t r anspor t ed t o, and made
funct ional in, it s int ended ar ea of use.
Requirements and components
Some component s of Colpro syst ems are
fairly predict able. For inst ance, Colpro
must provide prot ect ion against t he same
hazards for which gas masks and IPE are
designed. There are, however, many ot her
design considerat ions. Nat o has had a
long line of St andardisat ion Agreement s
(STANAGs) governing Colpro. The lat est
is STANAG 4634, st ill in draft form,
ent it led Colpro in a CBRN Environment.
It is a covering document for Allied
Engineering Publicat ion (AEP) 54 of t he
same t it le, a companion t o Allied
Technical Publicat ion (ATP) 70. These
document s out line t he many design
feat ures t hat cont ribut e t o t he successful
acquisit ion and employment of Colpro.
The basic component s of Colpr o ar e
t he shelt er it self, a power supply and an
air filt r at ion syst em wit h air
condit ioning and heat ing. Once t hese
have been est ablished, t he syst em needs
t o be designed t o accommodat e t he
r equir ed number of per sonnel, along
wit h t heir t echnical needs and per sonal
r equir ement s. These aspect s include
such feat ur es as: sufficient wor king space
and headr oom; conduit s and por t als for
int er nal power and communicat ions;
wat er supplies and wast e disposal
syst ems and; st or age ar eas.
The st r uct ur e of t he Colpr o also
deser ves consider at ion. It should be easy
and fast t o er ect , r equir ing minimal
human involvement . Some syst ems on
t he mar ket use pr essur ised air beams
t o for m t he skelet on, making set up a
simple mat t er of pumping up t he ent ir e
assembly. False floor s can allow power
and wat er supplies t o be est ablished wit h
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Colpro still fights for its place in rapid operations CBRNe World
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minimal disr upt ion t o t he inhabit ant s.
Colpr o st r uct ur es need t o have war ning
and monit or ing syst ems t o indicat e
when filt r at ion must be st ar t ed and
when it can be ceased, and int er nal
pr essur e sensor s t o war n of impending
syst em failur e.
The syst em should pr ovide a met hod
of bypassing t he filt er s for nor mal
oper at ions and a means of swit ching
r apidly or aut omat ically t o filt r at ion
mode when hazar ds ar e det ect ed. The
lat t er would r equir e int egr at ion wit h
sensor s and a command and infor mat ion
syst em, a small st ep consider ing moder n
advancement s in t hese element s of
CBRN defence.
The design of Colpr o should
facilit at e it s use and r eadiness, and
r educe it s logist ic bur den. For milit ar y
uses, it should be of appr opr iat e
camouflage design t hat r ender s it
indist inct fr om ot her mission shelt er s,
and r esist ant t o flame, fading, and
damage fr om commonly used liquids. It
must be easy t o t r anspor t on land, sea or
air vehicles. To accommodat e a var iet y
of missions, it should be of modular
design and, ideally, compat ible wit h
syst ems of ot her user s and
manufact ur er s; ie, int er oper able.
A cont aminat ion cont r ol ar ea must
be included t o ser ve as t he int er face
bet ween t he int er nal t oxic-fr ee ar ea and
any ext er nal cont aminat ion. This
nor mally involves double-door
ent r ances equipped wit h air locks.
Shower s (war m wat er, hopefully),
changing ar eas, clean clot hing and
disposal for cont aminat ed at t ir e ar e
among t he r equir ement s for per sonnel
ent er ing t he shelt er.
Employment considerations
Colpr o is not r equir ed for ever y
secur it y sit uat ion and must always be
t ailor ed t o t he oper at ing envir onment .
Secur it y for ces should have st r at egic
guidance t o enable t hem t o decide how
t o include Colpr o in t heir oper at ional
planning. Commander s who
under st and t he pr os and cons of Colpr o
can plan mor e effect ively t o t ake
advant age of what it offer s.
The pr imar y consider at ion is t hat of
t hr eat ; ie, would Colpr o cont r ibut e t o
t he mission based upon t he hazar ds
likely t o be encount er ed? The t er r ain of
t he oper at ing ar ea also has an effect on
t he decision t o employ Colpr o, as do t he
size and disper sion of t he cont ingent
t he manpower demands of t he syst em
might over t ax a small for ce. Even when
Colpr o is deployed, usage decisions
r emain. It can and should be kept in
var ying st at es of r eadiness deployed,
er ect ed or act ivat ed accor ding t o t he
most r ecent appr eciat ion of t he t hr eat .
Shelter management
For Colpr o t o be effect ive in pr oviding
pr ot ect ion, all user s must st r ict ly follow
t he r ules of t he cont aminat ion cont r ol
ar ea, t o pr eser ve t he clean envir onment
wit hin t he t oxic fr ee ar ea. Oper at ing a
Colpr o facilit y r equir es a full-t ime
shelt er st aff t o oper at e and maint ain t he
air and hazar d-monit or ing syst ems, and
manage t he decont aminat ion pr ocess
and cont aminat ion cont r ol ar ea
funct ions. Pr incipal t asks include:
er ect ing and st r iking t he shelt er ;
oper at ing and maint aining t he
mechanical syst ems; ensur ing t hat
syst em int egr it y is maint ained and t hat
pr ot ect ion is effect ive; r egulat ing t he
flow of per sonnel ent er ing and leaving
t he shelt er.
The future
Colpr o is a mat ur e t echnology t hat
meet s t he needs of t odays secur it y
for ces. That said, it needs t o at least
keep pace wit h developing t hr eat s and
t echnologies so t hat it r emains a viable
component of CBRN defence int o t he
fut ur e. Any t echnology t hat pr omises t o
r educe t he logist ic bur den of Colpr o
would be welcomed and should be
pur sued. Similar ly, any means of
simplifying t he set up of t he shelt er and
r educing t he manpower bill of r unning
it would be of gr eat benefit .
Biocidal and ot her CBRN
neut r alising mat er ials would offer
obvious benefit s, as would novel
met hods of air filt r at ion. Ser vice-life
indicat or s for t he filt er s and shelt er
mat er ial, and r eusable filt er s ar e among
t he ar eas wher e r esear ch and
development ar e war r ant ed. The Colpr o
of t omor r ow should feat ur e r educed
infr ar ed, elect r omagnet ic and noise
signat ur es, t o minimise t he chance of
it s being deliber at ely t ar get ed by host ile
element s.
However t he t hr eat evolves and
what ever t he development s of
t echnology, Colpr o has est ablished a
per manent r ole for it self in CBRN
defence, and most CBRN oper at or s can
fully expect t o par t icipat e in t heir own
in-t ent s exper ience.
Medical considerations impose even greater restrictions on Colpro CBRNe World
WARNING
THIS IS ACOLPRO-FREE
INSTALLATION
In case of a CBRN event , pat ient s ar e
asked t o hold t heir br eat hs, close t heir
eyes and cover any open incisions.
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Solutions For
A Safer Tomorrow
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EHICLE-BOURNE improvised
explosive devices (VBIEDs) are not a
new t hreat t errorist groups
around t he world have been using cars,
vans and lorries t o deliver explosive
devices t o crowded or polit ically sensit ive
sit es since t he 1920s. The UK, for inst ance,
suffered a decades-long VBIED campaign
at t he hands of t he IRAwhich began long
before t he Twin Towers at t ack, and t he
World Trade Cent re it self was at t acked in
February 1993 using a t ruck bomb. Why,
t hen, has t he perceived t hreat from
VBIEDs risen dramat ically in t he West
since 2001? Why, in t he past five years, has
t here been such emphasis and invest ment
in prot ect ing soft t arget s wit h concret e
barriers, rising bollards and blast -resist ant
glass? Above all, will t hese measures
effect ively serve t he purpose for which
t hey are int ended or, as was seen in t he
Glasgow Airport at t ack in 2007, will t hey
prove unequal t o t he t ask when t est ed?
It is likely t hat t he suicide t act ics
wit nessed on 11 Sept ember 2001, and
r epeat ed in subsequent at t acks wer e t he
major spur for t he sudden focus on over t
VBIED pr ot ect ive measur es. If a t er r or ist
is not willing t o die for t heir cause, and
wishes t o avoid being caught , t heir
opt ions for at t acking a t ar get wit h a
moving vehicle ar e limit ed t hey ar e
inst ead confined t o par king vehicles near
t heir t ar get and det onat ing t he device
wit h a r emot e cont r ol or t imer. But if t he
at t acker is willing t o die in t he at t ack, he
or she can st r ike t heir t ar get at speed,
br eaking t hr ough un-r einfor ced
per imet er s and even walls befor e
det onat ing t he payload. The pr ospect of
hoar ds of fanat ical Bin Laden follower s
cr ashing t heir way int o gover nment
buildings, nat ional monument s and
cr owded public ar eas seemed at least
possible in t he aft er mat h of 9/11, and it is
lit t le wonder t hat miles of t empor ar y
concr et e bar r ier s quickly appear ed.
Mar k Whyt e, Secur it y Consult ing and
Explosive Effect s Dir ect or for
ar chit ect ur al consult ant s TPS Consult ing,
agr eed t her e has been a definit e st ep-
change since 9/11, par t icular ly for new
building development s. London went
t hr ough t he IRAbombing campaigns in
t he 1980s and 1990s, and t he Cit y of
London had a lar ge number of measur es
put in place t o defend against t hat t hr eat ,
he said. But since 9/11 we have seen
incr ement al incr eases in t he number of
buildings being pr ot ect ed against vehicle
at t acks. We have seen a wide var iet y of
new building development s in which t his
t hr eat is t aken ser iously; wher eas five
year s ago it pr obably wouldnt have been,
VBIED pr ot ect ion is now being built int o
t hese schemes.
For example, we have wor ked on a
couple of shopping malls in r ecent
mont hs. Pr eviously you would just have
had bar r ier s t o cont r ol fr eight deliver ies
and t r affic, and even t o pr event r am-
r aiding, but not t o pr event against
t er r or ism. Now t hey ar e looking at
measur es such as r ising bollar ds, vehicles
blocker s, built -in chicanes, specially
designed r oad layout s and appr oaches t o
slow vehicles and none of t his is out of
t he or dinar y.
One of t he most effect ive prot ect ions
against a VBIED is dist ance t he furt her
t he device is kept from it s t arget , t he less
effect ive t he blast will be, and t here are
numerous guidelines available t o ensure
t his minimum dist ance is maint ained, as
Mark Whyt e explained. We are at all t imes
t rying t o achieve separat ion bet ween a
vehicle t hreat and t he st ruct ure it self, he
said. As you would expect , t he effect of
blast diminishes rapidly over dist ance, and
t here is a recognised minimum desirable
separat ion dist ance; t he way t o achieve
t his is t hrough barriers.
The immediat e r esponse aft er any
t er r or ist at t ack, such as 9/11, is t o put out
r ough-and-r eady defences, so you see
cast -concr et e blocker s, Jer sey bar r ier s and
T-walls set up. As t ime goes by, we have
seen t hose developing int o mor e
per manent solut ions. These ar e mor e
effect ive at st opping vehicles, but t he
t r ade-off is t hat t hey cant oft en achieve
t he desir ed dist ance while t hey ar e
keeping vehicles back t o a cer t ain degr ee,
t hey cannot achieve mor e t han a five-t o-
t en met r e dist ance, alt hough t his is bet t er
t han not hing.
Count er Ter r or ism consult ant and
for mer bomb disposal oper at or, Major
(r et d) Chr is Hunt er was scept ical about
t he cur r ent focus on t he exclusive use of
dist ancing as a pr ot ect ive measur e,
however, even when t he desir able
dist ance is achieved. When people r efer
t o out dat ed t ables and guidelines t o help
cr eat e a per ceived safe zone ar ound a
pr ot ect ed st r uct ur e in an ur ban ar ea
based solely on dist ance, it st r ikes me as
somewhat flawed, he said. Ther e ar e so
many differ ent fact or s t o consider when
pr ot ect ing a st r uct ur e, not least of which
ar e: what is t he t ype and nat ur e of t he
t hr eat ; wher e ar e t he sur r ounding
st r uct ur es and secondar y hazar ds; who
ar e t he most likely at t acker s and what is
t he t ype and quant it y of explosive t hey ar e
likely t o use?
At pr esent , I believe we ar e being
advised t o pr ot ect against some wholly
unr ealist ic t hr eat s which ar e pot ent ially
far lower t han we ar e likely t o act ually see
used. That begs t he quest ion: why ar e we
wast ing t ime and money doing it ?
Bomb on board
Tim Saunderson analyses the growing threat from vehicle-borne IEDs,
and asks whether current protection standards are sufficient to meet it
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Ever yone t alks about dist ance fr om a blast
being impor t ant which of cour se it is.
But t he Mach st em t heor y wher e t he
point at which t he blast waves coming
out meet t he blast waves being r eflect ed
back, for ming a point of gr eat est
dest r uct ive pot ent ial can oft en r esult in
st r uct ur es closer t o t he blast being less
affect ed t han t hose fur t her away. In
ur ban ar eas, for example, blast waves can
be amplified fur t her because t hey ar e
r eflect ed off sur r ounding buildings.
Adevice lar ger t han t hat ant icipat ed
by t he cur r ent (conser vat ive) guidelines
could t her efor e st ill cause significant
damage if exploded out side t he safe zone,
bot h t o t he int ended t ar get and t o t he
sur r ounding st r uct ur es. This pr oblem will
be fur t her exacer bat ed by t he use of
enhanced explosives and t her e is
evidence t o suggest t hat gr oups ar e
exper iment ing wit h such devices.
On 29 July 2007, t wo Mer cedes car s
wer e spot t ed par ked in t he Haymar ket
ar ea of London and ident ified as
suspicious. EOD officer s called t o t he
scenes ar e r epor t ed t o have found t hem t o
cont ain pr opane gas cylinder s wit h t heir
gas t aps open, as well as 60 lit r es of pet r ol
and nails. The following day a Jeep
Cher okee, allegedly also car r ying open
pr opane t anks and a lar ge quant it y of
pet r ol, dr ove int o t he main air por t door s
and bur st int o flames.
While t he issue has been hot ly
debat ed by explosives exper t s, it seems
likely t hat in all t hr ee cases t her e was an
at t empt t o const r uct a for m of impr ovised
fuel-air device which, had t hey
successfully det onat ed, could have caused
dozens of casualt ies, as Chr is Hunt er
explained. The pot ent ial explosive effect
of a successful fuel-air device is similar t o
t hat of convent ional explosives t he
differ ence is t hat t he blast impulse last s
longer wit h fuel-air devices, which leads
t o a much gr eat er damage pot ent ial, he
said. The key t o successfully det onat ing
such devices is t he t iming. If you get t hat
r ight , you have a hor r ific blast effect ; if
you dont get it r ight , t hen you st ill
pot ent ially have an enhanced blast
explosive. Wit h t he Glasgow and
Haymar ket bombings in 2007, t her e was
no sensible r eason t o put gas canist er s in
t he vehicles wit h t he fuel valves open
unless t hey wer e int ending t o achieve an
enhanced-blast explosive effect . This is a
cont ent ious ar ea, and it seems t o me t hat
a lot of people ar e in denial about t his.
The Glasgow Air por t at t ack clear ly
illust r at es t he need t o pr oper ly pr ot ect
pot ent ially vulner able buildings as
r obust ly as possible which must
include bot h upgr ading legacy
development s and building measur es
int o new ones. But t his is oft en easier
said t han done, accor ding t o Mar k
Whyt e, who st r essed t he lack of
r egulat ion sur r ounding many
commer cial development s. Glasgow
Air por t is not a facilit y we have wor ked
on, so I cant t alk about t he exact det ails
of t he secur it y measur es, he said. I can
say t her e ar e bot h nat ional and
int er nat ional r equir ement s for air por t
secur it y st andar ds, and t hey ar e applied
t o t he st andar d of glazing, t he st andar d
of st r uct ur e and t he layout of passenger
dr op-off ar eas t o cont r ol t he pr oximit y of
vehicles t o t er minal buildings. One of
t he issues, however, is t hat air por t
t er minal buildings r ange fr om t he ver y
moder n t o ones t hat ar e decades old and
wer e designed befor e t he advice not es
wer e made available.
For all new const r uct ions, t he 2007
West Review of t he t er r or ist t hr eat clear ly
st at ed developer s and ar chit ect s must
consider t hese cont ingencies at an ear lier
st age in design. Gover nment buildings
apply count er-t er r or ism measur es as a
mat t er of r out ine, t her e is no r egulat ion
sur r ounding it for non-gover nment
buildings it is pur ely advisor y. If t her e
ar e mor e at t acks acr oss London, t her e
could well be a decision t o put t hese
measur es ont o a mor e for mal foot ing
r equir ing people t o consider t hem r at her
t han just advising t hem t o.
Chr is Hunt er, however, does not see
r egulat ion alone as t he solut ion t o t he
pr oblem. Wit h so many differ ent par t ies
involved in t he st andar disat ion of VBIED
pr ot ect ion engineer s, explosive
specialist s, ar chit ect s, comput er
modeller s, t er r or ism exper t s he believes
a holist ic appr oach t o t he t hr eat and t he
pr ot ect ive measur es must be adopt ed
befor e any effect ive defences can be
under t aken. At t he moment , I fear, we
have people who ar e exper t s in
const r uct ion who decide t hey will dabble
in explosive pr ot ect ion because it is a
r apidly gr owing ar ea, he said. Then
t her e ar e t hose who know a lit t le about
IED t echnology, but know lit t le about
pr ot ect ion. While I r ealise it is
impr act ical t o be a jack-of-all-t r ades in
t his field, I do feel it is impor t ant t o have
a t hor ough wor king knowledge of all
aspect s of IED and blast pr ot ect ion
because when you br ing all t hese ar eas
t oget her you can come up wit h a ver y
wor kable and cost -effect ive r esponse.
When planning pr ot ect ive measur es
and cont ingencies you need someone who
under st ands all about t er r or gr oups
t act ics, t echniques and pr ocedur es, who
knows what t heir modus oper andi is,
what t ype of devices t hey use, what t ype
of explosive t hey use and, cr ucially, how
much explosive t hey ar e likely t o use. If
you ar e awar e of a gr oup t hat never uses
less t han 200kg of high explosive, what is
t he point of basing your pr ot ect ive
measur es on anyt hing less?
You t hen have t o t ake t his t o t he
next level and examine t he st r uct ur e you
ar e pr ot ect ing and det er mine what
exact ly it is you ar e defending; is it t he
building it self, t he occupant s or bot h?
Ar e you pr ot ect ing t hem inside or
out side? Ar e t her e choke point s t hat ar e
mor e suscept ible t o at t ack? Then t he
st r uct ur e it self must be examined,
including t he mat er ials t hat have been
used in it s const r uct ion and t he blast
pr ot ect ion on t he windows. Finally,
wher e ar e t he point s of likely at t ack? You
can t hen consider pr ot ect ive measur es,
such as r e-enfor ced glass, walls and
chicanes. You dont need t o sur r ound a
building wit h ugly concr et e bar r ier s
anymor e you can use aest het ically
r einfor ced object s. It might also be
possible t o slow down t r affic ar ound t he
sit e so a vehicle cant build up sufficient
speed t o cr ash t hr ough a bar r ier.
Wit h so many differ ent var iables t o
consider, bot h in t er ms of t hr eat and
r esponse, choosing and inst alling such
layer s of pr ot ect ion might seem a
Her culean t ask for any building developer
or secur it y manager. While agr eeing it is
difficult under t aking, bot h Chr is Hunt er
and Mar k Whyt e ar e confident t hat , wit h
t he aid of comput er modelling, it is
possible t o ident ify ar eas of weakness and
design solut ions. Ther e is a var iet y of
soft war e packages and met hodologies
available t o analyse how a given st r uct ur e
will r eact t o a given size and locat ion of a
blast , said Mar k Whyt e. Ther e is a wider
under st anding t hat t his capabilit y is
available now, so developer s and
ar chit ect s can consider t his at any ear lier
st age in t he planning of a development ,
and design t heir st r uct ur es wit h t his is
mind. It must be hoped t hat t he
t er r or ist s dont get t heir hands on any
similar soft war e, however, or t heir job t oo
could be made far, far easier.
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N THE past seven year s t her e has
been dr amat ic gr owt h in t he
number s of secur it y-based syst ems,
many of which ar e used t o det ect ,
analyse or even eliminat e WMD hazar ds.
CBRNe World has been on t he fr ont
lines of t his br ave new wor ld and
cont inues t o pr ovide a for um for
execut ives, planner s and pr ogr amme
manager s t o consider t he advant ages
and limit at ions of new t echnology.
This ar t icle spot light s consider at ions
for t he pur chase, t r aining, oper at ions,
maint enance and decommissioning of
t hese syst ems, oft en called life cycle
management . It pr esent s only a few of
t he consider at ions dur ing t he analysis
of which syst em t o pur chase, because
t he over all cost is t he accumulat ion of
deliver y and maint enance schedules;
dur at ion and t r aining, consult at ion fees
and ot her dir ect cost s might r aise t he
t r ue annual cost of a syst em fr om a
bar gain t o heavy bur den. The
compar ison t o a per sonal vehicle is an
ideal example, as t he cost of pur chase is
only par t of t he cost t o keeping t he
vehicle r oad-wor t hy for a long t ime. In
or der t o develop consider at ions on t his
t opic, a r eview of sever al pr ogr amme
element s is necessar y.
Pr ogr amme management of non-
int r usive inspect ions is a jigsaw puzzle
at best . The sheer cost of secur it y-based
scanning syst ems make t hem a capit al
pur chase; t he wr ong it em will not be
r eplaceable for year s, and if it is
inappr opr iat e it has lit t le mor e ut ilit y
t han a paper weight . The pr ocess begins
when consider ing which syst ems ar e
available for a specific locat ion. Many
newer syst ems ar e ver y heavy, while
ot her mobile t ypes may be t oo lar ge for
st r eet s and t oo t all t o clear power cables
or br idges. Some r equir e fuel which
may be difficult t o deliver t o some
locales, and ot her s might have unusual
power r equir ement s. Anot her par t of t he
pr ocess is t o consider t he safet y and
long-t er m healt h of employees and t he
gener al public fr om mult iple hazar ds
which ar ise as par t of t he det ect ion
pr ocess. These ar e consider ed next .
Ionizing r adiat ion
Not hing will dr aw mor e r egulat or y,
media and labour at t ent ion t han t he
Safety first
Colonel Rick Whitman, US Army, discusses radiation safety and other
considerations for security scanning systems
Training and staff competence is one of the highest requirements IAEA
Sopers Lane, Poole, Dorset BH17 7ER. Telephone: +44 (0)1202 782449. Fax: +44 (0)1202 782157
Email: radiationmonitoring.spg.gb@siemens.com www.siemens.co.uk/radiationmonitoring
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Safety first
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t opic of r adiat ion. This is a major it em
and r equir es ser ious discussion. If
equipment is consider ed car efully and
wit h a combinat ion of design,
engineer ing and pr ocedur al cont r ols,
and wit h appr opr iat e t r aining,
employees will use it appr opr iat ely.
Oper at or s ar e mor e likely t o use
syst ems appr opr iat ely if t hey have
confidence t hat t heir immediat e and
long-t er m healt h has only a ver y r emot e
chance of being affect ed. The r esult of
t his confidence is appr opr iat e use, so
challenges in t he cour t s will be backed
up by met hodical pr ocedur es and
r ecor ds. This appr opr iat e use expedit es
t he flow of car go int o por t s, acr oss
bor der s or int o sensit ive ar eas.
Cont r aband can be ident ified and
int er cept ed wit h less effor t and
confidence in secur it y will be enhanced.
Syst ems using r adiat ion ener gy for non-
int r usive inspect ions have a wide r ange
of hazar ds, pr ot ect ions, effect s and
r egulat or y r equir ement s which var y
dr amat ically fr om place t o place.
Syst em eit her cont aining r adioact ive
mat er ials or gener at ing X-r ays pr oduce
ionizing r adiat ion in t he for m of
gamma, bet a, X-r ays or, in r ar er cases,
alpha or neut r on r adiat ion. Scanning
syst ems use t he gamma, bet a and X-r ays
most of t he t ime. Not e: for t his ar t icle,
X-r ays ar e meant t o include X-r ay
machines, cat hode axial t omogr aphy
[CAT Scans] and acceler at or s. Most
oft en pr ot ect ion means lead or ot her
dense mat er ial shielding for t he gamma,
bet a or X-r ay applicat ions but alpha
and neut r on r equir e a differ ent kind of
pr ot ect ion based par t ly on t heir
char act er ist ics but most ly on t he effect s
caused t o t issue by exposur e. The
gamma, bet a and X-r adiat ions ar e called
low linear ener gy t r ansfer t ypes and
cause ver y similar effect s fr om high
exposur e. The alpha and neut r on ar e
high linear ener gy r adiat ions and oft en
have effect s of 5x, 10x and even 20x t hat
of low linear ener gy.
Cur r ent planning for next -
gener at ion acceler at or-based syst ems
involves using significant ly mor e
ener gy, st at ed in MeV. The major it y of
t odays models t ypically use as lit t le as
t wo MeV and as much as six MeV, while
a few ar e at or just over seven MeV.
Moving t o higher ener gy is per haps not
t he best or only solut ion. As ener gy
incr eases t o eight MeV and beyond, t he
likelihood of act ivat ion via
phot oneut r on effect incr eases fr om
t heor et ical t o likely. The r esult is t hat ,
when scanning it ems, some may
become r adioact ive, at low levels, wit h
det ect able levels for per haps 24 hour s.
A public and media r eact ion t o
act ivat ed food and medicine fr om
scanning pr ocedur es may not add t he
speed and confidence secur it y planner s
want . Ver y high ener gy scanning may
also fog plast ics or film unaffect ed at
lower ener gies.
In t er n at ion ally, t h e an n u al gen er al
pu blic allowan ce limit s fr om r adiat ion
is 1/20t h t o 1/50t h of t h e limit s for
r adiat ion wor ker s; wh ile t h e pu blic
limit s h ave an d ar e likely t o r emain at
n o h igh er t h an 0.1 Siever t in an y year.
Con sider at ion t o t h e h ou r ly r at e is
also impor t an t . Syst ems wh ich pr ot ect
employees t o t h e best ext en t possible
oft en called ach ievin g t h e as low as
r eason ably ach ievable level will see
t h ese employees u sin g all of t h e
syst em feat u r es well. Emph asis is
placed on employees r at h er t h an t h e
pu blic wh o may be n ear a syst em
du r in g oper at ion , becau se secu r it y
oper at or s will wor k on or ar ou n d a
syst em for days an d weeks at a t ime. If
employees ar e always safe, t h en it
follows an d is easy t o explain t o ot h er s
t h at t h ey will be safe as well. [Not e: be
su r e t o in volve someon e familiar wit h
you r n at ion al r adiat ion pr ot ect ion
r equ ir emen t s wh en con sider in g
in st allat ion of a n ew syst em.]
Man y opt ion s ar e available t o
pr ot ect t h ose wh o wor k ar ou n d
r adiat ion scan n in g syst ems. Oft en , a
few feet of dist an ce will make a
differ en ce t h r ou gh t h e applicat ion of
t h e in ver se squ ar e r u le: if t h e
dist an ce is dou bled, t h e r adiat ion
r eadin g will fall t o a qu ar t er of t h e
or igin al r eadin g. Sh ieldin g, if
appr opr iat e will also make a dr amat ic
differ en ce su bst an ces in clu de
t u n gst en , lead or st eel for x-r ay or
Regular safety checks are a must IAEA
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gamma-r ay syst ems or h ydr ocar bon
plast ics for n eu t r on s.
While r egulat ion of syst ems var ies
fr om nat ion t o nat ion, t hey also var y by
applicat ion. For example, medical
syst ems ar e oft en mor e highly
r egulat ed t han indust r ial applicat ions,
and some r egulat ions ar e wr it t en for
medical or indust r ial use. Unt il secur it y
r equir ement s ar e fully under st ood,
adapt ing syst ems for secur it y syst ems
can be difficult and var y dr amat ically in
many count r ies.
Non-ionizing r adiat ion
This t ype of r adiat ion is becoming mor e
common and may or may not be a par t
of t he non-int r usive r adiat ion scanning
syst ems discussed above. Syst ems wit h
t his kind of r adiat ion include laser s,
micr owave, r adar and higher fr equency
t r ansmission equipment . The hazar d is
pr imar ily t hr ough heat gain t o t issues.
Each of t hese has differ ent kind of
r adiat ion pr ot ect ion st andar d and must
be examined separ at ely by a r adiat ion
pr ot ect ion or indust r ial hygienist wit h
appr opr iat e and calibr at ed met er s.
When dealing wit h r adiofr equency
equipment , what wor ked well in a
fact or y may not wor k in ar eas near
t r ansmission t ower s and may int er fer e
wit h ot her near by syst ems as well.
Envir onment al
As green requirement s become more
common, t he impact of a syst em at a
locat ion may require t he development of
document at ion for regulat ory review and
for public comment . The public
comment period may delay t he
inst allat ion or operat ion of a new syst em
for a considerable t ime, so t here is a need
t o develop environment al document s
early t o st ay on schedule.
Oft en, scanning syst ems are placed
int o sheds or garages t o opt imise
performance, where t he buildup of
exhaust may pose a challenge t o
employees comfort and healt h. Not all
out door syst ems are adapt able for indoor
use wit hout serious engineering changes.
Noise
Syst ems wit h high decibel out put
dur ing oper at ion may necessit at e
st andoffs at cer t ain point s for
employees. Indoor oper at ion may
magnify a noise fr om an annoyance t o a
r egulat ed and danger ous level.
Syst em placement
Th e placemen t of a syst em may h ave
dr amat ic effect on t h e image qu alit y
obt ain ed wh en scan n in g. If oper at ion s
ar e n ear r ailr oad t r acks, vibr at ion s
fr om t h e t r ain may cau se a blu r r in g of
an image. If a mobile scan n in g syst em
is u sed, t h e qu alit y of t h e gr ou n d it
r olls on will pr odu ce dr amat ic
differ en ces if t h e su r face is du r able an d
flat r at h er t h an u n even or r u t t ed. In
locat ion s n ear ot h er syst ems, car e
mu st be t aken t o avoid cr oss
in t er fer en ce t h at may in validat e scan s.
If a syst em oper at es n ear a bu ildin g or
cr an e, t h e safet y of t h ose in t h ese ar eas
may n eed con sider at ion .
Tr affic flow
Init ial and per iodic r eview of t he t ype of
t r affic being scanned and t he how
t r affic cir culat es near scanning syst ems
r equir es per iodic r eview. If shor t
vehicles ar e t ypical at init ial set up and
longer it ems ar e int r oduced int o t he
t r affic flow, t he t r affic must be able t o
make it t o and fr om a scanning syst em
wit hout gr idlock. The adapt abilit y of a
syst em t o new configur at ions is a
cr ucial init ial r equir ement . The safe
movement of employees and t he public
r equir es cont inual r eview and
assist ance wit h signage, bar r ier s or
ver bal inst r uct ions.
Secur it y
When not in use, syst ems should be
safeguar ded. In many ar eas, t he
syst ems ar e of st r at egic value or may be
a one-of-a-kind. Oper at or and
super visor t r aining should always
include t he st eps t o ensur e t hat a
syst em is pr ot ect ed when not in use
even dur ing meal br eaks.
Tr aining
Tr aining must include bot h init ial and
per iodic r efr esher s. Not ever yone needs
det ailed oper at or t r aining usually t wo
weeks or mor e but anyone wor king
on or wit h one of t hese syst ems needs
t o have document ed t r aining on t he
following: wher e ener gy is when it is
r eleased; what signals indicat e ener gy is
being r eleased and when t he scan has
concluded or st opped; hand, ar m or
r adio signals used by t he oper at or s;
how t o init iat e an emer gency st op; and
what should be done if someone else
moves int o t he ar ea dur ing a scan.
Ter minology
Not h in g can make a meet in g wit h t h e
media wor se t h an cr ossin g t er ms. For
man y year s, t h e gamma in du st r ies an d
r egu lat or s r efer r ed t o exclu sion ar eas
as ar eas above limit s for occu pat ion
an d r est r ict ed or con t r olled ar eas
wh er e limit ed occu pat ion was
per mit t ed. Th e X-r ay in du st r ies an d
ot h er r egu lat or s u sed exclu sion for
bot h . Man y gr ou ps cu r r en t ly wor k t o
con sider h ar mon isat ion , an d it appear s
t h at t h e gamma t er ms will pr evail
becau se t h ey mor e appr opr iat ely
descr ibe t h e r adiat ion safet y con cer n s.
Er gonomics
Oper at or comfor t , especially light ing,
while conduct ing scans can gr eat ly
alt er out comes. Hospit al r adiologist s
r ar ely r eview scans for mor e t han 40
minut es because er r or s incr ease
dr amat ically aft er t hat point in t ime.
Secur it y oper at or s should be r eplaced
at r egular int er vals t o avoid fat igue.
Vision
Though not ment ioned oft en, oper at or s
wit hout t he full r ange of nor mal colour
vision ar e impair ed when r eviewing
scan images, as subt le colour changes
oft en in r eds and gr eens can indicat e
t he pr esence of cont r aband mat er ials.
Ten-t o-12 per cent of men and t wo per
cent of women ar e colour blind.
Employees wit hout nor mal colour
vision should not be ut ilised as pr imar y
oper at or s of scanning syst ems.
Hazar ds in accumulat ion
Heat , n oise an d r adiat ion in
combin at ion may pr odu ce
accu mu lat ion s wit h can r edu ce t h e
capabilit y of oper at or s or of t h e
gu idin g per son n el. Syst ems wh ich
h ave mu lt iple h azar ds sh ou ld be
elimin at ed fr om con sider at ion .
Maint enance
Main t en an ce cost s can be st agger in g
if n ot plan n ed in t o you r bu dget . Even
au t omobiles r equ ir e n ew t ir es an d
per iodic oil ch an ges. An d even mor e
impor t an t is t h e du r at ion of
down t ime backor der ed par t s will
deadlin e a syst em.
Appr opr iat e con sider at ion of t h ese
t opics can r esu lt in t h e pu r ch ase an d
safe oper at ion of scan n in g syst ems.
T
HERE is a long hist or y of co-
oper at ion bet ween t he UKs DSTL
Por t on Down and t he var ious US
r esear ch agencies, but per haps one of t he
most mat ur e at t he moment is t hat of
t he Ur ban Disper sal Model (UDM). While
t he UKs Bat t lefield Infor mat ion Syst em
Applicat ion (BISA) may be t he most
likely home for UDM and t her efor e
cur r ent ly becalmed in t he pr ocur ement
doldr ums t he USs Defence Thr eat
Reduct ion Agency (DTRA) ar e making
good use of it . DTRAhas been t he
designer and developer of t he Hazar d
Pr edict ion and Assessment Capabilit y
(HPAC) for a number of year s, but as
JWARN and it s component par t s t he
Joint Effect s Model (JEM) and t he Joint
Oper at ional Effect s Feder at ion (JOEF)
mat ur e, t hey ar e able t o make gr eat er use
of t he leading wor k t hat DSTL has put
int o UDM.
As Rick Fr y explained, UDM has
pr eviously been par t of HPAC. UDM is
not used on it s own it is par t of a
syst em, he said. Cur r ent ly it is par t of
HPAC. The syst em we ar e moving t o is
JEM and, while it is an int egr al par t of
HPAC now, it will be par t of JEM
pr obably in t he next couple of mont hs.
In a nut shell, UDM plot s t he spr ead
of an agent cloud in an ur ban
envir onment . While t emplat es fr om
ATP45 out have done a good job
plot t ing t he plume of a r elease over level,
basic gr ound, UDM does t he same for
complex cit y shapes. Even complex r ur al
envir onment s ar e fair ly easy t o map
compar ed t o cit yscapes; her e local
met eor ological impact such as r iver s or
highways can change t he expect ed
r out e of t he plume. It r equir es a huge
effor t t o be able t o do t hese sor t s of
calculat ions, as opposed t o t he fair ly
simple r ur al mapping, and t he bar e
minimum is a GIS map of t he cit y in
quest ion. Much of t he physical dat a t hat
UDM needs, such as building size and
shape, is in a GIS map, yet t her e ar e st ill
ot her element s t hat need t o be added in.
Wit h t his amount of for et hought
needed, what is t he pot ent ial usage of
UDM? Is it quick enough t o be a
bat t lefield management t ool, so t hat t he
commander can use it at t ime of cr isis t o
see wher e t he plume is going t o go? Is it
a for ce pr ot ect ion t ool which can be used
pr ior t o deployment t o wor k out t he best
sit ing of det ect or s, decon facilit ies, et c? Is
it best used as a decon r emediat ion t ool
t o wor k out wher e t he highest
concent r at ions ar e likely t o be (and
t her efor e likely t o pr esent an off-gassing
r isk) t o allow asset s t o be used in t he
most effect ive way?
Planning is pr obably t he most
useful, suggest ed Mr Fr y. And also
conduct ing exer cises. Remediat ion would
also be a good use, but r eal oper at ions
wher e someone is t r ying t o r espond t o an
event wher e t hey dont know all t he
det ails would quit e t ough.
In t er ms of t he exer cises, it t ends t o
be used dur ing, r at her t han befor e or
aft er. The r esponse t eams have t he model
and t hey will r un it as t hey ar e
r esponding t o t he event t ypically at t he
scene on a lapt op. They use it as a
digit ised plume t o help infor m t heir
decisions on what r oads t o close, what
needs t o be evacuat ed, et c.
GIS maps of all US cit ies t he
cor ner st one of UDM dat a r equir ement s
ar e available t o civil suppor t t eams (CST)
and law enfor cement agencies, but UDM
and JEM wer e designed wit h t he milit ar y
in mind. HPAC and JEM wer e designed
for milit ar y user s, said Mr Fr y. If
civilian user s can find a use for it , t hat s
gr eat we can shar e it wit h St at e and
Feder al unit s and t hat s a posit ive, but it
is designed for t he war fight er. HPAC was
or iginally designed for count er-
pr olifer at ion wor k: dr opping bombs on a
t ar get and pr edict ing what happens if you
hit a CBR t ar get , what get s r eleased,
wher e it goes, what t he collat er al effect s
of st r iking a WMD facilit y.
Cur r ent ly t her e ar e no plans t o
make JEM available for civilian user s. It
is a milit ar y-designed soft war e t ool in
DoD acquisit ion, so t hey ar e not focused
on user s ot her t han t he milit ar y.
Dist r ibut ion t o ot her user s t o agencies
such as DOE and DHS hasnt been
consider ed yet ; we have been mor e
focused on get t ing t he pr oduct out t o
t he war fight er.
How accur at e ar e t hese models
t hough? GIS maps wer e not designed
wit h plume models in mind; local
sour ces of heat or moist ur e will have
an impact on t he cloud, and micr o met
condit ions will also for ce changes, as
would t hings like r ush hour. Mr Fr y
suggest ed t hat t his r ough dat a was
cont ained in t he syst em. These ar e all
par t of anot her dat abase gener at ed fr om
anot her DSTL effor t called Geogr aphic,
Envir onment al Dat abase Infor mat ion
Syst em (GEDIS), and t hat is t he home of
all t he ur ban dat a, he said. So, when we
get basic shape files for a cit y t hat has t he
building foot pr int s and height s, we r un a
ser ies of t ools on t hem t hat DSTL
developed and t hey have a r ange of
par amet er s based on building densit y,
height and way t he st r eet s ar e or ient at ed.
All of t hese ar e included in t he dat a t hat
is put on t he GEDIS dat abase.
In t er ms of micr o met eor ology, we
have inst r ument ed sever al cit ies Salt
Lake, Oklahoma, Washingt on DC, and
New Yor k. We did some met obser vat ions
wher e we t ook mont hs of dat a and
looked at it and used it t o dr ive t he
disper sal models t o look at what effect
t hat high r esolut ion micr o met has,
ver sus a mor e coar se but bet t er
developed upper at mospher e pr ofile. How
does t hat compar e t o mult iple sur face
obser vat ion and some sonic det ect ion
and r anging (Sodar s), and upper air
r eadings? We found t hat if you have t hat
one r epr esent at ive air r eading above t he
ur ban canopy, if you have good ur ban
models t hey account for t he local met in
t he way t hat t he winds ar e t ur ned,
dist r ibut ed and st agnat e among t he
buildings. So good ur ban models like
C
B
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e
W
O
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D
A modelling A modelling
UDM do ver y well wit h a single
r epr esent at ive at mospher ic pr ofile, as
opposed t o a lar ge amount of met dat a
which can confuse t he ur ban models as
t hey ar ent designed t o accept t hat
amount of dat a.
In t er ms of t he fut ur e US use of UDM
how does Mr Fr y see it developing? Is it s
final dest inat ion incident management ,
linked t o st and-off det ect or s, t o t r y and
pr ovide as much visibilit y of t he t hr eat as
possible, or does it lie elsewher e? Mr Fr y
suggest ed t hat is a possibilit y. In t he
fut ur e it could be well used as a
const ant ly r unning model or, since it
r uns so quickly, it could r un wit h
weat her models, he said. So, if a
war ning and r epor t ing t ype syst em is
r unning cont inually and pulling in
sensor infor mat ion, you could do a
sour ce char act er isat ion r out ine and you
could r un a quick plume calculat ion wit h
UDM and r efine it as mor e infor mat ion
comes in. That is what we ar e t r ying t o
do, but unfor t unat ely t he sensor s and
net wor ks ar ent set up t o do t hat yet so
we ar e building a syst em for somet hing
t hat doesnt exist yet ! We ar e hoping,
however, t hat having t he t echnology t o
do t hat will put t he r equir ement ont o t he
people t hat design t hese sensor s and t hen
we will get t her e.
Sour ce det ect ion is t he holy gr ail of
Release Ot her Than At t ack (Rot a), as
Rot a at t acks dont have t o announce
t heir pr esence wit h an explosive calling
car d meaning t hat many of t he basic
calculat ions such as amount of agent ,
amount of explosive, et c, ar e missing.
Sour ce det ect ion would r equir e feedback
fr om a r ange of agent sensor s combined
wit h met infor mat ion t o t r y and chase
t he plume back t o it s likely point of
or igin. So is t his likely t o be a UDM pat h
t hat t he US would like t o follow?
It will be used in t hat for m of
calculat ion, agr eed Rick Fr y. At t he
moment our focus is on t he easy
pr oblem for sour ce det ect ion, which is
not t he ur ban set t ing. We want t o be
able, on a flat plane wit h a couple of
sensor r eadings, t o back t r ack t he sour ce
when you add a couple of bit s of met
dat a. We just did an exper iment in
Sept ember at Dugway wher e we did
hundr eds of r eleases t o highly over-
sample t he net wor k of sensor s and
sensor gr id t o challenge t he sour ce
det er minat ion models.
Sadly t he dat a is st ill being cr unched
and met hodologies t o dist r ibut e t he dat a
being developed, but t he development of
UDM st ill goes on. We will be t r ying t o
finish UDM in t he next t hr ee year s, said
Fr y. We have been funding development
of it for quit e a long t ime, and we t hink
we have r eached t he point wher e it has a
level of mat ur it y t hat we can declar e
vict or y and finish it out , but t her e ar e a
few t hings we want t o get in t her e befor e
we decide it is finished. These ar e t hings
like t he dense gas effect s, t he
t her modynamics, elevat ed r eleases,
buoyancy and moment um dr iven
r eleases. It is a lot of sour ce t er m
handling and we want t o make a coupled
syst em t hat doesnt just do int er ior
modelling but exfilt r at ion fr om buildings
and infilt r at ion int o buildings t o have a
syst em t hat can do t he inside of a
building as well as t he ext er nal
envir onment so it will be linked wit h
an int er nal model and have it coupled
wit h lar ge-scale disper sal model.
The good news for t he user is t hat
t her e is lit t le new t r aining for t he user
for JEM t han he is used t o for HPAC.
JEM will be out close t o t he pr int dat e of
t his magazine, wit h t he fir st it er at ive
impr ovement scheduled for fir st quar t er
2009 but , because of t he shar ed her it age,
much of t he r equir ement s t hat exist ed
for HPAC will be in JEM t hough t he
gr aphic user int er face (GUI) will be
differ ent . User int er face, for example, will
be limit ed t o dat a on t he r elease, and t he
met condit ions and t he syst em and
dat abase will do all t he r est . If cur r ent
t r ack r ecor d is anyt hing t o go by, t he
most fr equent use of UDM will be in
exer cise dir ect ion, yet wit h plans for
sour ce det ect ion (wit hin t hr ee year s!)
under way t hen it is likely t hat UDMs use
will be far lar ger.
DSTL Porton Down was not able to
contribute to this article before deadline.
C
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D
Richard Fry of the US Defence Threat Reduction Agency
tells Gwyn Winfield about the work they are doing
with the Urban Dispersal Model
So far UDM has been used extensively in training exercises DoD
career career
Ahura Scientific develops rugged, ultra-compact optical
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It is largely unknown that after the
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Avon Protection Systems, part of Avon Rubber
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Bruker Daltonics is the leading company in
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Contact
Bruker Daltonik GmbH
Leipzig-Germany
Phone: +49 (341) 2431-30
Fax: +49 (341) 2431-404
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www.cbrn-bdal.de
Global player in the field of CBRN detection
Cristanini S.p.A. has developed the new
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BLCHER is the world market leader in the
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Dycor Technologies is a leader in the design,
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Idaho Technology Inc. (ITI) develops,
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390 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City,
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Ph. +1-801-736-6354
it@idahotech.com
www.idahotech.com
Idaho Technologys BioDetection Capabilities Overview
CAPABILITY PROFILES
As a world leader in decontamination technologies, Intelagard
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(PIDS) to versatile large scale systems that can be transported on
tactical military vehicles.
Deployed in theaters of operation around the world, Intelagard
systems are saving lives. If the mission changes from
decontamination to fire suppression or hazmat remediation, it takes
only minutes to change the formulation in the systems and be
operational once more. Whether the incident is accidental or
intentional, Intelagard provides the tools you need for
decontamination, hazmat remediation, toxic vapor suppression, fire
suppression, and more. The systems are rugged while designed for
optimal functionality. Intelagard systems maximize valuable
resources, multiplying formulations into as much as a 50:1 ratio of
solution to expanded foam.
Intelagard offers a Personal Incident Decontamination System (PIDS)
for individuals. This handheld sprayer of EasyDECON DF200
chemical/biological decontamination formulation may be used in
mailrooms or for personal protection against chemical/biological
incidents, SARS, Avian flu, and more. Typical effective coverage area
for the individual PIDS container is approximately 100 square feet.
For more coverage, Intelagards Macaw backpack unit holds five
gallons of the same EasyDECON DF200 solution as in the PIDS, and
the Merlin handcart holds 15 gallons.
The Macaw and Merlin are
extremely effective tools for
interior facility applications, as
well as when larger scale
decontamination is required,
such as decon shelters,
vehicles and other small to mid
size applications. The Macaw
backpack has proven to be a
critical tool for rapid fire
suppression at US military
bases abroad.
The Merlin handcart is in use
with US Federal Urban Search
And Rescue (USAR) teams
due to its ease of use and
multi-functionality. Intelagards
H1 Intercept fits on the back of
pick-up trucks or military
humvees and may be used for
rapid decontamination or fire suppression. The SwiftCAF ATV system
takes advantage of the maneuverability of all-terrain vehicles,
providing decon, hazmat, and fire suppression capabilities to narrow
streets, alleys and other areas inaccessible to larger vehicles.
Large scale systems for fixed site and mass decontamination
operations include the Falcon Fixed Site Decontamination System
(FSDS) and High Mobility Decontamination System (HMDS).
Deployed by the US military, these rugged systems have also been
called into use for rapid fire suppression.
Contact John Breedlove
jbreedlove@intelagard.com
303-309-6321
Europe: Contact PPS
sales@ppsgb.com
+44 (0) 1908 272240
www.intelagard.com
Leading Edge Decontamination Systems and Solutions
As the world leader in the development and manufacture of auto-
injector drug delivery systems for the emergency treatment of
individuals, Meridian Medical Technologies has served as a critical
supplier to more than 30 countries and the U.S. Department of
Defense. Today, we are building on nearly 50 years of experience to
produce the highest quality auto-injector products that deliver
antidotes for chemical nerve agents.
Unlike a traditional syringe, which can be cumbersome and time-
consuming, auto-injectors provide a compact and portable delivery
system to meet the demanding operational needs of allied military
personnel around the world.
For more information, please visit us at
www.meridianmeds.com
Meridian Medical Technologies
CAPABILITY PROFILES
Decontamination, Protection and Detection
NBC-Sys is one key specialist in Nuclear,
Biological and Chemical Protection,
Decontamination and Detection systems.
Air Treatment Systems:
NBC-Sys has experience in air treatment, of
armoured vehicles (installed systems on
different generations of vehicles) and
hardened or soft shelters.
- Air Filtration Units
- Air Conditionning Units
- Complete range of filters (NBC, NBC+
TIC's) from 12 to 300 m3/h
Decontamination systems:
SDA : thorough decontamination for vehicle
SDMS : decontamination for sensitive
material
Symoda : decontamination for aircraft
Personnal decontamination line (military and
civil defence)
Individual protection:
Gas masks ( soldiers and helicopter pilots)
Filters (NBC NATO , NBC+TIC's)
Blowers
Detection systems:
Individual nerve-agent detector
Paper detector
Chemical detector kit
NBC-Sys has also a great experience in the
field of Emergency Response and Disaster
Management.
Intervention face to toxic hazards:
- NBC terrorism
- Civil Defence
- Industrial Accidents (Nuclear and
Chemical)
- Hazmat Transportation Accidents
Protecting the public :
- EVATOXTM System
- Active and passive containment system
Contacts:
Bruno DAVID Marketing & Sales Director
Tel: +33 4 77 191920
Fax: + 33 4 77 191929
e-mail: b.david@nbc-sys.com
http://www.nbc-sys.com
NBC-Sys
Biological &
Chemical Sampling
& Transportation Kit
OWR AG is the leading specialist for
efficient NBC decontamination of personnel,
equipment, vehicles, terrain and clothing
from portable decontamination equipment to
complete container solutions. The unique
patented low-pressure DEDAS system
makes it possible to mix all known
decontamination chemicals in the required
quantity and in minimum time. We also offer
special detection equipment, such as the
Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle, as well
as personnel protection equipment and
detection vehicles for civilian use.
Our proven high-quality products are used in
large numbers by military organizations and
civil defense installations all over the world.
Most of our products have been assigned
NSNs.
COMPACT DECONTAMINATION
EQUIPMENT
DEDAS the universal solution
Decofogger the mobile solution
Turbofogger the aircraft solution:
Cobra the compact solution
DECONTAMINATION SYSTEMS
MPD100 - the complete solution
Roll-On Decont - the flexible solution for civil
defense
Decont Trailer the economic solution
ADDITIONAL SERVICES
Custom-tailored solutions
Training: Spare parts
Maintenance and repair
Decontamination agents
www.owr.de
OWR - NBC Protection, NBC Detection and Decontamination Systems
Worldwide leader in research, development and mass production of CBRN/F protective suits,
Paul Boy Technologies offers a complete range of products to meet the requirements of
Armed Forces and Civil Defence (soldiers, decontamination experts, aircraft pilots, helicopter
pilots, special forces, police forces, military police, medical personnel, fire-fighters). In use
within 38 countries in the world, Paul Boy CBRN protective suits have gained international
recognition thanks to their high technological level. Used by all international organisations
(UNO, OPCW, IAEA, NATO...) for chemical disarmament operations, they have proven their
superiority and comfort in the hardest climate.
Paul Boy Technologies
CAPABILITY PROFILES
Proengin has developed biological and chemical warfare agents field
detectors using flame spectrophotometry. The well known and world
widely used AP2C has proven the capacity of that technology to be
the most reliable on the field with the lowest false alarm rate and the
simplest ease of use.
The new extended range field handheld chemical detector AP4C
New developments such as the AP4C have extended the capacity
of that technology to include chemical warfare agents and Toxic
industrial materials in a simultaneous mode. There is no limitation
in number of gases detected by the AP4C. All nerve agents, all
blister agents and all blood agents can be detected by AP4C within
the requirements of response time and sensitivity of NATO
recommendations.
Canadian Forces have selected the AP4C to replace their old
technology IMS detectors. Their selection was based on the capacity
to prove with real live agent that AP4C could meet those standards.
The AP4C has extended the range of chemicals that can be detected
by Proengin chemical detectors. All dangerous compounds
containing Sulphur, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and/or the chemical liaison
can be detected in a simultaneous way.
Of course, as for the AP2C, the AP4C has the capacity to work in
very severe environmental conditions ( explosive areas) and the
measurements are unaffected by high humidity levels or by presence
of other organic chemical compounds such as paint.
www.proengin.com
Proengin
TSIs M41 PATS tests how well a military gas mask fits the soldier. Modern military
masks are capable of a high degree of protection, but ONLY if they are fitted correctly
and donned properly. The M41 provides a numerical measurement of the Fit Factor of
the mask while it is being worn by a soldier.
The soldier dons their own assigned mask and performs a series of exercises that
simulate typical activities. The M41 provides a Fit Factor for each individual exercise as
well as an overall Fit Factor. When used as part of a training program the M41 PATS
ensures that personnel get the best possible protection from their assigned mask.
TSIs Fluorescence Aerosol Particle Sensor (FLAPS) Systems alert personnel of the
potential presence of a harmful biological threat and trigger sample collection and
identification systems for threat confirmation. The FLAPS technology offers high
sensitivity with low false-alarm rates, while maintaining low operating costs. FLAPS
systems are used for fixed, vehicle, and shipboard applications. They are also used as
referee systems at most test sites throughout the world.
TSI CBRN Defense products have successfully supported every major U.S. military
effort since Desert Storm. They are used by foreign allies worldwide to address
emerging defense and homeland security requirements.
TSI Incorporated
Utilis USA, LLC is located in Fort Walton Beach, Florida and our shelters employ the latest
advance in quick-erect shelters. The Utilis product line includes rapidly deployable Tactical Soft
Wall Shelters that incorporate a patented state-of-the-art folding-frame design. Utilis USA shelters
are highly transportable due to the incredibly simple but durable design and lightweight features.
Utilis USA shelters range in size from 200 to 646 square feet and can be deployed very quickly.
As an example, the Utilis USA TM36 shelter (400 square feet) can be erected by 3 people in about
three minutes without the need for additional equipment. Utilis shelters can be used for a variety of
applications and in the most extreme conditions. We offer Command & Control, Medical, Billeting,
Decontamination, and CBRN Collective Protection solutions.
The Utilis USA shelter system has successfully passed snow load, blackout (with ingress/egress),
50 erect/strike cycles, wind, and wind driven rain at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds (U.S. Army).
The system is ideal for CBRN since the optional CB liner remains integral to outer fabric.
Utilis USA offers a proven and reliable product that greatly enhances any mission in many ways.
With our rapid set-up/strike, versatile packaging, and complexing options, the Utilis shelter can
accommodate any critical situation quickly and allow the operations personnel to focus solely on
the task at hand.
Utilis USA
CAPABILITY PROFILES
AAI Services Corporation * a subsidiary of AAI Corporation, an operating unit of Textron Systems, a Textron Inc. company * is a full-service
provider of cutting-edge logistics services for government and commercial customers worldwide. Our areas of expertise include contractor
logistics support, depot support services, training and simulation systems and support, and supply chain management services.
With more than 25 years of experience, AAI Services Corporation has an established reputation for
success in programs representing the full gamut of life-cycle support needs. We pride ourselves upon
providing the highest quality results and exceeding customer expectations * even for the toughest jobs
and under the most challenging conditions.
Headquartered in Hunt Valley, Md., AAI Services Corporation has locations across the U.S. Our South
Carolina Training and Simulation Center in Charleston provides comprehensive training and simulation
knowledge * everything from maintenance devices to instruction. Our team at the Jacksonville, Fla.,
Depot Support Services Center supports the U.S. Navys EA-6B
aircraft hydraulics performance based logistics program. We also
have locations in Oklahoma and Utah that are focused on
providing support for nearby air logistics centers.
AAI Services Corporation is an ISO 9001:2000 and AS 9100
certified company.
AIRSENSE Analytics has designed in
cooperation with First Response teams a
portable hazardous Gas Detector Array
(GDA2) for the detection and the identification
of CWAs like nerve, blister, blood and choking
agents and a broad range of TICs (ETW,
AEGL, ERPG, ITF-25 list, etc.).
By using 4 different sensor-technologies such
as a Photo Ionization Detector (PID), an Ion
Mobility Spectrometer (IMS), two
semiconductor gas sensors and an
electrochemical cell, simultaneously the GDA2
reduces false positives and achieves greatly
extended coverage of hazardous volatiles with
more accuracy than single-detection
technology. The released gases and CWAs
can be detected within seconds with detection
limits from low ppb to high ppm concentrations.
The GDA2 holds up to 3 different libraries each
is customized and comprises up to 256
compounds.
The first target of the GDA2 is safety: The user
is warned whenever dangerous compounds
are present even if the compounds are not in
one of the instruments 3 internal libraries.
NEW: The new generation of the GDA system
has integrated GPS and wireless
communication tools.
The GDA2 is the most enhanced chemical
detector currently available. It is used by
various first responder teams in chemical
plants, semiconductor industry, fire brigades,
military, airports and police worldwide.
Real-time detection and identification of chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial
gases with the hand-held, multi-sensor GDA2
Bertin Technologies is a
multidisciplinary company which
provides innovative solutions in the
fields of healthcare, sustainable
development, defence and industry.
For several years, Bertin Technologies
has been developing state of the art
solutions for the detection and
identification of chemical and biological
warfare agents. Early warning, detection
or identification of chemical and
biological weapons attacks, are
essential. In order to achieve such
functions, Bertin Technologies invests
R&D efforts to propose new
technologies to CBRN teams.
Chemical detection
Second Sight: uncooled infrared
camera for gas detection and
visualization for early warning (CW
agents, TIC, COV), either for industry or
military needs.
Biological detection
Coriolis: new generation cyclonic air
samplers for outdoor or indoor
collection of airborne pathogens.
CoriolisMS: ruggedized air sampler
for surveillance of critical areas
CoriolisFR: portable equipment for
first responders
Biological identification
KIM: provides rapid identification of
biological agents (bacteria, viruses,
toxins) on the field, using the immuno-
agglutination under field technique.
AAI Services Corporation
Contact Information:
Ccile-Maria Wietzke
CBRN Business Development
E-mail: wietzke@bertin.f
Phone: +33139306188
www.bertin.fr
Bertin Technologies
10 bis, av Ampre
Parc dactivits du Pas du Lac
78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Phone: +33139306188
FRANCE
BERTIN TECHNOLOGIES EQUIPMENT FOR CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL THREATS DETECTION
CAPABILITY PROFILES
The Drger Bio-Agent Test provides a fast, immunological test to detect the
existence of hazardous, biological substances. It simultaneously identifies
anthrax, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), ricin, plague-bearing bacteria
(Yersinia Pestis), and botulinum toxin. These substances are regarded as the
twelve most dangerous biological agents.
The preliminary test is suitable for use in disaster control, as well as in the
military, fire service, police and logistics companies. It can be used to analyse
suspicious substances (such as white powder) if a terror attack is suspected.
The Drger Bio-Agent Test meets the requirements of NATO Standard Agreement
4571. In addition, various independent institutes have also confirmed its aptitude.
No cross sensitivity to other substances was determined during tests.
At the same time, the detection limits of the test are very low. The Drger
Bio-Agent Test is easy to use and can be operated while wearing heavy
protective gloves. Results are displayed after 10 to 15 minutes in cases of
higher concentration, this can be reduced to as little as 3 minutes. An additional
readout unit is not required.
Drger
The Argon Electronics PlumeSIM system has been designed to
augment the use of our existing range of market leading CBRN
simulation systems by enabling classroom and field exercise wide-
area training through remote instructor management of multiple
simulator instruments under a fully configurable virtual plume, in real
time, over user selected mapping.
Planning Mode - the virtual plume
Innovative system design permits the use of common file format map
images and even home made sketches of the proposed training
area. Easy to use menus enable the instructor to quickly set and
adjust the source type(s), quantity, and the location and nature of the
release source, as well as the desired environmental conditions.
Areas of increased deposition and hot spots may be marked.
Exercise parameters can be saved for repeating defined scenarios
with absolute fidelity.
Classroom mode
Using simple gamepad controllers trainees are able to move
themselves as icons around an on-screen display of the training
area. The virtual plume scenario is activated, and subsequent
contact with a simulated agent will result in the appropriate
activation of their simulation instruments which are connected to the
control base by a short range radio link. All student movement is
recorded during the session and can then be played back for
analysis prior to departing for the real field training area.
Field exercise mode
With the students deployed to the desired external training area the
instructor can monitor their GPS marked location on the control base
map via a long range radio comms link in real time. Once again the
virtual plume scenario is activated and, providing the student is
fielding the correct type of instrument for the nature of the simulated
threat, has prepared the instrument properly, and the levels or
concentration of simulated agent are sufficient to be recognised by
the particular device, then the display of that simulation instrument
will indicate the appropriate response to any contact with a simulated
source. Where environmental conditions inhibit the ability to obtain
or maintain continuous long range radio communication, the selected
scenario can be pre-loaded on the simulation instruments for timed
activation.
PlumeSIM records student and specially equipped vehicle positions
and time against the simulated dose received, so once out of the
virtual plume, automatically activated personal and vehicle simulation
sources permit decontamination training to be carried out. A full
record of a students equipment use activity is also captured for
correcting any equipment use errors at the end of the exercise.
No redundancy of existing simulation systems
Existing users of Argon detection simulation instruments will be able
to simply upgrade their equipment for use with PlumeSIM.
For further information on PlumeSIM and our simulation instrument
product range, or to request a copy of Argon Electronics FREE
CBRN Training Equipment Guide, please contact:
Argon Electronics LLP, Unit 16 Ribocon Way
Progress Business Park, Luton, Beds. LU4 9UR
Tel: +44 (0)1582 491616
Fax: +44 (0)1582 492780
E-mail: sales@argonelectronics.com
www.argonelectronics.com
PlumeSIM from Argon Electronics
Enigma Diagnostics is taking PCR-based testing out of the laboratory and into the field.
Enigma ensures that infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria are detected at a time
and place where the result can deliver immediate assurance or define critical action.
Enigmas portable fully automated detection system, the Enigma FL has the accuracy and
sensitivity of laboratory based instruments and, combining all test procedures in an integrated
package, provides a highly specific result from raw sample in less than 40 minutes. Add in
ambient reagent storage, and Enigma Diagnostics meets the need for diagnostic systems that
are portable and readily deployable with minimal operator training and expertise.
With a pipeline of platform technologies representing the next generation of integrated PCR
products, Enigma is rapidly turning point of care and in-field molecular testing from concept
to reality.
Faster Results in the Field
CAPABILITY PROFILES
Environics has over 20 years of experience in
the field of CBRN detection and protection.
Our goal is to offer the top technology and
means for protection of people, environment
and property.
Building upon the proven capabilities of our own
EnviScreenTM Environmental Security System
and CBRN Detectors, we offer complete
turnkey CBRN Security Solutions and training
services for CBRN protection to help you
improve your preparedness.
Our new solutions are designed to meet the
needs of a large variety of different applications.
This is achieved by close interaction with
Environics professionals and the customer, and
by implementing our own proven CBRN
security technologies. This allows us to create a
solution that fills the customers needs exactly
and is very cost efficient both in operating and
LCC. The Environics solutions can be
implemented to any target from a small building
to a nationwide CBRN security system, or a
mobile, transportable security system for public
events, such as high-level meetings and
sporting events.
Environics offers complete training program on
CBRN protection. The training provides
participants with comprehensive information
and practical skills throughout the entire CBRN
field. Based on Environics long experience in
CBRN security business this training enables
the customer to fully prepare for possible
CBRN threats.
For more information, please visit
www.environics.fi or contact us by mail in
sales@environics.fi
Environics
General Dynamics Canada is a world leader in the
development of biological agent detection
technology. Our 4WARN product line is the result
of a decade of knowledge and experience in the
development, production, and field support of
systems deployed around the world and most
recently with the Canadian Forces.
4WARN products provide autonomous, real-time
detection of biological agents. Each system allows
for continuous and remote operation and sample
collection with minimal moving fluids. All focus on
very low consumable costs and low logistics
support requirements.
The 4WARN product suite includes:
4WARN Sentry 3000 for portable use in protecting
fixed assets
4WARN Urban for vehicle-based use
4WARN Bio-Detection System for military use
4WARN Protection at Sea
With the addition of the Ship Installation Kit, our
land-based 4WARN Bio-Detection System
becomes deployable in a naval environment. It
delivers low whole-life cost, ease of use and
maintenance benefits, while offering enhanced
environmental protection and additional power
conditioning to permit operation under NATO
STANAG 1008 conditions (SHIP AC power
specification).
For more information about the 4WARN Bio-
Detection System or other 4WARN Products
please visit www.gdcanada.com
Detect to Protect with the 4WARN family of products
CAPABILITY PROFILES
The transformed security market has initiated a new era of security
awareness for homeland security and force protection initiatives.
Civilian organizations now face the same threats and require the
same detection capabilities as the military and other government
agencies. Both our military and first responders must be equipped to
handle a massive attack on critical infrastructure whether at a
particular facility or a checkpoint; on a forward military mission or
through the unrestricted release of a chemical biological agent.
Traditional, people-centered security measures are ever more
expensive and cannot provide continuous, accurate threat
assessment for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and
explosive (CBRNE) agents. Precise detection must depend on
highly sensitive, fieldable technologies with low false alarm rates.
ICx Technologies has recognized this need and responded. Our
Detection Division develops and deploys both large-scale, facility
monitoring systems and compact, portable products designed for
use in the field. Our unique technologies make our products
extremely sensitive and functional for high-profile targets that cannot
afford false alarms. Many of our products are ideally suited to
critical facility security and can be networked as part of a sub-
system. In that scenario, total situational awareness is provided via
the presentation of precise sensor data, including alarms, through a
common command and
control interface. Our
detection solutions
provide the sensitivity
and accuracy necessary
to meet and defeat
CBRNE threats.
ICx has manufacturing and research
facilities in the United States, Canada
and Europe.
ICx Technologies CBRNE Detection Capabilities
Enzymatic decontamination of toxic substances is now out of the lab and
into the field. Developed in collaboration with the U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical and Biological Center, DEFENZ is now commercially available to
expand or replace your current decontamination methods in a safe,
environmentally friendly and easy to use approach to traditional
decontamination.
Genencor, a Danisco division, offers the military, first responders and other
operatives our full line of DEFENZ products to meet your needs: everything
from chemical and biological warfare agent degradation to simulated live-
agent decon training.
Current commercial products include:
DEFENZ 120: demonstrated activity against G-type nerve agents,
DEFENZ 130: activity against VX, Russian-VX and numerous OP
pesticides such as parathion.
DEFENZ offers numerous advantages over traditional chemical
decontamination solutions by being non-toxic, non-corrosive, easy to use
and environmentally friendly. DEFENZ is also highly efficient,
decontaminating many times its weight, compatible with current dispersal
equipment and easily scaleable to meet individual requirements. Another
key benefit is that water usage is decreased because little or no rinsing is
involved. It is also a perfect application for post mortuary decon.
Adding DEFENZ to current decontamination formulations significantly
reduces the chemical footprint, thus improving logistics for decontamination.
As an added benefit, DEFENZ is active in either tap, hard or salt water,
allowing the use of any available water source.
The use of DEFENZ can be used as a stand-alone product or used to
expand or replace your current decontamination methods, making them
safer while reducing their chemical footprint. Emergency personnel will no
longer need to be exposed to harsh or caustic chemicals. DEFENZ reduces
logistical burdens associated with water usage and chemical transport,
stores more safely and at lower risks; and offers an easy to use, but equally
effective decontamination alternative.
www.genencor.com
DEFENZ : Enzymatic Decon for Chemical Threats
Features
Safe
Compatible
Highly Efficient
Specificity
Ease of Use
Benefits
Eliminates environmental damage
Limits personal injury
No hazardous by-products to clean post-
decontamination
Perfect for post mortuary decontamination
Will replace or expand current
decontamination solutions
Suitable for personal, in-line and wide area
decontamination and infrastructure mitigation
Detoxifies many times their weight
Granulized form reduces logistical burden of
carrying large amounts of chemicals
Effective in all water types
Enzymes target the exact compound for
which they are intended
Particularly effective for bulk neutralization of
organophosphate chemical stockpiles and
clean up of residual containers
Just add to standard water or foam systems
Removes rinse steps of conventional
decontamination
No special storage required
In the battle against the threat of an attack with NBC weapons, the Federal
German Armed Forces will in the future rely on 73 highly mobile, container-
based, compact decontamination systems from KRCHER Futuretech. The
decontamination equipment of the site for the radioactive decontamination,
detoxification and disinfection of the troops, TEP 90, which will be delivered
to the NBC defence units together with carrier vehicles from Iveco-Magirus
AG from 2007 to 2010, represents a new milestone in the history of
Krcher Futuretech GmbH. Parallel to the delivery of the serial TEP 90
models, the newly developed family of decontamination agents was
accepted by the Federal German Armed Forces. The highly effective RDS
2000, BDS 2000 and GDS 2000 agents for quick radioactive, biological and
chemical decontamination stand out due to their good compatibility with
materials and biological degradability. Already since the end of 2007, the
German Bundeswehr has been equipped with EDS-G, an enzyme system
for the decontamination of G warfare agents. The Light Decontamination
Equipment for Personnel is another new development. This system, which
consists of three units (equipment for the decontamination of persons and
personal equipment, and for water transport) is particularly suitable for
missions of the Special Operations Division (DSO) in the framework of
rapid operations.
Strong Performance for the Federal German Armed Forces Safety First
CAPABILITY PROFILES
You may already depend upon MSAs CBRN
respiratory protection and other PPE (Personal
Protective Equipment), but did you know that MSA,
a leader in health and safety gas detection, also
manufactures instruments for CBRN agent
detection?
MSAs BIOSENSOR 2200R Biological Agent
Detectors unique bioassay technology analyzes
white powder and liquid biohazards in 5 minutes. It
boasts excellent sensitivity, easy use, few false
positives, and GO/NO GO results, while detecting
anthrax, ricin, SEB, botulism, plague, and
smallpox.
MSAs SAFESITE Multi-Threat Detection
System is a wireless sensor network designed to
protect critical infrastructure (and gatherings like the
Olympics) by monitoring and detecting the presence
of CWAs, gamma radiation, VOCs, and TICs.
SAFESITE Sentry and CW Sentry
Chemical Agent Detectors, designed for 24/7
unattended operation, are widely deployed in
protecting critical infrastructure. These products
combine an array of detection technologies for use
in early warning and consequence management.
The portable, handheld HAZMATCAD Plus
Detector perceives trace levels of nerve and blister
agents and TICs, with a low false positive, to meet
the needs of First Responders.
Headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,
MSA is the worlds largest company devoted solely
to worker safety. With annual sales of over $900
million, MSA comprises over 30 international
affiliates and 4400 employees who design,
manufacture, and market thousands of safety
products.
Depend on CBRN Detection from MSA
Remotec UK , a subsidiary of Northrop Grumman provide
the leading Unmanned Vehicles for EOD, Security and
Surveillance Sensing operations. Applications include
explosives handling, CBRN sensing, nuclear surveillance
and maintenance, HazMat response, crime scene/SWAT
operations, hostage situations, perimeter security and
airport security
Wheelbarrow , is regarded by EOD specialists as the most
capable and reliable unmanned vehicle available. Remotec
have also been appointed as prime contractor for Phase II
of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) CUTLASS robotics
programme. The CUTLASS programme will provide the
next generation of unmanned ground vehicle for explosive
ordnance disposal (EOD) to be used by the MoD for anti-
terrorism operations worldwide. This project is one of a
number that Remotec is moving forwards in the unmanned
vehicle arena, and is typical of a Company that prefers to
lead from the front.
Remotec UK
www.MSAnet.com
1-866-MSA-1001
Tim Otter; Future Business Director, Marshall Specialist Vehicles.
Known through out the military world as MSV, Marshall Specialist
Vehicles is 3 companies in one; MSV itself, Marshall Vehicle Engineering
(MVE) and Marshall Systems Design Group (MSDG). As 3 companies it
is involved in far more than specialist vehicles!
MSV is part of Marshall Group, a large, independent, privately owned
group based in Cambridge. Established in 1909 Marshall Group is active
in the Automotive Industry and Aerospace as well as Specialist Vehicles.
Formally established in 1946, and essentially a defence orientated
company, MSV has access to the structures, design, consulting and
manufacturing capabilities of Marshall Aerospace and the leasing, fleet
management and customer based support of Marshall Motor Holdings.
MSVs occupies several sites, the two largest are Cambridge and
Mildenhall, Suffolk from where MVE primarily operates. MVE are
delivering 6,700 support vehicle load beds for the UK MOD. These load
beds are mostly cargo flatbeds and troop transport variants but there are
also winch, crane, recovery and fuel pod variants. MVE designed and
manufacture most of the load bed variants. There are over 700 load
cases to be taken into account in the design of these load beds a
complex challenging task carried our by MSV and MVEs in-house team.
The support vehicle is very mobile, designed to keep up with the latest
armoured vehicles, such as those planned for the UKs FRES vehicle,
and supply them with their logistics without slowing the tempo of the
battle. MVE is currently working to further increase operational roles,
crew protection and vehicle survivability.
The MVE load beds are fitted to MAN chassis which are delivered to
MVE and then are passed on to MANs final checking facility before
delivery to the MOD. The MVE plant is a custom designed facility
employing the latest design, robotic welding and paint facilities.
Delivery to time and cost is an MSV ethos. Thus this facility was
acquired, designed, fitted out and in operation from a bare building in 6
months from the hand over of the keys by the previous owners. The
whole process was completed to time and cost by MSVs own project
management team.
Based at the Cambridge site MSVs traditional areas of excellence have
been integrating, customising and fitting out vehicles, shelters and
containers for specialist activities. These have included work on
command cabins, specialist vehicle load beds and carriers as well as
emergency services CBRN vehicles.
The shelters and containers provide hospitals, command and control
facilities to be carried on vehicles or operated from the ground,
ambulances and automated field deployable test facilities all of which can
be CBRN protected. Following work on command and control shelters for
Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs) MSV was asked to get involved in
building the UAVs themselves.
With its wide experience of military vehicle and shelter projects and its
commitment to Agility, Quality and Integrity; the watchwords that
dominate its operations and activity MSV is also skilled in integrating
CBRN defence into its products and programmes. The recently delivered
Role 2 Hospital for Norway integrated full CBRN protection into a fully
operational fully equipped trauma hospital.
MSDGs team of engineers and scientist specialises in design studies
and concept development. MSDGs specialist skills enable them to
assist MSV and MVE whilst simultaneously working for companies and
MODs in UK and overseas who need their robotic control,
electromagnetic compatibility and interference (EMC and EMI) consulting
and management talents. MSDG is now the repository of the UAV
development and building work. Part of the UK MoDs FATs II
consultancy MSDG excel in rapid prototyping and deployment and
Urgent Operational Requirements especially EOD unattended ground
vehicles (UGV).
CAPABILITY PROFILES
MARSHALL SPECIALIST VEHICLES;
SPECIAL VEHICLES, SPECIAL SHELTERS AND UORS WITH A CBRN TWIST
Marshall Systems Design Group are part of a team competing in
the UK MoD Grand Challenge for UGVs. MSDG designed and
built the robot and its guidance system
Marshall Systems Design Group Design, built and do the fleet
maintenance on a number of UGVs, including this one for the UK
MoD and Police.
When delivering the Norwegian Role 2 Hospitals MSV integrate
more than 10 NBCUK member companies equipment to provide
a complete trauma hospital with complete CBRN protection.
Shown here are the CBRN filtration units for one of the 22
container units.
CAPABILITY PROFILES
Remploy is the worlds leading CBRNE (chemical,
biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives) personnel
protection equipment (PPE) and performance textile
manufacturer.
Having restructured its business model to include
expanding into burgeoning markets , this includes: the
toxic industrial chemical sector (TIC); the marine personal
flotation space; and other performance textile and PPE
areas e.g. crowd control, and body armour.
Accordingly, Remploy can now better engage its
purchasers and the end user more meaningfully with its
new market strategy and customer approach.
Frontline, Remploys leading brand in the PPE arena,
exceeds global expectations by interpreting and
integrating market feedback with its own expertise when
developing products for customers around the world.
This ensconces Frontline as a truly global partner with
its customers in the CBRNE community.
Remploy Frontline produces bespoke CBRNE solutions
for a range of customers. Collaboration with
complementary producers of other PPE means they
provide affordable integrated ensembles for civilian and
military services worldwide. Its main Frontline products
include:
CR1 Frontliner
Cougar
Panther
Frontline Contaminated Human Remains Pouch
Remploy continually evaluates new materials and its
manufacturing techniques. Remploy has its own ISO-
approved development and production facilities located
throughout the UK to make the following products that are
sent to all points internationally.
SURVIVAL EVOLUTION Uncompromising CBRNE Protection from Remploy Frontline
Scott are leaders in the design and manufacture of Respiratory Protection
Equipment (RPE). Their range includes military and civil defence masks and filters,
powered breathing systems, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and
escape sets.
Scott have been supplying RPE to military markets for over 30 years. They have
supplied the in service filter to the UK MoD for the last 20 years and their M95
respirator ensemble has been in service with the Finnish MoD for over 10 years.
From this base M95 has been supplied to meet the requirements of military and
Civil Defence customers all over the world including geographic markets as diverse
as the USA and Japan, Australia and Chile and the Czech Republic and Malaysia.
Their expertise, at the cutting edge of RPE technology, is indicated by contracts
they are currently working on. These include the General Service Respirator (GSR)
contract for the British MoD, the M 2005 for the Finnish MoD and the End of
Service Life Indicator Technical Demonstrator Programme for the UK MoD.
Scott is part of Tyco Fire and Security, a division of Tyco International. This gives
Scott the benefit of the backing and resources of a major international company.
www.scottsafety.com
Scott Health & Safety
Siemens PG Radiation Monitoring, design,
develop and supply high quality radiation
detection and monitoring systems and
products.
Systems range from large scale countrywide
schemes down to local area systems for
military bases, buildings and shelters to
systems for warships, submarines, armoured
and soft skinned vehicles.
The new Siemens ANV S2 FV system for use
on vehicles has met with wide acclaim from
both military and civil users. Built to exacting
UK Ministry of Defence standards and capable
of detecting radiation from background up to full
RADIAC levels the system is rugged and
proofed against EMC, RFI, EMP and shock and
vibration.
Using high integrity electronics, the ANV S2 FV
system has full digital interface for
communicating with modern platform
management systems and can out put data to a
radio communications system as well as
interfacing to hazard warning and reporting
systems for chemical and biological detection.
Siemens Power Generation Radiation
Monitoring is a long established defence
manufacture and accredited to BS EN ISO
9001:2000 and EN ISO 14001. All design,
development, engineering and marketing is
conducted from its site in Poole UK.
For more information please contact:-
Tel: +44 (0) 1202 782449
Fax: +44 (0) 1202 782157
E-mail: radmon@poole.siemens.co.uk
www.siemens.co.uk/radiationmonitoring
Siemens ANV S2-FV Radiation Detection and Monitoring System
CAPABILITY PROFILES
The SmartBioSensor (SBS) is a real-time detector of biological agents or toxins in ambient air.
Following an alarm, the system classifies the threat as bacteria/virus or bacterial spores/toxin.
The SBS continuously samples the air and traps bioagents onto two 4 sensor array coupons. The
fluorescence from the biosensor array is processed by an on-board computer to produce signal patterns
that are characteristic of bioagents. The bioagents are retained on the coupons for confirmatory analysis
or archiving.
The SBS also features an airborne particle counter to maintain low response to common biological and
chemical interferents in the environment. The sensors in the SBS will respond to unanticipated or
genetically modified organisms that could be missed by sensors designed for specific organism detection.
The SBS is used for applications where there is a need to detect airborne biological events a bio
smoke detector. The SmartBio Sensor was designed to protect the military in the field as a portable
biological detection system and it can also be used in civilian applications from event protection to
permanent installation protection.
The SmartBio Sensor (SBS)
Vidisco is a leading designer and manufacturer of state of the art portable X-ray
inspection systems. With real-time images and a laptop controlling the X-ray source
from a distance far from the explosion range we offer the fastest and safest inspection
systems in the world.
Our systems are truly portable and fully battery operated. The systems can be easily
trekked to any suspected object by a single person in a ruggedized case or backpack.
Vidisco has been continuously on the front line of R&D for almost 20 years. We are the
first company to achieve truly portable flat amorphous Silicon (a-Si) panel inspection
systems with 14 bit dynamic range ((16384 grey levels) images and automatic Dual
Energy (DE) organic/ inorganic detection. Our Flat foX-17 system offers a large panel
and the foX-Rayzor is the thinnest imager ever produced just 13 mm.
We are proud to present our newest product the XR-DE Dual Energy Module, which
is compatible with a pulsed Golden XR200 or XRS3 source. With 270kV, DE
penetration is improved by 200% allowing for better Probability Of Detection (POD) in
IEDs. We invite you to witness a live demo of our products and capabilities any where,
any time. Upgrade yourself to the X-ray inspection systems of the 21st century.
First Ever Organic/ Inorganic Detection with Pulsed X-Ray Sources
Air Techniques International is a recognized
global leader in the development,
manufacture, and service of equipment for
testing high purity air filters and protective
masks.
ATIs comprehensive services include a
DOE-Certified Filter Test Lab for both filter
and mask testing. We also provide full life-
cycle repair and maintenance of all our test
equipment in our ISO-9001 facility.
ATI's Protective Mask Leakage Tester
(PMLT) is a uniquely portable device that
provides overall leak testing of masks and
specific mask components without requiring
the user to wear the mask.
The system is used to confirm mask seal and
function as well as individual fit. The PMLT
sets up in minutes to provide six separate
mask test options. It sports a user-friendly
touch pad, digital display screen, and
headform options that support most
commercial and military protective masks.
2HF For Fit Testing only, the 2HF portable fit
tester can measure stable and repeatable fit
factors well in excess of 100,000 and is
virtually maintenance-free.
TDA- 100P & 110P are great choices for
production and development environments to
test respiratory filters less than 100 liters per
minute to large collective protection filters up
to 2,500 cubic feet per minute. They can be
custom-configured to meet specific customer
needs, including integration into automated
production systems.
www.ATItest.com
Air Techniques International (ATI)
Crystal ball By CJ Rosatto
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Ter r or ism is war far e and
t er r or ist s ar e soldier s
Colin S Gr ay, Another Bloody Century
Future Warfare
The last edit ion saw us r eview our
pr evious ar t icles and pr edict ions. In t his
edit ion, we will st ar t t o look at CBRN
for ensics and explor e wher e milit ar y
CBRN may pr ogr ess over t he next 20
year s. Befor e we st ar t our jour ney, we
again need t o look at a few definit ions in
or der t o set t he scene.
Forensic science
For ensic science is t he applicat ion of
scient ific knowledge t o solve legal
pr oblems.
This can be anyt hing fr om a
common bur glar y t hr ough
envir onment al pr ot ect ion t o
int er nat ional ar ms cont r ol. In our
incr easingly r egulat ed wor ld, science is
becoming mor e and mor e int r icat ely
involved wit h civil and cr iminal law.
While it is by no means exclusively
connect ed t o cr iminal cases, it is t he
collect ion, examinat ion and
pr esent at ion of scient ific evidence t o
solve cr imes t hat is most familiar t o t he
public as for ensic science. Using t he
ver y lat est in t echnology, for ensic
scient ist s conver t t he clues collect ed
fr om a cr ime scene int o evidence
admissible in a cour t of law. Physical
evidence has been defined as, Any and
all object s t hat can est ablish t hat a
cr ime has been commit t ed or can
pr ovide a link bet ween a cr ime and it s
vict im or a cr ime and it s per pet r at or.
For ensic science is a mult idisciplinar y
subject used for examining cr ime scenes
and gat her ing evidence t o be used in t he
pr osecut ion of offender s in a cour t of
law. For ensic science t echniques ar e
also used t o examine compliance wit h
int er nat ional agr eement s r egar ding
weapons of mass dest r uct ion.
The main ar eas used in for ensic
science ar e biology, chemist r y, and
medicine, alt hough t he science also
includes t he use of physics, comput er
science, geology, and psychology.
For ensic scient ist s examine object s,
subst ances (including blood or dr ug
samples), chemicals (paint s, explosives,
t oxins), t issue t r aces (hair, skin), or
impr essions (finger pr int s or t idemar ks)
left at t he cr ime scene. The major it y of
for ensic scient ist s specialise in one ar ea
of science.
When is forensic science needed?
The following list highlight s t he
for ensic law enfor cement link. When a
police office ar r ives at a possible cr ime
scene, t hr ee quest ions need t o be
answer ed. Has a cr ime been commit t ed?
Who is r esponsible? Is t he suspect
r esponsible for t he cr ime?
The role of the forensic scientist
The for ensic scient ist has t wo main
dut ies: examinat ion of physical evidence
and r epor t ing on t he r esult s of a
for ensic examinat ion t o assist
invest igat ion in t r acing an offender,
pr oviding evidence for pr esent at ion of a
case t o a cour t and pr esent ing ver bal
evidence in cour t (exper t t est imony). To
t his list can also be added t he t r aining
of police officer s t o become for ensically
minded when invest igat ing a cr ime
scene.
For ensic science t oday is
incr easingly mult idisciplinar y, involving
ot her pr ofessionals such as pat hologist s,
chemist s, t oxicologist s, biologist s,
ent omologist s, ant hr opologist s, dent ist s,
document examiner s, ballist ics exper t s
and engineer s.
Forensic geology
For en sic geology is st r ict ly defin ed as
t h e u se of geologic pr in ciples an d
t ech n iqu es t o est ablish fact s or
pr ovide eviden ce u sed in a cou r t of
law. A br oader wor kin g defin it ion
in clu des t h e u se of t h e same
pr in ciples an d t ech n iqu es t o est ablish
fact s or sequ en ces of even t s r egar dless
of wh et h er t h ey ar e u sed in cou r t .
Th u s, t h e gat h er in g an d in t er pr et at ion
of geologic dat a for in t elligen ce,
espion age, an d n at ion al secu r it y
pu r poses can fall u n der t h e secon d
defin it ion of for en sic geology.
For en sic geology over laps wit h t h e
field of for en sic soil scien ce. In man y
cases t h e wor k per for med by
pr act it ion er s in t h e t wo fields is ver y
similar an d t h e on ly dist in ct ion lies in
t h e det ails of t h eir academic t r ain in g
an d pr ofession al exper ien ce. Also
r elat ed is t h e field of for en sic
geoph ysics, in wh ich geoph ysical
in st r u men t s su ch as seismogr aph s can
be u sed as t h e basis for in fer en ces
abou t act ivit ies in r emot e or ot h er wise
in accessible ar eas.
A milit ar y for en sic geology example
is t h e u se of t h ese t ech n iqu es by
Amer ica in Wor ld War Two. Th e
Japan ese wer e r eleasin g n u mer ou s
in cen diar y balloon s in or der t o cau se
fear an d disr u pt ion by st ar t in g bu sh
fir es. For en sic geology t ech n iqu es
wer e u sed in differ en t ar eas,
par t icu lar ly on t h e sou r ce of ballast
san d u sed wit h in t h e balloon s.
Biological traces
Biological t r aces ar e collect ed n ot on ly
fr om t h e scen e of cr ime an d a deceased
per son , bu t also fr om su r vivin g vict ims
an d su spect s. Most common samples
obt ain ed ar e blood, h air, an d semen .
DNA can be ext r act ed fr om an y of
t h ese samples an d u sed for
compar at ive an alysis. DNA is t h e main
met h od of iden t ifyin g people. Vict ims
of cr ash es or fir es ar e oft en
u n r ecogn isable, bu t adequ at e DNA can
The Crystal Ball is an article written for each
edition of CBRN World.The magazine is
focusing on the growth of defence against
non-conventional weapons,from NBC,to
CBRN to CBRNe.The aim of the Crystal
Ball is to raise issuesthat will likely effect
CBRN defence in 20 years time.
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be isolat ed an d a per son can be
posit ively iden t ified if a sample of t h eir
DNA or t h eir family' s can be obt ain ed.
CBRN forensics
An example of an or ganisat ion involved
in CBRN for ensics is t he For ensic
Science Cent er (FSC) in t he US. The
FSC is one of t wo US labor at or ies t o be
int er nat ionally cer t ified for ident ifying
chemical war far e agent s. The labor at or y
r eceived it s or iginal cer t ificat ion in
2003 and is cur r ent ly t he only facilit y in
t he Unit ed St at es t hat is accr edit ed t o
accept samples and analyse t hem for t he
possible pr esence of chemical weapons
under t he Chemical Weapons
Convent ion (CWC). Cr eat ed in 1991, t he
Cent er is home t o nat ionally r ecognised
exper t s t o suppor t chemical, nuclear,
and biological count er t er r or ism.
This example is at t he t op end of
t he for ensic t able. In fut ur e edit ions we
will t end t o look at t he lower end use
of milit ar y CBRN for ensics such as
t hose ut ilised by t he likes of t he US
Tech Escor t /Mar ine CBIRF, Aust r alian
Joint Incident Response Regiment and
t he Br it ish Joint Regiment . Besides
looking at t he CBRN for ensic
capabilit ies, we will at t empt t o explor e
t he just ificat ion for milit ar y expansion
in t his ar ea.
Evidence and trace examination
The analysis of t he scene of cr ime or
accident involves obt aining a per manent
r ecor d of t he scene (for ensic
phot ogr aphy) and collect ion of evidence
for fur t her examinat ion and
compar ison. Collect ed samples include
biological (t issue samples such as skin,
blood, semen or hair ), physical
(finger pr int s, shells, fr agment s of
inst r ument s or equipment , fibr es,
r ecor ded voice messages or comput er
discs) and chemical (samples of paint ,
cosmet ics, solvent s or soil).
Evidence process
Most commonly, t he evidence collect ed
at t he scene is subsequent ly pr ocessed
in a for ensic labor at or y by scient ist s
specialising in a par t icular ar ea.
Scient ist s ident ify, for example,
finger pr int s, chemical r esidues, fibr es,
hair or DNA left behind. However,
miniat ur isat ion of equipment and t he
abilit y t o per for m most for ensic analysis
at t he scene of cr ime r esult s in mor e
specialist s being pr esent in t he field.
Pr esence of mor e people at t he scene of
cr ime int r oduces a gr eat er likelihood of
int r oduct ion of cont aminat ion int o t he
evidence. Mor eover, mult i-handling of a
piece of evidence (for example a mur der
weapon being analysed by many
specialist s) is also likely t o int r oduce
t r aces of t issue or DNA not or iginat ing
fr om t he scene of a cr ime. All t his
r esult s in st r ict qualit y cont r ols
imposed on collect ion, handling and
analysis of evidence t o ensur e lack of
cont aminat ion. For example, in DNA
analysis, it is essent ial t hat samples ar e
st or ed at t he cor r ect t emper at ur e and
t hat t her e is no cont aminat ion fr om a
per son handling a sample by wear ing
clean gloves and per for ming analysis in
a clean labor at or y.
Th e abilit y t o pr oper ly collect an d
pr ocess for en sic samples can affect t h e
abilit y of t h e pr osecu t ion t o pr ove t h eir
case du r in g a t r ial. Th e pr esen ce of
ch emical t r aces or DNA on a piece of
debr is is also cr u cial in est ablish in g
t h e ch ain of even t s leadin g t o a cr ime
or acciden t .
A gr owing ar ea of for ensic analysis is
monit or ing non-pr olifer at ion of
weapons of mass dest r uct ion, analysis of
possible t er r or ist at t acks or br eaches of
secur it y. The nat ur e of samples analysed
is wide, but slight ly differ ent t o a
cr iminal invest igat ion. In addit ion t o
t he alr eady descr ibed samples, for ensic
scient ist s who gat her evidence of mass
dest r uct ion weapons collect swabs fr om
object s, wat er and plant mat er ial t o t est
for t he pr esence of r adioact ive isot opes,
t oxins or poisons, as well as chemicals
t hat can be used in t he pr oduct ion of
chemical weapons. The main differ ence
fr om t he mor e common for ensic
invest igat ion is t he amount of
chemicals pr esent in a sample. Samples
t aken fr om t he scene of suspect ed
chemical or biological weapons oft en
cont ain minut e amount s of chemicals
and r equir e ver y sensit ive and accur at e
inst r ument s for analysis.
We have now gained an in-dept h
under st anding of for ensic and CBRN
for ensic r elat ed subject definit ions.
Over t he next couple of edit ions, we
aim t o look a lot mor e in-dept h int o
sever al ar eas of milit ar y CBRN
for ensics. These ar e likely t o include:
r adiological count er t er r or ist effor t s;
for ensic use of CBRN mat er ial t o assist
in for ensic invest igat ion; CBRN
for ensic skills and t echniques in
ident ifying CBRN component s and
r elat ed par apher nalia; t he need for
milit ar y specialist s and t heir link in a
whole-of-gover nment appr oach t o
count er ing CBRN t er r or ism.
As milit ar y CBRN for ensics has
many similar it ies t o ot her milit ar y t asks
such as t hose in development t o
count er t he IED t hr eat s, we will look t o
explor e t hese similar it ies in r elat ion t o
possible for ce st r uct ur e and concept of
oper at ions. These would include ar eas
such as weapons int elligence and
count er explosive exploit at ion. Bot h of
t hese ar eas have similar it ies in
met hodology in t he for ensic
met hodologies employed. The common
ar eas include using for ensic t echniques
t o focus on evidence of individuals
const r uct ing devices and ident ifying
component s and t heir hist or y.
The int er est ing aspect is t hat
for ensic t echniques used by t he t wo
gr oups ar e likely t o have mut ually
beneficial out comes when used t o
suppor t each ot her. For example, t he
for ensic t echniques used t o obt ain
finger pr int s t hr ough t he use of
r adiat ion could be a significant ext r a
t ool for t he per sonnel involved in
count er explosive exploit at ion. The
quest ion comes ar ound t o milit ar y for ce
st r uct ur es and what skills milit ar y
per sonnel need ver sus what public
ser vant s and cont r act or s can br ing,
par t icular ly in t he field.
As S P Rosens invest igat ions and
analysis of milit ar y innovat ion st at ed in
Innovation and the Modern Military
Winning the next war: Because of t he
peculiar char act er of milit ar y
or ganisat ions in peacet ime t hey ar e
simply unlikely t o innovat e at all if left
t o t hemselves; milit ar y innovat ion must
be t he r esult of civilian int er vent ion.
The shift t o a whole-of-gover nment
appr oach t o t ackling t he CBRN t hr eat
may benefit milit ar y development in t he
2030 t imefr ame.
CBRNe WORLD Summer 2008 www.cbrneworld.com
UGV Roundup
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Length
Width
Height
Weight
Wheeled or tracked
Stair climbing
Gap crossing H/ W
Kerb climbing H/ W
Speed
Arm
Reach of arm
Degrees of freedom
Lifting Capacity
retracted/ extended
Power
Range
Cameras
Sensor/ Detector
Package
Wheelbarrow
Revolution
(1)
125cm
65cm
100cm
335kg
Tracked
Yes 45
60cmwide
300 mmH
5km/h
Yes
6.2mHoriz/Vert
7
150Kg/
25kg at 3M
24V
1Km
4
Various
Cutlass
(2)
124cm
72cm
127cm
Not supplied
6 Wheel drive
Yes
50cmwide
300 mmH
13Km/h
Yes
2.5mHoriz
3.6mVert
9
150Kg/
15Kg at 2.5m
40V
1Km
6
Various
Defender
(3)
1520 mm
725 mm
1150 mm
275 kg
6 Wheel drive
Yes 45
500 mm
400 mmH
3.25 km/h
Yes
2.56mHoriz
1.65mVert
6
75 kg/
35 kg
2 x 12V
5 Hrs
6
Met: FT702LM,
Metsman
Chem: GID3, CAM,
Raid-M, MCAD
Rad: SVG2, GR135
Exp: Sabre, MO-2M
Digital Vanguard
(4)
950 mm
450 mm
560 mm
56.6 kg
Tracked
(wheel kit)
Yes 45
450 mm
400 mmH
5km/h
Yes
1.77mHoriz
2.27mVert
6
20 kg/
8 kg
36V
5 Hrs
3
Met: FT702LM,
Metsman
Chem: GID3, CAM,
Raid-M, MCAD
Rad: SVG2, GR135
Exp: Sabre, MO-2M
Talon
(5)
86.4 cm
57.2 cm
27.9 cm
64 kg
Tracked
Yes 43
Not supplied
Not supplied
8.3km/h
Yes
1.3mHoriz
0.54mVert
3
34 kg/
9.5 kg
36V
800 m
5
telemax
(6)
800mm
400mm
750mm
80 kg
Tracked
(wheel kit)
Yes
600 mm
500 mmH
3.5km/h
Yes
1.6mHoriz
2.6mVert
7
More than 5kg
5 kg
24V
>1000m
5
Various
tEODor
(7)
1300mm
685mm
1240mm
375kg
Tracked
Yes
500 mm
250 mmH
3km/h
Yes
1.86mHoriz
2.86mVert
6
100 kg/
20 kg
24V
>1000m
4
Various
1 Northrop Grumman 2 Northrop Grumman 3 Allen Vanguard 4 Allen Vanguard
5 Foster Miller 6 Telerob 7 Telerob 8 Mesa Robotics
102
Met: Raytek
Chem: MultiRAE, LCD3,
Chemsentry, Multiwarn2,
FirstDefender, APD2000
Rad: AN/UDR14
Exp: FIDO
Summer 2008 CBRNe WORLD www.cbrneworld.com
9 Mesa Robotics 10 Mesa Robotics 11 Kuchera 12 Marshall SV
13 Marshall SV 14 AB Precision 15 WM Robots 16 Foster Miller
103
Marv
(9)
20.5
13.5
12
25 lb
Tracked
Yes
13.5
6.5
4m/ph
No
N/A
N/A
N/A
12V
700m
1
None
Matilda
(10)
30
21
12
61 lb
Tracked
Yes
21
10
2m/ph
Yes
24 Horiz
44Vert
5
35 lb/
15 lb
12V
>500m
2
Not standard
M2P2
(11)
23
25
5
48 lb
Wheeled
No
3
2
2.5m/ph
Yes
44 Horiz
40Vert
5
10 lb/
4 lb
12V
300m
2
Not standard
Sentry 1
(12)
1200mm
750mm
900mm
180kg
4 Wheel drive
No
300mm
230mm
10km/h
No
2mVert
2
100kg
24V
>250m
1
None
Sentry 2
(13)
1200mm
750mm
900mm
200kg
Tracked
Yes
350mm
250mm
10km/h
No
N/A
N/A
N/A
24V
2km
2
None
Guardian
(14)
758mm
535mm
524mm
62kg
Tracked
(wheel kit)
Yes
500mm
400mm
9km/h
Yes
2.6mVert
6
40 kg/
15 kg
24V
1km
4
Not standard
Knight
(15)
1359mm
705mm
1016mm
250kg
Wheeled
(track kit)
Yes 45
600mm
500mm
4km/h
Yes
1.94mHoriz
2.63mVert
7
118 kg/
27 kg
48V
1km
3
Not standard
Dragon Runner
(16)
17
16
5
15lb
Wheeled
(track kit)
No
Not supplied
Climbing Kit
6 ins
10m/ph
Yes
24 Horiz
45Vert
3
10 lb/
5 lb
12V
400m
1
Not standard
Acer
(8)
83
62
56
450 lb
Tracked
Not supplied
62
18
6.3 m/ph
No
N/A
N/A
N/A
Hydraulic
>500m
1
None
Governor Gabriel Cinomis,a Prairie Dog,gives his
opinion of CBRN matters from his unique perspective
C
B
R
N
e
W
O
R
L
D
As I have not ed a number of t imes, nameless scient ist s const ant ly
appr oach me (and my budget ) wit h int er est ing new ideas on how t o
defeat mat t er s chemical and biological. Most of t hese involve laser s,
mir aculous act ive coat ings, space-age polymer s, a cer t ain amount
of voodoo and bald-faced lies.
Imagine my sur pr ise when I was appr oached on a wholly
differ ent subject t hat st ill t ouched on t he biological ar ena. A
nameless scient ist was pr oposing a new weapon. While Dogt own is
not act ively engaged in any open host ilit ies, we do keep a keen eye
on t he st at e of t he Gopher-Mole Conflict , but we t r y not t o t ake
sides. Violence does t end t o spr ead our way fr om t ime t o t ime, and
we also cont inue t o deal wit h t he Giant Gambian Rat Menace. The
coyot e deat h squads, sadly, pr oved just as har mful t o t he cit izens of
Dogt own as t hey did t o t he Giant Rat s.
This new weapon he pr oposed involved a sor t of air cannon
flinging small bar bed pr oject iles hedgehogs at t he enemy. I
dar esay I was sur pr ised our bar bed cousins wer e so r esolut e in t heir
det er minat ion t o help end t he Giant Gambian Rat Menace as t o
sacr ifice t hemselves t o t he cause. Evident ly t his nameless scient ist
got t he idea fr om a cousin far t o t he sout h in an incident t hat has
caused somet hing of a st ir. I was somewhat concer ned such a
weapon would violat e t r eat ies I mean, it is biological in nat ur e,
isnt it ? This ver y idea was used in t he special hear ings on what has
become Coyot eGat e. I asked Ms Chuckwor t hy t o invest igat e t his
possibilit y, as I did not wish t o face anot her scandal should I
appr ove funding for t his weapon. I also quest ioned t he pr oposed
weapons effect iveness.
While t his is a capit al idea, I wonder just how much damage a
flung hedgehog can inflict ?
Mr. Mayor, sir, if you dont mind me saying, we t hink t he
Hogheaver X11 will be quit e effect ive.
Go on.
Sir, no one likes a face full of pr icks.
As some of you know, all post dest ined for t he Mayor al Den and
gover nment complex is heavily scr ut inised since t he failed Yersinia
pestis at t ack. I am st ill not sur e how a dr ipping par cel r eached my
desk, but said post al car r ier s wer e sacked. Be t hat as it may, an
ext ensive labor at or y facilit y has been er ect ed, cost ing millions of
nut s and employing dozens t o open, scr een, ir r adiat e and t est s all
incoming post . St r angely, t his has not cut down on t he amount of
por nogr aphic mat er ial ent er ing t he syst em, but has cer t ainly
r educed t he amount act ually r eaching it s dest inat ion.
Var ious t echnological devices ar e employed in t his scr eening
and an elabor at e decision t r ee was cr eat ed t o det er mine, if t her e is
a posit ive r eading on one of t he devices, what act ions t o t ake t o
ascer t ain if it is a t r ue posit ive. I applaud t his ent ir e pr ocess despit e
my inabilit y t o under st and t he Byzant ine decision t r ee.
Apackage ar r ived t he ot her day, wr apped neat ly. The package
cont ained a filt hy box cover ed in some st r ange, pungent subst ance.
The full for ce of t he labor at or y went int o act ion samples t aken,
incident commander s called for t h, sir ens and some r unning. Int o t he
high-t ech devices went t he sample and aft er a shor t t ime out popped
an answer. By t his t ime I had ar r ived on t he scene, cur ious t o know if
t he Gopher-Mole Conflict had again r eached int o Dogt own.
Have you ident ified t he subst ance?
Sir, we have. We have det er mined t he subst ance, while disgust ing,
t o be benign.
Good. Ver y good. What was it ?
Tar amosalat a, sir.
Oh, ver y good, not hazar dous wait your det ect ion equipment
act ually t old you t he subst ance was t ar amosalat a?
Yes sir.
This is a device for t he ident ificat ion of hazar dous biological and
chemical subst ances and it t old you t hat goop on t he out side of t he
package was t ar amosalat a?
The poor minion simply st ar ed back at me. I was feeling a st r ange
mixt ur e of r ight eous indignat ion coupled wit h out r age, all
under lying incr edulit y. Ms Chuckwor t hy lat er not ed t his is nor mal
for me.
Who was on t he r equir ement s commit t ee for t his device? Who sat
ar ound at a t able and somehow, t hr ough for ce of will, no doubt
insist ed t his device simply had t o be able t o det ect t ar amosalat a?
Did t hey say, We cannot face t he absolut e t er r or of a successful
t ar amosalat a at t ack!? May I see t his device?
I looked over t he gadget . Along wit h sever al sampling pr obes, it was
a lar gish yellow vaguely diamond-shaped device. I had imagined an
analogue met er on t he fr ont of t he device wit h a point er t ur ning t o
var ious subst ances: Bacillus ant hr acis, bot ulinum t oxin, faeces,
t ar amosalat a. Inst ead t her e was an LCD r eadout scr een, cur r ent ly
blank as t he device was power ed down. I pr essed a but t on and it
emit t ed a chir p but not hing mor e.
Pr ay t ell, what else does t his gadget det ect ? I hope not just
t ar amosalat a.
No sir ! Not at all! We can det ect baba ghanoush and muhammar a
as well.
Despit e t he appar ent absur dit y of all t his, I must say such
ident ificat ion devices have allowed t he post al facilit y t o cor r ect ly
ident ify whet her or not somet hing is safe. Pr ior t o t he facilit ys
est ablishment (and pr ior t o bot h my t er m as Mayor and t he dr eaded
soggy envelope incident ) a box ar r ived fr om a for eign gover nment
ost ensibly cont aining a pr esent int ended for t he annual Dogma
celebr at ion. Upon opening t he box, which cont ained pickled acor ns,
t he t hen Mayor assumed he had been sent a box of Bacillus
ant hr acis (only he used, incor r ect ly, t he t er m ant hr ax which is
t he disease not t he agent ). Why such a t hing would occur t o t his
for mer official r emains a myst er y and t her e was much gnashing of
t eet h over all of t his and t he obligat or y for mal apologies t o t he gift -
giver. Rumour has it t he pickled acor ns st ill r eside wit hin a glove
box at an undisclosed BSL 4 facilit y.
Her e now I sit , in my Mayor al Den, knowing I am safe. Safe
because guar ds out side and ar ound t he Den ar e ar med wit h t he ver y
lat est Hogheaver s and safe because I know no post al or der asked for
or gift ed veget able past e subst ances shall penet r at e my sanct um. I
had hoped t o have updat es on t he BIRD, but t he head minion for t hat
pr oject is now nowher e t o be found. The pr oject appear s t o cont inue,
as occasionally t her e ar e meet ings held and decision made which Ms
Chuckwor t hy manages t o fer r et out aft er t he fact . For now, my
Mayor al dut ies call me back (and a sear ch for all t hat missing
por nogr aphic mat er ial). Till next I poke my head up.
Gabriel Cinomis
Prairie Dog
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