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Principal Component Analysis Image for Multi-Resolution Images

S. Phasomkusolsil, N. Hinsamooth, F. Cheevasuvit, K. Dejhan, S. Mittatha, S. Chitwong, and A. Somboonkaew*
Faculty o Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Bangkok 10520, Thailand
*Electro-optics Laboratory, National Electronics and Computer Technology/Center
73/1 NSTDA Building, Ministry of Science Technology and Environment Rama VI
Road, Rajtawee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

Abstract
The visual image classification and visual image interpretation can be performed on a colour image which
obtained by combining of three different wavelength images of a satellite. However, some images bands are
highly correlated. It diminished the efficiency of the mentioned tasks. Also, the different objects can be given
high reflectance in difference wavelength of electromagnetic spectral. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of
image classification and interpretation, all reflectance information from different spectral band images and
satellites are need to collect into a colour image. Then, the simultaneous classification or interpretation for
different objects can be effectively done. To create such kinds of images, the principal component analysis
(PCA) will be applied to reduce the dimension of image data. Hence, the different spectral images are
transformed into some few principal components contained almost the total variance of original images.
Nevertheless, each satellite image system provides the different resolution from another. Before applying the
principal component analysis, first all images need to rescaling the brightness into the same range. Then, the
geometrical error between these images must be corrected by using the second order polynomial. Finally, the
biharmonic spline interpolation is used in order to obtain the same resolution of picture element. The result of
colour image is obtained by combining the reed, green and blue colors from the first three principle
components. This image will contains almost 80 percent of the total variance.

Introduction
Each object on the earth can be well reflected the electromagnetic wave in different wavelength. As we know,
more member of non-overlapping wavelength band allows the use to distinguish a larger variety of objects on
the earth [1]. Consequently, each satellite for the earth observation is composed of at least three properly
selected spectral bands. The colour imager will be obtained by linear combination of three existent image
bands from satellite. The colour image is widely user for the visual image classification and the visual
interpretation. However, each land observation satellite has its own special proposed. Therefore, sensors of
one satellite will be selected the different spectral bands as shown in the table 1.

Table 1

To increase the efficiency of the image classification and the image interpretation, all reflectance information
from different spectral band images of different satellites are then required to collect together. But for visual
presentation, all different spectral images cannot show together in the same time. Only three different
spectral images can be performed a colour image, since it is produced from three colours which are red,
green and blue. Fortunately, they exist a method which can combine almost the total different spectral images
into a some fewer imager. This method is known as the principal component analysis (PCA). PCA is the
method applied for reducing the dimension of image data. So, all treated images with different spectral are
transformed into some few principal components which are preserved almost the total variance of the original
image. Nevertheless, the ground sample distance or pixel resolution of one sensor system will be different
from another. Hence, an interpolation method is applied to resembling an image in order to obtain the same
ground sample distance or pixel resolution. The detail for implementing the PCA of multi-resolution image will
be described as the following paragraph.

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Preprocessing
Since the images are acquired from different satellites with different pixel resolution, before performing the
PCA process, all images must be matched together. The following steps are used as preprocessing before
applying the PCA to the considered images.

Geometric correction The image from each satellite must be corrected its geometric errors. Also, the
geometric correction can be achieved by using the second order polynomial of mapping function as
shown in the following equations.

u = a0 + a1x + a2y + a3xy+ a4x2 + a5y2 (1a)

v = b0 + b1x +b2y + b3xy+b4x2r+b5y2 (1b)

The (x,y) coordinate is the ground control point obtained from the reference map which the coordinate
(u,v) is corresponding ground control point in an image. The coefficients a0 to a5 and b0 to b5 can be
solved by the least mean square method.

Resampling The cubic spline function is quite popular for interpolation. Here, the ground sample
distance will be resample by using cubic spline interpolation. For a series of given points xi, (I = 0,1,2,
……..,n) which are not equi-space, and the corresponding functional values are f(xi). For two arbitrary
adjacent points xi and xi+1, the cubic function will be fit to these two points for interpolating between
them. The function can be denoted as [3].

2 3
Fi(x) = a0 + a1x+ a2x + a3x for xii+1 (2)

There are four unknown factors must be solved, but only two conditions are immediately obtained
which are Fi(xi) = f(xi) and Fi(xi+1) = f(xi+1). The other two remaining conditions can be chosen by the
objective of smoothness. Therefore, the first and second derivative of Fi(x) will be matched to F1-1(x)
as shown in the following equations.

F'i(xi) = F'i-1(xi) (3a)

F"i(xi) = F"i-1(xi) (3b)

Since the image has two dimensional functions, the mention process must be applied along the rows of
image and then along the columns of the result. The more detail can be read from [3].

Brightness adjustment All images, the same region but acquired from different satellites, will have
different brightness and contrasts. Hence, the transforming function must be applied to readjust the
brightness of each image. Then, the brightness adjustment function can be obtained as follows:

Here xi is the old brightness value of a pixel and yi is the new value. Mr and Sr are the mean standard
deviation of the reference image, mk and sk are the mean and standard deviation of the kth
considered image.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

PCA is a powerful method of analyzing correlated multidimensional data [4]. The data from all of the spectral
bands involve a certain degree redundancy [5]. Then PCA has been used as a data compression technique
for solving the mentioned problem. The principal components are based on the eigenvectors of the covariance
the correlation matrix. The variance-covariance matrix Cx can be defined as:

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Where X is a given of N-dimensional variables with the mean vector M and p is the number of pixel. Each
component and p is the number of pixel. Each component Yi is denote by

Yi = a1iX1 + a2iX2 + a3iX3 +...+ aNiXn (6)

= aiTX

aiT is the transpose of the normalized eigenvectors of the matrix Cx. The whole transformation can be shown
as

Y = ATX (7)

where A is the matrix of eigenvectors which gives the covariance matrix Cy of Y by

Cy = ACxAT -(8)

The Cy matrix will be a diagonal matrix, which the elements are eigenvalues of Cx

where l1 > l2 >l3 > lN

Result
The experimental result is obtained by using three different satellites. They are MOS1, ADEOS and JERS1
with the resolution of 50 m x 50m, 16 m and 16m and 18 m x 24 m respectively. Three images from each
satellite are used in the proposed process where the image from ADEOS will be use as the reference image.
The result from preprocessing of these nine images can be shown as the Fig. 1. After the PCA process, the
nine components can be presented in the Fig. 2. By assigning the colour red, green and blue to the first three
principal component respectively, the obtained colour image is shown in Fig. 3. This colour image is contained
almost 85 percent of the total variane.

Fig. 1. Result from preprocessing

Fig. 2. Result from PCA

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Fig. 3. Colour image obtained from combining the fire

three principal components.

Conclusion
The proposed method is performed a colour image which can be combined all spectral information from
different satellites. Therefore, the obtained colour images will be very useful for image classification and
image interpretation.

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to think the National Research Council of Thailand for providing the satellite images
and Miss. Janjira Jittaviriyapong for providing the manuscript. Miss Janjira Jittaviriyapong is with the
Department of Languages and Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand.

Reference

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R. W. Hornbeck, "Numerical Methods," Printice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jerscy, 1995.
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T. Fung and E. LeDrew," Application of principal component analysis to Change detection,"
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