GSM Physical Layer

GSM Physical Layer
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Advanced Technology Center Chung-Wei Ku
Outlines
Overview of PHY s Source Coding s GMSK Demod and Equalization s Baseband Process s Burst Structure
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Advanced Technology Center
Chung-Wei Ku
References
M. Mouly and M. Pautet, The GSM System for Mobile communications, 1992. s A. M. Kondoz, Digital Speech Coding for Low Bit-Rate Communications Systems, Wiley Publishers, 1994. s ETSI GSM related standards documents.
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Chung-Wei Ku
GSM Physical Layer

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Involved techniques:
Source coding/decoding Error correction code Interleaving/De-interleaving Channel equalization GMSK modulation/demodulation Synchronization TDD with combined TDMA and FHMA
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Block Diagram
digitizing source decoding and D/A
speech
and source coding
speech
channel coding
channel decoding
interleaving
de-interleaving
burst formatting
burst de-formatting
ciphering
deciphering
modulation Advanced Technology Center
demodulation Chung-Wei Ku
Source Coding
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source sampling, A/D conversion

A-law, u-law
full-rate speech coding

RPE-LTP (CELP-based coding): 13 Kbps
half-rate speech coding

VSELP (CELP-based coding): 5.6 Kbps
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General CELP Codec

original speech W(z)
Zero excitation
1/Aw(z)
weighted LPC
Zero excitation
1/P(z)
1/Aw(z)
find D,
weighted LPC
code -book
1/P(z) G
1/Aw(z)
find index and G

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CELP Parameters
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LPC: short-term prediction

LPC is the envelope of spectrum LPC can be effectively expressed by LSF
Pitch: long-term prediction

pitch represents the periodic part; tone of the speaker
Excitation:
near white noise
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RPE-LTP Speech Coding

Regular Pulse Excitation - Long Term Prediction. s Encoding is much time-consuming than decoding. s Complexity: around 2 to 3 MIPS.
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Excitation Signal LTP Filter
Synthesized Speech Inverse LPC Filter Deemphasis

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RPE-LTP Codec
Input speech
LPC Inverse Filter Pitch Inverse Filter Weighting Filter and RPE Grid Selection ADPCM Quantizer
Grid Position LPC Parameter

LPC Analysis Pitch Analysis
M U X
Pitch Parameter
D E M U X
Residual Decoder
UpSampling
Pitch Synthesis Filter
LPC Synthesis Filter
Grid Position Pitch Parameter LPC Parameter
Decompressed Speech
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Process for Blocks

1. Information bits are coded with a systematic block code: info+parity bits. s 2. info + parity bits are encoded with a convolutional code, building coded bits. s 3. Reordering and interleaving the coded bits, adding stealing flag, gives the interleaved bits.
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Channel Coding
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Convolutional Coding
depends on the channels
Fire Code (Cyclic coding)

(X23+1)(X17+X3+1)
Parity Coding s Interleaving

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Convolutional Codes
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Punctured convolutional code:

Ex: D3+D+1 and D2+D+1 (goal: 2/3)
Source block (12 bits) Addition of tail bits Delay = 1 bit Delay = 2 bits Delay = 3 bits 1st conv. seq. (15 bits) 2nd conv. seq. (15 bits) punctured 2nd seq. (8 bits) transmitted block (23 bits) 100100110101 000100100110101000 000100100110101000 000100100110101000 000100100110101000 110010001001001 101001011110111 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 11101010000011001101011
Eventual: 12/23
Summary of Convolutional Codes
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Fire Code
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Generation function:
g(D)=(X23+1)(X17+X3+1) add 40 coded bits
Basically, Fire Code is used for control channels. s Traffic channels are only convolutional coded with parity bits then interleaved.
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Interleaving
To avoid burst errors which are fetal for convolutional coding, interleaving is necessary. s Implementation: transpose memory
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GSM Interleaving
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456 (4 x 114) bits can be divided into

4 parts of 114 bits, each for one burst 8 parts of 57 bits, each for half a burst 24 parts of 19 bits, each for 1/6 burst 76 parts of 6 bits, using 1/19 burst
16 pieces of 24 bits, 2 pieces of 18 bits, 2 pieces of 12 bits and 2 pieces of 6 bits a burst includes 4 pieces of 24 bits plus either one piece of 18 bits or two pieces of 12 and 6 bits.
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Speech Coding
Source (Speech) Coding
Mobile Station (Analog Signal)
Low-pass filter, then A/D converter, then RPE-LTP speech encoder
MSC (Base Station) (Digital Signal)

8-bit A-law to 13-bit Uniform converter, then RPE-LTP speech encoder
Mobile Station
Analog Signal 138000=104 kbps 13 kbps
Low-Pass Filter
A/D Converter
RPE-LTP Encoder
To Channel Encoder 13 kbps
MSC
Digital Signal
8bit A-law to 13bit Uniform Converter
13 8000=104 kbps
RPE-LTP Encoder
To Channel Encoder
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Speech Data Formatting

Source (Speech) Coding
Regular Pulse Excited Long-Term Prediction (RPE-LTP) Encoder
Input has bit rate of 104 kbps Has net bit rate of 13 kbps Output from RPE-LTP 260 bits every 20 ms
bits per 5 ms Linear Prediction Coding (LPC) filter Long Term Prediction (LTP) filter Excitation Signal Total Class I Class II 9 47 Bits per 20 ms 36 36 188 260 182 (class Ia=50, class Ib=132) 78
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Speech and Channel Coding

RPE-LTP RPE-LTPSpeech SpeechEncoder Encoder
260 bits
50 bits Class I: 182 bits 53 bits
20 ms
132 bits
Cyclic CyclicRedundancy RedundancyEncoder Encoder

4 tail bits all equal to zero 185 bits 189 bits
1/2 1/2Convolutional ConvolutionalEncoder Encoder

Class II: 78 bits 378 bits
20 ms
456 bits
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Interleaver
Structure of Interleaver
interleaving speech frames onto TDMA frame
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Data and Channel Coding

TCH/F9.6
9.6 Kbps refers to the users transmission rate, the actual rate is brought up to 12 Kbps through channel coding in the terminal equipment; that is, 12 Kbps is the rate delivered to the MS.
User UserInformation Information

240 bits
Add 4 0 bits 20 ms
1/2 1/2Convolutional ConvolutionalEncoder Encoder

488 coded bits
Puncturing Puncturingof of32 32coded codedbits bits

20 ms
456
bits
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Signaling and Channel Coding

Channel Coding of Signaling Channels
Signaling information contains a maximum of 184 bits. It does NOT make a difference whether the type of signaling information to be transmitted is mapped onto a BCCH, PCH, SDCCH or SACCH. The format always stays the same. Special format are reserved for the SCH & RACH FCCH requires no coding at all
Signaling SignalingInformation Information

184 bits
Block BlockEncoder Encoder(Fire (FireCode) Code)

Fire coded adds 40 parity bits to the 184 bit = 224 fire-coded bits, then adds 4 0 bits
1/2 1/2Convolutional Encoder Encoder

456 bits
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Ciphering
XOR operation of data and a specific key s Double-XOR recovers the original data
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A/5 algorithm generates the pseudo random key sequence phone No., SIM info, time/date
Data Key Ciphered
GMSK Modulation
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Information becomes NRZ signals.

k=1, if di=di-1 k=-1, if di di-1
=
= + = +

is equal to a ramp convolved with Gaussian function

GMSK Modulation
ROM table lookup for Gaussian, I and Q s Digital multiplier for IF modulation
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Gaussian Filter
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BT=0.3; the low-pass filter is equal to a 5-tag FIR.

x 10 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0
-3
0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10
11
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GMSK Graph
1.5
0.5
NRZ:
-0.5
Gaussian:
2 1
-1
-1.5 0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600
1800 2000
0 0 1
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
6 5.5 0.8 5 0.6 4.5 0.4 4 0.2 3.5 3 2.5 -0.4 2 -0.6 1.5 -0.8 1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
phase:
Carrier:
0 -0.2
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GMSK Properties
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1 bit difference:
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GMSK Demodulation
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Maximum Likelihood Estimation

Viterbi Algorithm
Training sequence pattern is utilized for demodulation decision s Combined demodulation and channel equalization s Demodulation and Error decoding
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GMSK Demodulation
5-bits state: Gaussian filter s 20 us separated multipath
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Frequency Assignment
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Frequency allocation (GSM-900):

Ful( n ) = 890.0 MHz + (0.2 MHz) n Fdl( n ) = ful( n )+ 45 MHz
Frequency allocation (DCS-1800):

Ful( n ) = 1710.0 MHz + (0.2 MHz)( n - 511 ) Fdl( n ) = ful( n )+ 95 MHz
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GSM Key Words

GSM: combined FDM and TDMA (200 KHz) s 1 TDMA frame = 8 time slots (577 s)
s 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
4.615 ms 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 4 0 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 0 BTS MS
Time-Division Duplex
GSM Key Words

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Pulsed Transmission
power vs. time template: burst
Timing Advance (Synchronization for TDMA)

delay time due to distance avoidance of collision
Power Control
signal attenuation due to distance
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GSM Keywords
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Radio Channel Properties

Shanons Eq.: C=B log2 (1+S/N)
R/B=1/BTbit (bps/Hz)
B=81.3 KHz, R=270833 bps for GSM with GMSK, BT=0.3 or 3.33 bps/Hz
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GSM Key Words

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Physical Channel
Different bursts for different situations 147bits = 542.8 s (3.69 s/bit)
Logical Channel
Messages for the communication between BTS and MS. Logical channels are mapped into physical channel burst structure.
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Burst Structure
+4dB -6dB 2dB
-30dB
147 (87) bits
-70dB (-36dBm) 10 8 10
10 8 10 (us)
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Burst Structure
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Normal Burst (MS, BTS)

The most common burst in GSM 8 kinds of training sequences (good correlation) The mid 16 in TS are used for equalization Stealing flag indicates signaling or user data
Coded Data 57 S Training Sequence S 1 1 26 148 bits = 546.12 s Coded Data 57 T GP 3 8.25
T 3
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Burst Structure
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Random Access Burst (MS)

MS randomly transmits it to gain initial access 68.25 s x 3 x 108 m/s = 75.5 km
T Synchronization Training Sequence T GP 8 Sequence 41 3 68.25 36 88 bits = 324.72 s
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Burst Structure
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Frequency Correction Burst (BTS)

BTS transmit it for MS with correct reference Due to the properties of GMSK, stuffing data can represent sinusoidal waveforms.
T 3 fixed bit sequence 142 148 bits = 546.12 s T GP 3 8.25
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Burst Structure
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Synchronization Burst (BTS)

some valuable system parameters BSIC=NCC+ BCC (3 bits) in coded data longer synchronization sequence
T 3
Coded Data 39
Synchronization Sequence 64 148 bits = 546.12 s
Coded Data 39
T GP 3 8.25
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Burst Structure
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Dummy Burst (BTS)

Rate-matching purpose The same as normal burst but with a fixed pattern
T 3 Coded Data 57 S Training Sequence S 1 1 26 148 bits = 546.12 s Coded Data 57 T GP 3 8.25
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Cell Size
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Recall 68.25 s x 3 x 108 m/s = 75.5 km

cell size is approximate 37.75 km
Timing advance is from 0 to 63

63 x 3.69 s/bit x 3 x 108 = 70 km cell size is around 35 km
Larger cell will cause signaling troubles and power issues.
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t i me
o t sl
57 7
a b ou t 54 7
1 48 s
s
b i t s
f or
1 T DM A f r a m e ms s1 su p e r f r a m e T DM A f r a m e s
= =
4.
61 6
1 326
26
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51 2 6- m u l t i f r a m e s o r 51 - m u l t i f r a m e s Advanced Technology Center sm a l l e st c y c l e f or
Frame Structure
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Logical Channels
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Se v e n k i n d s o f c o mb i na t i o ns
T CH/ F S + F ACCH/ F S + S ACCH/ F S T CH/ HS ( 0 , 1 ) + F ACCH/ HS ( 0 , 1 ) + S ACCH/ HS ( 0 , 1 ) T CH/ HS ( 0 ) + F ACCH/ HS ( 0 ) + S ACCH/ H S( 0 ) + T CH/ HS ( 1 ) + F ACCH/ HS ( 1 ) + S ACCH/ HS ( 1 ) F CCH+ S CH+ CCCH+ B CCH F CCH+ S CH+ CCCH+ B CCH+ S DCCH/ 4 + S ACCH / 4 Advanced Technology Center Chung-Wei Ku
Channel to Burst Mapping
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Mapping Example
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Synchronization
Qu a r t e r b i t nu mb e r ( Q N) ( 0 - 62 4 ) s Bi t nu mb e r ( B N) ( 0 1 56) s T i m e sl o t n u m b e r ( T N) ( 0 - 7 ) s T DM A f r a m e nu mb e r ( F N) ( 0 - 2 7 1 564 7 )
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Q N i s se t se q u e n c e Advanced Technology Center TN i
b y
t r a i ni ng
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Transmission Process
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Up l i n k :
Ra nd o f r om No r m a t r a f f m a c c e ss b u r st M S t o BS l b u r st f o r i c d a t a c or r e c t i on BS t o M S t i o n b u r st MS f
Do wn l i n k
e q u e nc y r st f r o m nc h r o ni z a o m BS t o l b
Fr b u Sy f r Advanced Technology Center
Chung-Wei Ku

GSM Physical Layer

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Advanced Technology Center

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