Piping Fundamentals Explained

Introduction
Piping is used in industry, home and vehicles for conveying fluids and heat transfer. Pipes are also known as tubes. Piping is the arteries and veins of industry. Piping may be used for architectural and ornament purpose also. In the present context, we are discussing the industrial application of piping. Piping is used from time immemorial. Piping design can be understood from performance and strength points of view. The performance requirements of piping are dictated by the process designer. The strength considerations of piping include material selection, loads calculation, thickness selection and supports. Pipes are used from time immemorial. Pipes are generally hollow cylindrical in shape. Pipes are used for conveying fluids. The fluids may be gas or liquid or gas-Solid mixture or liquid-solid mixture or gas-liquid mixture or gas-liquid-solid mixture. In the early days of civilization, bamboo sticks were used as pipes. In the modern world, metals and non-metals are used widely. Use of ferrous materials for piping is popular in industries. According to the dictionary, a pipe is a tube is a pipe. In the common mans parlance the pipe is a large tube. The tube is a small pipe. In technical use the pipe refers to a device that is used for conveying fluids. The tube refers to a device which participates in heat transfer. As per The Indian Boiler Regulation, 1950, the hollow cylindrical devices with the outside diameter less than or equal to 127 mm (5 inch) are considered as pipes. However, this classification is ambiguous. A universally acceptable classification on pipe and tube does not exist. The piping can be subjected to various loads and load combinations. The primary load on piping considered in the industry is the internal pressure. The diameter of the pipe is computed considering the flow, pressure drop and pumping power required. The material of the piping is selected based on the design temperature. The materials for critical and lethal applications are selected considering corrosion, erosion, etc. The thickness of the piping is computed considering the hoop stress due to the internal pressure. The requirements of supports and restraints are based on the loads on the piping. The flexibility of the piping is checked considering expansion loads. At present, the occasional loads such as wind, earth quake (seismic load), fire, flood, blast, Tsunami, etc. are also considered in the piping design. Piping systems are like arteries and veins. They carry the lifeblood of modern civilization. In a modern city they transport water from the sources of water supply to the points of distribution; convey waste from residential and commercial buildings and other civic facilities to the treatment facility or the point of discharge. Similarly, pipelines carry crude oil from oil wells to tank farms for storage or to refineries for processing. The natural gas transportation and distribution lines convey natural gas from the source and storage tank forms to points of utilization, such as power plants, industrial facilities, and
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commercial and residential communities. In chemical plants, paper mills, food processing plants, and other similar industrial establishments, the piping systems are utilized to carry liquids, chemicals, mixtures, gases, vapours, and solids from one location to another. The fire protection piping networks in residential, commercial, industrial, and other buildings carry fire suppression fluids, such as water, gases, and chemicals to provide protection of life and property. The piping systems in thermal power plants convey highpressure and high-temperature steam to generate electricity. Other piping systems in a power plant transport high- and low-pressure water, chemicals, low-pressure steam, and condensate. Sophisticated piping systems are used to process and carry hazardous and toxic substances. The storm and wastewater piping systems transport large quantities of water away from towns, cities, and industrial and similar establishments to safeguard life, property, and essential facilities. In health facilities, piping systems are used to transport gases and fluids for medical purposes. The piping systems in laboratories carry gases, chemicals, vapours, and other fluids that are critical for conducting research and development. In short, the piping systems are an essential and integral part of our modern civilization just as arteries and veins are essential to the human body. The design, construction, operation, and maintenance of various piping systems involve understanding of piping fundamentals, materials, generic and specific design considerations, fabrication and installation, examinations, and testing and inspection requirements, in addition to the local, state and federal regulations.
Basic of Piping
Piping includes pipe, flanges, fittings, bolting, gaskets, valves, and the pressure containing portions of other piping components. It also includes pipe hangers and supports and other items necessary to prevent over pressurization and overstressing of the pressure-containing components. It is evident that pipe is one element or a part of piping. Therefore, pipe sections when joined with fittings, valves, and other mechanical equipment and properly supported by hangers and supports, are called piping. Pipe is a tube with round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements of ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe ASME B36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe Pipe Size Initially a system known as iron pipe size (IPS) was established to designate the pipe size. The size represented the approximate inside diameter of the pipe in inches. An IPS 6 pipe is one whose inside diameter is approximately 6 inches (in). Users started to call the pipe as 2-in, 4-in, 6-in pipe and so on. To begin, each pipe size was produced to have one thickness, which later was termed as standard (STD) or standard weight (STD.WT.). The outside diameter of the pipe was standardized. As the industrial requirements demanded the handling of higher-pressure fluids, pipes were produced having thicker walls, which came to be known as extra strong (XS) or extra heavy (XH). The higher pressure requirements increased further, requiring thicker wall pipes. Accordingly, pipes were manufactured with double extra strong (XXS) or double extra heavy (XXH) walls while the standardized outside diameters are unchanged. With the development of stronger and corrosion-resistant piping materials, the need for thinner wall pipe resulted in a new method of specifying pipe size and wall thickness. The designation known as nominal pipe size (NPS) replaced IPS, and the term schedule (SCH) was invented to specify the nominal wall thickness of pipe. Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of pipe size. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol. For example, NPS 2 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is 2.375 in. The NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter greater than the size designator (say, 2, 4, 6 ...). However, the outside diameter of NPS 14 and larger pipe is the same as the size designator in inches. For example, NPS 14 pipe has an outside diameter equal to 14 in. The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by the schedule number. Refer to ASME B36.10M or ASME B36.19M. Refer to App. E2 or E2M. Diameter nominal (DN) is also a dimensionless designator of pipe size in the metric unit system, developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO). It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number
For NPS to 12 inches, the NPS and OD values are different. For example, the OD of an NPS 12 pipe is actually 12.75 inches. To find the actual OD for each NPS value, refer to the tables below. (Note that for tubing, the size is always the actual OD.) For NPS 14 inches and up, the NPS and OD values are equal. In other words, an NPS 14 pipe is actually 14 inches OD. The reason for the discrepancy for NPS to 12 inches is that these NPS values were originally set to give the same inside diameter (ID) based on wall thicknesses standard at the time. However, as the set of available wall thicknesses evolved, the ID changed and NPS became only indirectly related to ID and OD. For a given NPS, the OD stays fixed and the wall thickness increases with schedule. For a given schedule, the OD increases with NPS while the wall thickness stays constant or increases. Using equations and rules in ASME B31.3 Process Piping, it can be shown that pressure rating decreases with increasing NPS and constant schedule. Some specifications use pipe schedules called standard wall (STD), extra strong (XS), and double extra strong (XXS), although these actually belong to an older system called iron pipe size (IPS). The IPS number is the same as the N4PS number. STD is identical to SCH 40S, and 40S is identical to 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10, inclusive. XS is identical to SCH 80S, and 80S is identical to 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive. Different definitions exist for XXS, but it is generally thicker than schedule 160. The "S" designation, for example "NPS Sch 10S", most often indicates stainless steel pipes. However some stainless steel pipes are available in steel designations, so strictly speaking the "S" designation only differentiates B36.19M pipe from B36.10M pipe. Design of piping used for conveying fluid and for heat transfer are different. Design, stress analysis and drafting of piping require knowledge of Applied Mechanics, Mechanics of Materials, Materials Science and Computer Application. Pipe Wall Thickness Schedule is expressed in numbers (5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 20S, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160). A schedule number indicates the approximate value of the expression 1000 P/S, where P is the service pressure and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). The higher the schedule number, the thicker the pipe is. The outside diameter of each pipe size is standardized. Therefore, a particular nominal pipe size will have a different inside diameter depending upon the schedule number specified. Note that the original pipe wall thickness designations of STD, XS, and XXS have been retained; however, they correspond to a certain schedule number depending upon the nominal pipe size. The nominal wall thickness of NPS 10 and smaller schedule 40 pipe is same as that of STD.WT. pipe. Also, NPS 8 and smaller schedule 80 pipes has the same wall thickness as XS pipe. The schedule numbers followed by the letter S are per ASME B36.19M, and they are primarily intended for use with stainless steel pipe. The pipe wall thickness specified by a
schedule number followed by the letter S may or may not be the same as that specified by a schedule number without the letter S. Refer to ASME B36.19M and ASME B36.10M. ASMEB36.19M does not cover all pipe sizes. Therefore, the dimensional requirements of ASME B36.10M apply to stainless steel pipe of the sizes and schedules not covered by ASME B36.19M. Piping is subjected to various and load combinations. The limiting stress depends on several parameters. The following influence the piping design: Piping material Piping design temperature Piping design pressure Environment Corrosion Erosion Abrasion Fluid conveyed Type of soil for buried piping Corrosion protection methods Life of piping
The following steps are involved in design and analysis of piping and supports: Conceptual design Scheme Process Flow Diagram (PFD) Piping and Instruments Diagram (P & ID) Isometric drawing Stress analysis Hanger engineering Design and selection of primary supports Design and selection of secondary supports Detailing Drafting Documentation Document approval Issue of documents for construction
PIPE & TUBE In practice the words Pipe and Tube are used interchangeably, but sometime differentiated by size or by application (to heat transfer or to transport fluids, slurries, and
fine particles). Is Pipe and Tube same? Or is there any difference? The answer is vague. The fundamental difference between pipe and tube is the dimensional standard to which each is manufactured. ASME B31.1 defines "A tube is a hollow product of round or any other cross section having a continuous periphery. Round tube size may be specified with respect to any two, but not all three, of the following: outside diameter, inside diameter, wall thickness. Dimensions and permissible variations (tolerances) are specified in the appropriate ASTM or ASME standard specifications." "A pipe is a tube with a round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe sizes as tabulated in ASME B36.10 and ANSI B36.19. For special pipe having a diameter not listed in these Tables and also for round tube, the nominal diameter corresponds with the outside diameter." Tube is specified by its outside diameter and thickness; Pipe is specified by NPS (Nominal Pipe Size) or NB (Nominal Bore) and thickness. The outside diameters of Pipe size 14 in. and larger are numerically identical to the nominal sizes. Tube thickness is specified either by a linear dimension or by a gauge number like SWG, BWG. Gauge numbers and their equivalent linear dimensions are given in Appendix - K. Pipe thickness is specified either by a linear dimension or by a Schedule number like 40, 80, 120, 160 etc. Standard Pipe sizes and thicknesses as per ASME B36.10 are listed in Appendix-M. Schedule Number for a piping system is 1000 times the P/S, where P is internal pressure and S is Allowable stress in consistent units. OD of a 4" tube is 4", but OD of a 4" pipe is 4.5". The schedule number defines the "Nominal" wall thickness. Nominal wall thickness is the average wall thickness of the pipe and not minimum wall. To ascertain the minimum wall, the mill tolerance must be subtracted. Pipes The nominal dimension of pipe is inside diameter - ID. A 2'' pipe has approximately 2 inches inside diameter. Outside diameter depends on the "schedule", the thickness, of the pipe. The schedule and actual thickness vary with the size of the pipe. Pipe can be defined by Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) under American standards classifications. Nominal Bore (NB) may be specified under British standards classifications along with a schedule (wall thickness). Looser tolerances compared with tubes. Less expensive to produce than tubes Tubes The nominal dimension of pipe is outside diameter - OD. A 2'' pipe has approximately 2 inches outside diameter.
Inside diameter depends on the thickness of the tube. The thickness is common described as gauge. Higher tolerances compared with pipes. More expensive to produce than pipes. A brief discussion of the difference between pipe and tube Pipe is generally more rigid than tube, and is usually produced in heavier wall thicknesses. Pipe is specified by a nominal dimension which bears little or no resemblance to the actual dimensions of the pipe. 1" Schedule 40 pipe, for instance, has an actual OD of 1.32", a wall of 0.133", and an inner diameter of 1.049". Tube dimensions are actual dimensions. Pipe fittings are sized to meet pipe sizes, but not tube sizes. A 1" schedule 40 nipple will fit correctly on a 1" schedule 40 pipe, but not on a 1" OD tube. TYPES OF PIPES According to the method of manufacture, pipes are defined as follows: Electric Resistance Welded Pipe Furnace Butt Welded Pipe Electric Fusion Welded Pipe Electric Flash Welded Pipe Double Submerged Arc Welded Pipe Seamless Pipe
Electric resistance welding Process, power supply, and weld roll basics; this article provides an overview of electric resistance welding (ERW). It discusses high-frequency ERW (contact and induction) and rotary wheel contact welding (AC, DC, and square wave). It describes the differences among the processes, as well as the power supplies and weld rolls. Several electric resistance welding (ERW) processes are available for tube and pipe production. While each process has different characteristics, all ERW processes have one thing in commonall of them produce a forged weld. A forged weld is created by applying a combination of heat and pressure, or forging force, to the weld zone. A successful forged weld uses the optimum amount of heat, which is normally slightly less than the melting point of the material, and a nearly
simultaneous application of circumferential pressure to the section, which forces the heated edges together As the name implies, the heat generated by the weld power is a result of the material's resistance to the flow of electrical current. The pressure comes from rolls that squeeze the tube into its finished shape. The two main types of ERW are high-frequency (HF) and rotary contact wheel. The Basics of HF Welding The two main aspects of HF welding are processes and power supplies. Each of these can be broken down further into subcategories. The two HF welding processes are HF contact and HF induction. In both processes, the equipment that provides the electrical current is independent from the equipment that supplies the forge pressure. Also, both HF methods can employ impeders, which are soft magnetic components located inside the tube that help to focus the weld current in the strip edges. HF Induction Welding In the case of HF induction welding, the weld current is transmitted to the material through a work coil in front of the weld point The work coil does not contact the tube--the electrical current is induced into the material through magnetic fields that surround the tube. HF induction welding eliminates contact marks and reduces the setup required when changing tube size. It also requires less maintenance than contact welding. It is estimated that 90 percent of tube mills in North America use HF induction welding. HF Contact Welding HF contact welding transfers weld current to the material through contacts that ride on the strip. The weld power is applied directly to the tube, which makes this process more electrically efficient than HF induction welding. Because it is more efficient, it is well-suited to heavywall and large-diameter tube production. Power Supplies HF welding machines also are classified by how they generate power. The two types are
vacuum tube and solid-state. The vacuum tube type is the traditional power supply. Since their introduction in the early '90s, however, solid-state units have quickly gained prominence in the industry. It is estimated that between 500 and 600 of each type are operating in North America. The Basics of Rotary Contact Wheel Welding In rotary contact wheel welding, the electrical current is transmitted through a contact wheel at the weld point. The contact wheel also applies some of the forge pressure necessary for the welding process. The three main types of rotary contact wheel welders are AC, DC, and square wave. In all three power supplies, electrical current is transferred by brush assemblies that engage slip rings attached to a rotating shaft that supports the contact wheels. These contact wheels transfer the current to the strip edges. AC Rotary Contact Wheel Welding In an AC rotary contact wheel welding machine, the current is transferred through the brushes to the rotating shaft, which has a transformer mounted on it. The transformer reduces the voltage and increases the current, making it suitable for welding. The two legs of the transformer's output circuit are connected to the two halves of the rotating contact wheel, which are insulated from each other. The strip completes the circuit by acting as a conductor between the two halves of the wheel Traditional rotary contact wheel welders used 60-hertz AC, or common line current. A drawback to this system is that the current--and therefore the weld heat--rises and falls, limiting the speed at which the tube can be welded. An AC sine wave reaches its maximum amplitude briefly, producing weld heat that varies just as the sine wave does. To help even out the heat variation, motor generator sets were introduced to create AC at higher frequencies. Some of the frequencies used were 180, 360, 480, and 960 Hz. A few solid-state units also were produced to generate higher-frequency currents. An AC sine wave at 960 Hz reaches its maximum amplitude 1,920 times per second, as opposed to 120 times per second with a 60-Hz signal. The 960-Hz sine wave produces heat with a much more consistent temperature. DC Rotary Contact Wheel Welding The next step in rotary contact wheel welding was the DC power supply. The power produced has nearly constant amplitude. Although this solves the problem of varying heat, a major drawback is that higher maintenance costs are associated with this type of welding machine. Because it is not possible to change the voltage of DC with a transformer, it is necessary to transmit the high-amperage, low-voltage weld current into the shaft through a large number of brushes (92 for DC versus 8 for AC) with a high current density.
Transmitting high-amperage, low-voltage current produces excess (waste) heat that causes heavy wear, resulting in the high maintenance costs mentioned previously. Square Wave Rotary Contact Wheel Welding The latest step in the evolution of rotary contact wheel welding is the square wave power supply. This method combines the consistent weld heat of DC with the lower maintenance associated with AC units While rotary contact weld methods preceded the more commonly used HF welding processes, they still have a vital role in specialty welding applications. Rotary contact welding is useful for applications that cannot accommodate an impeder on the ID of the tube. Examples of this are small-diameter refrigeration-grade tube and tube that is painted on the ID immediately after the welding process. How Many Roll Units Are Needed? The types of weld pressure rolls, or squeeze boxes as they sometimes are called, that apply the pressure required for the weld are as varied as the welding units used to supply the heat. Squeeze boxes for rotary contact wheel welding typically have two or three roll units, with the contact wheel serving as one of the rolls. The number of rolls in the weld squeeze box is proportionate to the size and shape of the product being welded. There are no hard and fast rules; however, common guidelines for round tube or pipe size ranges are as follows: 3/8 to 2 in. uses two-roll units. 1/2 to 3 1/2 in. uses three-roll units. 2 to 10 in. uses four-roll units. Larger than 10 in. uses five or more rolls Today, much more so than in the past, many shapes--square, rectangular, hexagonal--are welded in the finished shape rather than being reshaped after being welded round, The weld boxes used for the shapes are custom-designed for each application and usually have no more than five rolls. Piping design and analysis includes determining pipe size, thickness and supports for pressure load, dead load, thermal load, wind or seismic loads etc. and layout. Flexibility analysis plays an important role in piping design, analysis, layout and pipe supports.
Seamless Manufacturing Process
Cast Round Billets Round Reheating Rotary Piercing Mill (RPM) Fairfield's and Lorain's continuous casters incorporate the latest steel processing technology to produce high quality rounds for superior seamless tubular products. Conditioned rounds are identified, sawed to required length and weighed prior to reheating in a walking beam furnace. The billet is gripped by the rolls, which rotate and advance it over the piercer point, forming a hole through its length.
Mandrel Mill (MPM) Shell Reheating Stretch Reducing Mill The shell is rolled using 7 stands over a long restrained mandrel. The MPM shell is transferred to the walking beam reheat facility where it can be cropped and weighed prior to reheating. The reheated and de scaled pipe is conveyed through a stretch reducing mill which utilizes up to 24 stands to reduce the diameter to the required finished size.
Cooling Bed Batch Saws NDT Inspection The length and diameter of the tube is automatically determined for computer calculation of average wall for unit weight control prior to placement on the walking beam cooling bed. After cooling, batches of the as-rolled mother pipe are roller conveyed in parallel to carbide tipped batch saws for cropping and cutting into specified lengths. Following sawing, the pipe is inspected for longitudinal and transverse flaws (electromagnetic), wall thickness (ultrasonic) and grade verification (eddy current). In-Process Storage All pipe is transferred to an in process storage area employing stackable containers that are handled by two gantry cranes. From inprocess storage, containers of pipe can be delivered to one of three primary work stations: (1) heat treatment, (2) finishing and
(3) special pipe processing.
Heat Treating Austenitizing Furnace Quenching Unit Tempering Furnace Pipe to be heat treated can be austenitized in this walking beam furnace at a maximum temperature of about 1900F. On leaving the furnace, the hot pipe passes through a declare and a three-section OD water spray quench. The as-quenched pipe is tempered in a walking beam furnace at temperatures varying from 900F to about 1300F depending on grade.
Sizing Mill Hot Straightened Cooling Bed Pipe diameter tolerance is maintained by a three-stand, two-roll sizing mill. To insure minimal effect on physical properties, all heat treated pipe are warm rotary straightened. Pipe is allowed to cool on a walking beam cooling bed.
Pipe is returned to In-Process Storage Finishing Straightening NDT Inspection End Finishing Each pipe delivered from storage passes through a rotary straightened. EMI inspection is used to detect longitudinal and transverse flaws and UT is used for wall thickness and grade verification on all products. If required, full-body UT inspection for longitudinal flaws and also wall verification can be performed. Carbide tools cut off, end face and bevel pipe ends.
Threading and Coupling Hydrostatic Testing Final Inspection When required, pipe is threaded and coupled at the mill. Couplings are automatically madeup to position with position/torque capability. After coupling make-up, the pipe is transferred to an automatic drift station.
All pipes are then pressure tested on a machine with a maximum capacity of about 21,000 psi. Following a final visual inspection, pipe is weighed, measured and stencilled. External coating can then be applied if required. Pipe system essentials: Header Main run of piping Take off ranch run Stub in Branch fitting connection made to header by direct attachment of branch Branch Material added in the vicinity of a branch opening to restore the reinforcement mechanical integrity of the pipe NPS Nominal pipe size Pipe support Support elements which serve to maintain the structural integrity of the piping system, these are typically non-linear elements Spring Support provided by an element composed of a spring assembly, support these are linear support elements Snubber Support provided by an element composed of a non-linear, damping element Category D Category M Expansible fluid Hydro test MAWP MDMT Fracture toughness Within reference of B31.3, a service classification Within reference of B31.3, a service classification Any vapour or gaseous substance, any liquid under such pressure and temperature such that when pressure is reduced to atmospheric, will change to a gas Test pressure = 1.5 x MAWP (some of the time) Maximum allowable working pressure Minimum design metal temperature Typically measured by CVN (Charpy V Number) at MDMT
Piping Shapes
The piping under present discussion is usually hollow circular. Hollow circular shape has several advantages. The components used for joining, distributing flow, diverting flow and supporting the piping are of several shapes. The shape of the pipes is usually hollow cylindrical. Hollow cylindrical shape leads to economic design. Hollow square pipes are also used in cases where space restriction is predominant. The pipes (also known as tubes) used for structural applications are usually hollow rectangular. The shape plays an important role in pressure drop, pumping power, thickness selection, joining, etc. Hollow cylindrical pipes are simple o manufacture, fabricate and construct. As the hollow cylindrical pipes are economical this shape is used world-over. The internal forces induced in a hollow cylindrical shape are primarily of membrane type. Hence, the thickness required for the hollow cylindrical shape is the minimum among various shapes. Cylinder is a natural shape. The hollow cylindrical shape can be classified into thin cylinder and thick cylinder. As per the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code for Power Boilers (Section I), the thickness of more than one half the internal radius is considered as a thick cylinder. All other hollow cylinders are considered as thin cylinder. The thickness formula as per The Indian Boiler Regulations, 1950 (with amendments), only the thin cylinder formula is used for all applications. Codes and standards worldwide use different practices. The shapes of the fittings, valves, gages, instruments and supports are of different shapes. There are no uniform practices in these applications. The shapes play an important role in the economics of piping. Even-though detailed research have been done on several alternate shapes, only few shapes are used. The allowable deviations to the preferred shapes are different in different codes. The oval shape allowable for a straight pipe is usually one percent of the diameter. The oval shape permitted for the bend pipe is generally ten percent. The thinning allowed for the pipe bend thickness is usually ten percent. The codes and standards specify separate limits for different deviations. A composite stress analysis of these shapes is possible using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Detailed stress council indicates that a composite stress analysis exposes various in-accuracies in the present practice. The practices used in the following industries are different, due to differing applications. Pipe under internal pressure Pipe under external pressure Pipe for lethal application Pipe for Nuclear application
Pipe for domestic use (non-metallic pipe) Pipe for aeronautical and space application Pipe for defense use Type of piping Shapes
Circular
Square
Rectangular
Ellipse
Piping Materials
This table is intended to give a "quick and dirty" comparison of American, British, German and Japanese Standards for common boiler tubing and boiler piping specifications this table must not be used for design. There is seldom an exact match between specifications in two different Standards. Use this table only to find an approximate equivalent, and then compare the details of the specifications to determine if substitution is permissible. The table is divided into tubing, (which is used inside the boiler setting, as in steam generating tubes, wall tubes, super heaters and economizers) and piping (which is used outside the boiler setting, as in headers, steam piping, and feed water lines). The German (DIN) Standards don't appear to differentiate between the two. Heat exchanger tube specs are not included here. In general, the Japanese (JIS) specs match up pretty well with the American (ASME/ASTM), while the British (BS) and German specs are usually more difficult to find an equivalent in. Applied in a general sense, pipe is a term used to designate a hollow, tubular body used to transport any commodity possessing flow characteristics such as those found in liquids, gases, vapours, liquefied solids, and fine powders. A comprehensive list of the materials used to manufacture pipe would be quite lengthy. Some of the materials include concrete, glass, lead, brass, copper, plastic, aluminium, cast iron, carbon steel and steel alloys. With such a broad range of materials available, selecting one to fit a particular need can be confusing. A thorough understanding of the pipe's intended use is essential. Each material has limitations that may make it inappropriate for a given application. Throughout this text we will base our discussion on carbon steel pipe, the most common material used in the piping industry. ASME -American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM -American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM specs are generally identical to ASME). BS -British Standards DIN -Deutsche Industries Norman (German Standards) JIS -Japanese Industrial Standards Commonly Used ASTM Specifications Listed next are the most-common ASTM specifications used in the construction of process plants, designed and constructed to ASME B31.3 or associated codes. These ASTM specifications are listed numerically in the volume in which they appear. Iron and Steel Products
Specification ASTM A53 ASTM A106 ASTM A369 ASTM A335
ASTM A333 ASTM A671 ASTM A672 ASTM A691 ASTM A312 API 5L
Prevalent Piping Specifications Size Product form Application range(NPS) Seamless/ Ordinary use in gas, air, welded oil, water, steam to 26 High-temperature service (steam, water, gas, etc.) Seamless to 48 Forged and bored Custom High-temperature service Seamless Custom High-temperature service Service requiring excellent fracture toughness at low Seamless/ and larger temperatures welded Electric fusionwelded 16 and larger Low-temperature service Electric fusionwelded 16 and larger Moderate-temperature service Electric fusion16 and larger High-temperature service welded Low- to high-temperature Seamless/welded and larger and corrosive service Line pipe, refinery, and transmission service Seamless/welded
Standard specification for pipe Steel Piping, Tubing & Fittings A53/ A53M-02 A105/ A105M-02 A106-02a. A134-96 (2001) A135-01 A139-00 A179/ A179M-90a A181/ A181M-01 A182/ Standard specification for pipesteel, black and hot dipped, zinc-coated, welded, and seamless. Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for piping applications Standard specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service Standard specification for pipesteel, electric-fusion (arc)-welded (sizes NPS 16 and over). Standard specification for electric-resistance-welded steel pipe. Standard specification for electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel pipe (NPS 4 and over). Standard specification for seamless cold-drawn low-carbon steel heat exchanger and condenser tubes. Standard specification for carbon steel forgings, for general-purpose piping. Standard specification for forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged
A182M-02 A193/ A193M-03
fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service. Standard specification for alloy-steel and stainless steel bolting materials for high-temperature service.

Piping Fundamentals Explained

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Piping Fundamentals Explained

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Introduction

Seamless Manufacturing Process

(3) special pipe processing.

Specification ASTM A53 ASTM A106 ASTM A369 ASTM A335

A182M-02 A193/ A193M-03

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