30. Surface integrals Suppose we are given a smooth 2-manifold M R3 . Let g : U M W, be a dieomorphism, where U R2 , with coordinates s and t.

d t. We can dene two tangent vectors, which span the tangent plane to M at P = g (s0 , t0 ): g Ts (s0 , t0 ) = (s0 , t0 ) s g Tt (s0 , t0 ) = (s0 , t0 ). t We get an element of area on M , dS = Ts Tt ds dt. Using this we can dene the area of M W to be area(M W ) =
M W

dS =
U

Ts Tt ds dt.

Example 30.1. We can parametrise the torus, M = { (x, y, z ) | (a as follows. Let U = (0, 2 ) (0, 2 ), and W = R3 \ { (x, y, z ) | x 0 and y = 0, or x2 + y 2 a2 and z = 0 }. Let g : U M W, be the function g (s, t) = ((a + b cos t) cos s, (a + b cos t) sin s, b sin t). Lets calculate the tangent vectors, g Ts = = ((a + b cos t) sin s, (a + b cos t) cos s, 0), s g Tt = = (b sin t cos s, b sin t sin s, b cos t). t So k Ts Tt = (a + b cos t) sin s (a + b cos t) cos s 0 b sin t cos s b sin t sin s b cos t = (a + b cos t)b cos s cos t + (a + b cos t)b sin s cos t + (a + b cos t)b sin tk.
1

x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + z 2 = b2 } ,

Therefore, Ts Tt = (a + b cos t)b(cos2 s cos2 t + sin2 s cos2 t + sin2 t)1/2 = (a + b cos t)b. As a b, note that (a + b cos t)b > 0. Hence area(M ) = area(M W ) =
M W

dS Ts Tt ds dt
U 2 2

= =
0

(a + b cos t)b ds dt
0 2

= 2b
0

(a + b cos t) dt

= 4 2 ab. Notice that this is the surface area of a cylinder of radius b and height 2a, as expected. Example 30.2. We can parametrise the sphere, M = { (x, y, z ) | x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 }, as follows. Let U = (0, ) (0, 2 ), and W = R3 \ { (x, y, z ) | x 0 and y = 0 }. Let g : U M W, be the function g (, ) = (a sin cos , a sin sin , a cos ). Lets calculate the tangent vectors, T = g = (a cos cos , a cos sin , a sin ), g T = = (a sin sin , a sin cos , 0).
2

So k T T = a cos cos a cos sin a sin a sin sin a sin cos 0 = a2 sin2 cos + a2 sin2 sin + a2 cos sin k. Therefore, T T = a2 sin (sin2 cos2 + sin2 sin2 + cos2 )1/2 = a2 sin . As 0 < < , note that a2 sin > 0. Hence area(M ) = area(M W ) =
M W

dS T T d d
U 2

= =
0

a2 sin d d
0 2

= 2a2
0

dt

= 4a2 . Notice that this is the surface area of a sphere of radius a. Lets now suppose that there are two dierent ways to parametrise the same piece M W of the manifold M : g : U M W and h : V M W.

Let use (u, v ) coordinates for U R2 and (s, t) coordinates for V R2 . Then f = (h)1 g : U V, is a dieomorphism. Note that g = h f . We then have g (h f ) (u, v ) = (u, v ) u u h s h t = (s, t) (u, v ) + (s, t) (u, v ). s u t u
3

Similarly g (h f ) (u, v ) = (u, v ) v v s h t h (s, t) (u, v ) + (s, t) (u, v ). = s v t v g g = u v = = It follows that g g h h (s, t) = | |. u v s t (u, v ) Hence
U

h s h t + s u t u h h s t

h s h t + s v t v

s t s t u v v u

h h (s, t) . s t (u, v )

g g du dv = u v =

h h (s, t) | | du dv s t (u, v )

h h ds dt. t V s Notice that the rst term is precisely the integral we use to dene the area of M W . This formula then says that the area is independent of the choice of parametrisation.