DSA Alert December - 2012

editor-in-chief
The country comes first always and every time.
he Indian Navy came of age in a spectacular way on 04 December 1971. In a very bold and imaginative operation, it attacked the home base of the Pakistani Navy at Karachi, sinking two ships and set its oil farm ablaze. It repeated this feat a few days later and crippled the Pakistani Navy. During the cold war the US Navy used to dream of precisely such an attack on the Soviet naval home base of Murmansk. That remained an aspiration. The Indian Navy actualised the concept in a bold and offensive manner by striking and bottling up the enemy navy in its home base. The attack remains unparalleled in the annals of naval history.
By the 1980s, the Indian Navy had become a full-fledged Blue Water Navy with two Aircraft Carrier Battle Groups and a leased Soviet Nuclear Submarine along with powerful Soviet Kashin class destroyers and Kilo submarines. The economic downturn of 1991 saw the navy decline as old ships / submarines were phased out and new ones did not come in. India needed a period of peace and economic modernisation, before it could start recapitalising its navy again. This took three decades. This process has now commenced in full steam. India is now not buying but building a brand new navy that will be world-class. It will have two (and later three) Aircraft Carrier Battle Groups, three to four Nuclear Submarines and a powerful fleet of surface combatants, AIP and other conventional submarines; in short, a Blue Water Force of great consequence. The problem is the lethargic pace of our Public Sector shipyards. That will have to be accelerated, if necessary, by roping in our dynamic private sector. Why that was not done ab initio is a mystery. Coastal security: In the quest for a Blue Water status, have we forgotten the less glamorous task of coastal security? We were hit by asymmetric attacks on our coastline in 1993. We were hit again in 2008 in an even more spectacular fashion. Yet little seems to have been done by way of coordination amongst various agencies involved and meaningful initiatives to create a Naval Maginot Line on our sea coast. The Coastal Police have proved incapable of maintaining and running the fleet of fast patrol boats. Though less spectacular than the huge men of war, they are badly needed to counter the growing asymmetric threats. Our oil refineries and coastal nuclear installations seem to be in the enemy sights and industrial infrastructure near the coast will have to be protected. Navies and nationalism in the Asia Pacific: Industrialisation and urbanisation usually gives a powerful boost to nationalism. The concomitant commercial competition for resources and markets usually sets the stage for war and conflict. When Japan industrialised before the Second World War, she sought to secure her energy and mineral resources. The highly innovative Imperial Japanese Navy created a lethal fleet based on 10 carrier battle groups (CBGs). With this she challenged the might of the USA in the Pacific. The spectacular strike on the Pearl Harbour crippled the American Battleship Fleet. The UK then had 8 carriers but only one was in the Pacific, off the coast of Asia. The USA rapidly expanded its navy to 18 CBGs and decisively defeated Japan in the Pacific. Post World War II Russia and China were both primarily continental powers. Thus began US hegemony lite over the Asia-Pacific. It enabled the large scale re-industrialisation of Japan and then the industrialisation and urbanisation of South East Asian tiger economies and finally of China. The massive industrialisation and urbanisation of China has now created the second serious challenge to US primacy in the Asia-Pacific. Alarmed, the US has cut costs in Iraq and Afghanistan and is rebalancing towards Asia. China, the challenger, is increasingly becoming more assertive and aggressive. Nationalism and navies are on the rise in Asia. The region is witnessing the greatest ever naval build-up in recent history. Naval flashpoints have emerged in the South and East China Seas. Large scale industrialisation and urbanisation in Europe had led to the two World Wars. Is an industrialised Asia drifting towards an era of war and conflict? Indias naval build-up will have to be speeded up in response to the gathering war clouds. Unfortunately our growing economy has started sputtering and already the air is rife with talk of cuts in our defence budget, when defence spending in the rest of Asia is soaring. The nation can ill afford to rest at the cost of vital national interests. A premature onset of a welfare state a la Europe cannot be allowed to imperil the very existence of our state per se. This issue is dedicated to our Warriors in White. The Naval Chief has outlined his vision and views on various issues that concern the Indian Navy.
Maj Gen (Dr) G D Bakshi SM, VSM (retd)

December 2012 Defence AND security alert
sea power in India

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chairman shyam sunder publisher and ceo pawan agrawal founding editor manvendra singh editor-in-chief maj gen (dr) g d bakshi SM, VSM (retd) director shishir bhushan corporate consultant k j singh art consultant divya gupta central saint martins college of art & design, university of arts, london marketing and sales dhirendra sharma corporate communications tejinder singh creative vivek anand pant administration shveta gupta representative (Jammu and Kashmir) salil sharma correspondent (Europe) dominika cosic production dilshad and dabeer webmaster sundar rawat photographer subhash circulation and distribution mithlesh tiwari e-mail: (first name)@dsalert.org info: info@dsalert.org articles: articles@dsalert.org subscription: subscription@dsalert.org online edition: online@dsalert.org advertisement: advt@dsalert.org editorial and business office 4/19 asaf ali road new delhi-110002 (India) t: +91-011-23243999, 23287999, 9958382999 e: info@dsalert.org www.dsalert.org
o, finally, the sole surviving butcher of the Mumbai terrorist attack was hanged on 21st November 2012. Silently and strictly in keeping with the rules laid down for death by hanging Ajmal Kasab was hanged after dawn. There was no media hype nor the contentious human rights activists and all went well. No newspaper covered it in their daily news till it was announced officially by the government of Maharashtra and the central government. Although it was an occasion of gala celebrations that this attacker was hanged but the restraint and silence has once again proved that each Indian has a heart and an active positive mind which more often than not is constructive. I must congratulate each Indian for proving that Indians are like this, peace-loving and stoic in their demeanour. Each community has shown a high level of tolerance and patience over the past four years of the trial and appeals to the higher judiciary till the mercy petition was rejected by President Pranab Mukherjee which itself is self-explanatory about our love for peace, our absolute faith in the judiciary and above all our commitment to the security of the nation. The month of November will always remind us of the heinous attacks in Mumbai by the Pakistani terrorists. And it will also remind us that how with dignity and restraint the severe punishment was finally given to this terrorist who was responsible for the indiscriminate killing of the innocent citizens of India. November should also be taken as a lesson by our security apparatus and they should not think that their (terrorist groups) mission to disturb and sabotage the Indian security is over. It must also remind us as to how weak was our intelligence network and how poor have been our preparations to counter such attacks. The Mumbai attack should be taken as a blaring wake-up call by all our policy and decision-makers responsible for the security of our coastal belt and all our international borders. Its time to evaluate the security of our entire coastal belt. It is so vast that it is not possible to guard it manually and thus we must procure the best technology and systems to strengthen the coastal security. Terrorists have struck in Mumbai and much the same can happen anywhere because our coasts all around are as vulnerable. We should always remember that these terrorists are thinking way ahead of us and we have to think like them and stay many steps ahead in our prevention and countermeasures to defeat their nefarious designs. The Indian Navy is one of the best naval forces in the world and we have the most courageous and dedicated personnel as well as a strong group of retired personnel who have spent decades in shaping the force. Our Indian Coast Guard has been designed to counter any such attack in future but that is no easy task given the length of our coastline. We need to induct more officers and we need to train them especially to handle such attacks. This is also the time to invite and involve our retired officers in underpinning the maritime security apparatus although the bright young warriors in white are doing very well under the leadership of our new Naval Chief Admiral D K Joshi. It is true that the Mumbai attack could happen because of the negligence in the defence of coastal areas but team DSA can assure the people of India that in the past four years our coastal and maritime security has improved considerably and we are now better prepared for any such attack in the future. Moving away from the sombre memories of November, the Indian Navy will be celebrating Navy Day on 4 December, commemorating one of the most resoundingly successful maritime operations in the several wars with Pakistan the attack on Karachi harbour in 1971. Team DSA greets and salutes each Naval Warrior and we all happily join in the celebrations. Jai Hind!
More Kasabs ready! Are we?
nce man mastered the oceans the dynamics of economic growth changed dramatically. Trade, which is the essential of economic growth, came out of its land based stranglehold and was transformed. Volumes increased greatly, as did the countries and distances covered. The monopoly of the 'Silk Route' was shattered by sailing dhows that crossed unimaginable expanses of oceans. Man globalised as rapidly as the sails that connected ports and people. But the trader and ship captain needed a surety to their security just as they needed it for their commodities and that is where sea power emerged. And it decided the fortunes of empires, just as it reworked the dynamics of power.
Any nation aspiring to greatness has had to fly its flag on vast armadas of combatant vessels. The Roman Empire was an exception, but for its duration as well as the peculiarity of its geography. Anything since then has had a navy to back its growth. That too a navy which packs a punch. Prior to the emergence of the United States Navy it was the Royal Navy that controlled the seas, so to say. And so the sun never set on the British Empire, as they once said. It isn't a question of options, but a necessity that dictates such decision-making in the field of defence planning. While each service has its role, assigned by terrain, the navy is an exception in that it does more than its role of safeguarding the seas.
Because of the peculiarities of Indian history and the even greater peculiarity of Indian historical learning, research and teaching, the focus of military planners has remained the national land boundaries. Events since 1947 have only served to deepen that focus. While not taking away anything from the threats of cross border infiltration from Pakistan, or the nascent Chinese military pressures, there is every reason to prepare in a holistic way. In this largely land focused approach the navy has repeatedly been short-changed. For an oceanic country the size of India, its budgeting and planning for naval development is a shame. When the issue gets highlighted, which is when it reaches crisis point, there is a sudden spurt of funding and commitment, only to be neglected to the back pages once the story is forgotten.
disclaimer all rights reserved. reproduction and translation in any language in whole or in part by any means without permission from Defence and Security Alert is prohibited. opinions expressed are those of the individual writers and do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and / or editors. all disputes are subject to jurisdiction of delhi courts.
defence and security alert is printed, published and owned by pawan agrawal and printed at graphic world, 1686, kucha dakhini rai, darya ganj, new delhi-110002 and published at 4/19 asaf ali road, new delhi (india). editor: maj gen (dr) g d bakshi (retd).
As India integrates with the world economy and the global security order, it has to bring something to the table to be taken seriously. And what the world wants it to deliver is an efficient navy. The makings of a world-class navy are there, but what is lacking is political consistency. Once that shortcoming is addressed there is nothing stopping the Indian Navy from becoming the power that it ought to be. It isn't simply to protect national commercial shipping, or global sea lanes of communications, but also to protect India. Even as a rapidly shrinking Royal Navy cuts its numbers there is one thing that is guaranteed budgetary allocations the nuclear submarine programme. They know it is the most secure platform available to a country. India knows it too, but national planners continue to prioritise those that look good for a display on Republic Day parade.
manvendra singh
pawan agrawal
contents
STATUS OF SEA POWER IN INDIA TODAY
A R T I C L E S the Indian navy at sixty-two; a maritime force of substance
Admiral Arun Prakash PVSM, AVSM, Vrc, VSM (retd)
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Magazine
Special Issue December 2012

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c o n t e n t s
challenging the dragon at sea by 2030

Vice Admiral Arun Kumar Singh (retd)
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Volume 4 Issue 3 DECEMBER 2012
sea power and the right to unimpeded entre the uncertainty paradigm
Vice Adm Vijay Shankar PVSM, AVSM, ADC (retd)
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India adrift, awash or awake in its maritime wake

Vice Admiral Venkat Bharathan (retd)
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matters littoral defence

Rear Admiral (Dr) S Kulshrestha (retd)
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amphibious aircraft: a force multiplier for the Indian navy

Cmde Sujeet Samaddar NM (retd)
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Indias sea power status going into the future, an appreciation 50

Cmde Ranjit Bhawnani Rai (retd)
a balanced energy mix for India

Amb Ashok Sajjanhar
65 E X C L U S I V E I N T E R V I E W 68 Chief of Naval Staff 06 Admiral D K Joshi PVSM, AVSM, YSM, NM, VSM, ADC C O L U M N cyber jihad osj (open source jihad) Dr Rupali Jeswal F E A T U R E S rising nationalisms and navies in Asia: the road to conflict? Maj Gen (Dr) G D Bakshi SM, VSM (retd) why Japan needs India as strategic partner? Dr Satoru Nagao 56
sea power: piracy, insurgency and force actions

Maj Gen P K Chakravorty VSM (Retd)
Indian navy and sea power in the 21st century

Cdr Sunil Chauhan (retd)
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China as a global naval power

Vassilios Damiras, PhD (ABD)
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Indias maritime interests in the changing world

Prof Hari Saran
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CNS INTERVIEW
EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW
Chief of Naval Staff Admiral D K Joshi PVSM, AVSM, YSM, NM, VSM, ADC honoured DSA by giving an exclusive interview on the eve of the Indian Navy Day. In conversation with Maj Gen (Dr) G D Bakshi, Editor-in-Chief, DSA magazine, CNS expounds his views and shares his vision for the Indian Navy with our readers.
Chief of Naval Staff Admiral D K Joshi admiring the latest issue of DSA
sea power in India
CNS INTERVIEW
sea power in India
CNS INTERVIEW
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sea power in India
CHALLENGES FOR INDIAN NAVY
Admiral Arun Prakash PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM (retd) The writer retired as the Navy Chief and Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee in end-2006. He writes and speaks on issues of national security and maritime interest and is, currently a member of the National Security Advisory Board.
As two of the worlds largest geographic, demographic and military entities, each in quest of scarce resources to fuel its growing economy and meet the aspirations of its people, China and India are going to make uneasy neighbours. For the two nuclear-armed nations to rise, almost simultaneously, in such close proximity without conflict will require either adroit diplomacy or a miracle; perhaps both
ndia will, in a few years, be amongst the foremost centres of power in the world, whose economic strength and technological prowess would need to be underpinned by concomitant military power, of which maritime strength will be a critical component. India launched its first nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarine (SSBN) in 2009 and at least 2-3 more SSBNs will follow, with longer range missiles. A Russian nuclear-powered attack submarine was delivered in 2012 on a 10-year lease. The IN is expecting the long-awaited, delivery of the refurbished Russian aircraft carrier Gorshkov in 2013, while a second such ship, is being indigenously built in Cochin. On order are seven stealth frigates, six diesel subs, eight P-8I maritime patrol aircraft, 45 MiG-29K fighters and 30 other warships. The level of the nations commitment to a maritime build-up can be gauged from the fact that the items outlined above signify an outlay in the region of US$ 25-30 billion over the next decade. Whether the nation can sustain further expansion, in the face of the recent economic downturn or not, this committed expenditure by itself will place the IN amongst the top ranks of the most modern and potent maritime forces worldwide. Another aspect that has set the IN apart from the other two Services is its total commitment to indigenisation, which was underpinned by two bold and far-sighted decisions in the late 1960s; to undertake warship construction in the country and to set up a Directorate of Naval Design manned by a Corps of Naval Constructors. Our shipyards have, to-date, delivered nearly a 100 ships ranging from patrol boats and amphibious ships to sophisticated submarines, frigates and destroyers.
It was in the early hours of 4th December 1971 that an audacious and unorthodox attack by a squadron of small, IN vessels unleashed a barrage of guided missiles on Karachi; sinking two warships, setting alight a fuel storage facility and bottling up the Pakistani fleet in harbour
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CHALLENGES FOR INDIAN NAVY
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THE GROWTH PATHWAY
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Vice Admiral Arun Kumar Singh (retd) The writer retired as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam. His key appointments included Director General of the Indian Coast Guard (during the Tsunami of 26 December 2004) and Commander-in-Chief of the Tri-Service Andaman and Nicobar Command. He is also a prolific writer on maritime, strategic and nuclear issues.
With the arrival of the tactical nuclear submarine (SSN), INS Chakra, on April 4, 2012, the challenge now is how to quickly build indigenous SSNs for the navy by utilising the massive unused capacity of the private sector Indian shipyards, like Pipavav, which is Indias largest, most modern shipyard and has some of the worlds largest dry docks for submarine building, in a joint venture with a public sector shipyard or yards which have the necessary expertise
iven the Chinese challenge, India needs to take a series of measures to boost its sea power in the IOR. These include building a 65,000 ton aircraft carrier, six more conventional submarines of the much delayed Project 75(I), setting up more naval air stations in strategically located islands off its west and east coast, satellites for surveillance, communications and real time maritime domain awareness (MDA). The only viable antidote to the Chinese seaborne threat is the SSN. While a second INS Chakra type SSN should be acquired from Russia at the earliest, there is no doubt that the Indian Navy urgently needs 6 to 12 SSNs to meet its challenges in the vast expanses of the IOR and APR, specially if it has to operate in the APR without any foreign base support. A 40,000 ton aircraft carrier can embark about 18 to 20 modern fighter aircraft along with a few AEW (Airborne Early Warning) and ASW (Anti-Submarine Warfare-cum-Anti-Ship ) helicopters. Most medium sized navies (including the Chinese who have a 65,000 ton carrier on sea trials and British, who are building two such ships by 2016 and 2019) have now realised that to be effective, an aircraft carrier needs to embark about 36 fighter aircraft in addition to AEW and ASW helicopters. A most useful and insightful article on the growth path of the Indian Navy.
Challenging the dragon at sea
by 2030
Hopefully the decision-makers in South Block take note and take the appropriate steps to make India a true submarine building nation at the earliest and also provide the Indian Navy the wherewithal to protect our national interests at sea
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THE GROWTH PATHWAY
308mm in. Bleed
298mm Trim
280mm Live
Boeing is proud of its longstanding partnership with India. A partnership India can depend upon to meet its developing requirements, from surveillance, strike and mobility platforms to C4ISR, unmanned systems and support services. The most advanced systems and technologies providing the greatest value for India. Thats a partnership of endless possibilities.
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CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES
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Vice Adm Vijay Shankar PVSM, AVSM, ADC (retd) The writer holds an MSc in Defence Studies and is a graduate of the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, USA. He is the former Commander-in-Chief of the Andaman and Nicobar Command, C-in-C of the Strategic Forces Command and Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet. His Command and operational experience are comprehensive and include Command of INS Viraat the aircraft carrier. He is a member of the adjunct faculty of the National Institute of Advanced Studies and he currently tenants the Admiral Katari Chair of Excellence at the United Services Institute.
nti-access Denial seeks to contest and deny regional or extra-regional countries the ability to unilaterally project military power to secure their interests either through aggression or through other destabilising activities. The instrument to achieve denial is by convincingly raising the cost of military intervention through the use or threat of use of methods that are asymmetrical in form and disruptive in substance. The strategys first impulse is to avoid a hot conflict. The writer examines in detail the Chinese Anti-access Area Denial strategy. He then advocates an Indian Anti-access strategy for the IOR to devise operational and material strategies to deter, threaten (and should the need arise) strike and neutralise Chinese aircraft carriers that may menace our vital interests in the IOEO. To deploy denial forces that effectively blockade the string of pearls ports. Platforms of choice would be conventional submarines, maritime strike aircraft both supported by long-range surveillance efforts. This strategy would seek to disrupt and disable operational networks through ASAT and active cyber action and to surveil and seed the straits and narrows with seabed sensors, surface and air scouts and through cooperative arrangements.
In this era the fears and anxieties of nations are driven by four vital traumas. At the head of these four is the perpetuation of the state and its dispensation. In second place is the fear and understanding that impedance to the nations ambitions of growth and development may come about due to internal or external stresses or a combination of the two. The third trauma is that the remaining interests that the state considers critical must be recognised and accepted by the international system; this distress places the system on the horns of a dilemma, particularly so when interests overlap at which time there is a real potential for friction and conflict. Lastly, is a conundrum faced by all major powers that is, does military power prevail?
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Map 1: Chinas claims of territorial sea along with the UNCLOS approved EEZs of the littoral states. Shaded circles indicate the disputed islands. Source: www.bbc.co.uk
11. BBC E-news 08 June 2011. Lt Gen Qi Jianguo speaking to the Hong Kong Commercial Daily. 12. Lampton, David M The Three Faces of Chinese Power. Might, Money and Minds. Berkeley, University of California Press 2008, p 16, 40-41 and 50.
13. Corbett. Some Principles of Maritime Strategy p. 115.
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OCEAN blind
Vice Admiral Venkat Bharathan (retd) The writer is former Vice Chief of Naval Staff. He also served as Indian Naval Attache in Washington DC, USA.
Only on the oceans lie Indias hopes is neither a clich nor, a marketing statement. It is a reality staring in our face. A reality we cannot see because of our Ocean Blindness. It is a continental mindset genome from our centuries old cultured DNA of being afraid of crossing the seven seas. This fear translates itself into a sin in our scriptures. Well that is yet another story.
Only on the Oceans Lie Indias Hopes
Strange as it may seem, Nations are mostly a reflection of its people. A case in point is the Indian and Chinese." The former an eclectic, freely speaking individual locally absorbed, with a martially inhibited DNA. The latter insular with a capacity to withstand and inflict pain and a sense of their identity
Comparisons invariably tend to be odious. Should India get hidebound by Chinese Maritime thrusts, the growing blue water PLA Navy. Should it react by a quantum increase in its military maritime expenditure or respond through a consensus of a coherent Military build-up, a balanced budget, a maritime consortium of benign littorals, including USA, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Philippines, Australia, Russia. The Indian Ocean is too critical and important for World Trade Order and economic sustenance of the entire Asiatic belt. There is need by the Global comity to realise the peace and development dividend of making The Indian Ocean a robust East West Maritime bridge
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Peace Ark hospital ship
Liaoning
Kunlun Shan PLA LPD
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PARADIGM shift
Maj Gen (Dr) G D Bakshi SM, VSM (retd) The writer is a combat veteran of many skirmishes on the Line of Control and counter-terrorist operations in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. He subsequently commanded the reputed Romeo Force during intensive counter-terrorist operations in the Rajouri-Poonch districts. He has served two tenures at the DGMO. He is a prolific writer on matters military and non-military and has published 24 books and over 100 papers in many prestigious research journals. He is Editor-in-Chief of Defence and Security Alert (DSA) magazine.
With its meteoric rates of growth, its huge geographic and demographic size and massive military modernisation, China now has the capacity and will to assert regional leadership. It is the unprecedented rise in the power of the Chinese Navy that is making it a serious new challenge to US power in the Asia-Pacific. The Chinese have carefully studied the basis of US power projection capabilities in the Asia-Pacific. It is now based upon the 11 Aircraft Carrier Battle Groups of the US Navy. These had forced China to back down over Taiwan in 1995-96. China has now deployed Asymmetric Warfare capabilities in the form of Surveillance and Global Positioning Satellites and the DF-21D Aircraft Carrier Killer missiles. Like the Japanese fielding of 10 Carrier Battle Groups in World War II, will the new Chinese capabilities prove to be a significant Game Changer in Naval Warfare? It has undoubtedly shaken and worried the Americans
he industrialisation and urbanisation of Asia has led to the inevitable growth and intensification of nationalism in these economically significant states. Nationalism may be on the decline in Europe, it is clearly on the upsurge in Asia. In tandem with dramatic economic growth and the rise of nationalism, is the unprecedented military and naval build-up now ongoing in Asia. Industrialisation and urbanisation had led to a similar upsurge of nationalism in Europe and resulted in two highly destructive World Wars. Is Asia replicating the European pattern of industrialisation that leads to a great hunger for energy, mineral and food resources? This hunger for resources leads to insecurities over access to energy and other critical inputs. Michael Wesley observes however that those Asian countries most closely allied with the US, lack the military heft to seriously help counter the Chinese challenge. Those partners with the greatest military heft, ie, India, Vietnam and Indonesia are least likely to align closely with the US Alliance System. Wesley highlights the fact that growing frictions between China and its smaller neighbours in the South China Sea and the East China Sea, pose dangers of entrapment for the US in the Western Pacific. The US embrace of status quo has emboldened the Philippines and Vietnam in strongly opposing Chinas claims both militarily and diplomatically. The principle of freedom of the high seas is at stake and competing nationalisms in Asia are setting the stage for future conflicts. Corruption and dramatic discord generated by economic inequities within the Asian nations enhance the need for external digressions. All this is leading to an unprecedented military and naval build-up in Asia. The chances of the outbreak of localised conflicts are increasingly getting higher.
RISING NATIONALISMS AND NAVIES IN ASIA:
THE ROAD TO CONFLICT?
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PARADIGM shift
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PLUGGING THE GAPS
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Rear Admiral (Dr) S Kulshrestha (retd) The writer joined Indian Navy in the year 1975 and was awarded Silver Medal at the Naval Academy, the Telescope and the Sword of Honour for being adjudged the best Naval Officer during initial training. He did his specialisation in Quality Assurance of Naval Armament and adorned various key appointments at Naval Command Headquarters, DRDO establishments, Ordnance Factories and finally rose to become the Director General of Naval Armament Inspection (DGNAI) at the Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (Navy). He is an alumnus of the prestigious National Defence College (NDC). He has been writing in defence journals on issues related to Armament technology and indigenisation. India has a formidable naval force with both blue water and littoral capabilities; it also has a credible coast guard which would work in unison with the Indian Navy in times of war. Further India has put in place a powerful template for marine domain awareness, intelligence and protection of the coast, after the terrorist attack of 26 November 2008. Some of the measures include; setting up of Multi Agency Centres (MAC) for intelligence inputs and reports; registration of fishing vessels by states; placing in orbit Indian Regional Navigation Seven Satellite System and satellite GSAT-7; setting up of a coast wide radar chain; raising Marine Police force, Marine Commandos Rapid Reaction Force and a Sagar Prahari Bal (SPB); setting up layered patrolling; putting in place The National Command Control Communication and Intelligence network (NC3IN) etc
he littorals are teeming with fishing boats, miscellaneous craft, neutral international shipping, friendly craft as well as the adversarys vessels. Despite having information superiority in the oceans, a blue water force is restrained in littorals due to overwhelming number of contacts presented in the littorals, leading to dilemma in identification, detection and targeting. The time available to a commander to take engagement decisions is a fraction of that which is available in a traditional blue water mission. This shrinking of time coupled with congested space puts tremendous pressure on the commander and may lead to undesired outcomes. A very interesting article on the highly neglected aspect of littoral warfare and what India needs to do to plug gaps in this realm.
MATTERS LITTORAL DEFENCE
1. LOICZ is an international research project involving scientists from across the globe who have been investigating changes in the biology, chemistry and physics of the coastal zone since 1993. 2. http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/ic/wssd/doc2/ch11.pdf
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PLUGGING THE GAPS
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MULTITASKING
Cmde Sujeet Samaddar NM (retd) The writer retired as the Principal Director Naval Plans. He served NOVA Integrated Systems A TATA Enterprise as Vice President (Operations) until October 2011. He is presently Director and CEO, ShinMaywa Industries India Limited.
Of particular relevance to the Indian Navy and in fact all navies that operate long-range maritime patrol aircraft (LRMR) or AWACS aircraft or shore based maritime interdiction aircraft, is in the choice of the most suitable amphibious aircraft that can conduct a near all-weather high speed rescue operation for the entire crew of a ditched aircraft. The aircraft is more easily replaceable than its highly trained aircrew. Similarly, the rescue of a crew of distressed ship or submarine is faster and surer with amphibious aircraft than using ships or even helicopters. Combat missions may also be undertaken by suitable amphibious aircraft. Rapid and precision induction and de-induction of troops along undefended coastlines for covert / diplomatic or force projection operations is one example
o d e r n amphibious aircraft make possible a range of options not achievable by any one platform. Its unique multi-modal design permits airborne, seaborne and land operations in a single platform and thus is a highly effective force multiplier for a regional navy. Unlike helicopters and aircraft, amphibious aircraft can land at the location and enforce both the will and the law of the country and thus are a platform of choice for benign and constabulary missions of navies. Unlike ships, amphibious aircraft can reach the location far faster than ships can preventing destruction or dumping of contraband. These aircraft can now therefore be tasked for multifarious naval missions such as mainland to distant island and inter-island support without need of a runway, monitoring, servicing and protection of offshore assets, surveillance, reconnaissance, intelligence gathering and on-spot investigation in the EEZ and on High Seas and Oceanic Search and Rescue (SAR) and casualty evacuation (CASEVAC) from ships and oilrigs.
Amphibious Aircraft:
A Force Multiplier for the Indian Navy
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MULTITASKING
Features
Engines Dimensions LXBXH(m) Max take-off weight Max range Cruise altitude
ShinMaywa US-2
Turboprop4 33.3x33.2x9.8 47.7 ton 4,500 km 9,000 m
Bombardier CL-415
Turboprop2 19.8x28.6x9 19.9 ton 2,300 km 2,400 m 280 km/h 380 km/h 150 km/h* 808 m 665 m 1.2 m (Sea State 2) Upto 66% operability
Beriev Be-200
Turbofan2 32.1x32.8x8.9 37.2 ton 3,600 km 7,900 m 610 km/h 700 km/h 155 km/h* 1,000 m 1,300 m 1.2 m (Sea State 2) Upto 66% operability
Normal cruise speed 480 km/h Max cruise speed Stalling speed Take off from water Landing to water Operational wave height 560 km/h 107 km/h 280 m 330 m 3 m (Sea State 5) > 96% operability
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ACQUISITIONS PRECEDENCE
INDIAS SEA POWER STATUS

Cmde Ranjit Bhawnani Rai (retd) The writer is a former Director Naval Intelligence and Director Naval Operations. Presently he is Vice President of Indian Maritime Foundation, New Delhi.
GOING INTO THE FUTURE, AN APPRECIATION
heodore Roosevelt said, A good Navy is not a provocation to war. It is the surest guaranty of peace. Serving in the nations navy also means serving the rise of India. An excellent appraisal of the growth of Indias Navy and the need to speed up our acquisitions, especially of the Submarine arm. With the rising challenge of a powerful PLAN we cannot afford to dither and delay our naval build-up.
Sea power has become four dimensional and can assert political pressure when needed, like Chinas moves in the South China Seas. United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) were enacted in 1982 and nations are employing the voids to further national interests. The seas will be critical repositories of resources with increasing wealth and populations especially in the East. French chief Admiral Bernard Rogel has termed this, Maritimisation in the 21st century
Preparations to become a builders navy began in late 60s when Mazagon Dock Ltd (MDL) began licensed construction of Vickers Armstrong and Yarrow Leander frigates. The first Leander INS Nilgiri in 1972 was a dream ship with all systems including the Sea-Cat AA exceeding specifications and gave confidence to constructors
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homeland security
DIY TERRORISM!
Cyber Jihad OSJ (open source jihad)
The columnist is an Intelligence and Terrorism Analyst, Clinical Psychologist and Clinical Hypnotherapist based in SouthEast Asia. She has also received training in specialised areas including counter-terrorism, intelligence and tactical operations. She specialises in cognitive learning processes and neural pathway response and how these factors apply to specialised trainings. She is an expert in the field of non-verbal micro and macro expression for deception and detection and also using non-verbal assets for psychological self-assessment in conjunction with Emotional Intelligence to enhance the human mind, personality, image and spirit. She is a member of ICPA (International Corrections and Prisons Association), IACSP (International Association for Counter-Terrorism and Security Professionals), APA (American Psychological Association), APP (Association of Professional Psychologists), FPRI (Foreign Policy Research Institute) and UK Certified Hypnotherapist and General Hypnotherapy Register.
Dr Rupali Jeswal
Image below is taken from Inspire:
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homeland security
DIY TERRORISM!
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homeland security
DIY TERRORISM!
Virtual Terrorism: Al Qaeda Video Calls for Electronic Jihad http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ cyber-terrorism-al-qaeda-video-calls-electronic-jihad/story?id=16407875#.UKdSq6krxSU
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DIY TERRORISM!
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DIY TERRORISM!
sea power in India
CRITICAL RESOURCE
A Balanced Energy Mix for India

A
concise and clear-headed analysis of a balanced energy Mix for India. Coal, oil and gas account for major part of India's energy mix while wind, solar power and geothermal together account for a mere 0.3 per cent, hydro energy for 0.7 per cent and nuclear for around 3 per cent. The other major source of energy in India is bio-mass and agricultural waste which is principally employed in rural areas and accounts for around 24 per cent of energy generation. Prices of solar photovoltaic cells have fallen dramatically in the international market on account of state subsidies provided by Chinese government to support large scale production and to promote cheap exports to Europe and USA. This has made solar energy more competitive and affordable than was the case earlier. India imports more than 75 per cent of its oil needs. This is likely to go up further in the coming years. The country is dependent to the tune of 70 per cent on coal for generating electricity. The quality of domestic coal is inferior on account of excessive ash content and low calorific value. We import coal from Australia and Indonesia. Therefore there is no other way but to have a balanced mix of energy production. Nuclear energy and shale gas will have to be small but important components of that energy mix for the foreseeable future.
Amb Ashok Sajjanhar The writer a Postgraduate in Physics from Delhi University and a career diplomat, has served as Ambassador of India to Kazakhstan, Sweden and Latvia. He has also held several significant positions in Indian Embassies in Moscow, Teheran, Geneva, Dhaka, Bangkok, Washington and Brussels. He negotiated for India in the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. He has been an active participant in many International Seminars organised by UNCTAD and WTO. For the foreseeable future hence there is no way out for India but to rationalise and optimise its fossil fuel generation and consumption and invest in more efficient systems, buildings, residential complexes, industrial establishments etc to get maximum benefit from its energy resources. We also need to ensure that our sources of foreign oil and gas continue to provide unimpeded energy to us in the coming years. India has done well to stand firm on its principled stand with respect to import of oil from Iran. Iran accounts for 12 per cent of our energy needs at a cost of around US$ 12 billion per annum. It is commendable that we did not get steamrolled into following the US diktat of cutting all business and investment links with Iran
It would not be prudent to take a final view on doing away completely with nuclear energy at this stage under social and political duress which by its very nature is emotional and volatile and not very well informed
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CRITICAL RESOURCE
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CONTROLLING THE SEAS
A
Maj Gen P K Chakravorty VSM (retd) The writer is an alumnus of National Defence Academy who was comissioned into the Regiment of Artillery on 31 March 1972. A Silver Gunner who has undergone the Long Gunnery Staff Course, Staff College and is a graduate of the National Defence College. He has commanded a Medium Regiment and a Composite Artillery Brigade. He was Major General Artillery of an operational Command, Commandant of Selection Centre South in Bangalore and Additional Director General Artillery at Army Headquarters. He has also served as the Defence Attache to Vietnam and is a prolific writer on strategic subjects. The pirates in Somalia have been accused of forming an alliance with Islamic insurgents. Janes Terrorism and Security Monitor has reported that certain insurgent groups have been using pirates to smuggle weapons and supplies in return for providing bases. The fundamentalist group Al Shahab has provided operating funds and specialist weapons in return for a share of the ransoms being paid to the captors. As many as 2,500 young Somalis have been trained by the Al Shahab
n indepth analysis of the phenomena of Somali Piracy that goes into why the Somalis have taken to piracy. Overall the multinational naval operations have resulted in reduction of piracy. There has been no hijack of ship since 19 June 2012 and no boarding attempted since 26 June 2012. Despite t h i s a s m a n y a s 191 crew members and about 14 merchant vessels are still held by Somalian pirates. This is a temporary pause and it is still profitable to be a pirate in Somalia than an ordinary citizen. Despite large number of warships, pirates have extended their area to 1,100 nautical miles from the shore. The moment the naval ships thin out the process would resume. The solution has three components on land to check genuine Somali grievances based on illegal poaching and dumping of toxic waste in their waters; at sea via multinational anti-piracy naval operations and lastly protective measures by the merchant ships.
SEA POWER
PIRACY, INSURGENCY AND FORCE ACTIONS
The pirates have linkages with the Al Qaida based in Yemen. It is reported that Al Qaida has reportedly provided the pirate groups with assistance in procurement of mother ships and arms for successful conduct of operations
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CONTROLLING THE SEAS
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PROMISING ALLIANCE
Dr Satoru Nagao The writer is a Research Fellow, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Japan. He is an expert on strategic affairs and has written a PhD thesis about Indias military strategy, the first of its kind in Japan. India has the potential to become a security provider in Southeast Asia. For example, India has the desired geographical potentiality. Historically, empires in subcontinent have not been able to project their land power far beyond South Asia because South Asia is surrounded by mountains. But as a naval power, the influential area of the Chola Empire could extend to Southeast Asia. The history of the Cholas has indicated that Sea is open for India. This implies that India has the potential to become a security provider for Southeast Asia
hy does Japan need India asks the writer? Because India is likely to be a strong naval power. India will possess enough naval power to be projected as a significant naval power in the future. For example, the number of surface combatants whose full load displacement is more than 3,000 t has been increasing rapidly in the Indian Navy. The number was only 14 in 1990 which rose to 21 in 2012 and will reach 27 in 2013. Secondly, Indias strong naval power is expected to fill the power vacuum that a declining US is creating. Thirdly, India is trustworthy. India has exercised restraint in use of military power as a strategy in the past, most countries can trust India. A most cogent and dispassionate Japanese analysis of the strong need for a strategic partnership between India and Japan.
Why Japan needs India as Strategic Partner?
There are two reasons as to why India is perceived as a trustworthy partner by Japan, US, Australia and ASEAN. When we try to understand military strategy of other countries, we collect information by not only reading official documents but also by exchanging opinions between experts in and out of governments. Freedom of expression in India proves that experts can voice their complaints against government institutions freely. Thus, people can trust these experts in India
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PROMISING ALLIANCE
Junagadh (1947) India-Pak (1947-48) Hyderabad (1948) Northeast (1956-now) Goa (1961) India-China (1962) Kutch (1965) India-Pak (1965) Nathu La and Chola (1967) Maoist (1967-now) India-Pak (1971) Siachen (1984) Falcon & Checkerboard (1986-87) Punjab (1984-92) Brasstack (1987) Sri Lanka (1987-90) Maldives (1988) Kashmir (1989-now) 1990Crisis (1990) Kargil (1999) Parakram (2001-02) UNPKO
Active or Reactive Active Reactive Active Reactive Active Reactive Reactive Reactive Reactive Reactive Active Active Reactive Reactive Active Active Reactive Reactive Reactive Reactive Reactive Reactive
Type of Operation Limited war Limited war Limited war Counterinsurgency Limited war Limited war Limited war Limited war Limited war Counterinsurgency Limited war Limited war Coercive diplomacy Counterinsurgency Coercive diplomacy Peace building Peace building Counterinsurgency Coercive diplomacy Limited war Coercive diplomacy Peacekeeping
Area of Operation Outside Outside Outside Inside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Inside Inside Inside Outside Outside Inside Inside Inside Inside Outside
Well-Positioned to Support Indias Present and Future Defence Requirements
Northrop Grummans E-2D Advanced Hawkeye

Cmde Gyanendra Sharma (retd), Country Head, India
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MARITIME STRATEGY
oday, India's national interests are congruent with its maritime interests, which are expanding exponentially. India can become T a major power by building on a coherent national maritime-centric
Cdr Sunil Chauhan (retd) The writer is a Defence, Aerospace and Homeland Security professional and an independent researcher focusing on international security issues, maritime strategy, military affairs and force structuring, defence procurement and policies, climate change and disaster risk management. He was commissioned in the Indian Navy in 1985. He is a Fellow of the International Congress on Disaster Management (FICDM) and a Certified Master Trainer of Trainers from Emergency Management Institute (EMI), Emmetsburg, US. He is also a resource for Indian Institutes and Agencies for training on security issues, conducting table top exercises and risk assessment. The Indian Navy, arguably the most outward looking and strategic-minded of the three services, has been aggressively charting out multidimensional roles and missions for the navy, of which warfighting is just one aspect. This is manifest in the Indian Maritime Doctrine 2009, which lays out four roles for the Indian Navy military, diplomatic, constabulary and benign
strategy and a sea power capability backed by foreign and security policy initiatives. Nearly 35 per cent of world trade moves along the Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) in the Indian Ocean. The region is flanked on all sides by several conflict zones and is prone to increasing maritime terrorism, piracy and sectarian influences. Though energy deficient, the country is located close to sources of oil and natural gas. Almost 90 per cent of Indias oil requirements are imported by sea. By 2025 Indian Navy would have created a powerful modern ocean fleet, with a core of three aircraft carriers, over seventy corvettes, frigates and destroyers, over twenty submarines, including four nuclear-powered ballistic missile capable submarines, up to six general purpose nuclear submarines and about fifteen conventional submarines. This force structuring will enable India to implement its maritime military strategy and be a significant player in the Indian Ocean.The Indian Navy has reached out far beyond its own littoral to enable more expansive maritime domain awareness, develop basing opportunities and fortify naval operational and diplomatic ties. The Indian Navy has been fostering close naval ties with Mozambique, Mauritius and the Seychelles, having donated patrol vessels to both of the latter countries. For expansion of maritime domain awareness, the Indian Navy has also established a radio and radar monitoring station on Madagascar.
INDIAN NAVY AND SEA POWER
IN THE 21st CENTURY
The fundamentals of its maritime strategy identify Indian Navys aspiration to create a large, well-balanced ocean fleet and a serious building and acquisition programme put in place since late nineties has reshaped the Indian Navy. India already possesses one of the largest navies in the world and once the current programme for naval development up to 2025 has been implemented, India will be one of the most powerful navies in the world
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MARITIME STRATEGY
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HEGEMONIC ASPIRATIONS?
Vassilios Damiras, PhD (ABD) The writer is a US counter-terrorism and defence expert. He has extensively studied and worked on various US National Security issues, Middle East and Balkan politics and history. He has graduated from the US Combined Arms Center (CAC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA. Also, he has graduated from the Federal Bureau of Investigation-FBI Citizens Academy Chicago, Illinois, USA. He is CEO of Geostrategic Forecasting Cooperation and Chief Business Negotiator of Rescue Trek. The US government has three alternatives to face Chinas new naval projection. The first strategic alternative for the Obama administration is to continue its current security approach to the region in essence to sustain a strong military presence. The second strategic alternative promoted by neo-isolationists in both political parties would be to significantly reduce American commitment and to introduce an extremely narrower definition on Americas geopolitical role in the Asia-Pacific region. Such a strategy will have the American government to rely on its allies to defend stability and Americas national interests in the region. The third strategic alternative would be to establish a forward-leaning strategy that would protect the US forces and US commitment in the region
ince 1990s, the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) Navy has increasingly transformed from a large fleet of low-capability, single-mission naval platforms, to a much leaner force equipped with a more modern, multi-mission platforms. Compare to the fleet a decade ago, a variety of PLA Navy combatants and vessels are equipped with highly advanced air defence systems and very sophisticated Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles -ASCMS , with ranges in excess to 297 miles. These brand new highly sophisticated systems and modernised military platforms give a great capacity to urge an anti-surface warfare (ASuW) and also allow them to execute complex military operations far beyond the range of land-based air defences.
China
as a Global Naval Power
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HEGEMONIC ASPIRATIONS?
FINCANTIERI in the NAVAL BUSINESS FIELD
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ASCENT AND DOMINATION
n this century, India has achieved many milestones to I become a major maritime power
Prof Hari Saran The writer is Professor, Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.
India has a long coastline of about 7516.6 km along with 2.02 million sq km of exclusive economic zone (nearly two third part of the total land area which is set to increase to 2.54 million sq km in near future) and islands territories (1,197 in number and about 8,249 sq km In area) hundreds of miles away from the mainland. New dimensions of challenges in guarding the coastal frontiers and islands have emerged in this century. Sea borders are more porous than land borders. After 26th November 2008, Mumbai terrorist attack, various measures were taken to strengthen the coastal security. India decided to increase its space reconnaissance and surveillance capability especially to monitor the illegal infiltration of men and materials through the long coastal line and islands
in IOR. India is destined to be a potential maritime power by 2025-30. India is well aware of the growing Chinese influence and American presence in the IOR. India is the most stable, powerful and responsible country in IOR. IOR is very crucial for Indias national security. India needs a secure and peaceful IOR. All exits and entries in the Indian Ocean pass through very restricted water passages / choke points of IOR. Gulf of Hormuz, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique Channel, Straits of Malacca and Singapore, Lombok and Sunda Straits are in need for protection. About 40 per cent of global seaborne trade is accounted for by the Straits of Malacca. Oil is the main source of energy and every day 15.5 million barrels of oil or 40 per cent of the entire global oil pass through the Straits of Hormuz and 11 million barrels of oil pass through the Malacca and Singapore Straits. Indias 89 per cent oil imports are coming by sea routes. IOR intra-regional trade amounts to 24 per cent of the global trade and it is increasing. The value of intra-regional trade stands at about US$ 777 billion, with a huge potential for significant growth in future. Ninety per cent of Indias international trade by volume and seventyseven per cent by value are carried by sea. Indias imports and exports have reached US$ 600 billion up to 2012 already and slated to touch US$ 2 trillion by 2020. Combining exports and imports, Indias trade is more than 50 per cent of GDP. Realising the importance of the maritime sector, the government of India has initiated National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP) in 2006.
Indias Maritime Interests in the Changing World
To counter the internal security challenges, the inherent weakness of coastal security should be removed as early as possible. Navy should have its own satellite for ocean monitoring and communication
Promotion and protection of maritime interests will be a major driving force for Indias future progress.
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editor-in-chief

The country comes first always and every time.

Maj Gen (Dr) G D Bakshi SM, VSM (retd)

sea power in India

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More Kasabs ready! Are we?

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

Special Issue December 2012

challenging the dragon at sea by 2030

Volume 4 Issue 3 DECEMBER 2012

India adrift, awash or awake in its maritime wake

matters littoral defence

amphibious aircraft: a force multiplier for the Indian navy

Indias sea power status going into the future, an appreciation 50

a balanced energy mix for India

sea power: piracy, insurgency and force actions

Indian navy and sea power in the 21st century

China as a global naval power

Indias maritime interests in the changing world

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December 2012 Defence AND security alert

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Land Power in India

Announces January 2013 Issue on

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CHALLENGES FOR INDIAN NAVY

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

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CHALLENGES FOR INDIAN NAVY

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

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THE GROWTH PATHWAY

Challenging the dragon at sea

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

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THE GROWTH PATHWAY

308mm in. Bleed

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

sea power in India

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

sea power in India

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

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13. Corbett. Some Principles of Maritime Strategy p. 115.

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

December 2012 Defence AND security alert

sea power in India

December 2012 Defence AND security alert