SYNOPSIS

1. PROJECT TITLE :- STATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (SVR) 2. INTRODUCTION: State Electricity Boards generate clean, sinusoidal AC electrical waveforms, which is the technical phrase for Good power. However once the power is transmitted and goes through the distribution network to the end user, it is exposed to various contaminations that changes and add distortions to the waveform. The contaminations are the result of grid switching, power factor corrector oscillations, restricts, substation tripping etc. All of these factors as well as industrial, commercial and residential users contribute to the degrading of power with non-linear loads, high cyclic power demands and periodic faults. The end results the voltage sags, surges, High spikes, Brownouts, Glitches and other disturbances which are dangerous to sensitive Electronic Equipments. Over the years it has became a common practice to connect a servo voltage stabilizer at the input of all sensitive electronic equipment. These stabilizers operate on the traditional methods of using a motor operated variac along with a buck-boost transformer to achieve voltage regulation. Such voltage stabilizers can only regulate the voltage but they take much longer time to regulate, which becomes ineffective for sensitive electronic equipment as they demand intact correction. More over servo voltage stabilizers are not capable to protect the equipment against following electrical disturbances: Electrical fast Transients Due to Switching in Electrical Systems EMI / RFI High Energy Surges Harmonics Voltage Sags & Sells 3. ABSTRACT: With many power quality solutions to choose from it is important to understand the characteristics of power disturbances, their frequency of occurrence and their impact on a facility operation in order to choose the most effective mitigation device. One of the newest, high capacity solutions which address the most frequent type of power disturbance, the voltage sag, is the Static Voltage Regulator (SVR).The SVR is the latest generation of power quality management solutions. Using the sophisticated, maintenance-free capabilities of power electronics and microcontroller based control systems, the SVR maintains the load voltage between 90% and 100% of nominal voltage for most voltage anomalies from the power source. The SVR performs this voltage boost within a quarter to half of a cycle. 4. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION :- The load Tap changer voltage Regulator provides steady static Voltage Regulator(SVR) with the advances in Power Electronics, The SVR has emerged as a new Technology to provide ride-through support for facilities in the event of transient under-voltage / Over- voltage conditions like sags and surges .The SVR through the use of Static Tap Changers simple regulate the output voltage to 220/230 5% for an input

voltage change from 140VAC to 290VAC .The SVR tap changers are designed to respond instantaneously by selecting the appropriate voltage tap on a sub cycle basis: The Main Components of SVR are: Booster Transformer with its secondary winding connected in series with the Distribution line. A Regulator transformer with tapped secondary winding which is connected through taps SCR Switches to the booster transformer primary and the crowbar switch. 5. TECHNOLOGY HOW DOES IT WORK? The Static Voltage Regulator, through the use of static tap changers, simply regulates the voltage to equipment operational levels. Unlike conventional load tap changers, which are equipped with a time delayed mechanical tap changer, static tap changers are designed to respond instantaneously by selecting the appropriate voltage tap, on a sub-cycle basis, without the need to progress through a series of lower voltage taps. The SVR consists of three phase cells and a control and communications cabinet. As seen in fig. below, each phase cell of the SVR is comprised of a booster transformer (2) with its secondary winding connected in series with the distribution line, a regulator transformer (1) with a taped secondary winding which is connected through tap SCR switches (3) to the booster transformer primary and the crowbar switch (4).

While the source voltage is above 90% of its nominal value, the SVR is operated in its feed through or no-boost mode. In this mode the crowbar SCR switch is closed and all the tap switches are open. Upon the occurrence of source voltage sag, the SVR microprocessor-

based logic will sense the instantaneous under voltage level and determine which tap SCR switch to turn on. Lower the source voltage, the higher the voltage tap that will be selected and connected to the booster transformer primary as soon as the crowbar SCR switch is turned off. The tap voltage will show up in the booster transformer secondary side and will boost the source side voltage to a level above 90% of nominal. While the SVR is operated in the regulating or boost mode, the logic continuously evaluates the source voltage level on a half-cycle to half-cycle basis and may select another tap to maintain the output voltage within 90% to 100% of its nominal value. When the source voltage returns to the normal range, the logic turns off the tap switch, verifies that the tap switch is in fact open and then turns on the crow bar switch, all within a quarter of a cycle. Allowance for SCR recovery time is ensured by hard-wired logic. In order to properly respond to actual system sag conditions, each single-phase static tap changer operates independently to give the required boost to each phase. 6. OPERATION PERFORMANCES: - Fig. below shows the operation of the SVR during a sag condition. The voltage chart on the left shows the input voltage while it sags to 60% of nominal; the voltage chart on the right shows the output voltage at the same instant.

As can be seen in fig. it takes a quarter of a cycle to detect the sagged voltage, select the appropriate tap and do the switching operation. This extra ordinary performance is necessary because typically voltage sag starts at the peak of the sine wave. In order to be able to correct the under voltage condition in the following current zero crossing, the SVR must be able to assess the under voltage condition in a quarter of a cycle or less. In addition, the SVR must determine if the low voltage condition is caused by a fault on the load side or on the source side of the SVR. For low voltage conditions caused by downstream faults, the SVR stays in the no-boost mode until the appropriate protection device clears the fault. The crowbar SCRs are sized to withstand the fault current for up to two re-closer operations without the need for a rapid-closure mechanical bypass switch. This allows more flexibility in selecting bypass hard-ware for SVR installations. 7. AREA OF PROJECT/APPLICATIONS:-

Medical Facilities, Nursing Homes, Diagnostics Labs/Imaging Equipments Commercial Establishment/Call Centers Broadcast Communications Telecommunications Refineries and there Distribution outlets Concert Halls/Theaters/Banquet Halls Waste water treatment plants Fertilizers and chemical plants Machine tools/CNC Equipments Manufacturing/ Automation/ Robotics UPS Bypass and power Distribution.

8. AVAILABILITY OF HAREWARE COMPONENTS: - The components required to implement this project is easily available in the electronics market and the transformer that is required can be get made from any transformer industry. 9. TIME REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT :-

SR NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

TASK OR OPERATION TO BE DONE APPROX. TIME REQUIRED Designing of circuit to be implemented 2 weeks Collection of data-sheets required 1week Purchasing of components 1week Pcb designing & making(etching & drilling) 2weeks Component mounting & soldering 1week Testing & troubleshooting 2weeks Project report preparation 3weeks

Total No. of weeks required to complete the project:-12 weeks (3 months)