Outline

Introduction to the OP-AMP. OP- AMP characteristics OP-AMP circuit symbol and diagram Some OP-AMP configurations The OP-AMP used as a summer, difference, integrator, and differentiator. The 741 OP-AMP as a comparator. The comparator circuit and applications. The OP-AMP as a comparator. A brief look at technical report writing.
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Introduction An amplifier is a device that accepts a varying input signal and produces a similar output signal with a larger amplitude.
Most Op-Amps behave like voltage amplifiers. They take an input voltage and output a scaled version. They are the basic components used to build analog circuits.

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Characteristics
Current gain is the ratio of the current at the output terminal to the current at the input terminal.

Voltage Gain is the ratio of the voltage at the output terminal to that at the input terminal

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Circuit symbol A triangle shape is the generic symbol for an amplifier circuit, the wide end signifying the input and the narrow end signifying the output.

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1 Offset null
2- Inverting input terminal (v-)
3-Non inverting input terminal (v+) 4- Negative DC Bias (-Vcc) 5-Offset null 6-Output (Vout) 7 Positive DC Bias(+Vcc) 8-No connection.
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Notes

on the 741-OP AMP

The 741 OP-AMP is the most widely used OPAMP . It is a cheap and general purpose amplifier.

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In this configuration there is no connection (feedback) between the output and input terminals of the Operational amplifier. We talk about the amplifiers Open loop voltage gain.

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Feedback without resistor in feedback loop.

With resistor in feedback loop

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In this configuration there is a connection between the output and input terminals of the operational amplifier. This connection is called the feedback loop. The loop may consist of several components or just a wire. The gain of the amplifier in this configuration is called the closed loop voltage gain.

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Inverting configuration. The input signal is connected to the inverting terminal of the operational amplifier.

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Non inverting configurations The input signal is connected to the noninverting terminal of the operational amplifier.

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 Summing

amplifier

This is used to obtain a sum of several input signals.

Difference

amplifier

This is used to obtain a difference of the input signals. Other applications include the Comparator, differentiator, integrator and many others.
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Introduction
A comparator compares two input voltages. One voltage which is called the reference voltage (Vref) and the other called the input voltage (Vin). When Vin rises above or falls below Vref the output changes to HIGH and LOW respectively. The OP-AMP operates in saturation mode due to the very high values of the open loop gain. (Av is about 200,000).
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When Vin is higher than Vref, the output Vo saturates to +Vcc. When Vin is less than Vref, the output Vo saturates to -Vcc.

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Circuits that involve decision making (object detection). Authentication and authorization circuit systems such as detectors, alarms (buzzer). Signal detection a signal is distinguished from noise if it exceeds the (reference) signal value.

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The input signal is fed to the inverting terminal where as the reference signal is connected to the non-inverting terminal. The output is low if the input signal level is below the reference signal level. The output is high if the input signal level exceeds the reference signal level.

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Let us consider an example of a sinusoidal input.

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Let us consider an example of a sinusoidal input. When the input level exceeds Vref, the Op amp is driven into positive saturation mode giving a out put +Vcc. When the Vin value goes below Vref, the Op Amp is driven into negative saturation mode giving an out put Vcc. A periodic input signal (sinusoid), gives a periodic output (Square).
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Format

Structure the report logically for convenience of the reader. Use headings, sections and subsections.
Writing

the

Put your reader first. Be brief and precise. Keep it short and sweet (KISS) Double check your report for grammatical errors.
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Illustrations

Label your tables, graphs, diagrams well. Use clear diagrams and units
Finishing

plots

and

Your report should look good to attract readers attention. Always Remember your reader is all that matters. Bad report = Waste basket.

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THE END

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