Euler-Bernoulli Bending Theory (Pure Bending Moment)

A z
ψ

M D M
dw
x
C dx
neutral axis
B
ux
uz = w(x) = vertical deflection of the neutral axis
z dw
u x = − zψ ( x ) dx
ψ

dw
If the plane AB remains perpendicular to CD ψ=
dx
dw
ux = − z
dx
 dw
ux = − z
dx

∂u x d 2w
ε xx = = −z 2
∂x dx

If we assume σ yy = σ zz = σ xy = σ yz = 0
The stress-strain relations give

⎡σ xx −ν (σ yy + σ zz ) ⎤
1
ε xx =
E⎣ ⎦

d 2w
σ xx = − E z 2
dx

⎛ ∂u x ∂u z ⎞ ⎛ dw dw ⎞
σ xz = G ⎜ + ⎟ = G ⎜ − ⎟=0
⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ dx dx ⎠
 z

d 2w
σ xx = − E z 2
dx σ xx
y y
z

M = − ∫ σ xx z dA M
A
A x
2
d w 2
dx 2 ∫A
=E z dA

d 2w Mz
= EI 2 σ xx = −
dx I

∫σ xx dA = 0 ∫ zdA = 0
A
neutral axis is at centroid
A

∫ σ xx y dA = 0 ∫ y z dA = 0
A
cross-section must be symmetric
A
 z Engineering Beam Theory

dw ⎛ dw ⎞
M ( x) z [ Note: we still have u x = − z ⎜ψ = ⎟ so that
Let σ xx = − dx ⎝ dx ⎠
I
V ( x)Q ( z ) σ xz = 0 (inconsistent) ]
σ xz = −
qz I t ( z)

dM
M = V ( x) d 2
w
M = EI 2 d 4w
EI 4 = qz ( x )
V dx
dV dx
= qz ( x ) dx
dx
qz … applied force/unit length on beam in z-
direction
 dM
= V ( x)
dx
dV
= qz ( x )
dx

How are these internal force and bending moment equilibrium relations
related to our local equilibrium equations?

∂σ xx ∂σ xy ∂σ xz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂σ xy ∂σ yy ∂σ yz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂σ xz ∂σ yz ∂σ zz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
 ∂σ xx ∂σ xy ∂σ xz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

multiply by z and integrate over the cross-section, A

∂σ xx ⎛ ∂σ ∂σ ⎞
∫z
A
∂x
dA + ∫ z ⎜ xy + xz
A ⎝
∂y ∂z
⎟ dA = 0
⎠

⎡∂ ∂ ⎤
or, equivalently
d
dx ∫A
zσ xx dA + ( z ) + ( zσ )
∫A ⎢⎣ ∂y xy ∂z xz ⎥⎦ dA − ∫A σ xz dA = 0
σ

- M(x) - V(x)
z n ∂f
nz ∫A ∂y dA = vC∫ f ny ds
ny Gauss’ theorem (2-D)
∂f
A C
y ∫A ∂z dA = vC∫ f nz ds
 + ∫ z ( n yσ xy + nzσ xz ) ds + V ( x ) = 0
dM
−
dx vC

Tx(
n)
z
n
y
dM
Tx( ) = 0 = V ( x)
n
dx

Now, consider

∂σ xz ∂σ yz ∂σ zz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
integrating over A

d ⎛ ∂σ yz ∂σ zz ⎞
∫
dx A
σ xz dA + ∫ ⎜
A⎝
∂y
+
∂z
⎟ dA = 0
⎠
-V(x)
 + ∫ (σ yz n y + σ zz nz ) ds = 0
dV
−
dx v C

Tz( n )

n Tz( n ) z
y
v∫ ds = qz ( x )
( ) n
Tz
C

applied force/unit length in z-

direction

dV
= qz ( x )
dx

Last remaining equilibrium equation is:

∂σ xy ∂σ yy ∂σ yz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

Integrating over A gives

 d ⎛ ∂σ yy ∂σ yz ⎞
∫
dx A
σ xy dA + ∫
A⎝
⎜
∂y
+
∂z
⎟ dA = 0
⎠

Vy

+ v∫ (σ yy n y + σ yz nz ) ds = 0
dVy
dx C

Ty( n )

v∫ ds = q y ( x )
( )n
applied force/unit length in y-
( n)
Ty
Ty C direction
n z
dVy
= −q y ( x )
y
dx
Vy
which is identically satisfied if

Vy = 0, Ty( ) = 0
n
 Timoshenko Beam Theory

A z
ψ

M D M
dw
x
C dx
neutral axis
B
ψ
dw
ψ ( x) ≠
dw
u x = − zψ ( x ) dx
dx
dψ
σ xx = − E z
dx
⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ ⎛ dw ⎞
σ xz = G ⎜ x + z ⎟ = G ⎜ −ψ ( x ) + ⎟
⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠

better than Euler/Bernoulli but still a constant across the

cross-section so introduce a form factor κ 2
 dψ
σ xx = − E z
dx
⎛ dw ⎞
σ xz = κ 2G ⎜ −ψ ( x ) + ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠
σ yy = σ zz = σ xy = σ yz = 0

For bending moment and shear force

dψ dψ
M = − ∫ zσ xx dA = E ∫ dA = EI
z 2

A
dx A
dx
⎛ dw ⎞
V = − ∫ σ xz dA = −κ 2G ⎜ −ψ + ⎟ ∫ dA
A ⎝ dx ⎠ A
⎛ dw ⎞
= −κ 2G ⎜ −ψ + ⎟ A = −σ xz A
⎝ dx ⎠
 Timoshenko Beam theory Euler-Bernoulli Theory

dψ d 2w
M = EI M = EI 2
dx dx
dw V ( x)
−ψ ( x ) = − 2 ψ=
dw
dx κ GA dx

Example: P
P
x
M = - Px

L x V=-P
dψ
EI = − Px
dx
Px 2
EIψ = − + C1
2
P ⎡⎣ L2 − x 2 ⎤⎦
ψ ( L) = 0 ⇒ ψ = rotation of the beam cross-section
2 EI
Pxz
This gives σ xx = (same as ordinary beam theory)
I
 dw V
=− 2 +ψ slope of neutral axis
dx κ GA
P P ( L2 − x 2 )
= 2 +
κ GA 2 EI

Integrating

Px P ( L2 x − x3 / 3)
w= 2 + + C2
κ GA 2 EI
PL PL3 PL3 PL
w( L) = 0 ⇒ + + C2 = 0 which gives C2 = w(0) = − − 2
κ GA 3EI
2
3EI κ GA

deflection due to: bending shear

− PL3 ⎡ 3E I ⎤
w ( 0) = 1 +
⎢⎣ κ 2G AL2 ⎥⎦
3EI
2
I 1 ⎛h⎞
For a rectangular section of base b and height h = ⎜ ⎟
AL2 12 ⎝ L ⎠