Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUTION ......................................................................................................2
2. GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT..............................................................3
The adoption of political modernisation and development approach theory is vital to
the practice of Politechnocrats approach (which is a an academic approach invented
by me with regards to this assignment) in general as a method of governance that
promotes rapid development and good governance especially on the part of the
population and the economy as it emphasised on the need for the progressives
(technocrats) to join politics and be political involved since the Political
modernisation theory attributes lack of enough participation in politics by the
technocrats in the political superstructure as one of the reasons for industrial
underdevelopment in the third world countries..............................................................3
3. GOVERNANCE......................................................................................................3
3.1 Understanding Governance................................................................................5
3.2 Governance and Good Governance....................................................................5
3.3 Features of Good Governance..............................................................................6
4. DEVELOPMENT....................................................................................................6
5. RELATION BETWEEN GOVERNCE AND DEVELOPMENT............................7
6. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT..........................................................................8
6.1 Modernisation Theory........................................................................................8
6.1.1 Classification of Modernisation Theory........................................................9
6.1.2 Economic Approach......................................................................................9
6.1.3 Sociological Approach..................................................................................9
6.1.4 Political Approach.......................................................................................10
6.2 Psychological Approach...................................................................................10
6.3 Classical Theory..............................................................................................10
6.4 Linear Stages Theory........................................................................................11
6.5 Structural Change Model..................................................................................11
7.0 APPROACHES TO GOVERNANCE..................................................................11
8.0 THE POLITECHNOCRATS APPROACH..........................................................12
REFERENCES:............................................................................................................14
1. INTRODUTION
This paper is divided into three (3) parts, namely the introduction, the fact
(body) of the assignment and lastly, my submission which forms the
concluding part of the assignment.
The origin of the word “governance” was explained with reference to the
history and evolution of governance. Different definitions of governance was
explored with two (2) different diagrams, one illustrating the meaning and what
good governance is all about while the second diagram explain the features of
good governance and the relationship between governance and development
are also discussed.
Conclusively, the writer was able to justify what politechnocrts approach is all
about and how all the stake holders; especially the technocrats will function
perfectly in democratic settings. Politechnocrats approach considers both the
strength and weakness of a nation and ascribes roles and the best platform to
both the politicians and the professionals for good governance to take place.
Advice on how the approach can help the government to achieve the
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 2
expected service delivery at home and be respected among the League of
Nations with respect to their economic standards and the nations economy
are also part of this write paper.
3. GOVERNANCE
Historically, the word governance can be traced back to the Greek verb
‘kubernam’ meaning to plot or to steer and it was used by Pluto with regards
to how to design a system of rule. The Greek term gave rise to the Medieval
Latin ‘gubernare’, which has the same connotation of piloting rule making or
steering. This word is what we now have in English as ‘Governance’
The word governance means different things to many people and arriving at a
common and acceptable meaning is by understanding various definitions from
authors on this subject.
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 3
Governance involves many areas of our lives either as a person or
community. “Governance is the exercise of economic, political and
administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It
comprises, mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens
and groups articulates their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their
obligations and mediate their differences” (UNDP). From this definition above,
it is clear that governance is the art of running a nation, its people and
resources. Understanding governance requires the identification of both the
rulers and the people they rule as well as the various processes by which they
are selected, defined and linked together and with the society generally
considering their culture. Governance goes beyond the local sector as it exists
all over the world both at the nation and the corporate levels. It is a global
phenomenon with reference to world politics and people centred with service
delivery as focus.
Graft, rule of law, and government effectiveness are part of the fundamental
aspects of governance, other dimensions are voice and accountability,
political instability and violence and regulatory burden. – (Kaufman, Kraay and
Zoido-Lobaton 1999). From this we can deduce that governance has to do
with leading people and power
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 4
3.1 Understanding Governance
Understanding of Governance
ing
It should be pointed out clearly that there are differences between governance
and good governance both in practice and representation, Governance is “the
traditions and intuitions by which authority in a country is exercised,” (Kaufan
et al). Here emphasised is on the authority and ruling the people.
Mechanism for measuring good governance have three key elements: Internal
rules and restraints (e.g. internal accounting and auditing systems,
independence of the judiciary and the central bank, civil service and the
budgeting rules): “Voice” and partnership (e.g. public-private deliberation
councils, and service delivery surveys to solicit client feedback): and
Competition (e.g. competitive social service delivery, private participation in
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 5
infrastructure, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and outright
privatisation of certain market-driven activities).- WDR 1997.
EFFECTIVE ACCOUNTABILE
AND CONSENSUS
EFFEICIENT ORIENTED
TRANSPARENCY EQUITABLE
Good
AND
governance INCLUSIVE
FOLLOW
PARTICIPATORY
THE RULE
OF LAW
RESPONSIVE
4. DEVELOPMENT
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 6
average income, which is a necessary condition for their freedom of choice. In
broader sense, the notion of human development incorporates all aspects of
individuals’ well-being, from their health status to their economic and political
freedom. - “Human development is the end-economic growth a means.”
(Human Development Report 1996, published by UNDP).
Development can be physical and can be measured via a set standard and
practice based on its objectives and the assessment of the government in
power e.g. policy maker may want to find out what the social development
position (as defined by policy makers) of a population in order to inform policy
formulation. Also, government and international communities can assess the
impact of a particular development initiative and therefore want to have
measurements of the program before and after its implementation.
“Development is the process of enlarging people’s choice to live long-healthy
lives, to have access to knowledge, income and assets: enjoy a decent
standard of living” (CIDA 1996). From the on going one can deduce that
development encompasses all the areas of life of a person, family, community
and the nation in general and it has become a yardstick for measuring good
governance
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 7
Development is the yardstick for measuring good governance in any country
and the progress of their economy.
The latter is the instrument of measurement for the performance of the former,
be it human, economy, infrastructure, education, commerce, employment,
poverty, inequality, health, gender discrimination, youth empowerment,
transparency and accountability among other factors.
Without good governance, development cannot take place.
6. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Modernisation Theory
2. Classical theories
3. Linear Stage Theory
4. Structural Change Model
Between 1950s and 60s emphasis was placed on the transfer of significant
amount of aid and provision of extensive technical assistance to the third
world countries accompanied by systematic national planning in conjunction
with bilateral and international agencies (Richard Haines) . Large scale
industrial projects were seen as central components in the promotion of rapid
economic growth, and on development aid and technical assistance in
improving socio economic conditions on a range of fronts. Most modernisation
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 8
theory tend to assume that all societies progress in linear fashion from a
traditional state to modernity, with model of development based on historical
processes that have taken place in the industrial world.
The best known modernisation theory and the representative of the economic
approach is the economic historian called (W. W. Rostov). He argued that
economic development involve the passage of a society through five
evolutionary stages. Traditional stage is when society has problems
expanding production significantly. They have simple technology and pre-
Newtonian scientific world view. Stage two is the take off stage, characterised
by the rise and expansion of new industries yielding profits that is reinvested
in new plants and ventures. Third stage is drive to maturity stage, the
economy is now mature and able to broaden its base to include more
sophisticated technology and work processes, and shift well beyond the
original industries that propelled it’s ‘take off’. The last stage is the age of
mass consumption where the advance sectors of the economy are
increasingly dominated by the manufacture of consumer goods and the
provision of service
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 9
cultural and the individual psychological prerequisites of modernisation, while
the other current stem from the thought of Herbert Spenser and Emile
Durkeim which stress social or structural differentiation as the main feature in
social change. Springboard for many modernisation theories (especially for a
non economic variety) by synthesising and simplifying elements of Durkheim
and Weber in his structural functionalist modelling of modern society was
done by Talcott Parsons (1973).
Classical theorist like Adam Smith who propounded the theory of division of
labour as an instrument of trade and production and David Ricardo who
advocated for free trade and also went ahead to develop the theory of
‘Comparative Advantage’ are examples of classical economists. They see the
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 10
market as a mechanism for maximizing efficient resources use of human well
being.
This model has to do with the ideas of gradual shifts over time along a
particular path as indicated by Todaro (2000). The basic theme of this models
of development was the way in which national economics shifted from rural,
agricultural base to an urban, manufacturing thus seeing development as
largely economic phenomenon as amplified by W. Arthur Lewis.
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 11
cross-sectoral concern are integrated into decision making processes, and
that communities are empowered. (Munslow and FitzGerald, 1994) It is based
on this assertion that I now advocate for a new approach, Politechnocrats
Approach.
Political approach is employ when dealing with the people (electorate) while
technocrats/economic approach is to be employ when dealing with the
economy of the nation. This approach is highly recommended when dealing
with both the people’s welfare and the economy of the nation in general
considering their different roles to achieve same objectives of stable nation
building. It is humane, people centred and service delivery focus based on
democracy and people participation in a functional state that is institutionally
strong where public safety will be and the rule of law is the order of the day.
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 12
Private sector involvement and participations through the building of an
enabling environment for economic growth, job creation and income through
promotion of political and policy stability inclusive of a fair and consistent
application of the rule of law, equity and all inclusive government.
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 13
REFERENCES:
5) Giddens A (1993). Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the
Late Modern Age. Stanford University Press.
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 14
9) Leftwich A. Democracy and Development: Is There Institutional
Incompatibility?
O. D. Ajibogun 424780 15