KNS 3433 Traffic Engineering Introduction to Traffic Engineering

Prof. Dr. Wan Hashim Wan Ibrahim

Course Objectives

Course Objectives
To understand the Role of Traffic Engineer

Course Objectives
To understand the Role of Traffic Engineer To Understand the Different Components of Traffic System and Traffic Characteristics

Course Objectives
To understand the Role of Traffic Engineer To Understand the Different Components of Traffic System and Traffic Characteristics To identify different types of traffic control devices: Traffic Marking, Traffic Signs, and Traffic Signals

Traffic Engineering!

Traffic Engineering!
Traffic engineering covers a broad range of engineering applications with a common focus: the nations system of highways and streets.

Traffic Engineering!
Traffic engineering covers a broad range of engineering applications with a common focus: the nations system of highways and streets. These systems plays important roles in every aspect of our society: economy, environment, public safety, basic mobility for all social purposes, basic access to even the most remote regions of the country

Traffic engineering involves a variety of engineering and management skills, including design, construction, operation, maintenance, and system optimization.

Traffic engineering involves a variety of engineering and management skills, including design, construction, operation, maintenance, and system optimization. Focus of traffic engineers works is the most visible part of public infrastructure, it is a field that also involve politics at virtually every level of government.

Traffic engineering involves a variety of engineering and management skills, including design, construction, operation, maintenance, and system optimization. Focus of traffic engineers works is the most visible part of public infrastructure, it is a field that also involve politics at virtually every level of government. Therefore, traffic engineers is called on to exercise a broad range of skills, and must be sensitive to a wide range of issues, to be effective.

Foundation of Traffic Engineering Profession

Foundation of Traffic Engineering Profession

Concerned with

Foundation of Traffic Engineering Profession

Concerned with the safety of the public,

Foundation of Traffic Engineering Profession

Concerned with the safety of the public,

Foundation of Traffic Engineering Profession

Concerned with the safety of the public, the efficient use of transportation resources, and

Foundation of Traffic Engineering Profession

Concerned with the safety of the public, the efficient use of transportation resources, and

Foundation of Traffic Engineering Profession

Concerned with the safety of the public, the efficient use of transportation resources, and the mobility of people and goods.

Transportation Systems
Transportation System exists to move people and
goods, to enable economic activity, and to provide for public needs. Work, Shopping, Education, Recreation, Social Activity and other Essential functions of society depend upon the transportation system.

A. People Movements
How many people can be moved in vehicles of different sorts and on different type of facilities (an urban freeway, a major arterial, a lane of buses, a light rail transit system and a heavy rail transit system

B. Goods Movement
Trucks and trailers movement required to boost the area economy. However, their movements reduces transportation sstem facilities.

C. The system of Facilities

Road Classification and Hierarchy

Urban (4 Categories) Rural (5 Categories)

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Urban
Expressway (Design Standard U6) Arterial (Design Standard U5) Collector (Design Standard U5, U4, U3) Local Street (Design Standard U1, U2, U3, U4)

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Picture: Courtesy from FHWA

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Rural
Expressway (Design Standard R6) Highway (Design Standard R5) Primary Road (Design Standard R4 ) Secondary Road (Design Standard R4,R3) Minor Road (Design Standard R1, R2)

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Transportation Aspect Mobility

Everybody use private vehicles

Accessibility
Everybody allowed to use all roads, streets and parking spaces.

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Accessibility

Mobility

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D. Travel Demand and Transportation Planning

Travel Demand is generated by activity people going places for work, shopping, recreation, and other purposes. Transportation Planning involves spatial distribution of residences and activity centers; temporal distribution of trips; mode selection of trips.

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E. Influencing the Demand Pattern

The engineers job usually starts with a given pattern of demand; such as some section of the network exceeds capacity
Reduce the demand Shift the temporal distribution of the demand Repackage the demand

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1. Reducing the Demand

Travel demand is measured by some combination of total trips and length of trips (person miles traveled). Travel demand can be reduced by shorter work weeks (need to consider business aspect); staggered work hours, shorter average trip lengths (job shifts to smaller cities), and more work at home.

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2. Shifting the Demand

Problem of congestion is too much demand at the same time. Adopt staggered work hours and variable work hours.

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3. Repackaging the Demand

Use higher auto occupancies Use transit and paratransit

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Responsibility of Traffic Engineer

Deals with the daily safety of a large segment of the public. Traffic engineer has a special obligation to employ the available knowledge and state of the art (ITS) to enhance public safety.

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VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS IN MALAYSIA

Passenger cars Motorcycles

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VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS IN MALAYSIA

Passenger cars Motorcycles

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Trailers

Lorries Buses

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Trailers

Lorries Buses

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Photo 1: Illustration of LOS B, (left) on entrance ramp and LOS F, (right) on entrance ramp

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Traffic Jam in China

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Traffic Jam in Britain

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Traffic in Pontianak

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Controlled Delay Distance (km)

Signalised

Stopped Delay

Deceleration Acceleration

Time

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Insert Figure 13-1

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Multilane Highway

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To identify different types of traffic control devices: Traffic Marking, Traffic Signs, and Traffic Signals
A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, REAM- GL 2/2002 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Road Marking& Delineation Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Traffic Sign Applications Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Standard Traffic Signs Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 13/87 A Guide to the Design of Traffic Signal Arahan Tehnik (Jalan) 12/87 A Guide to the Design of Interchanges Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2E/87 Guide Signs Design and Application Guideline on Traffic Control and Management Devices Part 4 Pabement Marking and Delineation REAM GL 8/2004 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86 A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads

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Traffic Control Devices

A media traffic engineers used to communicate with drivers Every traffic law, regulation, operating restriction must be communicated through the use of devices that fall into 3 categories:
Traffic markings Traffic signs Traffic signals

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MUTCD
MUTCD (Manual of Uniform traffic control devices
Published by FHWA: served as a minimum standard and a model for individual state MUTCDs. State MUTCD may impose additional or more stringent standards Federal MUTCD is enforced by partial withholding of federal-aid highway funds from states that do not comply.

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Background of MUTCD
Objective is to establish uniformity in the use, placement, and design of traffic control devices. Communication is greatly enhanced when the same message is delivered in the same way and in similar circumstances at all times.

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General Principle of MUTCD

MUTCD defines 5 general requirements for a traffic control device:
Fulfill a need Command attention Convey a clear, simple meaning Command respect of road users Give adequate time for proper response

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Fulfill A Need
Dont use superfluous devices.

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Command Attention, Convey clear , simple meaning

Affect the design of a device. Commanding attention requires proper visibility and a distinctive design that attracts the drivers attention. Clarity and simplicity of message is critical if the message is to be understood.

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Command respect of road users

Each device must have a specific purpose, and must be needed for the safe and efficient flow of traffic. Respected is commanded only when drives are conditioned to expect that all devices carry meaningful and important messages. Overuse or misuse of devices encourages drivers to ignore them. Thus, drivers will not pay attention to devices that are needed.

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Adequate time for proper response

Affect the placement of devices Placement of STOP sign: always placed at the stop line. Must be visible for at least one safe stopping distance from the stop line.

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Traffic Marking
Most frequently used traffic control devices 3 broad categories
Longitudinal marking Transverse marking Object markings and delineators

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Material for longitudinal and transvers marking is a variety of materials. Usually reflectorized paint and thermoplastic. Paint reflectorized is provided by mixing small glas beads in the paint, or by applying a thin layer of glass beads to the surface of a marking as it is placed. (Max reflectorization, vulnerable to wear&tear)

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Longitudinal Markings

Two Lane-Two Way: passing permitted

Two Lane-Two Way: passing is not permitted

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Transverse marking
Marking Placed Across Travel Lanes Examples:
Stop Lines Crosswalk (different ways of marking) Combination of stop line and crosswalk?
Stop line should be placed 4 feet in advance of, or parallel to the crosswalk

Parking space markings Transvers Bar/ Rumble Strip

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Word and Symbol Markings

Placement of small number of word and/or symbol markings on the pavement surface.

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Object Markers and Delineators

Object markers are reflectorized devices mounted on obstruction within or adjacent to the roadway. Delineators are reflectorized devices mounted at the roadside to demark roadway alignment.

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Traffic Signs
Regulatory signs Warning Signs Guide signs

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Regulatory sign
Convey info regarding specific traffic regulation which drivers must comply.
Right-of-way series: STOP and Yield Speed Series: to post legal speed limit, speed limit sign, truck, night, and minimum speed signs Movement Series: Turn prohibition sign and lane use control, one-way street Parking Series: No Stopping, No Waiting

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Warning Signs
Applications
Changes in horizontal alignment Intersections Advance warning of control devices Converging traffic lanes Narrow roadways Changes in hwy design Grades Roadway surface conditions Railroad crossing.

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Guide Sign

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Guide Sign
Route Marker

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Guide Sign
Route Marker Destination signs

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Guide Sign
Route Marker Destination signs Service guide signs (Fuel, food, lodging, etc)

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Guide Sign
Route Marker Destination signs Service guide signs (Fuel, food, lodging, etc) Recreational and cultural interest area signing

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Guide Sign
Route Marker Destination signs Service guide signs (Fuel, food, lodging, etc) Recreational and cultural interest area signing Mileposts

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