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EE‐606: Solid State Electronics

Lecture 3: Elements of Quantum Mechanics
Muhammad Ashraful Alam
alam@purdue.edu

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Outline

1) Why do we need quantum physics

2) Quantum concepts
3) Formulation of quantum mechanics
4) Conclusions

Reference: Vol. 6, Ch. 1 (pages 23‐32)

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 Do I really need Quantum Mechanics ?

Periodic
Original Structure
Problem Electrons in periodic
potential: Problem
we want to solve

If it were large objects, like a skier skiing past a set of obstacles,

Newton’s mechanics would work fine, but in a micro-world ……

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Carrier Density

Carrier number = Number of states x filling factor

Chapters 2‐3 Chapter 4

Total number of occupants

= Number of apartments
X The fraction occupied

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Outline

1) Why do we need quantum physics

2) Quantum concepts
3) Formulation of quantum mechanics
4) Conclusions

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Four Quantum Concepts ..

• Blackbody Radiation

• Photoelectric Effect

• Bohr Atom

• Wave Particle Duality

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(1) black‐body radiation
2000 K

1000 K

300 K

7
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 2000 K Rayleigh-Jeans Formula

u ∝ k BT / λ 4
(u)

log(u ) = −4 log(λ ) + log(T )

Wein’s Formula
− β / λT
e
u∝
λ 5

Plank’s fitting formula

1  1 
u ∝ 5  β / λT
λ e − 1 
8
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Interpretation of Plank’s Formula

dλ 1  1  dλ c
u ( f , T ) = u (λ , T ) ~ 5  β / λT  λ=
df λ  e − 1  df f
 1 
~ f × hf ×  hf / kT 
2

e −1 

nos. of Occupation
modes Probability
Energy
of mode

EM emission occurs in discrete quanta of

E = hf n=1,2, …….. N
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 Recent Example: COBE Data

J.C. Mather, Astrophysics J., 1990.

Show that the cosmic background temperature is

approximately 3K. Can you “see” this radiation?
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(2) Photoelectric Effect
E = (hf‐W)
Electrons

Light (hf)

VR ≈ 1 ( 2) mυ 2 = hf − W
υ cathode

VR
W hf VR

W hf

Absorption occurs in quanta as well, consistent with photons having E=hf

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 Origin of Quantization

frequency

 1 1 
Em ,n = const ×  2 − 2 
m n 

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(3) Bohr Atom ..
Assume that angular momentum is quantized:

υ = n! / m0 rn

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(3) Bohr Atom (continued) …

 1 1 
Em ,n = const ×  2 − 2 
m n 
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 (4) Wave‐Particle Duality

Photons act both as wave and particle, what about electrons ?

E = m0 c + p c 2 4 2 2

hf = pc m0=0 (photon rest mass)

p = hf / c
= h / λ (because c = λf )
=!k (because k = 2π / λ )
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Outline

1) Why do we need quantum physics

2) Quantum concepts
3) Formulation of Schrodinger Equation
4) Conclusions

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 Schrodinger Equation

E = m0 c + p c ≈ m0 c 1 + p c / 2m0 c + ...
2 4 2 2
 2 2 2 2 4

E − m0c 2
= V + (p / 2m0 ) 2

hf = !ω = V + (! k / 2m0 ) 2 2

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 Schrodinger Equation (continued)

!ω = V + (! k / 2m0 ) 2 2

Assume, Ψ ( x, t ) = A exp(−i (ωt − kx))

d Ψ / dt = −iωΨ and d Ψ / dx = −k Ψ 2 2 2

! d Ψ
2 2
dΨ
− 2
+ V Ψ = i!
2m0 dx dt
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Conclusions

1. Given chemical composition and atomic arrangements,

we are ready to compute electron density by
using quantum mechanics.

2. We discussed the origin of quantum mechanics –

experiments
p were inconsistent with the classical theory.
y

3. We saw how Schrodinger equation could arise

as a consequence of quantization and relativity,
but this is not a derivation.

4. We will solve some toy problems in the next class

to get a feeling of how to use quantum mechanics.

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